DPCM, Adpcm, DM

Electronic Communication
EEE 359 1/7/2021
DPCM, ADPCM,
DM
Sancoy Barua
Sancoy, EEE, CUET 1

Reference
◦ Modern Digital & Analog Communication Systems (4th edition) –
B.P. Lathi
Chapter 6 (Sampling & Analog-to-Digital
Conversion)
➢ Art: 6.5 (Differential Pulse Code Modulation)
➢Art: 6.6 (Adaptive Differential PCM)
➢Art: 6.7 (Delta Modulation - up to Threshold of coding and
Overloading. Sigma-delta Modulation is not required).
Sancoy, EEE, CUET 1/7/2021 2

DPCM
◦ DPCM stands for Differential Pulse Code Modulation, is same as Pulse
Code Modulation technique used for reworking analog signal into digital
signal. Differential Pulse Code Modulation has moderate signal to noise
magnitude relation. Differential Pulse Code Modulation differs from
Pulse Code Modulation as a results of it quantizes the excellence of the
actual sample and expected value. that’s the reason it’s cited as
differential Pulse Code Modulation(DPCM).
◦ In DPCM we transmit not the present sample 𝒙 𝒏 , but the
difference 𝐝 𝒏 , between the present sample and its predicted value,
which is usually its past sample 𝒙 𝒏 − 𝟏 .
◦ DPCM requires less no. of bits and uses lesser bandwidth to transmit a
signal as compared to PCM.
DPCM Transmitter

DPCM Receiver

Difference between PCM & DPCM
Serial PCM DPCM
No.
1 PCM stands for Pulse Code While DPCM stands for Differential Pulse
Modulation. Code Modulation.
2 In PCM, feedback is not provided. While in DPCM, feedback is provided.
3 While it has moderate signal o noise
It has good signal to noise ration.
ratio.
4 It is less efficient than DPCM. While it is more efficient than PCM.
5 For transmission channel, PCM needs Whereas DPCM needs less
high bandwidth(B). bandwidth(B) than PCM.
6 PCM is complex than DPCM in terms of While DPCM is simple in terms of
complexity. complexity.
7 While DPCM is simple in terms of In DPCM, four bits are transmitted per
complexity. six sample.
8 In PCM, for transmitting bits rate varies While in DPCM, for transmitting bits rate
from fifty five to sixty four.
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varies from thirty two to forty1/7/2021
eight. 6
Types of Quantization
◦ 2 types of quantization –
1. Scalar Quantization
2. Vector Quantization
❑Scalar Quantization: Each sample of the analog message is quantized separately.
Here, each samples are quantized independent of other samples.
❑Vector Quantization: A group of samples are quantized together. This process works
with a group of samples at a time instead of reworking each samples individually.
Samples of a particular group depends on each other.
❑Advantage of Vector Quantization is that, it provides lower MSE quantization noise as
compared to a Scalar Quantizer, for the same number of average bits used to
represent the sample.

Analysis of DPCM
◦ Lets consider the output of a sampled source is

𝑥𝑛
◦ Where, ‘n’ denotes the time index, the output of the sampled source does not vary so much from one
sample to the next sample.
◦ The difference between the sequence of samples in terms of their dynamic range and variance can be
expressed as follows –
𝑑 𝑛 =𝑥 𝑛 −𝑥 𝑛−1
Here, d 𝑛 , is smaller than present sample 𝑥 𝑛 and its past sample 𝑥 𝑛 − 1 .

