Drill String Design Drilling Instructor

Drill String Design
Schlumberger Private
Drilling Instructor – D&M
UTC
Objectives
1. Describe the various effects of physical forces on steel
and calculate their extent
2. Be able to name and describe the most important

physical laws and relationships which govern the
behavior of steel.
3. Know where to find design information about the

performance of steel tubulars.
4. Be able to select appropriate steel grades for different

applications.
5. Describe and be able to apply Safety Factors (also called

Design Factors in some companies) and Correction
2 DD1
Nov 2004 Factors.
Physical Laws and Relationships
The important concepts are;

• Stress
• Strain
• Hooke's Law
• Youngs Modulus
• Elastic Limit
• Yield Strength/Tensile Strength
3 DD1
Nov 2004
Stress
Steel is an elastic material, up to a limit. If a tensile load is applied to steel
(STRESS), the steel will stretch (STRAIN). If you double the load, you will
double the amount that the steel stretches.
Stress is defined as load ÷ cross sectional area. Units are usually Pounds per
Square Inch. Stress is usually given the symbol σ (Greek symbol Sigma).
Pull Harder (more stress)!!! But it will stretch more (more strain)!!!
4 DD1
Nov 2004
Stress - example
• If a new 5” drillpipe has a • If a new 3.5” drillpipe has
cross sectional area of a cross sectional area of
5.2746 square inches and 4.3037 square inches and
it supports a load of
it supports a load of
100,000 lbs, what is the 100,000 lbs, what is the
Stress in the pipe? Stress in the pipe?
• Stress = Load ÷ Area • Stress = Load ÷ Area

• Stress = 100,000 ÷ 5.2746 • Stress = 100,000 ÷
• Stress = 18,960 psi 4.3037
• Stress = 23,235 psi
5 DD1
Nov 2004
Strain
Strain is defined as the amount of stretch ÷ the original length. Strain does not have any
units, being a ratio. Strain is usually given the symbol ε (Greek symbol Epsilon). Strain
can be due to applied stress or it can be due to thermal expansion.
 Original Length  ---------------- Stretch ----------------- 
6 DD1
Nov 2004
Strain - example
• A drillstring is 10,000 ft long and • A drillstring is 5,000 ft long and
is stuck in the hole. The pipe is is stuck in the hole. The pipe
marked with chalk at the rotary is marked with chalk at the
table. After pulling up on the rotary table. After pulling up on
pipe, another mark is made on the pipe, another mark is made
the pipe. The marks are 2 feet on the pipe. The marks are 2
apart. What is the strain? feet apart. What is the strain?
• Strain = Stretch ÷ Original • Strain = Stretch ÷ Original
Length Length
• Strain = 2 ÷ 10,000 • Strain = 2 ÷ 5,000
• Strain = 0.0002 • Strain = 0.0004
7 DD1
Nov 2004
Stress-Strain relationship
Hooke’s Law states that;
“Within the Elastic Limit, Stress is

proportional to Strain”.
If Stress ∝ Strain, then Stress ÷
Strain must be a constant.
This constant is called Young’s

Modulus of Elasticity. The Greek
symbol Ε (Epsilon) is used to denote
Youngs Modulus.
Ε for Steel = 30,000,000 psi (30 x

106 psi)
Ε for Aluminum = 10,500,000 psi
8 DD1
(10.5 x 106 psi)
Nov 2004
Young's Modulus - example
• A pipe of 5 in2 cross section • A pipe of 4.5 in2 cross section
area is stuck. After over-pulling area is stuck. After over-pulling
100,000 lbs a stretch of 5’ is 100,000 lbs a stretch of 5’ is
noted. How deep is the stuck noted. How deep is the stuck
point? point?
• Stress = 20,000 psi • Stress = 22,222 psi
• Strain = 20,000 ÷ 30,000,000 • Strain = 22,222 ÷ 30,000,000
• = 0.00067 • = 0.00074
• Strain = 5 ÷ original length • Strain = 5 ÷ original length
so original length = 5 ÷ 0.00067 so original length = 5 ÷ 0.00074

