Full Protocol With Curriculum Vitae

Extent of Awareness on Personal Hygiene Practices
Among Junior High School Students of

Xavier University- Ateneo de Cagayan,
A.Y 2020-2021
A Research Paper
Presented to the Faculty of the
College of Nursing- Xavier University Ateneo de Cagayan
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

in Nursing Research I (NCM 111)
By:
Abedin, Jamil L.
Alguzar, Odessa Gayle A.
Arpa, Courtney Joy L.
Bergonia, Toni Roselle A.
Bersola, Jean Dominique B.
Bonghanoy, Joshua Allen O.
Burgos, Andrew Kyril B.
Catiil, John Ivan E.
Daclag, Paolo Victor L.
Damasco, Kaye Ivee V.
Dela Cruz, Juan Miguel A.
Emano, Kathryna Marie P.
Galagar, Hannah Bea Franchesca G.
November 2020
March 15, 2021- Version 3

APPROVAL SHEET
This research paper entitled: “EXTENT OF AWARENESS ON PERSONAL

HYGIENE PRACTICES AMONG JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS OF
XAVIER UNIVERSITY- ATENEO DE CAGAYAN, A.Y 2020-2021” was
prepared and submitted by Mr. Jamil Abedin, Ms. Odessa Gayle
Alguzar, Ms. Courtney Arpa, Ms. Toni Roselle Bergonia, Ms. Jean
Dominique Bersola, Mr. Joshua Allen Bonghanoy, Mr. Andrew Kyril
Burgos, Mr. John Ivan Catiil, Mr. Paolo Victor Daclag, Ms. Kaye Ivee
Damasco, Mr. Juan Miguel Dela Cruz, Ms. Kathryna Marie Emano, and
Ms. Hannah Bea Franchesca Galagar in partial fulfillment for the
requirements of the course Nursing Research I (NCM 111), has been
examined and recommended for Oral Examination.
Glenda P. De Vera, RN, MAN

Research Adviser
__________________________________________________________________
PANEL OF EXAMINERS
Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination with a grade of

PASSED.
Roviech Echeveria, MAN, RN Mildred N. Pinque MN, RN

Panelist Panelist
Approved and accepted in partial fulfillment for the

requirements of the course Nursing Research I.
November 2020 Mary Grace M. Paayas, MAN, RN

Dean – College of Nursing
ii
November 23, 2020
(Date of Final Defense)
CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY
We hereby declare that this work entitled “EXTENT OF AWARENESS ON

PERSONAL HYGIENE PRACTICES AMONG JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL
STUDENTS OF XAVIER UNIVERSITY- ATENEO DE CAGAYAN, A.Y 2020-
2021” submitted as a requirement for Nursing Research I (NCM 111) at
the College of Nursing of Xavier University – Ateneo de Cagayan, is
our own work and that, to the best of our knowledge and belief, it
contains no material previously published or written by another person
nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the
award of any other degree or diploma of a university or other institute
of higher learning, except where the due acknowledgements and
citations are made in the text.
We also declare that the intellectual content of this research study is
the product of our own work, even if we may have received
assistance from others on the style, presentation, and language
expression.
Abedin, Jamil L. Catiil, John Ivan E.

Alguzar, Odessa Gayle Daclag, Paolo Victor L.
Arpa, Courtney Damasco, Kaye Ivee V.
Bergonia, Toni Roselle A. Dela Cruz, Juan Miguel A.
Bersola, Jean Dominique Emano, Kathryna Marie P.
Bonghanoy, Joshua Allen O. Galagar, Hannah Bea
Burgos, Andrew Kyril B. Franchesca G.
BSN 2 - NC
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The student nurses would like to give credits and recognize the
people for the success of this case presentation. The student nurses
were able to finish and comply on time with the help of the following:
To Xavier University – Ateneo de Cagayan, for molding them
not just to be student nurses but as competent student nurses that
bring the characteristics the Ignatian way.
To the Xavier University - Ateneo de Cagayan, College of
Nursing, for inculcating and giving them the prior knowledge and
ethical skills needed to make this research proposal possible.
To Mrs. Mary Grace Paayas, MAN, RN, Dean of the College of
Nursing for being an inspiration to every student nurse and clinical
instructor that made them competent and passionate student nurses.
To Glenda P. De Vera, MAN, RN, Research Mentor, for her
dedication, camaraderie and patience towards guiding them
throughout the making of this proposal. Her passion towards this
course has molded each student nurse in becoming the best version
they could be.
To Mr. Jedifel Yburan, LPT, Research Statistician, for responding
to the request of examining the proposal’s respondents and sampling
iv
procedure, scoring procedure, and as well as the statistical treatment.
His guidance made this proposal reliable.
To Mrs. Mary Grace Santizas, RN and Mr. Juanito R. Oliveria II,
LPT, for accepting the request to review the questionnaire. Their
direction gave a very impact on this proposal’s validity.
They would also like to thank our beloved parents for the endless
love and support, for pushing them to become better every day, for
motivating them not to give up when things get rough, and for being
an inspiration in fulfilling their dreams.
To their fellow duty mates, for their full effort and sleepless nights
in making this proposal possible despite the hectic schedule and
requirements.
Lastly, they would like to thank the Almighty Father for the gift
of education, the gift of wisdom, knowledge, and intelligence, and
the guidance that He has blessed them with as they continue this
journey to become health care providers and bring His work to
completion with a heart of magis. Without Him, they cannot succeed.
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page Number
Cover Page i
Approval Sheet ii
Certificate of Originality iii
Acknowledgement iv
Table of Contents vi
List of Figure viii
List of Appendices ix
List of Tables xi
Chapter
1 The Problem 1
Introduction 1
Theoretical and Conceptual Framework 2
Statement of the Problem 12
Hypothesis 13
Significace of the Study 14
Scope and Limitations 15
vi
Definition of Terms 18
2 Review of Related Literature and Studies 21
3 Reasearch Methodology 37
Introduction 37
Research Design 38
Research Setting 39
Respondents and Sampling Procedure 40
Data Gathering Instrument and Procedure 45
Scoring Procedure 51
Validity and Reliability 58
Statistical Treatment 61
Bibliography 64
A. Websites 64
B. Online Journals 71
C. Textbooks 79
Curriculum Vitae 128
vii
LIST OF FIGURE
Figure Page
1 Schematic diagram showing the interrelationship 11
between the independent variables and the
dependent variables
viii
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix Page
A Letters Addressed to the Following 80
a. Principal 80
b. Junior High School Registrar 81
c. College Nurse Validator 82
d. Junior High School Nurse Validator 83
e. Teacher Validator 84
B Approval from the XU-Junior High School 85
C Agreement Forms of 88
a. CollegeNurse Validator 88
b. Junior High School Nurse Validator 89
c. Teacher Validator 90
D Curriculum Vitae of 91
a. Statistician 91
b. CollegeNurse Validator 95
c. Junior High School Nurse Validator 97
d. Teacher Validator 100
E Informed Assent and Consent To Participate In Research104
I. Information Sheet 104
II. Certificate of Consent (Parent) 112
ix
III. Certificate of Consent (Child) 114
F Informed Assent and Consent To Give Personal

Information 116
G Research Questionnaire 118
H Statistical Formula 126
x
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
1 Body Hygiene Scoring Range 52
2 Oral Hygiene Scoring Range 53
3 Handwashing Hygiene Scoring Range Part 1 54
4 Handwashing Hygiene Scoring Range Part 2 55
5 Hair Hygiene Scoring Range 56
6 Nail Hygiene Scoring Range 57
xi
1
CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM
INTRODUCTION
Hygiene is defined as the practice of maintaining cleanliness
and decency of the self and direct surroundings to ensure prevention
of disease or infections through microorganisms (Gebreeyessus &
Adem, 2018). In low- and middle- income countries, around 827 000
people die due to inadequate water, sanitation, and hygiene each
year, representing 60% of the total deaths caused by diarrhea, and
insufficient hygiene practices is said to be the main cause in 432 000
of these deaths (World Health Organization, 2019).
One of many public locations that must follow constant
sanitizing is at school (Rifaai, et al, 2018). Since microorganisms choose
no specific age group, people of all ages are at risk, but younger
individuals are considered to have weaker immune systems, this
makes children in junior high school more susceptible to illness-causing
factors, especially if they lack knowledge on the proper sanitation
practices that must be applied daily. Maintenance and development
of health is important for the individuals who make up communities in
order to accelerate the productivity and development of countries
(Çelik & Yüce 2018).

2
Students enrolled in Junior High School level are no exemption
for possible contact with harmful germs. Proper knowledge and skills
on hygiene practices may reduce school absences, prevent diseases
and may improve their academic performance. During this
pandemic, personal hygiene must be maintained and evaluated. This
is in line with both Xavier University's vision and a goal in Nursing
profession to expand knowledge on research that contribute in
experiencing excellence when applying learnings to achieve holistic
care of the self for the students. With this, the study seeks to focus on
junior high school students, specifically those enrolled in Xavier
University – Ateneo de Cagayan, since there is a need to stress on the
importance of how they maintain sanitation regularly and whether
they are aware of the proper hygiene practices.
THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
The Self-Care Deficit Theory of Nursing formulated by Dorothea
Orem consists of concepts related to an individual’s practice of self-
care that promotes and maintains healthful functioning, personal
development, and well-being. This theory is considered to be a
general theory that is composed of three related theories such as self-
care, self-care deficit, and nursing systems. First, the theory of self-care
describes the practices deliberately performed by an individual and

3
the reasons behind such actions. Second, the self-care deficit theory
explains the reason behind the need for a nursing intervention. And
lastly, the theory of nursing systems suggests how the nurse will
intervene to meet the patient’s self-care needs. The study is anchored
to Orem’s theory because the components of the theory provide self-
care requisites that are significantly related to the problem stated in
the study. With this, the theory is necessary for the effective primary
care prevention of communicable and non-communicable diseases.
The lack of self-care can greatly increase the risk of an individual in
acquiring various illnesses harmful for their health.
Personal hygiene is a form of self-care. The act of cleansing the
body, performing dental care, keeping clothes clean, and sanitizing
the surroundings and the objects that the person comes in contact
with, are centered on the promotion of the person’s own well-being.
These actions are intended for the protection of one’s self from
harmful microbes and pathogens that may contribute to poor health.
According to Gonzalo (2019), in one of the sub-concepts of Florence
Nightingale’s Environmental Theory she stated that providing clean air
and maintaining free ventilation is equally as important as keeping
pores of the skin free from all obstruction excretions. In addition,
Gonzalo (2019) also stated Nola Pender’s Health Promotion Model in

4
which improved health, enhanced functional ability, and better
quality of life at all stages of development should be the result of
health promoting behaviors. Two of the additional concepts
mentioned relates to the main theory considering that they are
focused on the improvement of health of the individual through the
manipulation of the surrounding and the practice of health promoting
behaviors. These concepts emphasize cleanliness as an important
aspect in maintaining optimum health. The environment around us is
changing, which makes personal hygiene one of the primary
concerns for self-care. As early as the nursery years, self-care,
specifically personal hygiene must already be learned and practiced.
This practice then must be enhanced as one grows older since
personal needs and activities tend to increase as we age. As children,
we are taught the basics of hygiene, specifically handwashing, taking
regular baths, and covering our mouths when we cough, sneeze, or
when our mouth is full. But as we enter into our adolescent years, we
begin to experience changes in our body. According to Dowshen, S.
(2015), adolescents during puberty undergo general physical
changes like acne on the face and back, stronger body odor due to
active sweat glands, and pubic hair growth. Specific changes include
facial hair and body hair growth, and the experience of wet dreams

5
for males. For females, breasts develop, and they experience
menstruation. These factors require enhancement of personal
hygiene practices for each individual. Hygiene doesn't only help
protect from infection, but it also helps in the transition of individuals
through different stages of life.
Gender
Biologically, both genders have specific health problems due
to their bodily differences and practices. It is important to recognize
that gender issues relating to health is not only of concern to those
who identify themselves as women as it was previously being
assumed. Over time, it is increasingly clear that men’s health too are
being affected by it. On more recent data, it has come to a point that
several factors, which includes hygiene practices, may contribute to
this phenomenon (Doyal, L.,2016).
Biological variations and social construct may be a factor to
both of the gender’s health as there is a significant difference
between their hygiene practices. In one study conducted by Suen, et
al. (2019), it was shown how those who have a more feminine role are
more likely to practice proper handwashing hygiene, which is
considered to be part of personal hygiene, compared to those who
are leaning more to the masculine role. With this, gender will be taken

6
into consideration for this study as it will determine the differences
between their knowledge and practice on personal hygiene.
Religion
Religion are considered great factors in an individual’s
development, including their hygiene practices. For instance,
handwashing hygiene can be practiced for many purposes: hygienic,
ritual, or symbolic. Since religion is rooted into ones lives and how
practices are acquired, it has a great impact on the perspective and
awareness of the person. Religions contain different practices in terms
of hygiene, and some even contain none specifically.
Some of the common hygiene practices observed in religions
are the following: Islamic practices include ensuring precise
instructions from the Holy Quran and perform methodical ablutions
prior to praying which is done five times daily; Christian faith focused
more on spiritual behavior, though this does not imply the importance
of hygiene; Buddhist faith shows no specific practices in terms of
hygiene; and other cultures such as Hindu, may avoid the use of soap
and ensure vigorous rubbing instead. (WHO, 2010) All these
differences in hygiene practices among religions contribute to how
individuals are aware and influenced. Therefore, it is essential to

7
consider religion in the determination of one’s knowledge and habits
in relation to personal hygiene.
Socioeconomic Status
This aspect pertains to a student’s family occupation, income,
and education. This is directly linked to the personal hygiene,
practices, and perception of an individual (Wang & Geng, 2020). The
socioeconomic status of an individual affects one's way of thinking
and level of awareness with regards to personal hygiene.
A family with high income practically means having the ability
to purchase and provide better health necessities and equipment
specific to hygiene, whereas some middle class and low income
families rely on what's available and most convenient to their budget.
Also, education, reinforced by the principles of parents, impacts a lot
of students because they adopt the practices taught by their parents.
On the other hand, parents who have no work and who became
irresponsible because of their social status may tend to ignore the
significance of health hygiene for their children (Galama & Kippersluis,
2018).
This implies that socioeconomic status as a key determinant in
uplifting the healthy practices specific to health hygiene for junior high
school students. Moreover, various studies have supported that

8
socioeconomic status has the potential to impact the physical and
psychological health patterns of individuals (Kiyanji, 2010).
Availability of Resources
Effective hygiene communication in schools, markets,
industries, and health facilities helps in reaching out to a group of
people at once in a more specific area (Kumwenda, 2019). In
addition, the emerging of Internet technology offers numerous
opportunities for health education to be delivered in a cost- effective
way (Mo, 2012). Availability of resources and access to information
influences hygiene practices of an individual.
School-based hygiene education is important to decrease the
rate of transmissible diseases (Sachan et al. 2017). Children are
considered to be more receptive to learning and most likely to adopt
healthy behaviors at a younger age. As teenagers make the transition
into adulthood, they will face different changes, including ones that
will affect and impact hygiene (Chernyak, 2020). It was found out that
the main sources of information regarding basic personal hygiene
were family followed by school teachers (Rajbhandari et al. 2019).
Pediatricians can also be a useful source of information regarding
appropriate hygiene approaches. Thus, parents, school teachers and

9
medical providers play a crucial role in developing the knowledge
and practices of a child towards personal hygiene.
Water Supply Consistency
Water is used for activities that are associated with cleaning
and drinking. It is essential for personal hygiene because it facilitates
with the cleansing of soiled or contaminated body, brushing of teeth,
and washing of hair. Without it, an individual would not be able to
effectively remove the dirt lying on the surface of their skin, oral cavity,
nails, and hair. Adequate water supply is beneficial for students
practicing handwashing because it plays a major role in the
improvement of health and education of the students (Antwi-agyei
et.al, 2017).
By determining the presence of water within the home of the
respondents, the researchers will be able to further identify the cause
of an increase or decrease in personal hygiene. Water scarcity or the
lack of access to water readily available at home and free from
contamination is estimated to over 2 billion people that are suffering
from it (WHO, 2017).
As of 2020, the presence of the COVID-19 pandemic had added
an additional challenge to a lot of Filipino families, which is the lack of

10
access to life’s most critical resource – water (Water.org, 2020). With
the high number of people suffering from the lack of access to water,
it is probable that junior high school students may be part of the
number of people suffering from it. Thus, their practices on personal
hygiene may be compromised.
Overall, the Self-care Deficit Theory is the basis of the variables
included in the study as it emphasizes the concept on self-care
practiced by an individual. The schematic diagram in Figure 1 shows
the interrelationship between the independent variables and
independent variables.

