A SUMMER TRAINING AT “SHREE ADHIYA LEATHERS LIMITED”- RANIPET

By

PONNUSWAMY.R.V
Reg. No.510819631024

A SUMMER TRAINING REPORT

Submitted to the

FACULTY OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCE

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

Of

MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

ANNA UNIVERSITY
CHENNAI - 600 025
JULY- 2020

1
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that the Summer Training report at”SHREE ADHIYA LEATHERS LIMITED”is the
bonafide work of PONNUSWAMY.R.V, REG NO: 510819631024 who carried out the
workunder my supervision. Certified further that to the best of my knowledge the work
reported herein does not form part of any other project report or dissertation on the basis of
which a degree or award was conferred on an earlier occasion on this or any other candidate.

Signature of Supervisor Signature of HOD

Submitted to project viva voce held on________________

Internal Examiner

DECLARATION
2
Ihereby declare that the Summer Training report at“SHREE ADHIYA LEATHERS
LIMITED”Submitted for the M.B.A. Degreeis my original work and the dissertation has not
formed the basis for the award of any degree, associated ship, fellowship or any other similar
titles.

Place:
Signature of the student
Date: PONNUSWAMY.R.V

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

3
 I am grateful to almighty for his guidance, strength, wisdom and support throughout this
project.

I take this great opportunity to express my sincere thanks to our Managing Trustee Shri.
N. SUGALCHAND JAIN, Trustee/Chairman Shri P. PYARELAL JAIN and
Trustee/Secretary Shri. T. AMAR CHAND JAIN, for their encouragement and for providing
facilities required for successful completion of this project work.

I take great privilege to thank our principal Dr. M.Barathi., M.E., Ph.D.,Ganadipathy
Tulsi’s Jain Engineering College, Kaniyambadi, for being an inspiration to do this Project Work.

My gratitude to Dr.S.Margabandhu MBA., M.Phil.,Ph.D., Associate Professor

&HOD/MBA, for teaching me the real glimpse of the project.His constant guidance and
painstaking efforts during the project perioddeserves a heartfelt gratitude from me.

I thank my project guide Ms.B.Nandhini MBA all her help and support throughout the
project. I also thank all the faculties, Ganadipathy Tulsi’s Jain Engineering College,
Kaniyambadi, for their help during my course of study.

My deep sense of gratitude to,Mr.N. Balachandharfor giving me an excellent opportunity to

undergo the Summer Project.

Finally I wish to thank, my beloved Parents, brother and friends for their valuable support and
encouragement rendered for the successful completion of this project.

PONNUSWAMY.R.V

TABLE OF CONTENTS
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 PAGE.
CHAPTER. TITLES
NO
NO

1 INDUSTRY PROFILES 6-10

2 COMPANY PROFILES 11-13

3 DEPARTMENT DETAILS

3.1Production Process 15-24

3.2 Administrative Department 25-26

3.3 Marketing Department 27-28

3.4 Finance Department 29-30

3.5 HR Department 30-33

3.6 Organizational structure 34

4 MAJOR SUPPLIERS & MAJOR CUSTOMERS 35

5 SPECIAL STUDY 36-43

6 CONCLUSIONS 44

7 REFERENCE 45

CHAPTER-1

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 INDUSTRY PROFILE
INTRODUCTION
Chronologically the birth of Leather in India dates back to 3,000 years B.C. The innate
strengths, innovative technology and marketing strategies have converted the comparative
advantage of India into a commercial success making the country a cynosure of Leather and
Tanning in the Global leather Map. Indian Leather Industry – 6th largest in the World. Leather
product / leather industry in India is spread over organized as well as unorganized sector
dominated by the presence of family units. The small scale, cottage and artisan sectors account
for over 90% of the total production. They are recognized export house by Government of India
to our ISO – 9001-2000 certification.

EXPORT/IMPORT PERFORMANCES

 The Leather Industry holds a prominent place in the Indian economy. This sector is
known for its consistency in high export earnings and it is among the top ten foreign
exchange earners for the country.

 With an annual turnover of over US$ 7.5 billion, the export of leather and leather
products increased manifold over the past decades and touched US$ 4.86 billion in 2011-12,
recording a cumulative annual growth rate of about 8.22% (5 years).

 The Leather industry is bestowed with an affluence of raw materials as India is endowed
with 21% of world cattle & buffalo and 11% of world goat & sheep population. Added to this
are the strengths of skilled manpower, innovative technology, increasing industry compliance
to international environmental standards, and the dedicated support of the allied industries.