= 7,463’ = 6750’
9 DD1
Nov 2004
Yield Strength / Tensile Strength
• Yield Strength: is the level at which the

material changes from predominately elastic
to predominately plastic strain behavior. Unit
for this measure is PSI
• Tensile Strength:is the highest stress level a

material achieves before it breaks. The unit
for this measure is Lbs.
11 DD1
Nov 2004
Drill Stem Design and Failure Prevention
12 DD1
Nov 2004
Introduction
a. Premature and unexpected failures of drill stems
cause great losses in time and material.
b. Reducing drill stem failures will improve rig

operating performance and reduce expenses
13 DD1
Nov 2004
Drill string Design
The objective is to design a configuration that
will
drill a hole of the desired diameter to the
desired
depth, while optimizing
 Structural Soundnessneeds in four major
areas.
 Hydraulics, hole cleaning and ROP
 Directional control and measurement
 Stuck pipe avoidance and recovery
14 DD1
Nov 2004
Inspection
Rig
Cost &
Capabilities
Availability
Drill stem
structure
Steering &
Hydraulics & The Measurement
Hole Cleaning design
Avoiding
Stuck Pipe
Geological
Operating
Factors
Requirements
Chemical Environment
15 DD1
Nov 2004
The “ADIOS” Elements
•Failure Prevention is managing all the factors
and drivers that together cause a failure
•No matter what failure mechanism is involved
drill stem failures happen because of
weaknesses in one of the five areas or
elements known as the ADIOS acronym
16 DD1
Nov 2004
•Attributes (A): These are the metallurgical
properties and dimensions that are built into
each drill string component at manufacturing.
•Typical attributes include strength, toughness
and other metallurgical properties.
•Maintaining the component Identity is of prime
importance for establishing confidence in its
metallurgy.
17 DD1
Nov 2004
•Design (D): Drill stem design is selecting
components and configuring assemblies to
accomplish the drilling objective.
•The Goal is to provide a drill string that will
carry the loads and resist failure.
18 DD1
Nov 2004
•Inspection (I): Drill Stem components, unless
new, have been exposed to handling damage
and an unknown amount of cumulative fatigue
damage.
•Inspection of used drill stem components is
one way of determining that they are still fit for
use.
19 DD1
Nov 2004
• Operation (O): The Drilling operation
presents many opportunities to overload and
misuse the drill stem.
•Surroundings (S): The chemical and

mechanical environment surrounding the drill
stem can have major effect on failure
probability.
20 DD1
Nov 2004
The importance of Teamwork
•Keeping the drillstring together requires
attention of all the five ADIOS elements.
•A drillstring can consist of components from a
dozen different companies.
•Failure prevention responsibilities are often
distributed
21 DD1
Nov 2004
Recognizing and Responding to drill
String Failures.
22 DD1
Nov 2004
What is a Drill Stem?
yry
23 DD1
Nov 2004
What is a Drill Stem Failure?
What is a Drill Stem Failure?
a. When a component cannot perform its
function
b. Complete separation (parting)
c. Leak (washout)
Location?
a. Tube body, Tool Joint or Threads
b. Any drillstem component
24 DD1
Nov 2004
Failure Types
Mechanisms which can cause failures:
•Tension
•Torsion
•Sulfide Stress Cracking
•Fatigue
•Other Causes
25 DD1
Nov 2004
Failure Types
Group 1 Mechanisms
• Tension
• Torsion
• Combination of Tension and Torsion
• Collapse Pressure
• Burst Pressure
26 DD1
Nov 2004
Failure Types
Group 2 Mechanisms:
• Fatigue
• Split Box
• Sulfide Stress Cracking
• Stress Corrosion Cracking
27 DD1
Nov 2004
Failure Types
Group 2 Group 1
Mechanisms Mechanisms
Failure not Failure not
Failure possible Failure possible
possible possible
Normal Operating
Stress Range
0 Yield Ultimate
28 DD1
Nov 2004
Failure Analysis
Corrosion
9%
Tension &
Torsion
14%
Fatigue
77%
29 DD1
Nov 2004
Tensile Failures
•Tensile failures occur when the tensile load