Analysis of DPCM
◦ Source outputs are
◦ 𝑥𝑛 6.2 9.7 13.2 5.9 8.0 7.4 4.2 1.8
◦ 𝑑𝑛 6.2 3.5 3.5 -7.3 2.1 -0.6 -3.2 -2.4

◦ So, in lossless manner the reconstructed signal can be –
◦ 𝑥𝑛 6.2 9.7 13.2 5.9 8.0 7.4 4.2 1.8
◦ Using the following expression
𝑥 𝑛 =𝑑 𝑛 +𝑥 𝑛−1

Analysis of DPCM
◦ 𝒙𝒏 6.2 9.7 13.2 5.9 8.0 7.4 4.2 1.8
◦ Using the following expression
𝒙 𝒏 =𝒅 𝒏 +𝒙 𝒏−𝟏
◦ Using a 7-level Quantizer 𝑸 . , the 7 levels can be defined as –
◦ Levels -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
◦ The generated difference samples are –
◦ 𝒅𝒏 6.2 3.5 3.5 -7.3 2.1 -0.6 -3.2 -2.4
◦ The quantizer output is –
◦ 𝒅𝒒 𝒏 6 4 4 -6 2 0 -4 -2
◦ 𝒙𝒒 𝒏 6 10 14 8 10 10 6 2

Analysis of DPCM
◦ Original Samples
◦𝑥𝑛 6.2 9.7 13.2 5.9 8.0 7.4 4.2 1.8
◦ Reconstructed Output of the receiver –
◦ 𝑥𝑞 𝑛 6 10 14 8 10 10 6 2
◦ Hence, the error
◦𝑞𝑛 0.2 -0.3 -0.8 -2.1 -2 -2.6 -1.8 -2.2

General DPCM Transmitter & Receiver
Block

Transmitter Block
◦𝑑 𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑛 −𝑥 𝑛−1
◦𝑑 𝑛 Quantizer 𝑄 . 𝑑𝑞 𝑛
◦ Where,
𝑑𝑞 𝑛 = 𝑑 𝑛 + 𝑞 𝑛
◦ For, the first sample,
𝑑 1 =𝑥 1 −𝑥 0
𝑑𝑞 1 = 𝑑 1 + 𝑞 1

Receiver Block
◦ Reconstructed sample –
𝑥𝑞 𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑑𝑞 𝑛
For the 1st reconstructed sample –
➢The generated difference signal
𝑑 1 =𝑥 1 −𝑥 0
◦ The received difference signal
𝑑𝑞 1 = 𝑑 1 + 𝑞 1
◦ The first reconstructed sample is
𝑥𝑞 1 = 𝑥 0 + 𝑑𝑞 1
=𝑥 0 +𝑑 1 +𝑞 1
Here, 𝑥 0 + 𝑑 1 is nothing but 𝑥 1 , so
𝑥𝑞 1 = 𝑥 1 + 𝑞 1
Receiver Block
➢Similarly for the 2nd reconstructed sample
➢The generated difference signal
𝑑 2 =𝑥 2 −𝑥 1
◦ The received difference signal
𝑑𝑞 2 = 𝑑 2 + 𝑞 2
◦ The first reconstructed sample is
𝑥𝑞 2 = 𝑥𝑞 1 + 𝑑𝑞 2
=𝑥 1 +𝑞 1 +𝑑 2 +𝑞 2
=𝑥 1 +𝑑 2 +𝑞 1 +𝑞 2
Here, 𝑥 1 + 𝑑 2 is nothing but 𝑥 2 , so
𝑥𝑞 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑞 1 + 𝑞 2

Analysis of DPCM
◦ For the nth sample we can summarize the expressions as follows –
The quantized difference sequence is

The general expression for the nth reconstructed sequence at the

receiver
𝑛
𝑥𝑞 𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑛 + ෍ 𝑞 𝑘
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General DPCM Transmitter & Receiver
Block