11
Independent Variables Dependent Variables
Characteristics of the The Personal Hygiene
Junior High School Practices of the Junior
Students at Xavier High School Students at
University- Ateneo de Xavier University-
Cagayan Ateneo de Cagayan in
terms of
 Gender
 Religion  Body Hygiene
 Socioeconomic  Oral Hygiene
Status  Handwashing
 Availability of Hygiene
Resources  Hair Hygiene
 Water Supply  Nail Hygiene
Consistency
Figure 1. Schematic diagram showing the interrelationship between
the independent variables and the dependent variables

12
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
This study aims to determine the extent of awareness on
personal hygiene practices among the Junior High School (JHS)
students of Xavier University- Ateneo de Cagayan, Cagayan de
Oro City. It specifically aims to answer the following questions:
1. What is the profile of the students according to
1.1 Gender
1.2 Religion
1.3 Socioeconomic Status
1.4 Availability of Resources
1.5 Water Supply Consistency
2. What is the extent of awareness on personal hygiene practices
among the Xavier University- Ateneo de Cagayan Junior High
School (JHS) students in terms of
2.1 Body Hygiene
2.2 Oral Hygiene
2.3 Handwashing Hygiene
2.4 Hair Hygiene
2.5 Nail Hygiene
3. Is there a significant difference in the extent of awareness on
personal hygiene practices among the Xavier University-

13
Ateneo de Cagayan Junior High School (JHS) students when
categorized according to
3.1 Gender
3.2 Religion
HYPOTHESIS
The first and second problems are hypotheses free. The third
problem will be tested at 0.03 level of significance. The following null
hypotheses will be formulated on the third problem as follows:
1. There is no significant difference in the extent of awareness on
personal hygiene practices among the Xavier University-
Ateneo de Cagayan Junior High School (JHS) students when
categorized according to the following:
1.1 Gender
1.2 Religion

14
SIGNIFICACE OF THE STUDY
The study may be beneficial to the following:
The Xavier- Ateneo de Cagayan College of Nursing. The study
can help the academe by enhancing the knowledge gained by the
students regarding the effects between health and personal hygiene,
and help them be aware of the conditions of the students in the
University with regards to their hygiene practices. The findings from this
study can be utilized as a guide and basis in future practices.
Information and data gathered can be useful in enhancing and
modifying curricular activities relating to the field of school nurses.
The Student Nurses. Through this study, the knowledge and skills
regarding personal hygiene, thus allowing student nurses to provide
adequate patient education relating to hygiene when out in the field,
whether in the hospital, or in the school setting.
The Clinical Instructors. The information gained will allow them
to improve their practice in school nursing. The acquisition of new
knowledge can broaden and strengthen their knowledge and skills in
performing ideal interventions for the University.
The Future Researchers. This study will provide adequate
information with regards to personal hygiene, which could be
beneficial for future studies. These information given can assist in the

15
improvement of current practices and answer questions in regards to
the health of the health and personal hygiene practices of the Junior
High School Students of Xavier University- Ateneo de Cagayan.
The Xavier University-Junior High School Community. The study
can help the XU-JHS community by enhancing the knowledge
gained by the students, the school nurses, and the teachers regarding
the effects between health and personal hygiene, and help them be
aware of the conditions of the students in the Junior High School with
regards to their hygiene practices.
The Parents of the Xavier University-Junior High School Students.
The students' family can benefit by enhancing the knowledge that
they already have, as well as help them be aware of the conditions
of their children in the Junior High School with regards to their hygiene
practice.
SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS
The research focuses primarily on the extent of awareness of
personal hygiene practices among the 7th to 10th grade students of
Xavier University Junior High School. The research will cover these
students’ awareness of personal hygiene, specifically in areas of
bodily hygiene, oral hygiene, handwashing hygiene, hair care
hygiene, and nail hygiene. These factors are assessed solely by

16
gender, religion, socioeconomic status, availability of resources, and
water supply consistency. The data collection will be conducted by
the total population of enrolled Junior High students of Xavier
University - Junior High School in school year 2020-2021.
The junior high school students as younger individuals are
considered to have weaker immune systems, considering they are still
in their developing years. They are susceptible to illness-causing
factors, especially if they lack knowledge on the proper sanitation
practices that must be applied daily (Simon, Hollander, & McMichael,
2015). Junior High School (JHS) students were chosen to be the target
population and are considered to be part of the vulnerable group.
Individuals who are part of the vulnerable group and the non-
vulnerable group are included in the study regardless of age
forasmuch as the study focuses solely on JHS students. Considering
that the target population is part of the vulnerable group, the study
aims to promote the welfare of the chosen group by presenting the
importance of an enhanced personal hygiene. The non-vulnerable
group such as individuals that are ages eighteen to nineteen years
old are considered to be part of the target population only if they are
under any of the JHS levels. In addition, consent form from the parents

17
will be required if participant is underage with the participant’s assent
form.
The research shall not cover other problems that are not
considered such as toilet hygiene and cleanliness of surroundings. This
research shall be done through the utilization of online questionnaires
to these students as a survey and reference.

18
DEFINITION OF TERMS
To understand the study in an easier way, the following terms
are operationally defined as it is used in the study.
Availability of Resources. Refers to the access to the right
resources for the study, specifically about personal hygiene. In this
study it can be measured by where the respondents get their
resources on hygiene practices may it be in school, at home, medical
providers and on the internet.
Body Hygiene. Refers to the type of practice performed to keep
the body clean from dirt and sweat with the use of water, soap, and
body scrubs. It will be measured in terms of the respondent’s routine
of bathing such as the frequency and techniques of cleansing the
body.
Gender. Refers to the biological features identifying humans as
female or male. Although these collections of biological features are
not mutually exclusive, since there are individuals that exhibit both,
they appear to distinguish humans as males and females.
Hair Hygiene. Refers to the overall term for hygiene involving the
hair which grows from the scalp. This includes the frequency of

19
washing hair, the use of shampoo, chemicals, and as well as the
presence of scalp infections. Using and sharing of personal items for
hair drying and grooming are also included.
Handwashing Hygiene. Refers to the way of cleaning one’s
hands that substantially reduces potential pathogens or harmful
microorganisms on the hands, rubbing together all surfaces and
crevices of the hands using a soap or chemical and water. This will
also include a checklist as to when and how long they perform these
procedures.
Nail Hygiene. Refers to the care of the fingernails and toenails,
include keeping nails clean and dry to keep bacteria from collecting
under the nails, cutting nails straight across with only slight rounding at
the tip, using a file to keep nails shaped and free of snags, and
avoiding nail-biting. This also includes the condition of the protective
layer underneath the nails.
Oral Hygiene. Refers to the practice of keeping the mouth,
teeth, and gums clean and healthy to prevent oral diseases. Good
oral hygiene involves regular brushing of the teeth, flossing of one’s
teeth, and technique used.

20
Religion. Refers to the action or practice in believing and
worshipping a god or deity and applying these beliefs into the
devotee’s daily life. This will be identified by the religion they are in
and their practices at the start of the study.
Socioeconomic Status. Refers to the combined gross income of
both parents. The ranges are based from the 2018 Family and Income
Expenditure Survey (FIES), conducted by the Philippine Statistics
Authority (PSA).
Water Supply Consistency. Refers to the access of continuous
water flow for domestic water usage measured in terms of the length
in hours of continuous water flow in their residence.

21
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents the related literature that support the
existing problem identified by the researchers through provision of an
overview regarding personal hygiene. It introduces previous research
regarding overall hygiene practices with focus on body, oral,
handwashing, hair, and nails. Along with this, studies on factors such
as gender, religion, socioeconomic status, resource availability, and
water supply consistency are also covered. The comprehensive
reviewing of such articles and resources provide evidence that there
is indeed an existing necessity to study on the awareness of secondary
level students when it comes to personal hygiene.
GENDER
According to Pouramin, P., et.al, (2020), 71% of identified studies
reported a health outcome, suggesting an intersection of gender with
health. Half of these studies showed a relationship between health
and WASH, gender, and infantile diseases. Also, it was found that
people who lean on to the feminine side, mainly women and girls,
were at risk of exposure to contaminated water and of sustaining

22
musculoskeletal trauma as a result of their as a result of their role as
water purveyors.
According to the study conducted by Clough, (2010), a feminist
analysis approach in making a link between sex differences and
patterns of hygiene shows that it is directly linked to the feminine
gender role which is assigned to females whereas males are assigned
to the masculine gender role, suggesting that their hygiene practices
may not be as closely related.
Social preferences for cleanliness are enforced more
aggressively for feminine persons than to those who are masculine,
this gender difference leaves those who are more feminine at greater
risk of developing allergies and asthma. Clough (2010), argues that
the hygiene hypothesis successfully identifies standards of hygiene
and sanitation as mediators of immune health. She argues that a
feminist analysis of the gendered standards of behaviors such as
cleanliness in children adds important resources to the empirical
picture.
RELIGION
Hygiene is from a Greek term “hygeria” which means “Goddess
of health” and defined as “The science and art which is associated
with the preservation and promotion of health” (Koenig, 2012). In

23
relation to this statement devotion to a god and health has always
been related from the early years. Religion was always, and still in the
present, connected with health and well-being of the devotees for it
is also a factor to achieve healthy spiritual health.
Kiani and Saeidi (2015) stated that personal hygiene holds a
great piece and a great key factor in one’s spiritual life. The religion is
the source of the majority of mankind’s character, morale and
attitude. Moreover, the behavior of a person in which religion holds a
great part, is portrayed to his/her deeds towards personal hygiene.
Hand washing has been part of some religions in their various kinds of
religious activities. In Christianity, the cleansing of the sins of a Christian
soul is thru baptism which involves bathing the Christian which also
cleaning the physical body of a Christian physiologically. In Islam,
hand washing, as well as the washing of their feet, faces, and hair, are
needed before they pray and the Muslims pray five times a day. They
also put importance in eating their meals by washing their hands. In
this religion, the devotees are instructed, which was also stated in
Qur’an, to observe personal cleanliness before, during and after
praying. In other religion like Judaism and Sikhism, they have precise
rules regarding physical cleanliness written in their respective holy

24
texts. This thus indicates that religion can be a factor towards a
person’s habits towards hygiene.
SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS
Socioeconomic status has been commonly used as a latent
construct for measuring family background (Bofah and Hannula
2017). In addition, the American Psychological Association (APA)
defines socioeconomic status as “the social standing or class of an
individual or group” (APA 2018).
Income of the family is one of the most important factors that
play a significant role to predict cleanliness behavior. Living condition
of underprivileged was considerably communities characterized by
insecure residential status. Socio-economic status of slum dwellers can
be characterized through structural quality of housing, overcrowding
and inadequate access to as mainly low income groups with
inadequate education, also hazardous source of water, sanitation
and other infrastructure (Kiyanji, 2020).
Arguments have shown as to whether socioeconomic status
has or has no influence on people's lifestyle specific to health.
However, many studies have supported that socioeconomic status is
correlated to people’s perception and practices in health
management and hygiene. Lifestyle had significant positive effects

25
on both physical and psychological health; and lifestyle mediated the
relationship between socioeconomic status and health (Wang &
Geng, 2020).
AVAILABILITY OF RESOURCES
The best lifetime beliefs and habits develop at the most
significant period of a child’s life which is spent at school. A school-
based program is considered the most effective way to develop and
form the health habits of a child because they are easily approached
and their teachers are considered as role models that transmit values
of life (Reddy et al .,2019).
A study conducted by Sachan, et al. (2017) analyzes the
impact of school health education programs on personal hygiene
among school children of Lucknow district. The study was also
performed to assess the current level of knowledge and practicing
behavior regarding basic hygiene which were bathing, tooth
brushing, and taking care of nail and hair. Ages of the respondents
ranged from 10 to 12 years old and it was conducted on 800 students.
Before the survey was conducted, the respondents were asked to
answer a pretest about personal hygiene where a result of 53.8%
(poor) visual display of good and bad personal hygiene and explain
its benefits of this practice. A structured questionnaire was then given

26
(posttest). The results were the knowledge of the students regarding
general body cleanliness was 87.5% (highly satisfactory). Knowledge
and practice regarding change of clothes on alternate days was
79.5%. Also, 79.5% were found that students were washing their hair
once a week and 70% students washed their hands before meals. The
overall knowledge of the students about personal hygiene practices
and knowledge was marked as poor at the time of the pretest but
were then highly satisfactory in the posttest.
A public health problem that most often affects school children is
personal hygiene deficiency. This is attributed because of inadequate
knowledge and practice of personal hygiene. (Rajbhandari et
al.,2018). A study was conducted to investigate knowledge and
practices of personal hygiene of a secondary education level, grades
nine and ten school children in Bhaktapur district, Kathmandu valley,
Nepal. Data were collated and analyzed using a self- administered
questionnaire. Age bracket of the respondents were from ages 15
and 16 years old and a majority of 88.5% had a good knowledge level
on personal hygiene and female students were found to have more
knowledge on personal hygiene than the male students. However a
majority of the respondents exhibited moderate to poor level personal
hygiene in terms of practice dimension.

27
WATER SUPPLY CONSISTENCY
In 2020, the global pandemic such as the COVID-19 had a
tremendous effect on the health of the people of different classes all
over the world. During the start of the health crisis, healthcare
practitioners had emphasized the importance of handwashing with
the use of water and soap as one of the best preventive measures for
the coronavirus. Accordingly, much of the world’s population do not
have access to water, soap, or even toilets. Less than half of health
care facilities in the underdeveloped countries lack basic water
services. (Laliberte, G., 2020)
Hundreds and millions of people do not have access to clean
water in developing nations. (UNICEF. Water Sanitation and Hygiene,
2017). Currently, many developing countries already struggle to cope
with consistent water shortages and they lack adequate water
infrastructure. High population growth and rapid urbanization cause
more pressure to these limited water resources which in turn results in
poor access to improved water sources and limits hygienic practices
in the communities, as these hygienic practices highly depend on the
availability of safe water. (Eid E. The Importance of Water, Sanitation,
and Hygiene as keys to National Development. John Hopkins; 2015).
Most of the hygiene practices require the use of clean water.