exceeds the capacity of the weakest component
in the drill stem. This is usually a drill pipe at the
…... top of the hole
•Occasionally the tool joint will fail if the
connection was made up beyond recommended
torque.
30 DD1
Nov 2004
Tensile Failure
a. Tensile load is greater
than ultimate tensile
strength.
b. Surface of break is
jagged and at 45
degrees to axis of pipe.
c. Pipe is “Necked Down”

adjacent to fracture.
31 DD1
Nov 2004
Preventing Tensile & Torsional Failures
Most failures due to tension or
torsion can be eliminated by the
use of an effective design
process and good inspection
practices.
32 DD1
Nov 2004
Tensile Design
5” 19.5 lb/ft Grade E, premium Class DP
Tensile Load Capacity (Pt)
Allowable Load (Pa)
DFt
Working Load (Pw)

MOP
270.1 klbs
170.1 klbs
311.5 klbs
33 DD1
Nov 2004
Responding to Tensile
Failures
Select drill pipe that is capable of carrying the
anticipated loads plus a Margin of Over-pull
plus a design factor.
Use a marking system that shows tube weight
and grade. Check pin markings to make sure
that the weight and grade are correct.
Make sure that the rig weight indicator is
calibrated properly and does not exceed the
allowable tensile load.
34 DD1
Nov 2004
Torsional Failures
•API Standard tool joints are 80% as strong in
torsion as the tube to which they are attached.
•Therefore in all cases, torsional failures will occur
in tool joints.
35 DD1
Nov 2004
Torsional Failures
a. Torsional stress limit is

exceeded.
b. Failures occur in form of
stretched pin or belled box.
c. Torsional failures usually
occur in the tool joint.
36 DD1
Nov 2004
Torsional Failures
37 DD1
Nov 2004
Responding to Torsional Failures
•Select tool joint ID and OD so that the maximum makeup

torque exceeds the maximum anticipated torsion.
•Check tool joints to ensure that they meet with all the
dimensional requirements.
•Make sure torque application device is working and calibrated
properly.
•Use API tool joint compound with a FF between 0.95 and 1.05
or compensate the applied torque accordingly.
•Make up connections to recommended torque.
38 DD1
Nov 2004
Make Up Torque
Properties of New “Standard” sized Tool Joints on 5” 19.5ppf Drill Pipe
Grade ID(in) OD(in) MUT (ft-

lb)
E 3 ¾” 6 5/8” 22840
X 3 ½” 6 5/8” 27080
G 3 ¼” 6 5/8” 31020
S 2 ¾” 6 5/8” 38040
39 DD1
Nov 2004
Increase of Make Up Torque
Grade E
Grade X
Grade G
Grade S
40 DD1
Nov 2004
Combination of Tension/Torsion
Failures
• These failures are most likely to happen while fishing or
pulling on stuck pipe.
41 DD1
Nov 2004
Burst and Collapse Failures
•Drill pipe tubes may burst or collapse if pressure loading

exceeds capacity.
•Burst is more likely to happen high in the hole.
•Collapse is most likely to happen, deep in the hole
when pipe is evacuated for drill stem testing.
42 DD1
Nov 2004
Wear
If during drilling significant wear is expected then tools
can be run to measure wall thickness reduction.
Collapse and burst pressures will be determined by the
thinnest part of the wall, tensile strength by the
remaining cross sectional area.
Burst strength
determined by
minimum wall
thickness.
Tensile strength
determined by
remaining area.
43 DD1
Nov 2004
Wear reduction
Wear can be reduced by;
• Reducing side force by minimizing DLS (especially
high up in the hole) and using drillpipe protectors.
• Using drilling fluids containing solids (weighted)
• Always using sharp tong dies
• Minimizing rotating hours (use down-hole motors)
• Run a “casing friendly” hardbanding material on tool

joints
44 DD1
Nov 2004
Increased Temperature
The yield strength of most materials (including steel)

reduces at higher temperatures.
In deeper wells, casing yield strength MUST be
degraded by using a Temperature Correction Factor,
obtainable from the casing manufacturer. This
reduction in design strength is applied BEFORE
applying Safety or Design Factors.
45 DD1
Nov 2004
Thermal Strain
Thermal strain is relevant to buckling in casing design. The
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion α (Greek symbol Alpha)
gives the thermal strain in a uniform body subjected to uniform
heating.
Thermal Strain = Expansion / Original Length
Thermal
Original Length expansion
46 DD1
Nov 2004
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
The Coefficient of Thermal Expansion for Steel is