Modified Transmitter & Receiver Block

Modified Transmitter
◦ Modified Difference equation for the transmitter is –
𝑑 𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑛 − 𝑥𝑞 𝑛 − 1
◦ The generated difference sequence (analysis with the 1st sample)
𝑑 1 =𝑥 1 −𝑥 0
◦ The quantized difference sequence
𝑑𝑞 1 = 𝑑 1 + 𝑞 1
◦ General equation for the reconstructed sequence
𝑥𝑞 𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑛 − 1 + 𝑑𝑞 𝑛
◦ The reconstructed sequence
𝑥𝑞 1 = 𝑥 0 + 𝑑𝑞 1
=𝑥 0 +𝑑 1 +𝑞 1
∴ 𝑥𝑞 𝑡 = 𝑥 1 + 𝑞 1
◦ The generated difference sequence (analysis with the 2nd sample)
𝑑 2 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑞 [1]
◦ The quantized difference sequence

𝑑𝑞 2 = 𝑑 2 + 𝑞 2 Previously
Reconstructed
value
◦ The reconstructed sequence
𝑥𝑞 2 = 𝑥𝑞 1 + 𝑑𝑞 2
Received
Reconstructed
Difference Signal
= 𝑥𝑞 1 + 𝑑 2 + 𝑞 2
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➢The reconstructed sequence, with Transmitter modified with a Feedback
block just like the receiver or, demodulator block is –
𝒙𝒒 𝟐 = 𝒙 𝟐 + 𝒒 𝟐
➢Without modification in the transmitter block the output reconstructed

sequence for the 2nd sample is –
𝒙𝒒 𝟐 = 𝒙 𝟐 + 𝒒 𝟏 + 𝒒 𝟐


◦ Proceeding with this modification we can write –
𝑑 𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑛 − 𝑥𝑞 𝑛 − 1
◦ The quantized form of the difference signal is

◦ Reconstructed signal at the receiver is

𝑥𝑞 𝑛 = 𝑥𝑞 𝑛 − 1 + 𝑑𝑞 𝑛
◦ Putting 𝑑𝑞 𝑛
𝑥𝑞 𝑛 = 𝑥𝑞 𝑛 − 1 + 𝑑 𝑛 + 𝑞 𝑛

𝑥𝑞 𝑛 = 𝑥𝑞 𝑛 − 1 + 𝑑 𝑛 + 𝑞 𝑛
◦ Again, 𝑥𝑞 𝑛 − 1 + 𝑑 𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑛
◦ So, finally,
𝑥𝑞 𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑞 𝑛


Transmitter & Receiver Block with
Predictor

Predictor Function
𝐏 ∶ 𝐟 𝒙𝒒 𝒏 − 𝟏 , 𝒙𝒒 𝒏 − 𝟐 , … … … 𝒙𝒒 𝟎 ෝ𝒏
=𝒙

Delta Modulation (DM)
◦ Delta modulation is an analog to digital and digital to analog signal conversion
technique. Delta modulation is employed to realize high signal to noise ratio.
It uses one bit PCM code to realize digital transmission of analog signal. With
delta modulation, instead of transmit a coded illustration of a sample solely
one bit is transmitted, that merely indicates whether or not the sample is
larger or smaller than the previous sample. it’s the best type or simplest type
of Differential Pulse Code Modulation. Delta modulation signal is smaller than
Pulse Code Modulation system.
◦ If signal is large, the next bit in digital data is 1 otherwise 0.
Block Diagram of DM

Difference between PCM & DM
Serial PCM DM
No.
1 PCM stands for Pulse Code DM stands for Delta Modulation.
Modulation.
2 In PCM, feedback does not exist in While in DM, feedback exists in
transmitter or receiver transmitter.
3 Per sample 4, 8, or 16 bits are used. Here, only one bit is used per sample.
4 PCM requires highest transmitter DM requires lowest transmitter
bandwidth. bandwidth.
5 PCM is complex in terms of complexity While DM is simple in terms of
of implementation. complexity of implementation.
6 PCM has good signal to noise ratio. While DM has poor signal to noise ratio.
7 PCM is costly. DM is cheap.
8 PCM may be a technique wont to Digital to analog and analog to digital
digitally represent sampled analog converter.
signals.
Difference between PCM & DM
Serial PCM DM
No.
9 In PCM, signal requires encoder and In DM, signal can modulate and
decoder both sides. demodulate.
10 PM is mostly used in video telephony DM is mostly used in speeches as well
and audio telephony. as images.