28
Inadequate and unclean water results in contamination of hands and
food that results in the spreading of infections. Lack of water supply
limits good hygiene practices such as bathing and hand washing.
According to Khalifa and Bidaisee (2018), the lack or absence of
clean water may prevent the growth of crops, building of homes, and
maintenance of health. This may lead to children not being able to
attend school and the employment of the given region may be at risk.
In conclusion, water is an essential element that allows us to
perform our daily activities. It is significantly important for the
maintenance of health and the promotion of proper hygiene. It is
utilized to create a chemical reaction with cleansing soaps to
facilitate the removal of bacteria or dirt on the body. Without it,
proper hygiene among individuals may be difficult to maintain or
achieve.
BODY HYGIENE
Body hygiene is mostly associated with the concept of bathing.
Bathing is an act of cleansing the body’s layer of protection, which is
the skin, cleaning dirt and sweat that has accumulated and dried on
the surface of the skin. This collection of impurities located between
skin folds such as the armpits, neck, inner thighs, and buttocks may

29
produce foul odors. In a study conducted by Lam et.al (2018) about
the microbial basis of body odor in prepubescent children and
teenagers, he stated that bacterial decomposition of naturally
secreted, non-odorous constituents of sweat causes body odor. A
wide range of bacteria but primarily Corynebacterium species have
been associated with bad odor produced by the body.
According to Johnson (2020) in his article on washing and
bathing, the activity of cleansing the body is a key element of
maintaining adequate health by protecting the body from harmful
diseases, infections, and ailments. In addition, the World Health
Organization (2019) stated that the increase in the incidence of
various infectious diseases among adolescents, for example,
schistosomiasis, may be due to the daily activities of adolescents
during that period of their lives. Thus, in relation with the study
conducted by the researchers, teenagers are experiencing changes
in their body that prepares them to become full grown adults. These
changes may include hormonal and body changes that can greatly
have an impact in their need for an enhanced proper hygiene.
Proper body hygiene is achieved by cleansing the body from
impurities acquired in performing strenuous activities that cause
sweat, allowing bacterial decomposition, and resulting with the

30
production of a foul body odor. Thus, bathing is important in achieving
proper body hygiene and decreasing the risk of acquiring diseases or
infections.
ORAL HYGIENE
Oral health is essential for general health and quality of life
(Naseem, Fatima & Ghazanfar, 2017). Christine Jones (2014)
concluded that disorders of the mouth can add significantly to the
discomfort, social isolation and distress of ill patients, and severely
impair their nutritional intake. Even a minor alteration in the health of
the oral cavity can have a significant effect on a person’s wellbeing.
In addition, Pandey, Chandra, and Rathod (2017) see a lot with
orthodontic treatments in today's youth. Which is why the research
focused on oral hygiene and considered oral hygiene with
orthodontic implants, or students with braces. It was also stated that
hygiene instruction is essential in all cases of orthodontic treatment
and the use of adjuncts must be reinforced. Although orthodontic
treatment recognized benefits in enhancing esthetics, function, and
self-esteem, orthodontic appliances can cause unwanted
complications of enamel demineralization, tooth decay, and
gingivitis.

31
HANDWASHING HYGIENE
Hand hygiene or also known as handwashing is cost effective
and acknowledged in ruling out communicable disease. A public
health concern that is still prevalent are the transmission of
communicable diseases and physical contact of contaminated
hands which play a great role in mode of transmission. In the literature,
it is shown that proper handwashing reduces the risk of disease
transmission through wet, lather, scrub, rinse, and dry. Hand washing
is like a "do-it-yourself" vaccine - it involves five simple and effective
steps (Tamilarasi, et al., 2016)
According to a UNICEF (United Nations Children’s Fund) report
at 2016, involving children themselves as active participants in
promoting hand washing with soap in schools creates a sense of
ownership in the children and they are likely to take further into their
adulthood. With the simple habit of handwashing, it can serve as a
vital role in protecting your health from diseases brought by
contaminated hands (Tamilarasi, et, al., 2016).
HAIR HYGIENE
Assessing of one’s hair can be done when the hair is being
groomed as part of assisting or undertaking personal care. Grooming

32
provides the ideal opportunity to observe for any abnormality or
conditions such as dandruff, psoriasis, or head lice etc. According to
Jones (2014) Care of the hair is an important aspect of personal care,
as the condition and style of a person’s hair can have an influence on
their wellbeing.
Hair care is an essential part of personal hygiene and has an
important role in maintaining self-esteem and quality of life. In a study
conducted by Shepherd (2019), washing and styling hair can also be
a valuable social activity and help boost their self-esteem and sense
of wellbeing. Caring for the hair provides an opportunity to observe
one’s scalp for signs of pressure damage, dandruff or dry skin and
underlying skin conditions as well as observation for head lice.
Scalp care is essential because it determines the health and
condition of the hair and prevents the diseases of scalp and
hair. According to a study by Nayak, Ann, Azhar, Ling, Yen, and Aithal
(2017) Skin problems can readily occur in the scalp because the
awareness regarding the importance of scalp care is low when
compared with the face. It was found that the graying of hair was
least among Malay students although their scalp condition was not
very healthy. This evidences the fact that graying of hair is caused by

33
the loss of the pigment-forming melanocytes from the hair follicles and
genetic factors or even climatic factors might influence the graying
of hair rather than the scalp or hair condition. At the end of the study,
the researchers suggests that students should be educated regarding
best hair care practices to improve their scalp hair condition and
health.
NAIL HYGIENE
Fingernails and toenails are important organs in our body, it
serves as protection for the fingertips and toes. American Academy
of Dermatology stated that 99% of people will experience a nail
disorder during their lifetime (Crutchfield, 2013). Many of these
disorders will require medical intervention. Also, nail disorders are the
chief complaint in 10% of all medical visits to dermatology specialists
in the United States (Leone and Schupbach, 2017).
Not only that, in a study by Reich and Szepietowski (2011),
severe nail involvement was also shown to negatively impair social
functioning and to interfere with work ability, thus markedly
influencing a patient’s well-being. Healthy nails are shiny, smooth, and
uniform in consistency on both the surface and free-margin views.
They have attached cuticles, nail folds, and nail plates. In addition,
healthy nails should not be cracked, rigid, or broken (Draelos, 2013).

34
Lomax et al. (2016) concluded that maintaining healthy nails is
accomplished by use of safe grooming practices. It is important for
people to be aware of any possible complications that their nails may
acquire so that they can be avoided or diagnosed early and treated.
CONCLUSION
The goal of this literature review is to show that there is no
significant difference in the extent of awareness on personal hygiene
practices among the Xavier University - Ateneo de Cagayan Junior
High School students based on their gender, religion, socioeconomic
status, availability of resources and water supply consistency. A
thorough review of the literature was conducted regarding these
identified factors. Overall hygiene practices with focus on body
hygiene, oral care, handwasing hygiene, hair hygiene and nail
hygiene was also covered.
Factors influencing awareness of personal hygiene are
classified according to gender, religion, socioeconomic status,
availability of resources and water supply consistency. First is
according to gender, the link between gender role is not related with
hygiene practices. Second is according to religion, one’s religion is
connected to their health and well-being as cleaning the physical
body affects the spiritual health. Third is according to socioeconomic

35
status, sedentary lifestyle and limited education due to low economic
status affects an individual’s health practices as there may be less
exposure to information and recreational activities promoting health
management. Fourth is according to availability of resources, school
children with personal hygiene deficiency exhibit moderate to poor
levels of personal hygiene practices. Lastly is according to water
supply consistency, availability of water in the community is important
as poor access to improved water sources limits hygienic practices of
an individual.
Hygiene practices are categorized according to personal
hygiene, body hygiene, oral hygiene, handwashing hygiene, hair
hygiene and nail hygiene. First category is body hygiene, cleansing
the body is important in maintaining adequate health and decreases
the risk acquiring diseases.. Second category is oral hygiene,
observing oral care is important for general health as it can affect a
person’s well-being even with a minor alteration in health. Third
category is handwashing hygiene, handwashing is known to be a cost
effective method in reducing the risk of disease transmission and
promoting handwashing with soap is an effective way to create a
sense of ownership with children that they will eventually carry further
into their adulthood. Fourth category is hair hygiene, which is

36
considered as an essential part of personal hygiene as it plays a role
in maintaining self-esteem. Last category is nail hygiene, taking care
of the nails is important to prevent nail disorders that may require
medical intervention.
Based on the current evidence, the reviewed literature supports
in determining if there is a relationship between the identified factors
and hygiene practices. Current research supports that the identified
factors influence hygiene practices of an individual, as discussed
above; however, a continuation of current research with
strengthened methodologies will help in identifying whether or not
there is a significant relationship of the identified factors towards
personal hygiene practices.

37
CHAPTER III
REASEARCH METHODOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
The students of Xavier University – Junior Highschool is in the
stage of adolescence where the onset of major changes in their body
begins to take place. These changes require them to establish their
personal hygiene practices in order to achieve better health free from
communicable diseases. As they begin to have independence and
control over their own bodies, they as well start to discover various
hygiene practices that would satisfy their needs. As stated by Erik
Erikson’s on his Psychosocial Development Theory, adolescence is the
stage where individuals develop a sense of self and personal identity.
The individual becomes aware of their personal preferences that
would benefit their own health and needs.
In a study conducted by Rajbhandari et al., (2018) on the
knowledge and practice of personal hygiene among secondary
school students of grade nine and ten in Bhaktapur district, Nepal, it
was shown that majority of participants ages 15-16 years old resulted
with a good knowledge level on personal hygiene. However, majority
of the participants had moderate to poor hygiene practices. With this,
the study aims to determine the knowledge level on personal hygiene

38
of Junior High School students given that poor hygiene practices has
been attributed to inadequate knowledge of personal hygiene and its
practices (Rajbhandari et al., 2018).
This chapter presents the research design, setting, information
on the respondents and sampling procedure, data gathering
procedure, scoring, and the statistical treatment to be used in
analyzing and interpreting the data that will be gathered in the study.
RESEARCH DESIGN
The study follows a descriptive research design because it aims
to measure the extent of awareness through fact-finding with
adequate definition of “what is”. This design is concerned with what
exists and involves interpreting the significance of what is to be
defined. It also describes the characteristics of individuals, groups,
physical environment or conditions (Polit and Beck, 2012). In this study,
the researchers aim to identify and analyze the extent of awareness
of students regarding their hygiene practices. Since the researchers
are only limited to identifying and measuring the variables of the
study, this type of research design would allow appropriate
presentation of the data that will be identified and measured. The
survey that will be conducted will facilitate in collecting the pre-

39
existing data that will be effectively interpreted and evaluated with
the use of this design.
RESEARCH SETTING
The research will be conducted by the total population of
enrolled 7th grade, 8th grade, 9th grade, and 10th grade students in
school year 2020-2021 at Xavier University - Junior High School with its
long history and its large number of students that would become the
respondents. The campus has three buildings: the Main Building, the
Canteen, and the Faber Hall. The school is located at El Camino
Street, Masterson’s Avenue, Pueblo de Oro, Upper Carmen, Cagayan
de Oro City in school year 2020-2021. The school is also near the Xavier
University Grade school, Senior High School and the Sports Center.
Due to the occurring pandemic, instead of going to the location and
conduct a written survey to the Junior High School, it will have to
become an online survey where the students can input their answers.
The selections are based on the following criteria: first, the setting
should be convenient for the researchers; it should be accessible.
Second, the school must have the appropriate number of students
that will yield adequate representations.
The school is convenient for the researchers to conduct the study
considering their locations. Aside from that, the researchers believe that the

40
school has the appropriate number of students that supports the study. The
school will benefit knowing that the data can help the school regarding the
health and hygiene of their students. Due to the pandemic, however, face-
to-face interaction is not possible thus, the researchers will use the platform
Gmail in giving the letters and as well as the Google Forms for the answering
of the questionnaire. The participants have a specified time of 1 to 3 days to
respond thoroughly to the questions provided by the questionnaire and will
only take less than 20 minutes to answer. If the participants have no
internet access available, the researchers can contact them via the
use of cellular phones. This is by reminding the respondents in
advance to schedule themselves for the forthcoming survey
questionnaire response. If the participants are also unfamiliar with
Google forms thus making it more difficult for them to access, another
option, Microsoft Forms, can be used. Xavier University junior high
school students have been using Microsoft Teams for their online
classroom educational platform, which is also much easier for them to
use and access.
RESPONDENTS AND SAMPLING PROCEDURE
This study uses simple random sampling to obtain the number
of participants with due consideration and consultation with the
research adviser and statistician. According to Ochoa (2017), simple

41
random sampling (SRS) is a sampling method in which all of the
elements in the population—and, consequently, all of the units in the
sampling frame—have the same probability of being selected for the
sample. Simple random sampling is when the population sample
subjects are homogeneous with one another on variables. In our
study, this sample subject is also known as the students of Xavier
University- Ateneo de Cagayan Junior High School Department. This
type of sampling assures a high degree of likeness (Polit & Beck, 2014).
The study uses simple random sampling because it ensures each
element of the population has an equal and independent chance of
being chosen. A lottery method will be utilized wherein each student
will be assigned a number and the researcher randomly picks a
number to create the sample. The researchers will be using a
computer program that generates random picking of numbers.
Although this method is time consuming and requires a complete
listing of the population, simple random sampling is the most unbiased
of the probability methods, it is easy to analyze data and compute
errors, and little knowledge of the population is needed (Polit & Beck,
2014).
The process of learning personal hygiene and grooming in an
adolescent life is important for health. With this, the study seeks to

42
focus on junior high students, specifically those who are enrolled in
Xavier University. Exclusively, students in all year levels, as in 7th to 10th
grade, including both male and females and those who identify of
other gender, are chosen to be respondents to this research.
However, according to TASCC (2020), youth with disabilities may need
extra support to follow hygiene rules and routines. Due to their
condition, it is likely that they may struggle in knowing when to fix a
hygiene problem, or even perform hygiene practices at the moment.
Given that the aim of this study is to identify implications of overall
health and psychological issues, persons with disabilities this will be
excluded in the participating respondents as their condition itself is a
factor to an expected lack of awareness of personal hygiene
practices. In addition, indigenous persons are also excluded in the
participating respondents. According to UNDESA (2009) the most
commonly named characteristics of indigenous peoples are: (1) Self-
identification as indigenous people at an individual and/or collective
level, (2) Historical continuity in and strong cultural links to specific
territories and resources, (3) Unique social, economic and political
systems that are to some degree maintained, (4) Unique languages,
cultures, beliefs and knowledge systems that are to some degree
maintained, (5) Determination to sustain and develop their identity

43
and unique systems as distinct peoples and communities, and (6)
Being non-dominant groups in society. Since the selected group of
respondents do not have any individuals fitting of these
characteristics, Indigenous people will not be included as
participating respondents of the study.
The researchers will introduce the study to the XU JHS
participants prior to giving them their online survey questionnaire to
give them an idea of what the research is about, the purpose and
what the researchers are trying to achieve. Due to the current
pandemic, the researchers are limited to using the internet as a mode
of communicating and cannot give any physical token to the
respondents. Thus, at the end of the research, the researchers shall
interpret and exhibit the findings of the research to the participants
through google meet. The researchers then will describe to the
respondents the five hygienic in terms of body, oral, handwashing,
hair, and nail as an important aspect on self-care, making this google
meet beneficial to them. The researchers shall also emphasize that
the research does not intend to criticize the subjects’ hygienic
practices or self-esteem, but rather help them improve their hygienic
practice.