given by:
Strain ε = 6.9 x 10-6 /°F (1.24 x 10-5 /°C)
So for every °C uniform increase in temperature,

steel will expand by 0.0000124 of it’s original
length.
47 DD1
Nov 2004
Thermal strain - example
• A 9 5/8” production casing is cemented with the top of
cement at 5000’. If the casing will heat up by an
average of 35° when on production, how much will the
casing expand in length?
• 1.24 x 10-5 x 5000’ x 35° = 2.17’
If this casing has a cross sectional area of 13.825 in2, how

much do we need to pull on this casing to compensate for
the thermal expansion before we hang it off in the wellhead
Answer: 180,000 lbs
48 DD1
Nov 2004
Weld Related Failures
•With the obvious exception of tool joint to tube welds,

welded components in the drill string should be avoided.
Welding alters the mechanical properties unless the
component is re-heat treated.
49 DD1
Nov 2004
Fatigue Failures - Group 2 Mechanism
• Cyclic stresses with the peak stress higher than 40% UTS
• Stress Concentrators which raise the peak stress locally
• Corrosive environment
• Fracture Toughness
50 DD1
Nov 2004
Fatigue - contributing factors
 Sources of Cyclic Loads
a. Rotating pipe in a Dog Leg
b. Rotating BHA through a hole diameter
change
c. Stabilizer stick/slip
d. Rotating pipe in a wash out
e. Bit Whirl
f. Bit Bounce
51 DD1
Nov 2004
Stress Concentrators
Stress concentrators….The accelerators of
fatigue:
Stress concentrators focus and magnify the
cyclic stress at local points.
These points become the origin of fatigue
cracks, which act as their own concentrators, to
speed crack growth to ultimate failure.
Internalupsets, thread roots, slip cuts and
corrosion pits are the most common stress
concentrators
52 DD1
Nov 2004
Cyclic Stresses
Pipe being rotated in a dog
leg
• One side in tension, one in
compression.
•Addition and subtraction of
forces create cyclic loading
Stress concentration areas
53 DD1
Nov 2004
Cyclic Stress and Stress
Concentrators
In the figure a bending moment is applied to the end of a piece of drill pipe. This bending
stress in the pipe is represented by bending stress contours. The diagram shows that
there is a concentration of these bending stress contours at point R, located at the end
of the upset area. Thus a stress concentration is created in this area resulting in the
highest bending stresses anywhere in the pipe.
55 DD1
Nov 2004
Recognizing Fatigue Failures
•A fatigue crack will be smooth and planar, unless the
surface is altered by erosion or mechanical damage.
•The crack will be oriented perpendicular to the axis of the
pipe or connection.
•Fatigue cracks will originate at high stress concentrators
namely, internal upsets, slip cuts and corrosion pits.
•A fatigue crack surface will clearly show mode of attack.
Ratchet marks appear when small multiple cracks join to
form a large one.
56 DD1
Nov 2004
57 DD1
Nov 2004
58 DD1
Nov 2004
Recognizing Stress Concentrators
a. Cyclic loading causes very

small cracks.
b. With repeated cycles, the
cracks grow.
c. Fatigue is cumulative.
d. Fatigue cracks occur in a 90
degree plane to axis of pipe.
59 DD1
Nov 2004
Corrosion
• Corrosion reduces the wall • The greatest problem is pitting.

thickness of tubulars.
• There are three patterns of • Pitting is highly localized metal
corrosion; loss which penetrates the wall
a. Uniform wall thickness of the tubular.
reduction
b. Localised patterns of metal

loss
c. Pitting
61 DD1
Nov 2004
Corrosion
Corrosion occurs due to electrochemical reactions with corrosive

agents. Corrosion rate is increased by;
 Higher temperature. Rates double for each 31°C.
 Higher flow rate, especially if abrasive solids present.