Difference between DM and DPCM
S. No. Comparison based DM DPCM
on
1 Feedback In DM, feedback exists in Here, feedback exists in
transmitter. both transmitter and
receiver.
2 DM has poor signal to noise DPCM has fair signal to
Signal to noise ratio
ratio. noise ratio.
3 Transmission It requires lowest Here, DPCM requires less
bandwidth bandwidth. bandwidth than PCM.
4 In DM, step size is fixed. While here, number of
Levels, step size
levels are fixed.
5 DM is less efficient than DPCM is more efficient.
Efficiency
DPCM.
6 In DM, only one bit is used Here more than one but
Number of bits per sample. less than PCM(Pulse Code
Modulation) bits are used.
Difference between DM and DPCM
S. No. Comparison based DM DPCM
on
7 Quantization error Slop overload distortion Slop overload distortion
and distortion and granular noise are and quantization noise are
present. present.
8 It is generally used in It is mostly used in videos
Applications
speeches and images. and speeches.

Modification of the Predictor
◦ We want to reconstruct a present sample, 𝑥 𝑛 , for which we require a
difference signal, d 𝑛 with respect to its past sample 𝑥 𝑛 − 1 & this past value is
generated from a ‘Predictor’.
◦ In the operation of a predictor block a significant amount of error is found,
which is called as the ‘Prediction Error Sequence’.
◦ But, it is desirable to keep this error as small as possible, which is achievable if
we can handle the prediction process mor efficiently.
◦ By reducing the variance of the prediction error, the quantization noise for the
given number of quantization level will also reduce which is turn will provide
better reconstruction of the sampled values and which will provide good
prediction of the current sample, 𝑥 𝑛 .

◦ The role of the ‘Quantizer’ & ‘Predictor’ in DPCM is quite interlinked.
◦ The design of the Predictor should be as simple as possible.
◦ The Quantizer design should be such that, it can be used to utilize as
less number of level as possible or, on the other hand it requires least
amount of bits.
◦ We can determine the number of levels needed in quantizer as follows
–
𝐿 = 2𝑁
Where, ‘N’ is the number of bits used in an encoder and it also indicates
the ‘Order’ of the Predictor used accompanied with the Quantizer.
i.e. No. of bits used in Encoding = Order of the Predictor.
❖Our target here is to design the Predictor as simple as possible. In other
words, to keep the order (N) of the Predictor as low as possible.
❖The least the ‘order’ used in the Predictor the simplest it’s design will.
❖The lowest possible order of a Predictor is N = 1.
❖With a 1st order predictor, the simplest Quantizer design involves only 1-
bit or, 2 levels. i.e.
𝑳 = 𝟐𝑵 = 𝟐𝟏 = 𝟐
❖So, the lowest number of usable levels possible is two (2).

➢If we design a DPCM system, which has a ‘1st order Predictor’ in the
form of a simple delay and only a 2-level or, 1-bit Quantizer.
➢This type of DPCM system is known as the ‘Delta Modulation’ (DM).


◦ The Present value in the modulator –
𝑥𝑞 𝑛 = 𝑥𝑞 𝑛 − 1 + 𝑑𝑞 𝑛
◦ The Predictor value –
𝑥𝑞 𝑛 − 1 = 𝑥𝑞 𝑛 − 2 + 𝑑𝑞 𝑛 − 1
◦ From these two equations we can write –
𝑥𝑞 𝑛 = 𝑥𝑞 𝑛 − 2 + 𝑑𝑞 𝑛 + 𝑑𝑞 𝑛 − 1
◦ Assuming zero initial condition, then at 𝑛 = 0,
𝑥𝑞 0 = 0

◦ If we proceed iteratively in this manner we can express the
present value at a particular instant (say ‘n’) as the summation of
the difference values
𝑛
𝑥𝑞 𝑛 = ෍ 𝑑𝑞 𝑚
𝑚=1
◦ From the above equation, the receiver can be considered as an
‘Accumulator’ or an ‘Adder’.