The leather industry occupies a place of prominence in the Indian economy in view of its
massive potential for employment, growth and exports. There has been an increasing emphasis

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on its planned development, aimed at optimum utilization of available raw materials for
maximizing the returns, particularly from exports.

The exports of leather and leather products gained momentum during the past two
decades. There has been a phenomenal growth in exports from Rs.320 million in the year 1965-
66 to Rs.69558 million in 1996-97. Indian leather industry today has attained well merited
recognition in international markets besides occupying a prominent place among the top seven
foreign exchange earners of the country.

The leather industry has undergone a dramatic transformation from a mere exporter of
raw materials in the sixties to that of value added finished products in the nineties. Policy
initiatives taken by the Government of India since 1973 have been instrumental to such a
transformation. In the wake of globalization of Indian economy supported with liberalized
economic and trade policies since 1991, the industry is poised for further growth to achieve
greater share in the global trade.

Now a day’s leather industry production was largely based on utilization of the raw hides
and skins which occurs as the “waste” products in the slaughtering of domesticated animals that
kept for meat. Raw hides and skins are tanned mostly either by vegetarian tanning or by chrome
tanning then they are dyed and finished with chemical and physical properties of the final
product.

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 Leather was increasingly used in the world as a fashionable material; the demand for
leather was growing day by day. There are different types of leather based on endeavor.

1. Shoes leathers.

2. Upholstery and furniture leathers.

3. Garments and gloving leathers.

4. Leather for sports goods.

5. Saddler leathers.

6. Leather goods (i.e) bags, belts etc

7. Orthopedic leathers.

Leather industry was one of the largest foreign exchange to minimize the defects present
in the raw hides and skins caused by improper live stock, bleeding, incorrect flaying or
instruction also necessary checks have to be carried out at operation like beam, house, and
tannery dye house. Mechanical operation, fathiquoring and finishing.

Leather industry was facing growing concern or ecological requirement it will place
demands in producers of chemical and auxiliaries also. The TATA international company, KH
group of companies, Faritha group of companies and the leading president kid leather.

In India major leather producing center are Kanpur, Kolkatta, Erode, Delhi,
Vaniyambadi, Ambur, Ranipet, Melvisharam, and Chennai.

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Three grades of leathers:

 Full grain
 Top grain
 Corrected grain

Full-grain

Full grainleather refers to hides that have not been sanded, buffed, or snuffed (as opposed
to top-grain or corrected leather) to remove imperfections (or natural marks) on the surface of the
hide. The grain remains allowing the fiber strength and durability

Top-grain

Top grain leather (the most common type in high-end leather products) is the second-
highest quality. It has had the "split" layer separated away, making it thinner and more pliable
than full-grain. Its surface has been sanded and a finish coat added, which produces a colder,
plastic feel with less breathability, and it does not develop a natural patina. It is typically less
expensive and has greater stain resistance than full-grain leather if the finish remains unbroken.

Corrected-grain

Corrected grain leather is any leather that has had an artificial grain applied to its surface.
The hides used to create corrected leather do not meet the standards for use in creating vegetable-
tanned or aniline leather.

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 MAJOR PRODUCTION CENTERS OF LEATHER AND

LEATHER PRODUCTS

Southern region:

 Tamil nadu : Chennai,ambur,ranipet,vaniyambadi,trichy

 And Dindigal.
 Andra Pradesh: Hyderabad.
 Karnataka: Banglore.

Northern region:

 Punjab: Jallandar.
 Delhi: Delhi.

Eastern region:

 West Bengal: Calcutta.

Central region:

 Uttar Pradesh: Kanpur, arga.

Western region:

 Maharastra : Mumbai

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 CHAPTER-2

COMPANY PROFILE

Leather is a material made from the tanning of hides and skins of animals. The skin of the
animal goes through of processes to from supple and strong material, which is known as leather.
It’s mainly used in the footwear industry apart from garment industry and other accessories.

Hides and skins are also used in the manufacture of glue and gelatin. Leather industry has
made a prominent place for itself in the Indian economy. It has enormous potential for
employment, growth and exp We, Aditya leathers are one of the developing manufactures and
exporters of all kinds of finished leather for leather garments and leather goods for past 1year.
We cater to a broad range of customer’s with a wide range of finished cow/Buffalo Leather,
Finished Goat/Sheep Leather, Garment Leather and Shoe leather.

Located in a Sipcot, Ranipet our factory is approved by the State Pollution Control
Board. We source the best quality hides/skins and work on superb quality materials. Our quality
consistently meets the exact international specifications, and the customer appreciates our
products as they are attracted by their unique, luxurious look and feel.