Erosion removes protective coatings of corrosion
products and exposes fresh metal.
 Higher concentration of corrosive agents (O2, H2S, CO2).
62 DD1
Nov 2004
Recognizing Corrosion Failures
Corrosion Damage
•Pits lead to Eventual Failure
63 DD1
Nov 2004
Corrosiveness of Environment
•Corrosion Damage
How much corrosion is too much?
There are no real quantitative answers to this, so most
companies use an arbitrary rule of thumb that corrosion
rates above 1 to 2 lb/sqft/year should get some corrective
action.
64 DD1
Nov 2004
Preventing Corrosion
Corrosive attention usually falls into one or more of the areas below:
• OXYGEN
• PH
•CO2 AND CHLORIDES
•HYDROGEN SULFIDE
•BARRIERS and INHIBITORS
65 DD1
Nov 2004
H2S Embrittlement
Exposure of high tensile steels to partial pressures of H2S

greater than 0.05 psi at less than a threshold pressure
(which varies by steel grade) can lead to catastrophic
failure.
The metal becomes brittle and will break suddenly and

without warning.
66 DD1
Nov 2004
Sulfide Stress Cracking
Occurs in H2S environment

Fe + + + H 2S ⇒ FeS + 2H +
Elemental hydrogen (H +) migrates into
steel and collects at high stress points
Elemental hydrogen combines to form
molecular hydrogen (H 2) causing a crack.
2H + + 2e ⇒ H 2
67 DD1
Nov 2004
Sulfide Stress Cracking
68 DD1
Nov 2004
Preventing Sulfide Stress Cracking
Failures
Keep H2S out of the mud system by:
i) drilling overbalanced
ii) keeping pH high
iii) using H2S scavengers
iv) using an oil based mud
Control the Metallurgy
Use a different grade pipe
69 DD1
Nov 2004
Fracture Toughness
Fracture Toughness….The Inhibitor of Fatigue:
 Fracture toughness is a measure of a materials resistance
to the propagation of an existing crack, under slow strain
loads
 It is more difficult to extend a crack in tough material than it
is in brittle material
70 DD1
Nov 2004
Good Material and Component
Design
In practical terms, what this all means is that if a
component is brittle a “small” crack will cause
catastrophic failure whereas in a tough component a
larger crack can exist before the pipe parts. The
tougher the material is, the larger the crack can be
before this occurs.
71 DD1
Nov 2004
Good Material and Component
Design
72 DD1
Nov 2004
Prevention of Fatigue Failures
The fix for this problem is well within the grasp of
the average Rocket Scientist….. REDUCE THE
NUMBER AND SEVERITY OF CYCLIC AND
STRESS CONCENTRATORS.
73 DD1
Nov 2004
Fatigue cannot be eliminated

Limit the damage by:
• Early detection of Vibrations & Washouts
• Starting with good materials and component design
• Reducing cyclic stresses and stress concentrations
• Reducing corrosiveness of the environment
• Ensuring good rig site operating practices
• Following an inspection program
74 DD1
Nov 2004
•Cyclic Stress….The cause of Fatigue:
 Plan the trajectory with the lowest dogleg severity
Avoid practices that create unplanned doglegs, specially in vertical
holes.
 Invest in straightening trips to lower Dogleg severity.
Stabilize the BHA, especially if hole enlargement around the BHA is
a problem.
 Keep the Neutral point below the top of the BHA.
Keep drill-pipe compression less than critical buckling load in high
angle wells
75 DD1
Nov 2004
•Cyclic Stress….The cause of Fatigue:

Monitor vibration. Avoid BHA configurations, bit weights, and

RPM combinations that promote vibration.
Consider rotating the string more slowly, by means of introducing

