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Car Parts & Definitions

Car Parts & Definitions

The modern car is a complex machine that contains numerous technological systems developed
over a century of automotive engineering. Even the earliest cars pushed the limits of the
engineering of their day. Many parts are common to all cars, regardless of when they were made.
Engine:
o A car is powered by its engine, which generally constitutes a large amount of its
mechanical complexity and expense. Engines may run on a variety of fuel types, the most
common being gasoline and diesel fuel. In the case of hybrid electric cars, which are growing in
popularity, an electric motor acts as the engine, powering the drivetrain. The drivetrain contains
the transmission, which links the engine to the drive shaft and, ultimately, the wheels. Within the
transmission, gears are selected to transmit the proper amount of power given the vehicle's speed
and other conditions.
 Frame;

o A car's frame is a rigid metal cage on which all other components are attached.
Frame design is a long, complex process involving computer-aided design. For this reason,
automakers often design a universal frame, which can be used for several car models, thus
maximizing its use and cutting down on the number of frames, or platforms, that must be
designed. A car's engine is mounted to the frame, as is the body. Suspension components, such
as springs, struts, shocks and rocker arms, are part of the linkage between the frame, body and
wheels.

Body:

o A car's body is build around the frame and gives the car its characteristic shape as
well as serving as a container for the interior cabin. Bodies may be made from a number of
materials, including steel, aluminum, carbon fiber, fiberglass and plastic. Car bodies are usually
composed of a series of panels, each of which can be replaced individually. Most car bodies are
designed to be aerodynamic, which improves handling and performance as well as fuel
efficiency. Wind tunnel testing is a large part of the design of a new car body.

Wheels:

o A car's wheels are extremely important. Supported by the suspension linkage, and
attached to axles that receive power from the drive shaft, wheels serve as the point of connection
between the car and the road. Most cars come with standard wheels that are made of steel and
covered with alloy or plastic wheel covers. Alloy wheels are usually offered as an option but are
becoming common on more entry-level cars. Alloy wheels may be made from a combination of
metals such as magnesium, aluminum and zinc. These wheels offer lower weight than steel
wheels and can be finished for a glossy or metallic appearance.
Interior:

car's interior contains not only the seating and storage areas, but also all of the controls a driver
will need. Instrumentation varies from car to car, but a speedometer, fuel gauge and engine
temperature meter are standard. Additional gauges may include an oil pressure gauge, a
tachometer (which displays the engine's workload in revolutions per minute) and an ammeter for
monitoring the car's electrical system. Some modern cars also include entertainment and
navigation systems, which may include an LCD screen, music system or trip data center where
additional information about the car can be obtained.

Diagram of a cylinder as found in 4 stroke gasoline engines.:

C – crankshaft.
E – exhaust camshaft.
I – inlet camshaft.
P – piston.
R – connecting rod.
S – spark plug.
V – valves. red: exhaust, blue: intake.
W – cooling water jacket..

An internal combustion engine (ICE) is an engine where the combustion of a fuel occurs with

an oxidizer (usually air) in a combustion chamber that is an integral part of the working fluid
flow circuit. In an internal combustion engine the expansion of the high-temperatureand high-
pressure gases produced by combustion apply direct force to some component of the engine. The
force is applied typically topistons, turbine blades, or a nozzle. This force moves the component
over a distance, transforming chemical energy into usefulmechanical energy. The first
commercially successful internal combustion engine was created by Étienne Lenoir around 1859.

The term internal combustion engine usually refers to an engine in which combustion is

intermittent, such as the more familiar four-strokeand two-stroke piston engines, along with
variants, such as the six-stroke piston engine and the Wankel rotary engine. A second class of
internal combustion engines use continuous combustion: gas turbines, jet engines and
most rocket engines, each of which are internal combustion engines on the same principle as
previously described. Firearms are also a form of internal combustion engine.
Internal combustion engines are quite different from external combustion engines, such
as steam or Stirling engines, in which the energy is delivered to a working fluid not consisting of,
mixed with, or contaminated by combustion products. Working fluids can be air, hot
water,pressurized water or even liquid sodium, heated in a boiler. ICEs are usually powered by
energy-dense fuels such as gasoline or diesel, liquids derived from fossil fuels. While there are
many stationary applications, most ICEs are used in mobile applications and are the dominant
power supply for cars, aircraft, and boats.

Typically an ICE is fed with fossil fuels like natural gas or petroleum products such

as gasoline, diesel fuel or fuel oil. There's a growing usage of renewable fuels like biodiesel for
compression ignition engines and bioethanol for spark ignition engines. Hydrogen is sometimes
used, and can be made from either fossil fuels or renewable energy.