SHREE ADITYA LEATHERS is a private company registered on 2007.The Company

was founded by Mr.R.M.YUVARAJ

The group has well integrated companies.The status of the company in the records of
register is active which means that is actively doing all filling the register.

BASIC DETAILS:

 In corporation year:2007
 Company type : Private limited
 Company sub-category: Indian non government company

ABOUT THE COMPANY MANAGEMENT:

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PARTNRSHIP:

Mr.R.M.Yuvaraj

Mr. S.Narayana samy

Location:

No, 478/8, Coramandel Leather Road.

Sipcot, Ranipet-632 406.

Vellore Dist.

Tamilnadu, India.

Employees:

Number of workers: 40

VISION:

 To use experience and passion to do well.

 To create value and make the difference.

MISSION:

We are a Group of Individuals: Everyday we bring to the world a growing portfolio of

quality leather products to satisfy client’s desires and needs. Insatiably curious and smart, we get
out onto the markets to listen, observe and learn getting always a worldwide, fresh perspective.

We strengthen our winning networks of customers and suppliers, together with them we
create mutual, enduring value.

We commit to be a highly effective, lean and fast-moving organization in order to

continue achieving a sustainable, quality growth.

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VALUES AND ETHICS:

Being part of the Split Group means to be an active part of the same family with the same
philosophy and culture, sharing 5 unwavering principles: quality, safety, social responsibility,
networking and client’s satisfaction.

The balance between man and environment lies at the heart of Split Group’s constant
innovation. All companies adopt environmental friendly processes with accredited certifications
that testify their important efforts towards a better world day by day.

ACTIVITY:

The strategic position of the warehouse in Ranipet satisfies both the purchase and sale of
leather hides &splits in Southern and Northern India. We provide a number of leather split
articles from India and other import materials.

we are pioneers in the use of leather splits in India and as such we represent a strong
foundation in the Indian leather split market from time to time we deal wet blue cattle hide and
goat skin from all over the world.

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 CHAPTER-3

DEPARTEMENTS

14
 PRODUCTION DEPARTMENT

Introduction:

Production is the functional area responsible for turning inputs into finished outputs. The
production manager is responsible for making sure that raw materials are provided and made into
finished goods effectively. He must make sure that work is carried out smoothly and supervise
procedures for making work more efficient and more enjoyable.
Production capacity per month was around 75000 sq.ft of finished leathers and their
goods were very well accepted by all their customers both in overseas as well as domestic
market.. They do sell/ Export finished leathers.
People use leather to make various goods—including clothing (e.g., shoes, hats, jackets,
skirts, trousers, and belts), bookbinding, leather wallpaper, and as a furniture covering. It is
produced in a wide variety of types and styles, decorated by a wide range of technique.

PRODUCTION PROCESS:

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 TRANNING

WETTING
BACK

SPLITING

SHAVING

RE-TAINING

SETTING

MEASUREING

FINISHING

Tanning:

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 Tanning is the process of treating skins and hides of animals to produce leather, which is
more durable and less susceptible to decomposition a tannery is the term for a place where the
skins are processed.

Tanning process that converts the protein of the raw hide or skin into a stable material.
This will not putrefy and is suitable for a wide variety of end applications.

Tanning can be performed with either vegetable or mineral methods. The principal
difference between raw hides and tanned hides is that raw hides dry out to form a hard inflexible
material that can putrefy when re-wetted (wetted back), while tanned material dries out to a
flexible form that does not become putrid when wetted back.

Chrome tanning:

Chrome tanning is invented in 1858, is tanned using chromium sulfate and other
chromium salts. It is more supple and pliable than vegetable-tanned leather and does not discolor
or lose shape as drastically in water as vegetable-tanned. It is also known as wet-blue for its color
derived from the chromium. More exotic colors are possible when using chrome tanning. The
chrome tanning method usually only takes a day to finish, and the ease and agility of this method
make it a popular choice. It is reported that chrome-tanned leather adds up to 80% of the global
leather supply.

The most commonly used tanning material is chromium, which leaves the leather, once
tanned, a pale blue color (due to the chromium), this product is commonly called “wet blue”.

Chrome tanning is faster than vegetable tanning (less than a day for this part of the
process) and produces a stretchable leather which is excellent for use in handbags and garments.

Wetting back:

17
  Wetting back is the process of dehydrating the semi-processed leather.
 Sammaying – It is the process of squeezing out the water from the leather.

Splitting:

The leather is split into one or more horizontal layers. The top or grain layer will produce
fine smooth grain leather. The bottom is used for suede or split leather for other uses.

Shaving:

18
 The leather is thinned using a machine which cuts leather Fibres off. This process gives
uniform thickness to the leather.