◦ So we can replace the ‘Feedback’ part of the DPCM transmitter
with an ‘Integrator’.
◦ Again, the Feedback portion of the Modulator/Transmitter is

identical with the Demodulator/Receiver block.
◦ We are at the stage to construct a Modulator and Demodulator

of Delta-Modulation (DM) scheme.
DM is a modification of DPCM

DM Transmitter & Receiver
Figure: DM Transmitter
Sancoy, EEE, CUET

Figure: DM Receiver or, Demodulator 1/7/2021 44
DM Transmitter & Receiver

Art. 6.7 Delta-Modulation
◦ The final output from the sampler is a train of narrow pulses 𝑑𝑞 𝑛 .
◦ Weather a pulse will be positive or negative depends on –
1. If 𝒙 𝒕 > 𝒙𝒒 𝒕 , we get a Positive pulse.

2. If 𝒙 𝒕 < 𝒙𝒒 𝒕 , we get a Negative pulse.
The output of the transmitter will be a ‘Delta Modulated Pulse

Train’. Hence, the name implies ‘Delta-Modulation’.
Delta-Modulation
✓ When 𝒅𝒒 𝒏 sequence gives ‘Positive Impulse’, we get a ‘Step-Rise’.
✓ When 𝒅𝒒 𝒏 sequence gives ‘Negative Impulse’, we get a ‘Step-Decrease’.

DM Receiver
• When 𝑥𝑞 𝑡 pass through a LPF, the closeness of staircase approximation of

𝑥𝑞 𝑡 to x 𝑡 is eliminated. Low-pass filtering gives a ‘smooth approximation’ of
the desired signal.
• The ‘Delay Block’ of DPCM is now replaced with an ‘Amplifier-Integrator’,

which can be a low cost simple ‘RC Integrator’.

Main Advantage of DM over PCM
◦ To transmit a given message signal PCM requires ‘n’ number of
bits.
◦ Whereas, the DM requires only 2 levels in the Quantizer or,

equivalently only 1-bit to transmit the same given message signal.
◦ Because the DM converts the message sample into a train of

Delta-pulses, consisting of either positive or negative impulse.

Error in Delta-Modulation
Two types of error occurs in DM technique,
which are –
i. Granular Noise
ii. Slope Overload


◦ ‘Slope-Overload Distortion’ occurs in those places where, the staircase
approximation 𝒙𝒒 𝒕 remains below the original signal 𝒙 𝒕 .
◦ The difference between the slope of 𝑥 𝑡 and 𝑥𝑞 𝑡 introduces an error

or, noise termed as ‘Slope-Overload Distortion’.
◦ When, the original signal 𝒙 𝒕 falls below the staircase approximation

𝒙𝒒 𝒕 , the difference between these two introduces another type of error
termed as ‘Granular Noise’.

Slope-Overload Distortion
◦ The rate of rise of input signal x(t) is so high that the staircase
signal can not approximate it, the step size ‘Δ’ becomes too small for
staircase signal 𝑥𝑞 𝑡 to follow the step segment of x(t).
◦ Hence, there is a large error between the staircase approximated

signal and the original input signal x(t).
◦ This error or noise is known as slope overload distortion.