44
The contents of the survey may cause sudden awareness in the
respondent. Some may find the questions offensive or judgmental,
which may lead them to not answer the questions properly. In order
to prevent this, it shall be explained clearly in the consent forms which
will be given out to each responded that the survey is intended to
identify their awareness on personal hygiene, that it is purely for
research purposes only. It is not intended to criticize them on their
hygiene practices. Emphasis will be given on the fact that the
information gathered from the respondents, including their identity, is
highly confidential and that the information will only be seen by the
researchers, and no one else. Nonetheless, there are no physical risks
for the survey will only be held online.
Prior to data collection, respondents' informed parental
consent and informed assent will be sought. Respondents will be
informed about the purpose of the study and be made to understand
that participation will be voluntary. Refusal to participate will not
affect their status as a student. All respondents will be assured that
their information will only be used for research purposes, and strict
confidentiality will be observed. The respondents will also be informed
that they can withdraw from the study at any time, and are at liberty
not to answer any questions from the questionnaire they do not want

45
to. Respondents may withdraw or may be withdrawn from the study if
one of the following applies: (a) Wishes to withdraw consent to
participate in the study; (b) Transferring to another school; (c) Non
response of all the items in the questionnaire; and (d) Not completing
the study follow – up.
The overall population of Xavier University- Ateneo de Cagayan
Junior High School Students is 1909. The respondents of this study are
obtained using the Cochran’s formula which will be shown at the
appendix. As shown, the research will have 780 respondents where
the margin of error is 3% which makes the confidence level to 97%.
DATA GATHERING INSTRUMENT AND PROCEDURE
The study aims to gather data through efficient but also
respondent-friendly methods and therefore will utilize a questionnaire
to collect data. Firstly, the questionnaire will contain a consent form
which includes the purpose and benefits of the study, the need for
completeness, the date in which researchers will need the answered
forms, and guarantee of confidentiality while acknowledging their
participation. The questionnaire contains 2 important parts: first is the
respondent information part containing the name (optional), sex, and
religion of the client, followed by their socioeconomic status,

46
availability of resources, and water consistency. The second part is
further divided into subparts with statements concerning Body
Hygiene, Oral Hygiene, Handwashing Hygiene, Nail Hygiene, and Hair
Hygiene. In this part, a Likert Scale type of questionnaire is used as a
quantitative instrument to measure extent of awareness through
allowing respondents to read given statements and encircling their
corresponding answers under Always (5), Very Often (4), Sometimes
(3), Rarely (2), or Never (1). With the Likert scale as questionnaire basis,
statements regarding the aforementioned variables will be presented
and respondents will leave a mark under the option most applicable
to them: Always means that the hygiene practices are applicable to
the student at all times, Very Often if the hygiene practices applies to
the student frequently, Sometimes if the respondent adheres to the
hygiene practices at times, Rarely if he or she finds it possible but less
likely, and Never if the hygiene practices are entirely inapplicable to
the student.
The researchers will secure an agreement with the school’s
principal/director, Mrs. Pamela Q. Pajente, PhD, to conduct a survey
focusing on the hygiene of their students. In addition, the email
address of the students will also be asked from Mrs. Pajente through
the school registrar. The researchers will utilize the online form of

47
conducting a survey essential for the study. An online survey
administration website called Google Forms is considered to be the
most convenient and effective tool to use in providing the
questionnaires virtually. With the consideration of the risk of possible
leakage of such data, the researchers will make sure that the
gathered data will be kept secured, which are only accessible by the
researchers alone. The questionnaires are going to be strictly
distributed through student emails owned by the respondents to
enhance the exclusivity of the questionnaires, and to prevent
unauthorized access from other individuals that are not included in
the sample size.
The researchers have taken note that it is essential to obtain
consent from the participants that their contact information will be
used. In order to ensure that there is no violation of provisions under
the Data Privacy Law, the researchers will obtain permission from the
students of Xavier University Junior High School to allow access to their
school emails to be used for research purposes. This will be attained
through requesting assistance from the Registrar’s Office, along with
the School President and Vice Presidents for Academics and
Administration, to distribute a consent form via the Help Desk of the
Junior High School department responsible for email blasts. Upon

48
communicating and asking for queries with the Junior High School
regarding this matter, they agreed with this said process but to use the
google forms instead where students and their parents can input their
personal information and as well as tick a box if they will allow the
researchers to have their personal information once the research
board of the Xavier University will give the clearance. Thus, consent to
use students’ XU e-mails and attain parents’ contact information will
be sought through without violating the said Law.
Afterwards, the researchers will send the Participant Information
Sheet (PIS), the Consent Form for parents and Assent Form for students
to the details or email addresses provided in the Google Form. The
process will then begin of giving the participants 14 days to respond.
Once given the consent and assent, the researchers will then send the
link for the google form to be answered by the participant, ensuring
confidentiality.
The identity and rights of the participants, as well as all the data
gathered for the study shall remain confidential. The members of the
research team comprising of 14 individuals, are the only ones allowed
to have access to the gathered data. A copy of the data that will be
gathered is going to be uploaded on a website utilized in storing files

49
such as a Google Drive. To enhance the security of the files, access to
the drive is requested through e-mail and are only granted by the
owner of the given drive. In addition, a master copy of the file will be
kept inside a document folder in a personal computer secured with a
password. This is to ensure that the gathered data will not be subject
for loss which may compromise the entire study. After termination of
the study, the data generated will be secured in a google drive that
is password-protected and can only be accessed by the research
team. Confidentiality of the gathered data are subject to legal
limitations and responsibilities. Participants can access his/her records
and will also be emailed of the results of the research study. In
addition, participants will be approached and given information
when any publication or article will be made, and as well as changes
or amendments of the provided details from the research study, and
as well as the use of pseudonyms or identity markers will be used to
reflect the name of the participants whenever publications
originating from the research study will happen.
To put in simpler process, the study will be utilizing google forms
to be disseminated by the XU Help Desk with coordination of the XU
JHS registrar in giving informed consent and assent forms with regards
to asking of their personal details such as their email addresses,

50
contact numbers, and permission to communicating with them in
these platforms will also be sought. This will only be sent once
clearance form from the XU College Research Board will be submitted
to the XU JHS Registrar. In addition, all forms will be reviewed by the
registrar’s office, assistant principals for academics and
administration, and the principal. This method is used in order to
ensure confidentiality and not to breach regulations of the Data
Privacy Act of 2012. After acquiring their approval through their
response of yes in the google form disseminated by the XU Help Desk,
the researchers will then send to their email addresses given at the
google form the Patient Information Sheet (PIS), Informed Consent
form for the parents and Informed Assent form for the students for them
to read. A google form link will also be attached in the electronic mail
if they want to participate that is with the same content of the informed
and assent forms. If they will be participating in the study through
answering yes and giving their permission in the google form link
provided, another google form link will be sent in their email addresses
containing the research questionnaire. They will then be given 14 days
to answer. It is to reiterate that confidentiality will be maintained and
that if they want to review their answers or ask for queries, they can do
so by just communicating.

51
SCORING PROCEDURE
The questionnaire is organized and sectioned into two parts. The
first part contained the information on demographic variables of
respondents including gender, religion, socioeconomic status,
availability of resources and water supply consistency. More
specifically, these variables will be recorded accordingly as follow (a)
gender: female/ male; (b) religion: Baptist/ Islam/ Roman Catholic/
Seventh Day Adventist/ Others; (c) Socioeconomic status: monthly
income of both parents; (d) availability of resources: parents/ school
teachers/ medical providers; and (e) water supply consistency:
everyday/ every other day/ once a week/ never/ others.
The second part included information on practices towards
body hygiene, oral hygiene, handwashing hygiene, hair hygiene and
nail hygiene. A Likert-scale is used wherein the scores will be tallied
and the sample mean scores will be determined. Questions and
statements will be used to determine practices in each subpart and
the respondents chose between five answers, “always”, “very often”,
“sometimes”, “rarely” or “never” based on the questions asked.

52
I. Body Hygiene
Table 1. Body Hygiene Scoring Range
Response Mean Frequenc Descriptor Remarks – Interpretati

s score y –Personal Level of on
interv hygiene Awarenes
al Practices s
Practices
Always 4.21- 7 times a Extremely are
Excellent
(5) 5.00 week Aware observed
at all times
Practices
Very Very
3.41 - 5-6 times Moderate are
Often Satisfacto
4.20 a week ly Aware observed
(4) ry
frequently
Practices
Sometim
2.61 - 3-4 times Satisfacto Somewha are
es
3.40 a week ry t Aware observed
(3)
at times
Practices
Rarely 1.81 - 1-2 times Slightly are less
Fair
(2) 2.60 a week Aware likely
observed
Practices
Never 1.00 - 0 times a Not at all
Poor are not
(1) 1.80 week Aware
observed

53
Table 1 shows the modified Likert scale for the respondents’
frequency in body hygiene practices.
II. Oral Hygiene
Table 2. Oral Hygiene Scoring Range

al Practices s
Practices
Excellent
at all times
Practices
Very Very
Often Satisfacto
(4) ry
frequently
Practices
Sometim
es
(3)
at times
Practices
Fair
observed

54
Practices
Poor are not
(1) 1.80 week Aware
observed
frequency in oral hygiene practices.
III. Handwashing Hygiene
Table 3. Handwashing Hygiene Scoring Range Part 1

al Practices s
Practices
Excellent
at all times
Practices
Very Very
Often Satisfacto
(4) ry
frequently
Practices
Sometim
es
(3)
at times

55
Practices
Fair
observed
Practices
Poor are not
(1) 1.80 week Aware
observed
Table 3 shows the modified Likert scale for the first part of the
respondents’ frequency in handwashing hygiene practices.
Table 4. Handwashing Hygiene Scoring Range Part 2
Response Mean Freque Descriptor Remarks – Interpretation

s score ncy –Personal Level of
al Practices s
Practices are
Always 4.21- Every Extremely observed
Excellent
(5) 5.00 time Aware every time in
a day
Practices are
observed
Very Very
3.41 - > Half Moderate more than
Often Satisfacto
4.20 times ly Aware half times with
(4) ry
the number of
times in a day

56
Practices are
Sometim observed half
2.61 - Half Satisfacto Somewha
es times with the
3.40 times ry t Aware
(3) number of
times in a day
Practices are
observed less
Rarely 1.81 - < Half Slightly than half
Fair
(2) 2.60 times Aware times with the
number of
times in a day
Never 1.00 - Not at all Practices are

0 times Poor
(1) 1.80 Aware not observed
The table above shows the modified Likert scale for the first part
of the respondents’ frequency in handwashing hygiene practices.
IV. Hair Hygiene
Table 5. Hair Hygiene Scoring Range

al Practices s
Practices
Excellent
at all times

57
Practices
Very Very
Often Satisfacto
(4) ry
frequently
Practices
Sometim
es
(3)
at times
Practices
Fair
observed
Practices
Poor are not
(1) 1.80 week Aware
observed
frequency in hair hygiene practices.
V. Nail Hygiene
Table 6. Nail Hygiene Scoring Range
Response Mean Frequenc Descriptor Remarks Interpretation

s score y – Personal – Level
interv hygiene of
al Practices Awaren
ess

58
Practices are
Always 4.21- Extremel
Weekly Excellent observed
(5) 5.00 y Aware
once a week
Practices are
Very Very Moderat
3.41 - Every 2-3 observed
Often Satisfacto ely
4.20 weeks once every
(4) ry Aware
2-3 weeks
Sometim Somewh Practices are

2.61 - Every Satisfacto
es at observed
3.40 month ry
(3) Aware monthly
Practices are
Rarely 1.81 - Every 2 Slightly observed
Fair
(2) 2.60 months Aware once every 2
months
Practices are
Every 3 Not at observed
Never 1.00 -
or more Poor all once every 3
(1) 1.80
months Aware or more
months
frequency in nail hygiene practices.
VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY
The validity of the questionnaire will be determined through
conducting a pilot study to identify potential problems in the structure

59
or coherence of the questionnaire used. The questionnaire will be pilot
tested and distributed to thirty (30) respondents who are not included
in the sample size. In addition, study will have a 97% margin of error. In
confirming the construct validity, the researchers based the
questionnaire on similar surveys that were used in previous studies. The
researchers also ensured that sources of previous studies are credible
and appropriate for the research study. However, the researchers
modified the questionnaire by only choosing questions that are
applicable in the study setting. The researchers have chosen two (2)
individuals who are experts in their respective fields to evaluate the
validity of questionnaires. To assist in evaluating the questionnaires, we
have chosen two school nurses, one from the College Department,
Mrs. Mary Grace Santizas, RN, and one from The Junior High School
Department, Mrs. Annie T. Sevilla, RN. In addition, we also have a
faculty of Xavier University - Junior High School who is an English and
Research teacher, Mr. Juanito R Oliveria II, LPT. The researchers have
sent out a letter to them stating that their assistance in the research is
limited to guiding the researchers with the validity of the
questionnaires and giving feedback to aid the research and make it
better. Both Mrs. Santizas and Mr. Oliveria have agreed to the
entreaty. In addition, a preliminary draft of the survey questionnaire

60
will be distributed to the research advisor, Mrs. Glenda P. De Vera, RN,
MAN and the research committee of Xavier University College of
Nursing. Based on their comments, feedback and suggestions the
survey questionnaire will be revised accordingly.
The reliability index used for the Likert scale which is utilized by
the researchers and the respondents and is asked to respond from 1
to 5 on whether they always, very often, sometimes, rarely, or never
conduct those health practices mentioned in the said questionnaire.
The researchers have consulted with statistician Mr. Jedifel Yburan on
how to make the study more accurate and concise, and succor in
forging valid and reliable queries for our questionnaire. Cronbach’s
alpha is used to determine the validity or reliability of the instrument. It
is a measure of internal consistency, that is, how closely related a set
of items are as a group. It is considered as a measure of scale
reliability. A "high" value for alpha does not imply that the measure is
one-dimensional. If, in addition to measuring internal consistency, it
also indicates evidence that the scale in question is one-dimensional
so that additional analyses can be performed.