Re-tanning:

Dressing the leather involves in the folling steps:

Additional tanning substances are added to modify the physical characteristics of the leather to
suit its final structure.

 Dyeing – dyes are added to color the leather.

 Fatliquoring - fats/oils and waxes are fixed to the leather fibres.

 Auto-filling - heavy/dense chemicals that make the leather harder and heavier are added.

Setting:

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The process which mechanically imparted the grain flatness and removes the excess water from
the leather.

 Drying -the leather are streached on large frames or vaccum dried.

 Trimming-the rough and ragged edges are removed.

Finishing:

Finishing is the final stage of entire leather production.

 To minimize the appearance grain blemishes without loosing the natural beauty of the
leather and the process involves in the combination of softening and buffing.

 Softening - physical softening of the leather by separating the leather fibres.

 Buffing - abrasion of the surfaces of the leather to reduce nap or grain defects.

Measuring:

Measuring is the process of measuring the leather length using measuring machine.

MACHINES AND FACILITIES:

1. Warehouse

 Process Grading of Selection.

 Wet Blue Warehouse

 Finishing Warehousing

2. Wet blue Sammying machine

3. Wet blue splitting machine (SVIT)

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4. Wet blue Hydraulic shaving machine (SVIT and POLETT)

5. Sample wet drums

6. Big wet drum (1000kgs capacity)

7. Wet drums (300 Kgs capacity)

8. Sammying machine

9. Hydralic reversible setting machine

10. Incoma vacuum Dryer (3tables)

11. Hooking conveyer

12. Ample capacity for hooking

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DRY MACHINES AND FACILITIES:

Molissa staking machines (CARTIGLIANO and SVIT)

 Slocomb staking machine

 through feed buffing machine

 Autospray machine

1. Autospray machine (2400 mm working width)

2. Gemata (roto plus) roller coating machine

3. Roto press contilux machine

4. Mostardini plating machine

5. Sigh plating machines

6. Glazing machines

7. Imported dry drum (Pajusco technologies)

8. Dry drum

9. Area measuring machine

10. Diesel boiler

11. Thermic fluid boiler

12. Generator (110 KVA and 125 KVA)

13. Finished leather assortment and packing hall

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TYPES OF PRODUCT:

 Cow leather

 Cow softy leather(natural and CG)

 Cow burnish

 Cow lining

 Cow nappa

 Printed cow dry milled leather

 Cow split sued

 Buffalo leather

 Printed buff dry mill leather

 Buff tanned leather buff calf burnishable leather

 Buffalo nappa leather

 Goat leather

 Goat nappa

 Goat foiled leather

 Goat rub off crunch

 Goat suede

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TYPES OF LEATHER:

Cow hide leather

Hair sheep leather

Sheepskin & slink lamb

Goatskin leather

Lamb nappa

Deerskin

Peccary

Pittards

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 ADMINISTRATIVE DEPARTMENT

Introduction:

The department is responsible for personnel sourcing and hiring, applicant tracking and
employee well being.

Socio economic-human capital:

Availability of human capital for meaningful socio economic endeavor in India is well
known. It has been estimated that about 2.5 million Indians are engaged directly in some
economic activity relating to the leather sector.

NUMBER OF EMPLOYMENTS:

POSITION NO OF EMPLOYEE

Executives 02

Supervisory 01

Administrative/Officer Staff 04

Skilled Labour 10

Unskilled Labour 20

Security 03

Total 40

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 The group has a total labour strength of around 40 employees. The company follows high
ethical standards, strict legal compliance, and has excellent, safe and healthy working
environment.

The company does not employ child labor in its operations. The principles and
philosophies that govern the operations and business of SHREE ADITYA LEATHERS are based
not only on laws and regulations, but are also found on legality and respect for the individual, a
strong commitment to common sense, fairness, diversity, and ethical business practices and
policies.

The company have employ more number of people for basic activities like trimming,
summing, drumming, auto spraying, setting etc.,

The Company provides employment for women’s. More over 60% of women’s were
working in our organization. Company provide good working environment with good working
capable machinery. The company enables good employee-labor relationships.

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 MARKETING DEPARTMENT

INTRODUCTION

Marketing management is the organizational discipline which focuses on the practical

application of marketing orientation, techniques and methods inside enterprises and
organizations and on the management of a firm's marketing resources and activities.

In small- and medium-sized enterprises, the managing marketer may contribute in both
managerial and marketing operations roles for the company brands.

In a large consumer products company, the marketing manager may act as the overall
general manager of his or her assigned product.

