Republic of the Philippines

COMMISSION ON HIGHER EDUCATION

Higher Education Regional Office VI (HERO VI)
City Government of Bago
BAGO CITY COLLEGE
Rafael Salas Drive, Brgy. Balingasag, Bago City, Negros Occidental6101
Tel: [034] 4611-363 | Fax: [034] 4610-546 |
E-mail: bagocitycollege@yahoo.com.ph

Module 1: Introduction to Geography

Intended learning Outcomes: At the end of this module, the students has to:

1. Develop in them an understanding of basic concepts, principles and theories relating to

geographical phenomena.
2. Examined the different geographic concepts
3. How to adjust to human life in accordance with geographical circumstances

A. Introduction

Geography studies the world in which we live and on which we depend; it is a subject that is both
exciting and highly relevant. Peoples, environments, regions, and landscapes interweave, and
geographic analysis helps us understand them. Geography’s unique combination of knowledge and
analytical techniques, produce a clear understanding of the interaction between the environment and
people including human impacts on the environment and its effects on us.
As an integrative discipline, drawing on data and knowledge common to many physical sciences,
social sciences, and humanities, geography encourages students to develop a spatial perspective to
explore key issues facing society and the environment. Thus, geographers offer society, government, and
academia a perspective that emphasizes the character of place, patterns and processes, and location
analysis. We contribute to a better understanding of today’s world and improve projections for a future
one (Graf, Will, 1999, “Not Clueless, Just Skill-less” Association of American Geographers
Newsletter, 34:1, p 1).

B. Activities
Activity 1. Geography

Give the meaning of geography by using pictures. Explain it briefly in not more than five sentences.
 Explanation:

Geography is the study of places and the relationships between people and their environments.
It is also a science that deals with the description, distribution, and interaction of the diverse physical,
biological, and cultural features of the earth's surface. They also examine how human culture interacts with
the natural environment and the way that locations and places can have an impact on people. It also seeks
to understand where things are found, why they are there, and how they develop and change over time.

Activity 2. Types of Geography

Identify the following terms below as to what type of geography it is related.

Population Quantitative methods Climate Change

GPS cartography Biogeography

Economic historical Geomorphology

Political Population Behavioral

Types of geography

Geographic
Physical Techniques
Geography

Quantitative methods
Climate Change Human
GPS
Biogeography Geography
Cartography
Geomorphology

Population
Economic
Political
Historical
Behavioral
Activity 4.Types of Map

There are five types of map, political, physical, thematic, and topographic. Paste a picture on each kind of
map.

Physical Thematic

Political Climate

Topographic
Activity 5. Map Projections:

Paste or crop a picture of the five map projections.

C. Analysis
Answer the following questions below.

1. How is a Physical Map similar to a Thematic Map?

Physical and Thematic maps are quite similar because they are both specifically identifying, and
emphasizing a particular theme or a subject. Physical map identifies the location or the shape of
the Earth’s land features while Thematic map is also identifying the location based on some form or
theme such as population, climate, weather, religion, resources, etc...

2. Can you distinguish between a climate map and a Topographic map?

Yes, I can distinguish it. A climate map is a map that has a multiple color unlike the topographic map
I find it blurry compose of green and contour lines. A climate map shows the average values of
climatic variables such as temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, percentage of possible
sunshine, wind speed and direction, and the atmospheric pressure over regions ranging in area
from a few tens of square kilometers to global while the Topographic map shows the detailed record
of a land area, giving geographic positions and elevations for both natural and man-made features.

D. Application
1. What inference can you make with the map projections?
I can conclude that the map projection is a sort of method used by many scientists and cartographers to
flatten the spherical shape of the Earth in many ways. They use it to widen the area of a Globe’s surface to
make a broad map.