61
STATISTICAL TREATMENT
In order to interpret the data precisely, the researchers will use
statistical tools to the data gathered. The study will use descriptive
statistics and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics will evaluate the
approach that uses descriptive panels to measure the product's
sensory characteristics through identifying a subject’s pattern in order
to summarize the gathered quantitative data and answer questions
about who, what, where, and to what extent. Inferential statistics
infers the relationship between the independent and dependent
variables.
For the first and second problem statement, descriptive statistics
will be utilized such as the percentage and frequency, weighted
mean and standard deviation. This determines the classifications of
the respondents according to their demographic information such as
age, gender, parents’ monthly income and year level (Grade 7-10).
For the second problem statement, this determines the hygiene
practices of the respondents in terms of Body, Oral, Hand, Hair and
Nail hygiene. Computing the mean will show the average response of
a given variable. In solving the standard deviation (SD) among data
gathered, in order to indicate the measurement of spread of data

62
distribution, it is considered homogeneous if the SD is 0.5 or less and
heterogeneous if a widespread of 1.2 or more. By using this sample
technique, it will relate with the mean in order to summarize
continuous data and will help identify the diversity of the Junior High
school students’ relations to the study’s identified independent
variables. The variance will be used to evaluate how far of each
variable in the data is from the mean. The use of Cochran's formula is
appropriate in situations with large populations. Thus, it allows the
researchers to calculate the ideal sample with a given desired level
of precision, estimated proportion of the attributes that is presented in
the population and the desired confidence level.
For the third problem statement, ANOVA will be utilized to test
the hypothesis where it is appropriate to compare the means of a
continuous variable in two or more independent comparison
variables. A null hypothesis for ANOVA is when the average value of
the dependent variable (mean) is significant for all groups. Therefore,
in using this research hypothesis, it captures any differences in means.
A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) reflects what variables will
be used in order to determine whether there are any statistically
significant differences of more than two independent variables.
Preferred multiple t-tests will also be used for questions in the

63
questionnaires containing two choices for the yes or no questions and
the gender of the respondent. F-Tests will be used for questions that
contain multiple selection of choices. Thus, this would allow significant
reduction of the probability of error over the multi sample groups.

64
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Teumta, G. M., Niba, L. L., Ncheuveu, N. T., Ghumbemsitia, M., Itor, P.
O., Chongwain, P., & Navti, L. K. (2019). An Institution-Based
Assessment of Students’ Hand Washing Behavior. BioMed
Research International, 2019, 1-7. doi:10.1155/2019/7178645

79
Wang, J., & Geng, L. (2019, January 20). Effects of Socioeconomic
Status on Physical and Psychological Health: Lifestyle as a
Mediator. Retrieved September 13, 2020, from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6352250/
Wang, J., & Geng, L. (2019). Effects of Socioeconomic Status on
Physical and Psychological Health: Lifestyle as a Mediator.
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public
Health, 16(2), 281. doi:10.3390/ijerph16020281
C. TEXTBOOKS
Maternal and Child Nursing: Care of the Childbearing and
Childrearing Family. Eighth Edition; 2: 1303-1304.
Silbert-Flagg & Pillitteri. (2018). Nursing Care of a Family When a Child
has Renal or Urinary tract Disorder: Infections of the Urinary
System and Related Disorder. Maternal and Child Nursing: Care
of the Childbearing and Childrearing Family. Eighth Edition; 2:
1303-1304.
Silbert-Flagg & Pillitteri. (2018). Nursing Care of a Family When a Child
has a Reproductive Disorder. Maternal and Child Nursing: Care
of the Childbearing and Childrearing Family. Eighth Edition; 2:
1327.

80
APPENDICES
A. LETTERS ADDRESSED TO THE FOLLOWING
a. PRINCIPAL
November 3, 2020
Ms. Pamela Q. Pajente, PhD
Principal of Junior High School Department
Xavier University – Ateneo de Cagayan
Greetings!
I am Kathryna Marie P. Emano and together with my
colleagues, we are 3rd year level students from the Xavier University –
Ateneo de Cagayan College of Nursing. We are currently conducting
a research study on the extent of awareness of personal hygiene
practices among the Junior High School students of Xavier University –
Ateneo de Cagayan as a partial requirement for our NCM 111 –
Nursing Research 1 course. This study is related to health and
sanitation, and the title and purpose of our study are stated below to
give you a better idea of the goals we aim to achieve.
Title of the Research Study: Extent of Awareness on Personal
Hygiene Practices Among the Junior High School Students of Xavier
University- Ateneo de Cagayan, A.Y 2020-2021
Purpose of the Study: The purpose of this research is to measure
the awareness of personal hygiene practices among the Junior High
School (JHS) students of Xavier University- Ateneo de Cagayan,
Cagayan de Oro City.
For us to effectively collect and analyze the data needed for
our research study, we would like to ask for a copy of the list of Junior
High School students, along with their school e-mail, as a mode of the
strict distributions of the questionnaires. Rest assured that the personal
information of the students will be kept with strict confidentiality and
will only be used for the sole purpose of accomplishing the objectives
of the study.
We hope for your kind consideration.
Sincerely, Noted by:

____________________________ ________________________________
Ms. Kathryna Marie P. Emano Mrs. Glenda P. De Vera, RN, MAN
Principal Investigator College of Nursing
0977 023 1469 Xavier University

81
b. JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL REGISTRAR

82
c. COLLEGE NURSE VALIDATOR
November 3, 2020
Mrs. Mary Grace V. Santizas, RN

University Nurse
Greetings!

Additionally, we would like to ask for your assistance in checking

the questions of our survey. As an expert of your field, your feedback
could help our team in checking the validity and reliability of our
research.
____________________________ ________________________________

83
d. JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL NURSE VALIDATOR
January 28, 2021
Mrs. Annie T. Sevilla, RN

Junior High School Nurse
Greetings!


research.
____________________________ ________________________________

84
e. TEACHER VALIDATOR
November 3, 2020
Mr. Juanito R Oliveria II, LPT

Instructional Technology Specialist/English & Research
Greetings!


research.
____________________________ ________________________________
977 1469 Xavier University

85
B. APPROVAL FROM THE XU-JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL
From the OIC Principal during November:

86
From the Assistant Principal for Academics and Principal Approval:

87
Approval to not violate the Data Privacy Law given by the JHS
Registrar:

88
C. AGREEMENT FORM OF
a. COLLEGE NURSE VALIDATOR
AGREEMENT FORM
This is to acknowledge that Mrs. Mary Grace V. Santizas, RN

received the study entitled “Extent of Awareness on Personal Hygiene
Practices Among the Junior High School Students of Xavier University-
Ateneo de Cagayan, A.Y 2020-2021” from Ms. Kathryna Marie P.
Emano, the principal investigator, for the purpose to measure the
awareness of personal hygiene practices among the Junior High
Upon receiving, Mrs. Mary Grace V. Santizas, RN have also

checked the questions of the attached survey and did examination
as an expert in her field given November 6, 2020. She take
responsibility in validating their questions on their research survey.
Signed by:
_______________________________ ____________________________
Mrs. Mary Grace V. Santizas, RN Kathryna Marie P. Emano
University Nurse Principal Investigator
Xavier University 0977 023 1469
Noted by:
________________________________
Mrs. Glenda P. De Vera, RN, MAN
College of Nursing
Xavier University

89
b. JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL NURSE VALIDATOR
AGREEMENT FORM
This is to acknowledge that Mrs. Annie T. Sevilla, RN received

the study entitled “Extent of Awareness on Personal Hygiene Practices
Among the Junior High School Students of Xavier University- Ateneo
de Cagayan, A.Y 2020-2021” from Ms. Kathryna Marie P. Emano, the
principal investigator, for the purpose to measure the awareness of
personal hygiene practices among the Junior High School (JHS)
students of Xavier University- Ateneo de Cagayan, Cagayan de
Oro City.
Upon receiving, Mrs. Annie T. Sevilla, RN have also checked the

questions of the attached survey and did examination as an expert in
her field given November 6, 2020. She take responsibility in validating
their questions on their research survey.
Signed by:
_______________________________ ____________________________
Mrs. Annie T. Sevilla, RN Kathryna Marie P. Emano
Junior High School Nurse Principal Investigator
Xavier University 0977 023 1469
Noted by:
________________________________
College of Nursing
Xavier University

90
c. TEACHER VALIDATOR
AGREEMENT FORM
This is to acknowledge that Mr. Juanito Rama Oliveria II

received the study entitled “Extent of Awareness on Personal Hygiene
Practices Among the Junior High School Students of Xavier University-
Ateneo de Cagayan, A.Y 2020-2021” from Ms. Kathryna Marie P.
Emano, the principal investigator, for the purpose to measure the
awareness of personal hygiene practices among the Junior High
Upon receiving, Mr. Juanito Rama Oliveria II have also checked

the questions of the attached survey and did examination as an
expert in her field given November 6, 2020. She take responsibility in
validating their questions on their research survey.
Signed by:
_______________________________ ____________________________
Mr. Juanito Rama Oliveria II Kathryna Marie P. Emano
Instructional Technology Specialist/ Principal Investigator
English & Research 0977 023 1469
Xavier University
Noted by:
________________________________
College of Nursing
Xavier University

91
D. CURRICULUM VITAE OF
a. STATISTICIAN
CURRICULUM VITAE
JEDIFEL M. YBURAN, LPT
Educator and Data Analyst
#1314 Corrales Extension, Puntod, Cagayan de
Oro City, Misamis Oriental, Philippines 9000
Mobile Phone: (0917)-187-86-42/(0955)-933-61-31
Personal Information
Name : JEDIFEL MACAS YBURAN, LPT
Mailing : #1314 Corrales Extension, Brgy. Puntod,
Address Cagayan de Oro, Misamis Oriental, Philippines
9000
Tel. No. : 088-327-9842
Mobile No. : 09171878642/09559336131
Email Address : jedifelmacasyburan@gmail.com
Date of Birth : November 1, 1988
Educational Attainment
Degree : Master of Science in Teaching Mathematics
Obtained
Date : March, 2013 (Completed Academic Requirements)
Graduated : University of Science and Technology of Southern
Institution Philippines
Degree : Bachelor of Sciences in Mathematical Sciences
Obtained major in Mathematics Teaching
Date : April, 2009
Graduated : University of Science and Technology of Southern
Institution Philippines
Degree : Data Analyst (Recipient of Project Sparta –
Obtained Department of Science and Technology Scholar)
Date : March 2019 – (On-going)
Graduated : Department Of Science and Technology Philippines
Institution
Work Experience
Designation :Data Analyst
College/Depart : Liceo de Cagayan University – Senior High
ment School Department and College of Arts and
Sciences

92
Period Covered : 2014 – present

Designation : Faculty
ment School Department and College of Arts and
Sciences
Period Covered : 2014 – present
Designation : Department Chairperson
ment School Department
Period Covered : 2017 – 2018
Designation : Faculty
College/Depart : Pilgrim Christian College - Junior High School
ment Department and College of Education
Designation : Data Analyst
ment Department
Designation : Prefect of Discipline
ment Department
Publications
Title
Mathematics in the Modern World Edition 1
Date Published Mutya Publishing House, Inc., 2018
Title
Mathematics in the Modern World Edition 2
Date Published Mutya Publishing House, Inc., 2019
Title
“PRECALCULUS”: A Modular Approach K to 12
Senior High School - STEM
Date Published Liceo Press, 2016
Licensure and Eligibility

Title PRC Licensure Examination for Teachers (LET-
Passer)
Date Passed September, 2009
Title Civil Service Eligibility – Professional
Date Passed November, 2009
Social and Extracurricular Activities

Affiliation : International Alliance of Mathematics
Teachers Inc. (I AM TEACHERS INC.)
Position Held : Member

93
Period : 2018 - present

Covered
Affiliation : KAALAM – CCSP (Kabatan-onan Alang
Kanato Moalagad – Cagayan de Oro
Scholarship Program)
Position Held : Alumnus - Member
Period : 2009 - present
Covered
Professional Developmental Seminars and Trainings (From 2011 –

present)
Seminars, Symposia Specify whether

Workshops, Conferences, speaker,
Conventions coordinator, Date
Attended/Conducted resource person
or participant
Practical Research Research Adviser June 2016 -
and Data Analyst present
(Senior HS
Department)
Experimental Psychology Resource Person October 16,
Final Defense 2016
Leadership Training Seminar – Resource October 7, 2016
Senior High School Speaker
Department
Experimental Psychology Resource Person September 2,
Proposal Defense 2016
Seminar on Communicating Participant August 23, 2016
with Parents
Understanding the 21st Participant June 2, 3, and 4,
Century Learners and 2016
Assessing Learning Outcomes
– A seminar workshop
2013 Functional Literacy, Participant October 20,
Education and Mass Media 2015
Survey (FLEMMS)
TITLE OF Specify whether DATES
SEMINAR/CONFERENCE/WOR speaker,
KSHOP/SHORT COURSES coordinator,
resource person
or participant

94
Capacity Building Seminar for Participant 05 / 26 / 2014 to

Grade 9 Teachers 05 / 29 / 2014
Conference on R.A. No. Participant 03 / 20 / 2014 to
10627 Anti â€“ Bullying Act of 03 / 20 / 2014
2013, DepEd Order
No. 5, s. 2013 and DepEd
Order No. 40, s. 2012
Enhancing Instruction in Participant 02 / 15 / 2014 to
Standard-Based Curriculum 02 / 15 / 2014
for Seamles K to 12
2013 Teachers Conference Participant 10 / 25 / 2013 to
10 / 26 / 2013
The Christian Curriculum and Participant 10 / 19 / 2013 to
Classroom Management 10 / 29 / 2013
2013 Student Leadership Participant 08 / 29 / 2013 to
Conference 08 / 31 / 2013
Formative Assessment with Participant 06 / 28 / 2013 to
Grading System and 06 / 29 / 2013
Differentiated Instruction
30 Hour Computer Literacy Participant 05 / 20 / 2013 to
Training in MS Word, MS Excel, 05 / 24 / 2013
MS
PowerPoint, and the Internet
Learning in the 21st Century Participant 05 / 16 / 2013 to
Seminar 05 / 16 / 2013
Windows in the Classroom Participant 05 / 16 / 2013 05
/ 16 / 2013
Christian Perspective in Participant 05 / 16 / 2013 to
Disaster Risk Reduction and 05 / 16 / 2013
Management (DRRM)
and Child Protection in
Emergencies (CPIE)
Media, the Internet and the Participant 02 / 25 / 2012 to
Phenomenon of Social 02 / 25 / 2012
Networking: There
Impact on Classroom
Instruction, School
Performance and
Productivity
Perceptual Learning Styles Participant 02 / 10 / 2012 to
02 / 10 / 2012

95
b. COLLEGE NURSE VALIDATOR
CURICULUM VITAE
Contact Information
Name: Mary Grace V. Santizas
Address: B4L24 Amorsolo Street, Philamlife
Village, Pueblo de Oro,
Cagayan de Oro City, 9000.
Telephone: (088) 327 8291
Cell Phone: 09178367510
Email: msantizas@xu.edu.ph
DOB: October 15, 1967
POB: Abucay, Bataan
Citizenship: Filipino
Gender: Female
Civil Status: Married
Educational Background
Tertiary: Bachelor of Science in Nursing
Liceo de Cagayan
Cagayan de Oro City

96
1984-1988
Secondary: Pilgrim Institute
Cagayan de Oro City
1980-1984
Primary: Tomas Pinpin Memorial Elementary School
Abucay, Bataan
1974-1980
Work Experience
 University Nurse, Xavier University- Ateneo de Cagayan
June 2003- Present
 Staff Nurse, Dubai Department of Health and Medical Services
Dubai, United Arab Emirates
October 1991- October 1997
 Staff Nurse, Madonna and Child Hospital
Cagayan de Oro City
January 1989- October 1991