Tamil Nadu accounts for more than 60 per cent of the tanning done in the country, with
tanners from the state sourcing the bulk of their raw material from other states.

They have agents in different parts of the country and the major markets for hides and
skins are Vijayanagara (Andhra Pradesh), Guwahati (Assam), Darbhanga (Bihar), Jabalpore
(Chattisgarh), Ahmedabad, Junegadh, Rajkot and Bahraich (Gujarat), Srinagar and Jammu
(Jammu and Kashmir), Trivandrum, Thrissur, Out of the total number of tanneries in India, about
45% are in Tamil Nadu alone. Tamil Nadu, West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh account for 88.50%
of the total tanneries in the country.

The states of Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra contribute to 85% of the total
production each with a share of 37.44%, 21.74% and 14.96% respectively.

Exporting materials of srinala:

The company involves in exporting cow, buffalo, goat suede finished leather to various
countries like Korea, Japan, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Indonesia etc.,

 Cow suede finished leather.

 Buffalo suede finished leather.

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  Goat suede finished leather.

Importing materials of srinala:

The company imports cow, goat blue holes hides from panama, Ukraine, Indonesia,
Pakistan etc.,

 Cow wet blue holes hide.

 Buffalo wet blue holes hide.

 Goat wet blue holes hide.

Products offered:

The company offers good quality products which are completely fit for the production of
end product.

 Wet blue splits

 Wet blue hides

 Goat wet blue leather

 Crust finished leather

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 FINANCE DEPARTMENT

Finance is the procurement of funds and effective utilization of funds. It’s also deals with
profits that adequately compensate for the cost and risk borne by the business.
Responsibilities of finance manager:
The financedepartmenthasthe responsibilitytomaintainthe record of the financial
resources. The main function of the finance department is
a) Cost accounting
b) Finance
c) Accountancy
d) Internal audit

The finance department should company with the statutory requirement Viz

a) Income tax
b) Sales tax
c) Excise act

Responsibility for spendingthe specifiedstatement to corporate office Authority

a) Approvethe account
b) Finalize the costing Finalize the trail balance sheet
c) Finalize the profit loss
d) Balance sheet of the company.

Communication with higher authorities:

 Communication with the unit heads.
 Communicate with the corporate finance as required from time to time.
 Communicate with the external agencies relating to finance, taxation and company law
matter.

Management accounting system:

1. Business budgeting
2. Cost behaviour

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 3. Cost volume profit analysis
4. Capital budgeting analysis
5. Variable costing
6. Inventory management analysis
7. Performance evaluation
8. Return on investment
9. Wage rate analysis.

HUMAN RESOURCES DEPARTMENT

Human Resources (Procurement, Selection, Placement):

Man Power requirements are prepared as and when need arises in consultation with department

taking into consideration the resignation, retirement etc of human resources as well as future

needs for expansion. Records are maintained in the HRD department in regard to training,

experience and educational qualification requirements prescribed for each category of

employees. The process of recruitment is as follows...

 Campus Recruitment

 Open Recruitment

 Final Selection

 Instruction Training and Placement

 Classification of workmen (as per the standing order)

Recritment:
Recritment process is the essential one to select the employees. All recruitment is made through
the employmentexchange. The recruitment is depending upon the post qualification prescribed
by board. Our initial responsibilities were the development of company policies, recruiting and
training.

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SELECTION PROCESS 1:
Most of our company used a selection process for production team
Members that consisted of four stages:
o Personal interviews
o Aptitude tests
o Job simulation
o Reference checks
These stages varied in duration from one hour to eight hours. Only candidates with the highest
success rate at one stage are selected to proceed to the next. The total time for each candidate
exceeded twenty hours. It took several weeks, sometimes months for each candidate to complete
a selection process. Initially hiring ration was about 10% - for every 100 applicants,
Only ten received a job offer. The acceptance rate for Skilled Members was about 7%.

Personal Interviews:

There were at least two personal interviews with each applicant. Each interview was conducted
by at least two certified interviewers. Professional Recruiters conducted first interview and the
assessment. A Recruiter and a manufacturing Group Leader conducted.

Second interview:

Each Interviewer used an “Interview Guide” in conducting an interview. The Interview Guide
was a set of instructions, questions and observations that standardized the interviewing process.
This was done not only to make sure that each applicant was asked the same set of questions, but
also to make sure that we were able to learn about strengths and weaknesses of our potential
future employee. Dimensions that Aizer was looking for in each team member were defined.
What skills, abilities and talents should an ideal production team member should have? What
skills and abilities are needed to operate in Aizer manufacturing environment? Some of these
dimensions were:
• Problem identification

31
• Problem solution
• Initiative

SELECTION PROCESS 2:
• Meeting leadership
• Meeting membership
• Oral communication
• Adaptability
• Work tempo
• Reasoning and practical learning
• Job fit and motivation

Team Leader and Group Leader candidates were tested for additional dimensions, which
included:
• Individual Leadership
• Coaching
• Communication
• Tolerance for stress
• Scheduling
• Controlling
• Delegation
• Ability to accomplish objectives
During the interview process the candidate was rated on each one of these dimensions as pass or
fail.Over all score was calculated and a decision was made to either advance the applicant or not.