a mud motor to the BHA, only if hole cleaning and directional
objectives allow.
76 DD1
Nov 2004
•Corrosion….The catalyst of Fatigue
Reduce Corrosive Effects by….
• Reducing dissolved O2
• Reducing dissolved CO2
• Increasing pH to > 9
• Add coatings and inhibitors
77 DD1
Nov 2004
78 DD1
Nov 2004
79 DD1
Nov 2004
Why Inspect Connections/tubes?
Guarantee the integrity of our connections
Avoid lost in hole
Avoid tool damage such as flooding & washouts
To assess threads for repair
Customer requirements
80 DD1
Nov 2004
Inspection Methods
Ultrasonic (wall thickness)
Magnetic Particle (cracks in thread roots and stress relief features)
Liquid (Dye) Penetrant (thread roots and stress relief features)
Electromagnetic (DP)
Visual
81 DD1
Nov 2004
Follow an Inspection Program
Four Areas for Inspection Policy
• Inspection program to be used
• Acceptance/Rejection criteria
• Ensuring inspections are done properly
• Inspection frequency
82 DD1
Nov 2004
Follow an Inspection Program
•What is a good program?
– There is no “Perfect” answer
– DS-1 is a guide but not a policy
• Areas to consider when creating a program
– Severity of the drilling conditions
– Safety and environmental impact of a failure
– Cost impact of a failure
– Risk tolerance of management
83 DD1
Nov 2004
Summary And Review
• What is a Drill Stem Failure?
• Mechanisms of Failure
• Prevention of Drill Stem Failures
• Inspection
84 DD1
Nov 2004
Connections
Objectives are….
• Joint types
• Design considerations
• Stress in a joint- BSR
• How to make a connection
85 DD1
Nov 2004
Why Have a Connection?
• To make a continuous length of pipe

• Provide hydraulic seal
• Transfer torque from surface to bit
Pin Box
86 DD1
Nov 2004
Connection Design Considerations
• Thread Types (profile)
• Material (Grade)
• Sealing
• Bending Strength
• Joint Torque
87 DD1
Nov 2004
Thread Types
Reg - Regular
NC - Numbered Connections
IF - Internal Flush
H-90 - Hughes
FH - Full Hole
88 DD1
Nov 2004
Identifying a Thread Type
Use a Tool Joint ruler
89 DD1
Nov 2004
Sealing
Sealing Face
The threads DO NOT provide the hydraulic seal

Shoulder is the Channel
only seal
Bo
x
Pin
90 DD1
Nov 2004
Design Considerations
•Tool Joint Torsional Strength
•Drill Collar Connection Torsional Strength
•Make up torque
•Friction Factor of the Thread Dope
•Special Features on BHA Connections
91 DD1
Nov 2004
Tool Joint Torsional Strength:
Most standard tool joints are weaker in torsion
than the tubes to which they are welded to.
API sets the tool joint torsional strength at the
arbitary value of 80% of the tube torsional
strength for most combinations.
92 DD1
Nov 2004
Drill Collar connection Torsional Strength:
Torsional strength of drill collar connections will
always be different from that of tool joints of the
same dimensions.
Torsional capacity of drill collars is rarely a
concern because the connections are usually
larger and are subject to lower torsional loads
than tool joints in the same string.
Drill collar torsional strength is not immediately
available in most publications, but can be
calculated using the following formula…
93 DD1
Nov 2004
Connections
Drill Collar connection Torsional Strength:
MUT Collar sizes:
TS = Thread type 3 1/8”-6 7/8” >7”
f
PAC f=0.795 N/A
H-90 f=0.511 f=0.562
Other f=0.568 f=0.625
TS= Torsional strength The factor f is simply the decimal fraction of

torsional Yeild strengths that form the basis
MUT=make up torque
of drill collar makeup torque
F= see below
94 DD1
Nov 2004
Other checks to make:
Combined Loading
• Tension reduces drill pipe collapse pressure
capacity.
• Torsion reduces drill pipe tube tensile capacity.
• Connection makeup past a given point reduces
connection tensile capacity.
• Tension reduces the torsional yield strength of pin-
weak connections.
95 DD1
Nov 2004
Bending Strength
Joint Flexing
Tension
Compression
96 DD1
Nov 2004
Bending Stress
Bending stress ratio
BSR is a ratio of the relative stiffness of the box to
the pin for a given connection
Recommended BSR ranges: Traditional BSR Recommended
BSR
< 6 inches 2.25 - 2.75 1.8 - 2.5
6 – 7 7/8 inches 2.25 – 2.75 2.25 - 2.75
>/= 8 inches 2.25 – 2.75 2.5- 3.2
97 DD1
Nov 2004
Bending Stress
Bending stress ratio
High risk of High risk of
Premature Box Premature Pin
Failure Failure
“Balanced
Fatigue Life (cycles
Connection”
Maximum life
Weak Weak
Box Pin
1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
98 DD1 Bending stress ratio