◦ One of the major drawbacks of Delta-modulation (DM).
◦ To observe its effect, we consider a simple tone-signal expressed
as follows –
𝒙 𝒕 = 𝑨𝒎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒎 𝒕
◦ Now, taking the first order derivative of this signal, gives the slope
of the desired message signal –
𝒙 𝒕ሶ 𝒎𝒂𝒙 =𝑨𝒎 𝒇𝒎 𝟐𝝅
◦ Maximum value of the derivative

◦ At the startup period of the staircase signal 𝒙𝒒 𝒕 , the slope of the growth rate
of the staircase signal 𝒙𝒒 𝒕 should be higher than the original signal 𝒙 𝒕 to
avoid the slope overload distortion.
◦ Slope of the staircase signal 𝑥𝑞 𝑡 is given by –
𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝 − 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 ∆
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 =
𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 𝑇𝑆
∆
𝑺𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆 𝒐𝒇𝒙𝒒 𝒕 =
𝑻𝑺
1
Since, 𝑇𝑆 = , again,
𝑓𝑆
𝑺𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆 𝒐𝒇𝒙𝒒 𝒕 = ∆𝒇𝑺
◦ In order to avoid slope overload distortion, the slope of the staircase
approximation 𝑥𝑞 𝑡 should be greater than the fist-order derivative of the original
message signal 𝑥 𝑡ሶ .
𝑺𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆 𝒐𝒇𝒙𝒒 𝒕 = ∆𝒇𝑺
◦ Slope of original message signal is
𝒙 𝒕ሶ 𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝑨𝒎 𝒇𝒎 𝟐𝝅
◦ To avoid Slope-Overload distortion –
𝒇𝑺 ∆ ≥ 𝒙 𝒕ሶ 𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟐𝝅 𝑨𝒎 𝒇𝒎
We need to choose the value of 𝑓𝑆 & ∆ such that, their product is larger than
2𝜋 𝐴𝑚 𝑓𝑚 .
Granular or Idle Noise
◦ Granular or Idle noise occurs when the step size is too large compared to
small variation in the input signal.
◦ This means that for very small variations in the input signal, the staircase
signal is changed by large amount (Δ) because of large step size.
◦ Figure shows that when the input signal is almost flat , the staircase signal
𝑥𝑞 𝑡 keeps on oscillating by ±Δ around the signal.
◦ The error between the input and approximated signal is called granular noise.
◦ The solution to this problem is to make the step size small .

Error Elimination of DM
◦ The errors occurred in Delta-Modulation is due to its fixed step
size, ∆.
◦ The errors can be overcome by introducing a technique known

as ‘Adaptive Delta Modulation’.
◦ A technique which uses variable step-size rather than fixed step-

size.

Solution to the DM Problems
◦ In order to overcome the quantization errors due to slope
overload and granular noise, the step size (Δ) is made adaptive
to variations in the input signal x(t).
◦ Particularly in the steep segment of the signal x(t), the step size is
increased. And the step is decreased when the input is varying
slowly.
◦ This method is known as Adaptive Delta Modulation (ADM).
◦ The adaptive delta modulators can take continuous changes in
step size or discrete changes in step size.

Adaptive Equalizer
◦ An adaptive equalizer is an equalizer that automatically adapts to time-
varying properties of the communication channel. It is frequently used
with coherent modulations such as phase shift keying, mitigating the
effects of multipath propagation and Doppler spreading.
◦ Adaptive equalization removes linear errors from modulated

signals.

Adaptive Differential Pulse Code
Modulation (ADPCM)
◦ ADPCM further improves the efficiency of the DPCM by incorporating
an ‘Adaptive Equalizer’ at the encoder.
◦ Practically, the No. of quantization level ‘L’ is fixed.
◦ When a fixed quantization step ∆ is applied, either the quantization error is

too large because ∆ is too big or the quantizer cannot cover the necessary
signal range when ∆ is too small.
Modulation (ADPCM)

Modulation (ADPCM)
◦ Therefore, it would be better for the quantization step ∆ to be adaptive so
that ∆ is large or small depending on whether the prediction error for
quantizing is large or small.
◦ The quantized prediction error 𝑑𝑞 𝑘 can be a good indicator of the prediction
error size.
◦ When the quantized prediction error samples vary close to the largest positive
value (or the largest negative value), it indicates that the prediction error is
large and ∆ needs to grow.