List of Maharatna, Navratna and Miniratna CPSEs

Maharatna CPSEs

1. Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited

2. Coal India Limited
3. GAIL (India) Limited
4. Indian Oil Corporation Limited
5. NTPC Limited
6. Oil & Natural Gas Corporation Limited
7. Steel Authority of India Limited

Navratna CPSEs

1. Bharat Electronics Limited

2. Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited
3. Container Corporation of India Limited
4. Engineers India Limited
5. Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
 6. Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited
7. Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited
8. National Aluminium Company Limited
9. National Buildings Construction Corporation Limited
10. NMDC Limited
11. Neyveli Lignite Corporation Limited
12. Oil India Limited
13. Power Finance Corporation Limited
14. Power Grid Corporation of India Limited
15. Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited
16. Rural Electrification Corporation Limited
17. Shipping Corporation of India Limited

Miniratna Category - I CPSEs

1. Airports Authority of India

2. Antrix Corporation Limited
3. Balmer Lawrie & Co. Limited
4. Bharat Coking Coal Limited
5. Bharat Dynamics Limited
6. BEML Limited
7. Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited
8. Bridge & Roof Company (India) Limited
9. Central Warehousing Corporation
10. Central Coalfields Limited
11. Chennai Petroleum Corporation Limited
12. Cochin Shipyard Limited
13. Dredging Corporation of India Limited
14. Kamarajar Port Limited
15. Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers Limited
16. Goa Shipyard Limited
17. Hindustan Copper Limited
18. HLL Lifecare Limited
19. Hindustan Newsprint Limited
20. Hindustan Paper Corporation Limited
21. Housing & Urban Development Corporation Limited
22. India Tourism Development Corporation Limited
23. Indian Rare Earths Limited
24. Indian Railway Catering & Tourism Corporation Limited
25. IRCON International Limited
26. KIOCL Limited
27. Mazagaon Dock Limited
28. Mahanadi Coalfields Limited
29. Manganese Ore (India) Limited
30. Mangalore Refinery & Petrochemical Limited
31. Mishra Dhatu Nigam Limited
 32. MMTC Limited
33. MSTC Limited
34. National Fertilizers Limited
35. National Seeds Corporation Limited
36. NHPC Limited
37. Northern Coalfields Limited
38. North Eastern Electric Power Corporation Limited
39. Numaligarh Refinery Limited
40. ONGC Videsh Limited
41. Pawan Hans Helicopters Limited
42. Projects & Development India Limited
43. Railtel Corporation of India Limited
44. Rail Vikas Nigam Limited
45. Rashtriya Chemicals & Fertilizers Limited
46. RITES Limited
47. SJVN Limited
48. Security Printing and Minting Corporation of India Limited
49. South Eastern Coalfields Limited
50. State Trading Corporation of India Limited
51. Telecommunications Consultants India Limited
52. THDC India Limited
53. Western Coalfields Limited
54. WAPCOS Limited

Miniratna Category-II CPSEs

55. Bharat Pumps & Compressors Limited

56. Broadcast Engineering Consultants (I) Limited
57. Central Mine Planning & Design Institute Limited
58. Central Railside Warehouse Company Limited
59. Ed.CIL (India) Limited
60. Engineering Projects (India) Limited
61. FCI Aravali Gypsum & Minerals India Limited
62. Ferro Scrap Nigam Limited
63. HMT (International) Limited
64. HSCC (India) Limited
65. India Trade Promotion Organisation
66. Indian Medicines & Pharmaceuticals Corporation Limited
67. M E C O N Limited
68. Mineral Exploration Corporation Limited
69. National Film Development Corporation Limited
70. National Small Industries Corporation Limited
71. P E C Limited
72. Rajasthan Electronics & Instruments Limited
 55. Engineering Projects (India) Limited
56. FCI Aravali Gypsum & Minerals India Limited
57. Ferro Scrap Nigam Limited
58. HMT (International) Limited
59. HSCC (India) Limited
60. India Trade Promotion Organisation
61. Indian Medicines & Pharmaceuticals Corporation Limited
62. M E C O N Limited
63. Mineral Exploration Corporation Limited
64. National Film Development Corporation Limited
65. National Small Industries Corporation Limited
66. P E C Limited
67. Rajasthan Electronics & Instruments Limited

HOW TO CHECK CAR BASICS INSIDE THE CAR.

STEP 1: POWER STEERING

There are two simple ways to test the power steering is working. Firstly, before you start the car
turn the steering wheel slightly, it will feel locked. Once the engine is running try again, if the
power steering is working correctly you will feel a small but noticeable movement. 

The second way is to turn the steering wheel just after you have moved off, the wheels should
move with ease. If the steering feels heavy it's not working properly

STEP 2: PARKING BRAKE

The parking brake is another name for the hand brake. You can tell it's working correctly by
feeling resistance when you apply it. It should hold the car securely.

STEP 3: HORN
Checking to see if the horn works is simple. You will be able to hear it when you press down on
the control. You must only test the horn when the car is off-road.