Nov 2004
Joint Stress
Cracking in last thread of Pin
Stress in
Pin Stress in
Box
Cracking in last thread of Box
99 DD1
Nov 2004
Stress Features
Stress Relief Features
- Stress Relief features as described in section 6 of
API Spec 7, Should be applied on BHA connections
NC-38 and Larger.
- Pin stress relief grooves are not recommended for
pins smaller than NC-38 as this may weaken the
tensile and torsional strength of the connection.
- Boreback boxes could be used on smaller boxes
and should be considered if box failures are
occurring.
100 DD1
Nov 2004
Normal Pin Pin with Stress Relief Groove
Normal Box Box with Stress

Box with Bore Back
Relief Groove
101 DD1
Nov 2004
Cold Rolling
- Cold Rolling BHA thread roots and stress relief
surfaces increases fatigue life by placing a residual
compressive stress in the thread roots.
- Cold rolling is beneficial on HWDP threads, though
not on normal drillpipe tool joints.
102 DD1
Nov 2004
Making a Connection at
the Rigsite
Applying Dope
104 DD1
Nov 2004
Stabbing
105 DD1
Nov 2004
Tong Placement
106 DD1
Nov 2004
Ready to Torque
107 DD1
Nov 2004
Joint Torque
108 DD1
Nov 2004
Line Pull
Line Pull Gauge
Load Cell
109 DD1
Nov 2004
Drill String Design
110 DD1
Nov 2004

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Drill String Design

2. Be able to name and describe the most important

3. Know where to find design information about the

4. Be able to select appropriate steel grades for different

5. Describe and be able to apply Safety Factors (also called

The important concepts are;

• Stress = Load ÷ Area • Stress = Load ÷ Area

“Within the Elastic Limit, Stress is

This constant is called Young’s

Ε for Steel = 30,000,000 psi (30 x

so original length = 5 ÷ 0.00067 so original length = 5 ÷ 0.00074

• Yield Strength: is the level at which the

• Tensile Strength:is the highest stress level a

a. Premature and unexpected failures of drill stems

b. Reducing drill stem failures will improve rig

•Failure Prevention is managing all the factors

•Attributes (A): These are the metallurgical

•Design (D): Drill stem design is selecting

•Inspection (I): Drill Stem components, unless

• Operation (O): The Drilling operation

•Surroundings (S): The chemical and

•Keeping the drillstring together requires

•Tensile failures occur when the tensile load

c. Pipe is “Necked Down”

Most failures due to tension or

Tensile Load Capacity (Pt)

Working Load (Pw)

a. Torsional stress limit is

•Select tool joint ID and OD so that the maximum makeup

Grade ID(in) OD(in) MUT (ft-

•Drill pipe tubes may burst or collapse if pressure loading

• Always using sharp tong dies

• Minimizing rotating hours (use down-hole motors)

• Run a “casing friendly” hardbanding material on tool

The yield strength of most materials (including steel)

The Coefficient of Thermal Expansion for Steel is

So for every °C uniform increase in temperature,

If this casing has a cross sectional area of 13.825 in2, how

•With the obvious exception of tool joint to tube welds,

 Sources of Cyclic Loads

Stress concentration areas

a. Cyclic loading causes very

• Corrosion reduces the wall • The greatest problem is pitting.

b. Localised patterns of metal

Corrosion occurs due to electrochemical reactions with corrosive

 Higher flow rate, especially if abrasive solids present.

 Higher concentration of corrosive agents (O2, H2S, CO2).

Exposure of high tensile steels to partial pressures of H2S

The metal becomes brittle and will break suddenly and

Occurs in H2S environment

The fix for this problem is well within the grasp of

Fatigue cannot be eliminated

•Cyclic Stress….The cause of Fatigue:

RPM combinations that promote vibration.

Consider rotating the string more slowly, by means of introducing

Reduce Corrosive Effects by….

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