SELECTION PROCESS 3:

 Language use.
 Minimum acceptable standards were defined and each candidate was given a final score –
a pass or fail mark.

32
Job Simulation:

Work on the car assembly line is very difficult, repetitive, demanding and challenging. Similar
can be said about an electronic components assembly line. This is not a type of work that
anybody can handle. Job simulation consisted of several rounds of activities, which simulated
real jobs on the assembly line. An example of would be manually mounting tires onto a car for
several minutes. The purpose of these activities was not only to test skills required to perform a
job - lift heavy objects, work with tools, ability to perform different functions (grasp, lift, bend,
twist, reach, walk backwards). It also tested ability to listen and follow instructions. For the first
round of activities candidates were given a set of really impractical instructions and they were
told to follow them
During the next round all recommended changes were implemented and again the candidates
were observed and scored on abilities to perform the work, following instructions and
contributing to the problem solving process.

Since the Standardized Work is considered the foundation of Aizer Production System ability to
follow instructions and being able to perform work in identified sequence is very critical. Many
people have problems following work sequence and/or even following instructions.

33
 ORGANISATION STRUCTURE
ORGANISATIONAL CHART:

MG-DIRECTOR

TECHNICAL DIRECTOR
TECHNICAL DIRECTOR

GENERAL MANAGER

HR

FINANCE/ PURCHASE PRODUCTI EXIM PLANNIN

ON CAD/
ACCOUNT G
S TECHNICAL

EXIM
PRODUCTI
PURCHA ON MANAGE PLANNIN
FINANCE SE MANAGER R G TECHNICAL
MANAGE MANAG MANAGE MANAGER
R ER R

34
 CHAPTER-4

MAJOR SUPPLIERS & CUSTOMERS

Suppliers & customers:

The suppliers and customers in every organization are based on customer requirements and their
needs. The basic process of organization is to build the suppliers and customers for an
organization to improve growth. Supplier means to supply the raw materials for the company.

Suppliers:

Adhiya Leathers buying wet blue raw materials from many companies which are situated in
Kolkata, Chennai, and others major suppliers around India and others source from home town.

Customers:

Adhiya Leathers export their goods to many Asian and United Nations like:

 China

 London

 USA

 Japan

 Germany

Also for other sub-continent countries. The major customers from india who buy and export bulk
of goods to others customers.

35
 CHAPTER-5
SPECIAL STUDY ON EFFULENT TREATMENT METHODS IN
LEATHER INDUSTRY

INTRODUCTION:

The effluent treatment facility is installed for biological treatment of the effluents. The effluent
bears large amounts of organic matter. The direct discharge of the effluent into the water bodies
causes depletion of DO of the water. Hence, in order to meet the recommended standards of
quality of the effluent, it is necessary to treat the effluent before it is finally disposed off.This
treatment facility provides for removal of major pollutants from the effluent.

36
 Process Units:

This effluent treatment facility consists of the following units:

1. Storage tank
2. Equalization tank
3. Neutralization tank
4. Primary clarifier
5. Anaerobic Hybrid Reactor
6. Aeration tanks – 1 & 2
7. Final clarifier
8. Sludge drying beds

Unit Description and Operation:

1) Storage Tank- The function of storage tank is to collect and store the raw effluent from
different parts of factory.
Process: The raw effluent is collected from the different part of the factory and stored. From the
storage tank the raw effluent is passed to the equalization tank with the help of pump. The pH of
the raw effluent in the storage tank is 5.5 – 6.5.
2) Equalization Tank - The function of equalization tank is to equalize the raw effluent
emanating from different processing units.
Process: The effluent is collected in an existing combined effluent from where it is pumped to
the existing aeration tank, which serves as an equalization tank. The floating aerator is operated
to homogenize effluent which is then pumped to the neutralization tank.
3) Neutralization Tank- The function of the neutralization tank is to neutralize the raw effluent,
which is generally acidic in nature.
Process: The raw effluent, which is usually acidic (pH-5.5 to 6.5) in nature, is neutralized by
adding the saturated solution of NaOH, So, the final pH of the neutralization tank is adjusted to
pH- 8.0 to 9.0. Then the raw effluent after has been treated in neutralization tank is allowed to
pass in the primary clarifier through gravity.
4) Primary Clarifier - The function of PC is to remove suspended heavy particles from the raw
effluent.