97
c. JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL NURSE VALIDATOR
ANNIE T. SEVILLA, RN
B10 L51-52, Tandang Sora St.
Regency Plains Subd., Iponan
9000 Cagayan de Oro City
Cell #: 09651981033
Personal Profile
Age: 45 yrs.old
Date of Birth: May 12, 1975
Place of Birth: Don Carlos, Bukidnon
Sex: Female
Height: 5’1”
Weight: 136 lbs.
Nationality: Filipino
Religion: Roman Catholic
Civil Status: Married
Name of Spouse: Ricky Michael M. Sevilla
Occupation: Government Employee
Name of Children: Michael Adrianne T. Sevilla
Zyrah Annavieve T. Sevilla

98
Parents: Constantino Silva Tecson
Anania Cuanan Tecson
Educational Attainment:
College: Bachelor of Science in Nursing
Cagayan Capitol College
Cagayan de Oro City
June 1992 – March 1996
High School: Loyola High School
Don Carlos, Bukidnon
Elementary: Don Carlos Central Elementary School
Work Experience:
School Nurse: Xavier University Junior High School Infirmary
Xavier University Junior High School
Pueblo de Oro, Cagayan de Oro City
November 2018 – present

99
Nurse Assistant: Xavier University High School Infirmary
Xavier University High School
Pueblo de Oro, Cagayan de Oro City
November 2003 – October 2018
Staff Nurse: St. Scholastica’s Convent Infirmary
St. Scholastica’s Convent
Wagner Road, Baguio City
January 1998 – September 1999
Peralta Medical Clinic
February- April 1997

100
d. TEACHER VALIDATOR
CURRICULUM VITAE
JUANITO R. OLIVERIA II, LPT

BLK 12 LOT 10 EGRET SOUTH ST MORNING
MIST VILLAGE, PUEBLO UPPER CARMEN,
CAGAYAN DE ORO CITY 9000
joliveria@xu.edu.ph
+63 955 914 2828
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
Graduate:
Masters in Education Major Xavier University – Ateneo de Cagayan
in School Management June 2015- Present
College:
Bachelor of Secondary Liceo de Cagayan University
Education Major in English April 2011
Summa Cum Laude
Class Valedictorian
SKILLS
1. Communication (Spoken & Written) 7. Technology in Education
2. Information & Communication 8. Classroom Management
Technology 9. Program/Activity
3. Leadership & Collaboration Organization
4. Teacher Training & Facilitation 10. Professionalism
5. Social Involvement & Volunteer Works 11. Performing Arts
6. Basic Guidance & Counseling 12. Arts & Design
EXPERIENCES
POSITION COMPANY NAME COMPANY INCLUSIVE

ADDRESS DATES
Philippine & Xavier University Pueblo, SY 2011-2012
Asian History Junior High CDOC
teacher School
Disciplinary Xavier University Pueblo, SY 2012 to
Board Chair Junior High CDOC present
School

101
Disciplinary Xavier University Pueblo, February 2012

Board Chair Junior High CDOC & December
School 2013
Disciplinary Xavier University Pueblo, October 2015,
Board Junior High CDOC February
School 2016, March
2016
Awards & Xavier University Pueblo, January 2014,
Recognition Junior High CDOC 2015 & 2016
School
Head Xavier University Pueblo, SY 2013-2014
Moderator Junior High CDOC
(Second Year School
Level)
Class Xavier University Pueblo, SY 2011 to
Moderator Junior High CDOC present
(All Year Levels) School
Club Xavier University Pueblo, SY 2012 to
Moderator Junior High CDOC present
(IVAC, School
PAGASA)
Promotions Xavier University Pueblo, February 2016
Committee Junior High CDOC
Member School
Student Bulua National Bulua, CDOC February 2011
teacher High School
Student LDCU High Carmen, December
teacher School CDOC 2011
President Liceo de Kauwagan, SY 2010-2011
Central Cagayan CDOC
Student University
Council
President Liceo de Kauwagan, SY 2009-2010
COE Student Cagayan CDOC
Body Org University
Editor-in-Chief Liceo de Kauwagan, SY 2009-2010
The Ember Cagayan CDOC
(COE) University
Cluster Liceo de Kauwagan, SY 2006-2009
President Cagayan CDOC
English (BSED) University

102
Honorary Liceo de Kauwagan, SY 2009-2011

Member G-clef Cagayan CDOC
(Chorale) University
AWARDS AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
AWARDS AND AWARD-GIVING BODY DATE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS AWARDED
Microsoft Microsoft Incorporated May & July
Ambassadorship & Philippines 2017 to
Microsoft Certified present
Educator (MCE)
Microsoft Innovator Microsoft Incorporated December
Educator (MIE) Certified Philippines 2016
YSEALI Membership Young South Asian December
Grant Leaders Initiative 2016
YOUTeacH Philippines YOUTeacH Philippines January 2017
Select Member for
Training
Fr Giuseppe SJ Award for Xavier University Junior SY 2012-2017
Most Outstanding Club High Schoo
Licensed Professional Professional Regulation September
Teacher (LPT) Commission 2011
National Scholarship Commission on Higher SY 2006 – 2011
Grant (Academic Education
Excellence)
Full Academic Liceo de Cagayan SY 2006 – 2011
Scholarship (Highest QPI University
Grant)
AYLA Qualifier (School-Ayala Youth January 2011
based Nomination) Foundation
Batch Valedictorian Liceo de Cagayan April 2011
University
Summa Cum Laude Liceo de Cagayan April 2011
University
Outstanding Leadership Liceo de Cagayan April 2011
Award University
Batch Valedictorian & Manuel Lugod Central March 2002 &
Salutatorian School & Agusan March 2006
National High Schoo

103
National Journalist Department of March 2002

Award Education
AWARDS AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
AWARDS AND ORGANIZATION ADDRESS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Xavier University Corrales Avenue, Cagayan de
Oro City
YOUTeacH PHILIPPINES US Embassy to the PHIL, Makati
City
Microsoft in Education Makati City, PHL (Philippine
Branch)
Young South East Asian US Embassy to the PHIL, Makati
Leadership City
PEN International ***
PROFESSIONAL ENGAGEMENTS & EXPERIENCES
National Teacher Trainer

Private Education
Assistance Committee
(PEAC) & DepEd
(3 years till present)
Concurrent InstaGrammar Society for Technology in
Speaker Version 2.0 Education Philippines (STEP) 2017,
Ateneo de Cebu, Cebu City
Concurrent SNAP: A Story- Society for Technology in
Speaker Telling Education Philippines (STEP) 2016,
Method Ateneo de Davao Unversity
Concurrent InstaGrammar Frontiers & Innovators of
Speaker Technology (FIT 2015) Xavier
School, San Juan (National)
Concurrent InstaGrammar Society for Technology in
Speaker Education Philippines (STEP) 2015,
Ateneo de Cagayan (High School)
Resource Social Media Rosevale School, February 2016
Speaker & Internet Upper Balulang, Cagayan de Oro
Privacy City
Teacher INSET 2015 St Therese Mission High School, May
Trainer 2015

104
E. INFORMED ASSENT AND CONSENT TO PARTICIPATE IN RESEARCH
PART I. INFORMATION SHEET
Title of Project: Extent of Awareness on Personal Hygiene Practices
Among the Junior High School Students of Xavier University- Ateneo
de Cagayan, A.Y 2020-2021
Principal Investigator: Ms. Kathryna Marie P. Emano
20180013965@my.xu.edu.ph
09770231469
Advisor: Mrs. Glenda P. De Vera, RN, MAN
gdevera@xu.edu.ph
Other Investigators: Abedin, Jamil; Alguzar, Odessa Gayle
Nikkola; Arpa, Courtney; Bergonia, Toni Roselle; Bersola, Jean
Dominique; Bonghanoy, Joshua Allen; Burgos, Andrew Kyril; Catiil,
John Ivan; Daclag, Paolo Victor; Damasco, Kaye Ivee; Dela Cruz,
Juan Miguel; Galagar, Hannah Bea Franchesca
You are one of the 780 students who is invited and requested to
participate in a research study conducted by the above-mentioned
researchers through Google forms. Please take as much time as you
need to read this detailed terms and conditions, and answer the given
questionnaire. A copy of the consent form will be provided should you
decide to participate in the study.

105
1. Purpose of the Study: The purpose of this research is to measure
the awareness of personal hygiene practices among the Junior
High School (JHS) students of Xavier University- Ateneo de
Cagayan, Cagayan de Oro City.
2. Procedure to be followed: Participating in the study first includes
signing the consent form to be followed by answering the 35
given questions provided by the questionnaire. The
questionnaire comprises of dichotomous and Likert scale types
of questions produced by the researchers to assess the
participant in relation to the study. The questionnaire is divided
into two parts and an instruction before each part is provided
to guide the participant in answering the sets of questions
thoroughly and completely. First part is the respondent
information part containing the name (optional), sex, and
religion of the client, followed by their socioeconomic status,
availability of resources, and water consistency. The second
part is further divided into subparts with statements concerning
Body Hygiene, Oral Hygiene, Handwashing Hygiene, Nail
Hygiene, and Hair Hygiene where the participants will rate each
statement from 1 to 5, depending on the instructions given. The

106
questions are designed in a manner that is easy to be
understood and comprehended.
3. Duration/Time and Location of study to be conducted: The
research study and questionnaire will be answered through
Google Forms and communicated with the use of XU Mail or
Gmail. The approached participants have a specified time of
1-3 days to respond thoroughly to the questions provided by the
questionnaire and will only take less than 20 minutes to answer.
If the participants have no internet access available, the
researchers can contact them via the use of cellular phones.
This is by reminding the respondents in advance to schedule
themselves for the forthcoming survey questionnaire response.
If the participants are also unfamiliar with Google forms thus
making it more difficult for them to access, another option, such
as Microsoft Forms, can be used.
4. Possible Risks and Discomforts: Possible discomfort may include
anticipation of the outcomes and as well as possible fear that
one's personal hygiene would be measured by the
questionnaire. However, regardless of their level of conformity,
the respondents are not subject to judgment. The researchers
will introduce the study to the XU JHS participants, prior to giving

107
them their online survey questionnaire to give them an idea of
what the research is about, the purpose and what the
researchers are trying to achieve. The researchers shall
emphasize that the research does not intend to criticize the
subjects’ hygienic practices or self-esteem, but rather help
them improve their hygienic practice.
5. Benefits from the Study: Due to the current pandemic, the
researchers are limited to using the internet as a mode of
communicating and cannot give any physical token to the
respondents. Thus, at the end of the research, the researchers
shall interpret and exhibit the findings of the research to the
participants through google meet. The researchers then will
describe to the respondents the five hygienic in terms of body,
oral, handwashing, hair, and nail as an important aspect on
self-care, making this google meet beneficial to them. The
researchers shall also emphasize that the research does not
intend to criticize the subjects’ hygienic practices or self-
esteem, but rather help them improve their hygienic practice.
6. Statement of Confidentiality:
A. In order to ensure that there is no violation of provisions
under the Data Privacy Law, the researchers obtained

108
permission from the students of Xavier University Junior
High School to allow access to their school emails to be
used for research purposes. This was attained through
requesting assistance from the Registrar’s Office, along
with the School President and Vice Presidents for
Academics and Administration, to distribute a consent
form via the Help Desk of the Junior High School
department responsible for email blasts. The students and
their parents can input their personal information and as
well as tick a box if they will allow the researchers to have
their personal information in the given Google Forms
distributed by the Junior High School Department.
B. The identity and rights of the participants, as well as all
the data gathered for the study shall remain confidential.
The members of the research team comprising of 14
individuals, are the only ones allowed to have access to
the gathered data. After termination of the study, the
data generated will be secured in a google drive that is
password-protected and can only be accessed by the
research team. Confidentiality of the gathered data are
subject to legal limitations and responsibilities.

109
Participants can access his/her records and will also be
emailed of the results of the research study.
C. Participants will be approached and given information
when any publication or article will be made, and as well
as changes or amendments of the provided details from
the research study.
D. The use of pseudonyms or identity markers will be used to
reflect the name of the participants whenever
publications originating from the research study will
happen.
7. Right of Research Participant to Ask Questions: If you have any
queries about your rights as a participant of the research study,
you may contact Ms. Kathryna Marie P. Emano with your
concerns through 0977-023-1469 or messenger with name Trina
Emano.
8. Participation and Withdrawal: Your presence is voluntary and
with your will in this research report. Respondents may withdraw
or may be withdrawn from the study if one of the following
applies: (a) Wishes to withdraw consent to participate in the
study; (b) Transferring to another school; (c) Nonresponse of all
the items in the questionnaire; and (d) Not completing the study

110
follow – up. If circumstances occur that warrant doing so, the
investigator will exclude you from this study. If you wish not to
participate or to withdraw from this research, please notify the
research representative through the contact number provided.
You will not be penalized or given sanction in any way.
9. Approved by the XU Research Ethics Committee (XU REC): This
research study has been approved by the XU REC and if you
wish to ask furthermore regarding your rights, you may contact
them at reo@xu.edu.ph or +63 88 853 9800 local 1967.
10. Summary of the Process: To put in simpler process, the study will
be utilizing google forms to be disseminated by the XU Help
Desk with coordination of the XU JHS registrar in giving informed
consent and assent forms with regards to asking of their
personal details such as their email addresses, contact
numbers, and permission to communicating with them in these
platforms will also be sought. This will only be sent once
clearance form from the XU College Research Board will be
submitted to the XU JHS Registrar. In addition, all forms will be
reviewed by the registrar’s office, assistant principals for
academics and administration, and the principal. This method
is used in order to ensure confidentiality and not to breach

111
regulations of the Data Privacy Act of 2012. After acquiring their
approval through their response of yes in the google form
disseminated by the XU Help Desk, the researchers will then
send to their email addresses given at the google form the
Patient Information Sheet (PIS), Informed Consent form for the
parents and Informed Assent form for the students for them to
read. A google form link will also be attached in the electronic
mail if they want to participate that is with the same content of
the informed and assent forms. If they will be participating in the
study through answering yes and giving their permission in the
google form link provided, another google form link will be sent
in their email addresses containing the research questionnaire.
They will then be given 14 days to answer. It is to reiterate that
confidentiality will be maintained and that if they want to review
their answers or ask for queries, they can do so by just
communicating.