STEP 4: INDICATORS AND HAZARD WARNING LIGHTS

Turn on the ignition and switch on the indicators. A light on the instrument panel will flash, as
should the front and rear indicators. You might be able to see the light reflecting off nearby
obstacles, but if not get out of the car to check. Don't forget to test both the left and right sides.
And switch them off when you are satisfied they're working

To check the hazard warning light switch on the control. You will see the warning light flash on
the control panel, and hear it ticking. Walk around the car to make sure all hazard lights are
flashing, and that no other lights are illuminated. Turn the hazard warning off after the check.
STEP 5: BRAKES
Test the brakes before you move off, you should feel resistance as you press your foot down.
Test again just after you pull away, they should adequately stop the car without pulling to one
side. If they don't feel firm pull over and call vehicle recovery.

How Cars Work The Workings Of A Car Explaination

The process by which a car works is a lot simpler than you may think. When a driver turns a key
in the ignition:

 The car battery powers up sending

 Power to the starter motor, which
 Turns the crankshaft, which
 Gets the pistons moving
 With the pistons moving the engine fires up and ticks over
 A fan draws air into the engine via an air filter
 The air filter removes dirt and grit from the air
 The cleaned air is drawn into a chamber where fuel (petrol or diesel) is added
 This fuel-air mix (a vaporised gas) is stored in the chamber
 The driver presses the accelerator pedal
 The throttle valve is opened
 The gas-air mix passes through an intake manifold and is distributed, through intake
valves, into the cylinders. The camshaft controls the opening and closing of the valves.
 The distributor makes the spark plugs spark, which ignites the fuel-air mix. The resulting
explosion forces a piston to move down which in turn causes the crankshaft to rotate.

What happens in the cylinders is the magic that gives power and motion to the car wheels. Most
car engines use a four-stroke combustion cycle. This cycle starts with piston at the top of the
cylinder. Then-
Intake stroke - intake valve opens and the piston moves down allowing the fuel-air mix to enter
the open space.

Compression stroke - the piston moves upwards. This compresses the fuel-air mix by forcing it
into a smaller space. Compression makes the fuel-air mix explode with greater force.

Power cycle - spark from a spark plug ignites the fuel-air mix. The explosion forces the piston
down the cylinder.

Exhaust cycle - the exhaust valve opens and the piston moves back to the top of the cylinder
which forces the exhaust fumes out.

Alternator - turns mechanical energy into electrical energy. This energy powers a car's electrics,
from lights to wipers. It also recharges the car battery. A belt that rotates once the engine is on
powers it.

Brakes - cars use either drum or disc brakes. Disc brakes use a calliper to press onto the disc of
the wheel in order to slow the wheel down. Drum brakes work on the same principle however a
drum brake presses against the inside of the drum.

Camshaft - controls the opening and closing of the intake and exhaust valves.

Cooling System - car engines produce a lot of heat. This heat needs to be controlled. To do this
water is pumped through passages that surround the cylinders and then through the radiators to
cool down.
Distributor - operates the ignition coil making it spark at exactly the right moment. It also
distributes the spark to the right cylinder and at the right time. If the timing is off by a fraction
then the engine won't run properly.

Exhaust System - once the fuel-air mix has been burnt the remaining gas enters the exhaust
system and is expelled from the car. If a catalytic converter is present the exhaust gas passes
through it and any unused fuel and other certain chemicals are removed.

Handbrake - this is a separate system from the foot brake. As a rule it is mounted on the floor of
the car and is connected by a cable to the two rear wheels.

Head Gasket - the cylinder head (a block that seals all the tops of the cylinders) and the engine
block (which contains the main bodies of the cylinders) are separate components that need to fit
seamlessly together. The head gasket is a piece of metal that sits between them and connects
them.

Oil - a car engine consists of many moving parts. Oil lubricates these parts and allows them to
move smoothly. In most car engines oil is pumped out of the oil pan through a filter that removes
any dirt and then is squirted under high pressure onto the bearings and cylinder walls. The oil
then trickles down to the sump where the process starts over.

Regulator - regulates the amount of energy in the alternator.

Shock Absorbers - also known as dampers, are fitted between the car's body and axle in order to
prevent excessive rolling and bouncing of the car body during motion.

Suspension System - counteracts the effects of hitting bumps in the road. Without such a system
a car would veer of course every time the tyres hit a bump or pothole. The system comprises of
springs and shock absorbers. The springs absorb any of the energy released when the tyres roll
over a bump and the shock absorbers absorb the energy from the springs. This keeps the main
body of the car steady and stable.

Timing Belt - a belt connected to both the camshaft and crankshaft ensuring that they work in
time with each other.

What is the difference between a Petrol and Diesel Engine?

In petrol engines fuel is mixed with air and then forced into the cylinders where the fuel-air mix
is compressed by the pistons and ignited by spark plugs. In a diesel engine the air is compressed
before the fuel is added to it. When air is compressed it heats up. This means that when the fuel
is added to the compressed air it is very hot and the fuel-air mix ignites automatically. So there
are no spark plugs in a diesel engine as pressure is used to ignite the fuel-air mix.