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Process: In this tank, the heavy particles along with the sludge, which the bacteria have
degraded settles down at the bottom of the tank and the water flows on top of it. A rotator is
fixed in the middle of the tank, so that the heavy particle along with the sludge which has settled
down does not block the outlet of the PC. In this tank, mostly the inactive heavy particles along
with little amount of sludge is thrown out in the Sludge drying beds. The pH of the PC is
maintained to 7.0 to 8.0.
5) Anaerobic Hybrid Reactor - This unit is provided for the anaerobic treatment of the effluent.
Process - The effluent after treatment in PC is passed to the AHR through gravity. The design of
the AHR is in a way that at the bottom of this tank anaerobic bacterium’s beds is made. The
effluent which comes from PC react with the anaerobic bacteria and the break up of organic
compounds takes place with the production of Methane gas which can be seen in the form of
bubbles on the upper layer of the water in the tank. The pH of the AHR is maintained to 7.0-7.5
because the anaerobic bacteria are stable in this pH. If there is much fluctuation in the pH of this
tank the anaerobic bacteria can die.
6) Aeration Tanks 1 & 2 – This unit is provided for aerobic biological treatment of the effluent
for the reduction of organic matter in the effluent.
Process: The effluent from the AHR is received in the aeration tank stage-1 by pumping and is
aerated by the help of mechanical surface aerators in the presence of previously developed
biological sludge (Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids i.e. MLSS). The food / microorganism ratio is
maintained at about 0.6 and 0.137 in the first and second stage aeration tanks respectively which
correspond to about 3500 mg / ml.
Operation - The start up of the activated sludge process can be accomplished by using seed
sludge available from night soil develop a suitable microorganism population expressed as
MLSS.

7) Final Clarifier- The function of final clarifier is to separate biological solids from the mixed
liquor first stage aeration tank.
Process: The mixed liquor from the first stage aeration tank is received in the clarifier by
gravity. The clarifier is hopper bottom type. The sedimentation of sludge is withdrawn by pumps
and is recirculated back into the aeration tank stage-1 for maintaining the MLSS. Provision is
given to transfer the sludge into the stage-2 aeration tank through the necessary connections

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given on the delivery line of the sludge recirculation pump.
Operation - The clarifier is filled up with effluent by gravity. The biological solids get settled by
gravity at bottom. The suctions valves corresponding to each hopper portion of clarifier are kept
opened. The settled sludge is recirculated by operating pump back into the aeration tank
continuously. If the MLSS exceed the required level, or sludge needs to be wasted, the sludge is
diverted into aerobic.

8) Sludge Drying Beds- This unit is meant for dewatering and drying the excess biological
sludge.
Process: The excess biological sludge from the stage-1 aeration tank after aerobic digestor is
conveyed to the sludge drying beds by gravity. The excess sludge from the stage-2 aeration tanks
is withdrawn to the sludge drying beds by pumping. Each bed comprises of coarse sand, broken
stone. The dewatering of sludge is affected by percolation of associated water through the filter
media while the sludge is retained on the media surface. The sludge over the media gets dried up
by natural drying and removed manually for disposal as landfill. The percolated water is pumped
to the aeration tank-2.
Operation - Allow the sludge to flow to the drying beds. Once the sludge thickness comes to
about 300 mm charging of sludge is to be stop and the bed is isolated to dry up by natural
evaporation. This takes about 10 days.

Techniques for effluent treatment:

Dye effluent treatment methods are classified into three main categories:
1. Physical treatment method
2. Chemical treatment method
3. Biological treatment method

There are four stages of the treatment process:

Preliminary, Primary, Secondary and Tertiary.

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1. Preliminary treatment process includes equalization, neutralization and possibly disinfection.
2. Primary stage is mainly physical which includes screening, sedimentation, floatation and
flocculation to remove debris, un‐dissolved chemicals and particular matters.
3. Secondary stage is a combination of physical/chemical separation and biological oxidation to
reduce the organic load.
4. Tertiary stages are: to serve as polishing of effluent treatment. The methods are adsorption,
ion‐ exchange, chemical oxidation, hyper filtration (reverse osmosis), electrochemical etc.

