BUSINESS STATISTICS

ASSIGNMENT-1
PROJECT REPORT

NAME: - Muskan Gupta

JGU ID: - 21020498
MENTORS:PROF. ABHISHEK VASHISHTH

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Table of Contents

Introduction: ............................................................................................................................... 3

Background Information: ....................................................................................................... 3

Statement of Task……………………………………………………………………………3

Description of Data Tables: ....................................................................................................... 4

Description of Ogives: ............................................................................................................... 4

Description of Histograms: ........................................................................................................ 5

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Introduction

Statistics is defined as the important part of competitive define as The basic use of mathematics

in constructing a technical examination of data is statistics. It's utilized to solve real-world

problems so that data scientists and analysts may seek relevant trends and changes in data.

Statistical approaches are mostly used to guarantee that your data is accurately understood. And

that the apparent connections are "important" or relevant, and that they did not happen by

chance. In fact, statistical analysis aids in the interpretation of meaningless data.

Background Information:

The goal of data analytics in aviation is to look at the usable information to airlines, airports, and

other aviation stakeholders so they can enhance their operational planning and execution, as well

as any connected products and services. As airport operations attain high standards, there is less

room for improvement, while the work to develop, describe, and test fresh procedures grows

dramatically.

Statement of Task:

In this investigation, I'll look at the length and elevation of airports in 111 countries using a

variety of statistical methodologies, including tabulation, multiple graph presentation, measures

of central tendency and dispersion, as well as skewness and kurtosis. R is used to perform all of

the calculations.

Description of Data Tables:

The data in this table, are tabulated for showing the 111 countries with their length, elevation of

the airport across the countries. The data, tabulated and the descriptive statistics are calculated

using R.

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RESULT

Description of Ogives: In R, there is an ogive curve. It's a graph that shows the values of the

variates and their cumulative frequencies in a frequency distribution. Cumulative frequency

refers to the sum of all previous frequencies up to this point.

1. Measures of Central Tendency:

One of the characteristics of descriptive statistics is the central tendency. The central tendency

describes how a bunch of data is concentrated around the distribution's centre value. The

following measurements are taken via central tendency:

 Mean

 Median
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  Mode

Mean- The mean can be computed with the mean() function.

 Mean (the average) Length of the 111 countries airport is 9344.514

 Mean (the average) elevation of the 111 countries airport is 819.6486

Median- The median can be computed with the median() function:

 Median (the middle value) of the length is 9842

 Median (the middle value) of the elevation is 213

Mode- The mode can be computed with the mode() function:

 Mode (most occurring value) is 9843, 10000 which is the length in 6 different countries

airport.

 Mode (most occurring value) is 33, 190 which is the elevation in 3 different countries

airport.

2. Measures of dispersion from the tabulated data

Range- The range can then be computed, by subtracting the minimum from the maximum.

 Range for length is 8464

 Rang for elevation 5871

Standard Deviation- The standard deviation is computed with the sd() functions.

 Standard Deviation (how spread out the values are) of length is 1881.88

 Standard Deviation (how spread out the values are) of elevation is 1157.344

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Variance- The variance is computed with the var() function.

 Variance (the average degree to which the values differ from mean) of length is 3541471

 Variance (the average degree to which the values differ from mean) of elevation is

1339446

Interquartile range - The interquartile range (i.e., the difference between the first and third

quartile) can be computed with the IQR() function.

 IQR of Length is 2715

 IQR of elevation is 1319.5

3. Box plot and Histogram

 Boxplot- Boxplots are extremely useful in descriptive statistics, yet they are frequently

overlooked (mostly because it is not well understood by the public). A boxplot visualises

the distribution of a quantitative variable by visually displaying five typical location

summaries (minimum, median, first/third quartiles, and maximum) as well as any

observation categorised as a suspected outlier using the interquartile range (IQR)

criterion.

Syntax- boxplot(AirportDatabase$Length)

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 Output-

Syntax- boxplot(AirportDatabase$Elevation)

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 Histogram- The distribution of a quantitative quantity is depicted by a histogram. The

objective is to divide the value range into intervals and count the number of observations

that fall into each interval. Although histograms and barplots are similar, histograms are

used for quantitative variables and barplots are used for qualitative factors. Use hist() to

create a histogram in R.

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4. Skewness and Kurtosis

 Skewness - Skewness is a measure of the asymmetry of a distribution. This value can be

positive or negative.

Skewness of length is -0.3063365 negative skew indicates that the tail is on the left side

of the distribution, which extends towards more negative values.

Skewness of elevation is 1.82116 positive skew indicates that the tail is on the right side

of the distribution, which extends towards more positive values.

 Kurtosis- Kurtosis is a measure of whether or not a distribution is heavy-tailed or light-

tailed relative to a normal distribution.

Kurtosis of length is valued at 2.613462

Kurtosis of elevation is valued at 6.223099

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