112
PART II. CERTIFICATE OF CONSENT (PARENT)
Please affix your name, electronic signature, and the date if you
agree to participate and have thoroughly read the details above.
STATEMENT OF AGREEMENT:
“I have read the foregoing information, or it has been read to me. I

have had the opportunity to ask questions about it and any questions
that I have asked have been answered to my satisfaction. I consent
voluntarily for my child to participate as a participant in this study.”
Print Name of Parent or Guardian: _________________________
Signature of Parent or Guardian: __________________________
Date (MM/DD/YYYY):________________________
If Alternatively Schooled
“I have witnessed the accurate reading of the consent form to the

potential participant, and the individual has had the opportunity to
ask questions. I confirm that the individual has given consent freely.”
Print name of witness ____________________________
Thumb print of participant: ___________________
Signature of witness: _________________________
Date (MM/DD/YYYY):________________________
STATEMENT BY THE RESEARCHER OR PERSON TAKING CONSENT:
“I have accurately read out the information sheet to the potential

participant, and to the best of my ability made sure that the
participant understands that the following will be done:

113
1. He/she will be contacted through XU Mail
2. He/she will answer the questionnaire sent accordingly
3. He/she will submit it though google forms
I confirm that the PARENT was given an opportunity to ask questions

about the study, and all the questions asked by the participant have
been answered correctly and to the best of my ability. I confirm that
the individual has not been coerced into giving consent, and the
consent has been given freely and voluntarily.
A copy of this Informed Consent Form has been provided to the parent
or guardian of the participant.”
Print Name of Researcher taking the assent: _________________________
Signature of Researcher taking the assent: __________________________
Date (MM/DD/YYYY):_____________________________
An Informed Assent Form will _/_ OR will not ____ be completed.

114
PART III. CERTIFICATE OF CONSENT (CHILD)
Please affix your name, electronic signature, and the date if you
agree to participate and have thoroughly read the details above.
STATEMENT OF AGREEMENT:
“I have read this information (or had the information read to me) I
have had my questions answered and know that I can ask questions
later if I have them.
I agree to take part in the research.”
Print Name of Child: _________________________
Signature of Child: __________________________
Date (MM/DD/YYYY):________________________
If Alternatively Schooled
“I have witnessed the accurate reading of the consent form to the

potential participant, and the individual has had the opportunity to
ask questions. I confirm that the individual has given consent freely.”
Print name of witness (not a parent) ____________________________
Thumb print of participant: ___________________
Signature of witness: _________________________
Date (MM/DD/YYYY):________________________
I have accurately read or witnessed the accurate reading of the

assent form to the potential participant, and the individual has had the
opportunity to ask questions. I confirm that the individual has given
assent freely.

115
Print Name of Researcher: _________________________
Signature of Researcher: __________________________
Date (MM/DD/YYYY):______________________________
STATEMENT BY THE RESEARCHER OR PERSON TAKING CONSENT:
“I have accurately read out the information sheet to the potential

participant, and to the best of my ability made sure that the
participant understands that the following will be done:
1. He/she will be contacted through XU Mail
2. He/she will answer the questionnaire sent accordingly
3. He/she will submit it though google forms
I confirm that the CHILD was given an opportunity to ask questions

about the study, and all the questions asked by the participant have
been answered correctly and to the best of my ability. I confirm that
the individual has not been coerced into giving consent, and the
consent has been given freely and voluntarily.
A copy of this Assent Form has been provided to the participant.”
Print Name of Researcher taking the assent: _________________________
Signature of Researcher taking the assent: __________________________
Date (MM/DD/YYYY):_____________________________
Copy provided to the participant _____ (initialed by

researcher/assistant)
Parent/Guardian has signed an informed consent

___Yes ___No _____ (initialed by researcher/assistant)

116
F. INFORMED ASSENT AND CONSENT TO GIVE PERSONAL

INFORMATION
CERTIFICATE OF CONSENT
In partial compliance with Nursing Research, students of Xavier

University – College of Nursing are conducting a study on the Extent
of Awareness of Personal Hygiene Practices Among the Junior High
School Students of Xavier University – Ateneo de Cagayan. The study
seeks to focus on students enrolled in Xavier University Junior High
School. Hygiene habits have a great impact on one’s health and it is
crucial to discuss basic concepts that aid in preventive measures for
long-term self-care.
With this, please affix your name, a check in the box, and the
date if you agree to participate and hereby agree to the following:
i. Upon checking the box in the Google Form, I agree to allow
researchers from the XU-College of Nursing to use the
following contact details for study purposes:
a. My Xavier University e-mail address;
b. My contact number;
c. My parents’ contact details.
ii. I understand that the abovementioned contact details will
be used solely for research purposes and for obtaining
consent to send research-related documents (Information
Sheet, Assent form, Parent’s consent, and Research
Questionnaire);
iii. I agree that this consent form is for allowing access to my
contact information which will be provided to the
researchers by the XU Registrar.
________________________ ________________________
Kathryna Marie P. Emano Glenda P. De Vera, RN, MAN
Principal Investigator Research Adviser

117
I have thoroughly read the above statements and agree by:

For the Student:
a. Inputting my name
b. Checking the box found in the google forms
c. Inputting the date of when I agreed (MM/DD/YYY)
For the Parent or Guardian:

a. Inputting my name
b. Checking the box found in the google forms
c. Inputting the date of when I agreed (MM/DD/YYY)

118
G. RESEARCH QUESTIONNAIRE
PART 1: Demographic Profile
Instruction: Please put a check (/) mark on the item or choice that
corresponds to your answer.
1. Gender (I am a _______)
____ Male ____ Female
2. Religion (I am a/an _______)
____ Baptist ____ Seventh Day Adventist
____ Islam ____ Others (please specify)
____ Roman Catholic
3. Combined Monthly Income of Parents (My parents’ combined
income is Php____)
____Less than 10,957 ____ 76,700 - 131,484
____ 10,958 - 21,914 ____ 131,485 - 219,140
____ 21,915 - 43,828 ____ More than 219,141
____ 43,829 - 76,699
4. Availability of Resources (My source/s of information on personal
hygiene is/are____) Select all that apply
____ Parents
____ School Teachers
____ Medical Providers

119
____ Internet
5. Water Supply Consistency (The water in my house runs for _____
hours in a day)
____ Less than 5 ____ 13-19
____ 6-12 ____ 20-24
PART II. Extent of Awareness on Personal Hygiene Practices
I. Body Hygiene
Instructions: Please check (/) the line that corresponds to your level
of compliance with the following matters.
Frequency:
1 = Never (I don't apply this statement towards my personal
hygiene
practices)
2 = Rarely (I apply this statement 1-2 times a week towards my
personal hygiene practices)
3 = Sometimes (I apply this statement 3-4 times a week towards my
personal
hygiene practices)
4 = Very Often (I apply this statement 5-6 times a week towards my
personal hygiene)
5 = Always (I apply this statement everyday towards my personal
hygiene)
1. I take a bath every day.
___ 1 ___ 2 ___ 3 ___ 4 ___ 5
2. I clean my underarm when taking a bath.
___ 1 ___ 2 ___ 3 ___ 4 ___ 5

120
3. I use my own soap products when I take a bath
___ 1 ___ 2 ___ 3 ___ 4 ___ 5
4. I use a personal towel.
___ 1 ___ 2 ___ 3 ___ 4 ___ 5
5. I put my dirty clothes in the bin (laundry basket) after using or
before taking a bath.
___ 1 ___ 2 ___ 3 ___ 4 ___ 5
6. I wear a clean or fresh set of clothes after taking a bath.
___ 1 ___ 2 ___ 3 ___ 4 ___ 5
II. Oral Hygiene
Frequency:
hygiene
practices)
personal
hygiene practices)
personal hygiene)
hygiene)
1. I brush my teeth after breakfast, lunch, and dinner.
___ 1 ___ 2 ___ 3 ___ 4 ___ 5

121
2. I clean my tongue every time I brush.
___ 1 ___ 2 ___ 3 ___ 4 ___ 5
3. I rinse my mouth with water after breakfast, lunch, and dinner.
___ 1 ___ 2 ___ 3 ___ 4 ___ 5
4. Every time I brush my teeth, I use up, down, and sideways
technique.
___ 1 ___ 2 ___ 3 ___ 4 ___ 5
5. I use dental floss at least once a day.
___ 1 ___ 2 ___ 3 ___ 4 ___ 5
III. Handwashing Hygiene
Frequency:
hygiene
practices)
personal
hygiene practices)
personal hygiene)
hygiene)
1. I wash my hands 3-5x a day.
__ 1 __ 2 __ 3 __ 4 __ 5

122
2. I wash hands before and after eating.
__ 1 __ 2 __ 3 __ 4 __ 5
Frequency:
hygiene
practices)
2 = Rarely (I apply this statement less than half times with the
number
of times I do this in a day towards my personal hygiene)
3 = Sometimes (I apply this statement half times with the number of
times I do
this in a day towards my personal hygiene)
4 = Very Often (I apply this statement more than half times with the
number of times I do this in a day towards my personal hygiene)
5 = Always (I apply this statement every time I do this in a day
towards my
personal hygiene)
1. It takes me up to 1 minute when washing my hands.
__ 1 __ 2 __ 3 __ 4 __ 5
2. I use disposable towels or personal hand towels when drying my
hands.
__ 1 __ 2 __ 3 __ 4 __ 5
3. I apply antibacterial soap when hand washing.
__ 1 __ 2 __ 3 __ 4 __ 5
4. I wash my hands after touching dirty surfaces.
__ 1 __ 2 __ 3 __ 4 __ 5

123
IV. Hair Hygiene
Frequency:
hygiene
practices)
personal
hygiene practices)
personal hygiene)
hygiene)
1. I wash my hair.
___ 1 ___ 2 ___3 ___4 ___ 5
2. I use shampoo in washing my hair.
___ 1 ___ 2 ___ 3 ___ 4 ___ 5
3. I use my own hairbrush or comb.
___ 1 ___ 2 ___ 3 ___ 4 ___ 5
4. I do not share my hairbrush or comb with others.
___ 1 ___ 2 ___ 3 ___ 4 ___ 5
5. I use my own towel in drying my hair.
___ 1 ___ 2 ___ 3 ___ 4 ___ 5
6. I do not share my towel with others.
___ 1 ___ 2 ___ 3 ___ 4 ___ 5

124
7. I do not experience itching or irritation of my scalp.
___ 1 ___ 2 ___ 3 ___ 4 ___ 5
V. Nail Hygiene
Frequency:
1 = Never (I apply this statement every 3 or more months towards
my
2 = Rarely (I apply this statement once every 2 months towards my
3 = Sometimes (I apply this statement monthly towards my personal
hygiene
practices)
4 = Very Often (I apply this statement every 2-3 weeks towards my
personal hygiene)
5 = Always (I apply this statement weekly towards my personal
hygiene)
1. I cut/trim my nails.
___ 1 ___ 2 ___ 3 ___ 4 ___ 5
2. I remove the dirt found underneath my nails.
___ 1 ___ 2 ___ 3 ___ 4 ___ 5
3. I use my personal nail cutter when cutting my nails.
___ 1 ___ 2 ___ 3 ___ 4 ___ 5
4. I use other tools, aside from nail cutters, in cleaning my nails like
cuticle pusher, cuticle nipper, nail buffer, and nail file.
___ 1 ___ 2 ___ 3 ___ 4 ___ 5
5. I do not bite or chew my nail/s.

125
___ 1 ___ 2 ___ 3 ___ 4 ___ 5
6. I control myself from biting off or ripping jagged pieces of skin near
the root of my nail (hangnail).
___ 1 ___ 2 ___ 3 ___ 4 ___ 5

126
H. STATISTICAL FORMULA
Cochran’s Formula – Help in determining sample size
𝑍 2 𝑝𝑞 Finding 𝑛𝑜 ; where:
𝑛𝑜 =
𝑒2
e = desired level of precision (margin of
(2.17)2 𝑥 0.5 𝑥 0.5 error)

𝑛𝑜 =
(0.03)2
p = estimated proportion of population
1.1775 which has the attribute in question

𝑛𝑜 =
0.0009
q=p–1
𝑛𝑜 = 1, 308 Z = z-score based on confidence level
𝑛𝑜 Finding 𝑛; where:
𝑛=
𝑛 − 1
1+ 𝑜𝑁
𝒏𝒐 = Cochran’s sample size
1308 recommendation
𝑛=
1308 − 1
1+ 1909 N = population of Xavier University-
Ateneo de Cagayan Junior High

1308
𝑛=
1.68 School Students
𝒏 = new, adjusted sample size for

𝑛 = 779 ≈ 780
finite population
Cronbach’s Alpha – Measure scale of reliability

127
Where:
 N = the number of items.
 c̄ = average covariance between item-pairs.
 v̄ = average variance.
ANOVA – Compares the mean differences between the groups that

have split on two independent variables

128
CURRICULUM VITAE
Contact Information
Name: Abedin, Jamil L.
Address: Philamlife Village, B3 L28,
Baldimore St., Cagayan de
Oro City
Telephone: None
Cell Phone: 09275791909
Email: 20160010589@my.xu.edu.ph
DOB: June 16, 1999
POB: Tugaya, Lanao del Sur
Gender: Male
Civil Status: Single
Tertiary: Xavier University – Ateneo de Cagayan, College of
Nursing (2018 - Present)
Secondary: Xavier University (2016-2018)
Rosevale School (2012 – 2016)

129
Primary: Rosevale School (2009 – 2012)
Liceo de Cagayan University (2008 – 2009)
School of Our Lady of Trinity (2006 – 2008)
Awards:
 2nd Place Mr. Nursing (2019)
 3rd Honors (2016)
 Best Editor Award (2016)
 2nd Place Filipino Pagbaybay (2015)
 3rd Honors (2009)
Skills:
 Video and Photo Editing
Seminars:
 Dysrhythmias & Conduction Disorder Webinar (2020)
 Photography Workshop (2014)
 Filipino News Writing Training (2015)
Orgs:
 Xavier University Council of Nursing Students (2019 – 2020)
 Biophilic (2016-2017)

130
CURRICULUM VITAE
Contact Information
Name: Alguzar, Odessa Gayle Nikkola A.
Address: Barangay 2, Talakag, Bukidnon
Telephone: N/A
Cell Phone: 09358616976
DOB: July 22, 1999
POB: Talakag, Bukidnon
Gender: Female
Tertiary: Xavier University – Ateneo de Cagayan, College of
Nursing (2018-Present)
Secondary: Saint Joseph High School of Talakag, Inc. (2018)
Primary: Talakag Central Elementary School (2012)
Awards:

131
 1st Honorable Mention (2012)
 With Honors (2018)
Skills:
 Computer skill
 Time management skill
 Organizational skill
Seminars:
 Dysrhythmias & Conduction Disorder Webinar (2020)
Orgs:
 None

132
CURICULUM VITAE
Contact Information
Name: Arpa, Courtney Joy L.
Address: Block 24 Lot 31 Gran Europa
Lessandra, Barangay Lumbia
Cagayan de Oro City
Telephone: 850-1814
Cell Phone: 09166659570
DOB: June 20 2000
POB: Butuan City
Gender: Female
Tertiary: Xavier University Ateneo de Cagayan- College of Nursing
Secondary: Corpus Christi School Pueblo Campus
Primary: Assumption Montessori School
Awards:

133
 CCS Next Top Model 1st runner up (S.Y 2013-2014)
 CCS Declamation Contest (2014-2015)
 Miss Intramural games (2014-2015)
 ABM Ambassadress 2nd runner up (S.Y 2016-2017)
 Second semester 2nd honor (S.Y 2017-2018)
Skills:
 Great communication skills
 Flexible
 Interpersonal skills
 Time management skills
 Professionalism
 Strong work ethic
Seminars:
 Heart to heart talks: “Dysrhythmias”
 Conduction Problems across the Digital Nation (S.Y 2020-
2021)
Orgs:
 XU Council of Nursing (S.Y 2020-2021)
 Red Cross Youth (S.Y 2018-2019)
 Sidlak (S.Y 2017-2018)