Modulation (ADPCM)
◦ Therefore, it would be better for the quantization step ∆ to be adaptive so
that ∆ is large or small depending on whether the prediction error for
quantizing is large or small.
◦ The quantized prediction error 𝑑𝑞 𝑘 can be a good indicator of the prediction
error size.
◦ When the quantized prediction error samples vary close to the largest positive
value (or the largest negative value), it indicates that the prediction error is
large and ∆ needs to grow.

Modulation (ADPCM)
◦ Conversely, if the quantized samples oscillate near zero, then the prediction error is
small and ∆ needs to decrease. It is important that both the modulator and the
receiver have access to the same quantized samples. Hence, the adaptive quantizer
and the receiver reconstruction can apply the same algorithm to adjust the
∆ identically.
◦ Compared with DPCM, ADPCM can further compress the number of bits needed for a
signal waveform. For example, it is very common in practice for an 8-bit PCM
sequence to be encoded into a 4-bit ADPCM sequence at the same sampling rate.
This easily represents a 2: 1 bandwidth or storage reduction with virtually no loss.

Processes of ADPCM
ADPCM
Adaptive Adaptive
Quantization Prediction
Forward Backward Forward Backward

Estimation Estimation Estimation Estimation
(AQF) (AQB) (APF) (APB)

Final Assignment
◦ Question: Which one among the four different techniques used for ADPCM is more
advantageous?
1. Discuss the basic operating principle (very short and precise), advantage and
disadvantage of each of the four techniques.
2. Undertake a comparative study.
3. Finally, decide which technique offers more advantageous in terms of speed and
efficiency of bandwidth.
Short Tips!!!
➢First of all, undertake the comparative study among two Quantization techniques (AQF
& AQB), and decide which one is beneficiary.
➢Then, undertake the comparative study among two Prediction techniques (APF & APB),
and decide which one is beneficiary.
➢Finally, decide which one is more advantageous than the others.
Final Assignment References
◦ Communication Systems (4th Edition) – Simon Haykin

Chapter 3, Art: 3.15 (Adaptive Differential Pulse-Code
Modulation)
◦ Any Textbooks on Electronic Communication.
◦ Internet Authentic Resources.
68
Adaptive Quantization with Forward
Estimation

Adaptive Prediction with Forward
Estimation

71

DPCM, Adpcm, DM

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Electronic Communication

EEE 359 1/7/2021

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◦ Lets consider the output of a sampled source is

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◦ 𝑑𝑛 6.2 3.5 3.5 -7.3 2.1 -0.6 -3.2 -2.4

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The quantized difference sequence is

The general expression for the nth reconstructed sequence at the

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◦ The quantized difference sequence

➢Without modification in the transmitter block the output reconstructed

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◦ The quantized form of the difference signal is

◦ Reconstructed signal at the receiver is

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➢This type of DPCM system is known as the ‘Delta Modulation’ (DM).

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◦ Again, the Feedback portion of the Modulator/Transmitter is

◦ We are at the stage to construct a Modulator and Demodulator

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1. If 𝒙 𝒕 > 𝒙𝒒 𝒕 , we get a Positive pulse.

The output of the transmitter will be a ‘Delta Modulated Pulse

✓ When 𝒅𝒒 𝒏 sequence gives ‘Positive Impulse’, we get a ‘Step-Rise’.

✓ When 𝒅𝒒 𝒏 sequence gives ‘Negative Impulse’, we get a ‘Step-Decrease’.

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• When 𝑥𝑞 𝑡 pass through a LPF, the closeness of staircase approximation of

• The ‘Delay Block’ of DPCM is now replaced with an ‘Amplifier-Integrator’,

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◦ Whereas, the DM requires only 2 levels in the Quantizer or,

◦ Because the DM converts the message sample into a train of

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◦ The difference between the slope of 𝑥 𝑡 and 𝑥𝑞 𝑡 introduces an error

◦ When, the original signal 𝒙 𝒕 falls below the staircase approximation

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