General Methods for Industrial Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP)

Introduction: Any Industrial Effluent Treatment Plant  (ETP) must be studied

for the possibility of the” 3 R” principle; they are Reduce, Recycle and Reuse.
After employing the basic and fundamental methods of Strength reduction, Volume
reduction, Proportioning, Segregation and Combining of Effluents only the
Wastewater must be subjected to treatment.

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 CETP is designed on the basis of:

 Quality and flow rate of the wastewater.

 Effluent standard required by CETP.
 Possibility of recycle and reuse of treated wastewater.
 Availability of land, manpower, energy and expertise in specific treatment methods.
 Willingness of the industries located in the industrial estate to contribute towards the
capital and operating expenses of CETP.

These are the Common methods of treatment of Industrial Wastes ( effluent

treatment plant):

A combination of any of the following methods is employed in

industrial effluent treatment plant (ETP).

 Neutralization cum Equalization

 COD/BOD Ratio

 Chemical Coagulation and Precipitation

 Settling Treatment

 Segregation

 Monitoring of ET P

 Oxidation and Reduction

 Disinfection

 Adsorption by Activated Carbon

 Stripping

 Thermal Processes

 Tertiary Treatment of Sewage

 Removal of Color

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Effluent Treatment Methods

 All the tanneries have installed water meters and flow meters to measure actual
Consumption and waste water discharge.

 Consumption of water reduced to 22 m3/ tone of hides/skins.

 Ground water quality being monitored to strengthen wherever the treated effluents are
applied on land for irrigation.

 Deployment of qualified and well-trained staff for Observation and Monitoring of the

 ETPs (Effluent Treatment Plants) / CETPs.

 Separate energy meter for ETPs / CETPs.

 Replacement of open anaerobic lagoons with cleaner technology options.

 All the large tannery units (Processing more than 5 tonnes per day of hides / skins) have
undertaken Environmental Auditing on annual basis.

 Utilization of Tannery By –Products - CLRI is attempting to create a technical database

of the resources and terms of transfer of technologies for reusing the tannery wastes.

 Disposal of Solid Wastes

Advantage & Disadvantage of Effluent Treatment Methods:

Advantages of CETP

 Saving in Capital and Operating cost of treatment plant. The Common treatment is
always cheaper than small scattered treatment units.
 Availability of land which is difficult to be ensured by all individual units in the event
they go for individual treatment plants.
 Contribution of nutrient and diluting potential, making the complex industrial waste more
amenable to degradation.

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  The neutralization and equalization of heterogeneous waste makes its treatment techno-
economically viable.
 Professional and trained staff can be made available for operation of CETP which is not
possible in case of individual plants.
 Disposal of treated wastewater & sludge becomes more organized.
 Reduced burden of various regulatory authorities in ensuring pollution control
requirement.
 Investment at personal level is not requirement.
 Techincal expertise is not required.
 Neutralization up to some extent eliminated.
 Treatment cost is reduced.

Disadvantages of ETP:

 Expansion of an existing unit may to be withhold due to non-availability of spare

capacity of CETP to treat extra additional load resulted from expansion.
 Many of the most toxic and persistent compentets of chemical waste streams may simply
pass through the CETP unmodified.
 High capital cost.
 Clogging of distributors or beds.
 Snail, mosquito and insect problems.
 Pollutes the atmosphere.
 Devices used are costly.
 Should be managed carefully otherwise may cause harm to the health of the people living
nearby.
 Requires skilled operation.
 Long clean up process and excess of time.

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 CHAPTER-6
CONCLUSION

At the end of this training at SHREE ADITYA LEATHERS., Ranipet I got good
satisfaction of having learned the practical application of my field of study. This training
immensely benefited me and I strongly hope that it will help me greatly in pursuance of my
career in future.

While concluding this report I would like to thank once again the managing directors,
general manager, head of department, and all other staffs ofSHREE ADITYA LEATHERS,
Ranipet, for their immense help and guidance in making my internship Programmer a grant
success.

And also I am very thankful to my beloved parents for their constant encouragement and
support during the course of the project.

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 CHAPTER-7

REFERENCE

BOOKS REFERRED

 Harry Dessler: Human Resource Management – Prentice Hall – New Delhi

 Kothari, C.R.,”Research Methodology methods & Techniques”, New Delhi age
international publishers,2nd Edition,2004.
 Richard levin,David S.Rubin, Statistics’ for management, Pearson Education, 7 th
Edition,2011

WEB SITES REFERRED

 http://www.greatplacetowork.com/ work parameters study

 http://www.slideshare.net/engageforsuccess.org
 http://www.b2binternational.com/ Employee engagement_ powerful-steps-to-improve-
employee-engagement/#
 http://www.iveybussinessjournal.com/inside.6q.io/increase-employee-engagement.

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