134
CURICULUM VITAE
Contact Information
Name: Bergonia, Toni Roselle A.
Address: Blk 24, Lot 15, Johndorf
Subdivision, Barra, Opol,
Misamis Oriental
Telephone: 850-1600
Cell Phone: 09351188029
DOB: August 31, 1999
POB: Cagayan de Oro City
Gender: Female
Tertiary: Xavier University Ateneo de Cagayan, College of Nursing
Secondary: Liceo de Cagayan University
Primary: Merry Child School
Awards:

135
 Service Award for Spiritual Involvement (2016)
 PSYSC Leadership Awardee Liceo (2016)
 3rd Honor (2016)
 3rd Honor (2017)
 Half Academic Scholar (2016-2018)
 With Honors (2018)
Skills:
 Critical Thinking Skills
 Leadership Skills
 Communication Skills
 Decision Making Skills
 Can manage time
 Flexible
 Committed to the task given
 Works well under pressure
Seminars:
 Clean and Green Seminar (2017)
 College Fair and Career Talk (2017)
 National Youth Science, Technology and Environment

Summer Camp (Leadership Training) (2015)
Orgs:

136
 Philippine Society of Youth Science Club (PSYSC)- President
(2015-2016)
 Senior High School Student Council (SHSC)- STEM
Representative (2016-2017)
 Senior High School Student Council (SHSC)- Treasurer
Representative (2017-2018)
 Fishers of Men (FOM)- Auditor (2015-2016)
 Philippine Society of Youth Science Club (PSYSC)- Vice
President (2014-2015)

137
CURRICULUM VITAE
Contact Information
Name: Bersola, Jean Dominique B.
Address: Block 3 Lot 6 Xavier Heights,
Upper Balulang, Cagayan de
Oro Cty
Telephone: N/A
Cell Phone: 0955 048 2166
POB: Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea
Gender: Female
Tertiary: Xavier University – Ateneo de Cagayan College of
Nursing (2018 – Present)

138
Secondary: Xavier University – Ateneo de Cagayan Senior High
School: Science, Technology, Engineering, and
Mathematics (2016 – 2018)
Xavier University – Ateneo de Cagayan Junior High
School (2012 – 2016)
Primary: The International School of Lae, Papua New Guinea
(2004 – 2012)
Awards:
 Second Honor – Xavier University Senior High (2017)
 First Honor – Xavier University Senior High (2016)
 Third Honor – Xavier University Junior High (2015)
 Writer of the Fortnight – The International School of Lae (2010)
 Principal’s Award – The International School of Lae (2010)
 Student of the Fortnight – The International School of Lae (2007,
2008, 2010)
Skills:
 Communication/Interpersonal Skills
 Comprehension Skills

139
 Writing Skills
Seminars:
 Global Leadership Forum (2020)
 Oro Youth: Social Analysis During Crisis (2020)
 Oro Youth: Resource Mobilization During Crisis (2020)
 Crisis Management – Human-Centered Design (2020)
 Oro Youth: The Power of Stories During Crisis (2020)
 Oro Youth: Digital Citizenship (2020)
 Oro Youth: Good Governance (2020)
 Oro Youth: Project Proposal Making (2020)
 Self-care in a Time of Crisis (2020)
 Systems Thinking (2018)
 Bridging Leadership (2017)
 Asset-Based Community Development (2017)
Orgs:
 Xavier University – Central Student Government (2020 – Present)
 Council of Nursing Students (2018 – Present)
 Ateneo Ignatian Spirituality Engagement (2020 – Present)
 Oro Youth Leadership Academy (2020)
 Ateneo School for Upcoming Leaders (2017 – 2019)

140
 Sidlak – Catholic Youth Ministry (2016 – 2017)
 Light Cavalry Leadership Community (2014 – 2016)

141
CURICULUM VITAE
Contact Information
Name: Bonghanoy, Joshua Allen O.
Address: Block 21, Lot 20 ,Mockingbird st.
Morning Mist Village, Pueblo de Oro,
Cagayan de Oro City
Telephone: N/A
Cell Phone: 09227656967
DOB: January 16, 2000
Gender: Male
Secondary: Xavier University Junior High school
Primary: St. Mary’s school
Awards:

142
 2nd and 3rd honors (elementary)
 3rs honors grades 1q and 12 senior high school
 1st runner up foundation day singing competition
 first place grade 5 declamation contest
 1st runner up elocution contest
 3rd place interschool elocution contest
 champion in tanghalang kampion singing competition and
modern dance competition
 magis awardee of glee club 2 times in a row
Skills:
 Singing
 Dancing
 Speech
 Acting
 Essay writing
Seminars:
 Philosophy club seminars (2), Commitment to God seminar,
Peace Ta seminar
Orgs:
 Glee club

143
 Dance society (junior and senior high)
 Philosophy club
 Campus Chapel Aids

144
CURICULUM VITAE
Contact Information
Name: Burgos, Andrew Kyril B.
Address: Blk 13 Lot 7 Hillsborough Pointes
Telephone: 8584933
Cell Phone: 09266852111
Gender: Male
Tertiary: Xavier University- Ateneo de cagayan
Secondary: Xavier University- Ateneo de Cagayan
Primary: Corpus Christi School
Awards:
 Deportment awardee (2009)

145
 Third Honor grade 12 (2018)
Skills:
 Leadership
 Discipline
 Public speaker
 Time-bounded
Seminars:
 Philippine Military Academy (PMA) Cadetship Seminar
 Philippine Merchant Marine Academy (PMMA) Cadetship
seminar
 Youth leadership for sustainable development seminar (2017)
Orgs:
 Council of Nursing Students (3rd year Vice year level
representative)
 Organization of kagay-anon Mountain bikers (member)

146
CURRICULUM VITAE
Contact Information
Name: Catiil, Ivan John E.
Address: Zone 2, Sinaloc, El Salvador
City, Philippines
Telephone: N/A
Cell Phone: 09560473923
POB: Zamboanga City, Philippines
Gender: Male
Tertiary: Xavier University - Ateneo de Cagayan (2018 - Present)
Secondary: Xavier University - Ateneo de Cagayan SHS (2016 - 2018)

147
Alubijid National Comprehensive High School (2012 -
2016)
Primary: Sinaloc Elementary School (2009 - 2012)
Southcom Elementary School (2006 - 2009)
Awards:
 None
Skills:
 Writing Skills
Seminars:
Orgs:
 None

148
CURICULUM VITAE
Contact Information
Name: Daclag, Paolo Victor L.
Address: B9 L12, Cedar Street. Golden
Glow North 1, Pueblo de Oro,
Cagayan de Oro City
Telephone: 851-9230
Cell Phone: 0906-300-5525
Gender: Male
Tertiary: Xavier University– Ateneo de Cagayan College of Nursing
Secondary: Xavier University– Ateneo de Cagayan Senior High School
Primary: Xavier University – Ateneo de Cagayan Grade School
Awards:

149
 2010 – MAGIS Award in Photography
 2013 – Mr. Photogenic Award
 2013 – Loyalty Award
 2017 – 2nd Runner Up: ABM Ambassador
Skills:
 Basic First Aid
 Basic Life Support
 Microsoft Word, Excel, Powerpoint
 Basic Photoshop & Video Editing
Seminars:
 2016 – Red Cross Youth Emergency First Aid Training and
Seminar
 2016 – Red Cross Youth Basic Life Support Training and Seminar
 2016 – Leadership Development Seminar
 2016 – Change Leadership
 2017 – Red Cross Youth Chapter Youth Facilitator Training and
Seminar

150
 2018 – Red Cross Youth Emergency First Aid Training and
Seminar
 2019 – Xtatic Summer Dance Workshop: Electrify
 2019 – Stock Market and Trading Seminar
 2020 – Contact Tracing Webinar
 2020 – Mental Health Webinar
Orgs:
 2016 – 2018: Xavier University Junior Finance Executives
 2016 – Present: Xavier University Red Cross Youth
 2018 – Present: Xavier University Council of Nursing Students
 2018 – Present: Xavier University Electoral Commission

151
CURICULUM VITAE
Contact Information
Name: Damasco, Kaye Ivee V.
Address: Block 20 Lot 16 Xavier Heights
Subd.
Telephone: N/A
Cell Phone: 09556519957
DOB: November 22, 1999
POB: Cagayan de oro
Gender: Female
Secondary: Xavier University Junior High School
Primary: Xavier University Grade School
Awards:

152
 None
Skills:
 Secretariat Skills
Seminars:
Orgs:
 Xavier University Council of Nursing

153
CURICULUM VITAE
Contact Information
Name: Dela Cruz, Juan Miguel A.
Address: 382 Zone 1 Kauswagan Cagayan
de Oro City
Telephone: N/A
Cell Phone: 09564674973
DOB: Nov. 25, 1999
POB: Valencia City, Bukidnon
Gender: Male
Tertiary: Kong Hua School
Secondary: Kong Hua School
Primary: University of Science and Technology of Southern
Philippines
Awards:

154
 None
Skills:
 Drawing (traditional and digital)
Seminars:
 Digital and Traditional Graphic Design Workshop by OBRA CDO
Creative Community
Orgs:
 None

155
CURICULUM VITAE
Contact Information
Name: Emano, Kathryna Marie P.
Address: Tipolohon, Upper Camaman-an,
Cagayan de Oro City
Telephone: N/A
Cell Phone: 0977 023 1469
DOB: September 10, 2000
Gender: Female
Tertiary: Xavier University– Ateneo de Cagayan College of Nursing
Secondary: Corpus Christi High School- Macasandig Campus
Primary: Corpus Christi Grade School- Macasandig Campus
Awards:

156
 First Honors (2008-2011)
 Second Honors (2012)
 Third Honors (2013)
 Merry Chefs Awardee (2013)
 Second Honors (2014-2016)
 CSG Awardee (2016)
 YFC Awardee (2016)
 Science Honors’ Circle Awardee (2016)
 Science Voyagers Awardee (2016)
 Second Honors (2016)
 First Honors (2017-2018)
 YFC Awardee (2018)
 CSG Awardee (2018)
 Loyalty Awardee (2018)
 Best in Research (2018)
 High Honors Award (2018)
Skills:
 Interpersonal and Communication Skills
 Self-evaluation Skills
 Microsoft Office (Document, Excel, and PowerPoint)
 Documentation

157
 Management
 Problem-Solving, Writing, and Auditing
 Critical Thinking
 Leadership
 Executive and Legislative Skills
Seminars:
 Philippine Science Youth Camp and Training (2013)
 Basic Orientation Leadership Training Seminar (2016-2019)
 Covenant Training Seminar (2013-2017)
 Soaring High with EF Airlines (2018)
 HIV Seminar (2018)
 First Aid and Dressing Seminar (2019)
 Heart to heart talks: Dysrhythmias and Conduction Problems
across the Digital Nation (2020)
 Global Leadership Forum (2020)
 Be A Buddy, Not A Bully (2020)
 The Ripple of influence- A Shared Leadership (2020)
 Nursing Kamara (2021)
Orgs:
 Merry Chefs (2012-2013)

158
 Science Voyagers Year Level Representative (2013-2016)
 Science Honors’ Year Level Representative (2014-2016)
 Central Student Government (CSG) Treasurer (2015-2018)
 Youth for Christ Year Level Representative, Secretary and
President (2013-2018)
 Seekers of the Lord Member (2017-2018)
 CSG Department of Communication and Management (2018-
2019)
 Council of Nursing Students Member, Executive Treasurer and
Executive Secretary (2018-2021)
 CSG Department of Treasury (2020-2021)

159
CURICULUM VITAE
Contact Information
Name: Galagar, Hannah Bea
Franchesca G.
Address: #133 F.M. Paclar St. 6th Division,
Patag, Cagayan de Oro City
Telephone: 858-9906
Cell Phone: 09976235079
DOB: April 11, 2001
Gender: Female
Tertiary: Xavier University Ateneo de Cagayan (2018 - present)
Secondary: Xavier University Junior High School (2013 - 2016)
Xavier University Senior High School (2016 - 2018)

160
Primary: Children’s Progressive School (2006 - 2013)
Awards:
 Third Honor – Xavier University Senior High (2018)
 Third Honor – Xavier University Senior High (2017)
Skills:
 Communication skills
 Collaboration skills
 Listening skills
 Critical thinking skills
 Writing skills
Seminars:
 Heart to heart talks: Dysrhythmias and Conduction Problems
across the Digital Nation (2020)
Orgs:
 Peer Facilitators Club (2014-2016)
 Xavier University – Ateneo Mountaineering Society (2017)
 Vox Vitae (2018)

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Extent of Awareness on Personal Hygiene Practices

Among Junior High School Students of

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

March 15, 2021- Version 3

This research paper entitled: “EXTENT OF AWARENESS ON PERSONAL

Glenda P. De Vera, RN, MAN

Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination with a grade of

Roviech Echeveria, MAN, RN Mildred N. Pinque MN, RN

Approved and accepted in partial fulfillment for the

November 2020 Mary Grace M. Paayas, MAN, RN

We hereby declare that this work entitled “EXTENT OF AWARENESS ON

Abedin, Jamil L. Catiil, John Ivan E.

To Xavier University – Ateneo de Cagayan, for molding them

not just to be student nurses but as competent student nurses that

bring the characteristics the Ignatian way.

To the Xavier University - Ateneo de Cagayan, College of

ethical skills needed to make this research proposal possible.

To Mrs. Mary Grace Paayas, MAN, RN, Dean of the College of

Nursing for being an inspiration to every student nurse and clinical

instructor that made them competent and passionate student nurses.

To Glenda P. De Vera, MAN, RN, Research Mentor, for her

dedication, camaraderie and patience towards guiding them

throughout the making of this proposal. Her passion towards this

they could be.

To Mr. Jedifel Yburan, LPT, Research Statistician, for responding

to the request of examining the proposal’s respondents and sampling

His guidance made this proposal reliable.

To Mrs. Mary Grace Santizas, RN and Mr. Juanito R. Oliveria II,

LPT, for accepting the request to review the questionnaire. Their

direction gave a very impact on this proposal’s validity.

an inspiration in fulfilling their dreams.

in making this proposal possible despite the hectic schedule and

of education, the gift of wisdom, knowledge, and intelligence, and

journey to become health care providers and bring His work to

completion with a heart of magis. Without Him, they cannot succeed.

Certificate of Originality iii

List of Figure viii

Theoretical and Conceptual Framework 2

Statement of the Problem 12

Significace of the Study 14

Scope and Limitations 15

2 Review of Related Literature and Studies 21

Respondents and Sampling Procedure 40

Data Gathering Instrument and Procedure 45

Validity and Reliability 58

Curriculum Vitae 128

1 Schematic diagram showing the interrelationship 11

between the independent variables and the

A Letters Addressed to the Following 80

b. Junior High School Registrar 81

c. College Nurse Validator 82

d. Junior High School Nurse Validator 83

B Approval from the XU-Junior High School 85

b. Junior High School Nurse Validator 89

c. Junior High School Nurse Validator 97

d. Teacher Validator 100

E Informed Assent and Consent To Participate In Research104