E. Abstraction
By using a Venn diagram Compare and Contrast Physical Geography from Human Geography.

Physical Geography is a They are the Human Geography deals with

study of Earth’s surface
and different geo-
system or spheres that
comprise it. Physical
geography also studies
the earth's seasons,
climate, atmosphere,
soil, streams, landforms,
and oceans.
Physical Geography also
occurs naturally.
F. Evaluation
two main the environment, cultures,
branches of economies, and the interaction
of people within its community.
Geography.
They are
also Human Geography has different
important types some examples are
but harmful human geography include
at the same urban geography, economic
time. geography, cultural geography,
political geography, social
geography, and population
geography. Human Geography
is also a man-made.
F. Evaluation

Based on the following procedures of this module; the activities conducted and the ideas gathered,
I want you to make a reflection by filling up the table below. As a student, the lesson I got in this module
are as follows:

I LEARNED……. I UNLEARNED…… RELEARNED…….

I have learned the meaning of Maybe there is more about I’ve been relearning the
Physical and Human the different types of types of Geography; such as
geography and its function. Physical and Human Physical and Human
geography and I want to geography and Geographic
know more about it. techniques.
I have learned the different I can’t recall some of the I’ve been relearning the
kinds of maps and its usage. projection maps because different kinds of maps.
they are too many.
Republic of the Philippines
COMMISSION ON HIGHER EDUCATION
Higher Education Regional Office VI (HERO VI)
City Government of Bago
BAGO CITY COLLEGE
Rafael Salas Drive, Brgy. Balingasag, Bago City, Negros
Occidental6101
Tel: [034] 4611-363 | Fax: [034] 4610-546 |
E-mail: bagocitycollege@yahoo.com.ph

Module I Asian Studies

Intended Learning Outcomes: At the end of the module, the students have to:

1. Understand some of the basic diversities in Asian politics, society and culture.
2. Recognize the different events in History that shaped the Chinese and Japanese Civilization
3. Integrate knowledge of Asia within the scope of a world perspective.

A. Introduction
The notion of an interconnected world is no better expressed than the often troubled relationships
between Western and Eastern regions. The lack of historical and cultural understanding has led to
unnecessary conflicts and devastation. We need to invigorate historical and cultural understanding that
goes beyond superficial stereotypes to create a more genuine understanding of current challenges and
achievements as well as a true appreciation of the uniqueness of all societies and their peoples.
B. Activities

Activity IA. China 101. Complete the table below.

Era Approximate Date Factors/Contributions

 Possibly the first

Rise of China’s Civilization
(2070 - 1600 BC) dynasty in ancient
China, it's generally
believed that the “Xia
Dynasty” consisted of
several clans living
alongside the Yellow
River. Most of the
evidence for the Xia
Dynasty, including its
name, is perhaps just
legend.
 There was a Bronze Age
Yellow River civilization
at this time at Erlitou in
Henan; however,
artifacts don't show
conclusively that this
was the Xia Dynasty of
later writings.
 Erlitou Artifacts; many
stone tools, pottery,
jade ware, bronze ware,
horn implements, and
mussels were
unearthed. A Chinese
dragon-shaped object
decorated with
beautiful turquoise was
believed to be the
original image of a
Chinese dragon. As
more Erlitou culture
evidence is unearthed,
we will see what
evidence there is to
prove that the Xia
Dynasty existed.
 Chinese civilization
(1600 - 1046 BC) began along the Yellow
River in the Shang era,
and spread from there
when Bronze Age
culture reached its
 peak.
 The civilization of
ancient China first
developed in the Yellow
River region of
northern China, in the
3rd and 2nd millennial
BCE. This is a very
fertile region; however,
the land needs
irrigation to make the
crops grow, and well-
built river
embankments to
prevent catastrophic
flooding.
 In ancient times, the
main crop in northern
China was millet, a food
still grown in many
parts of the world as a
major crop.
 “Rice” is one of the
most nutritious plants
in the world. From this
region rice cultivation
spread far and wide
across southern China
and into south-east
Asia.
 During much of the
ancient period, what
would later be known
as “Chinese civilization”
was only gradually
spreading across the
area which today we
know as “China”. Thus,
the early dynastic rulers
of China are known as
kings, rather than
emperors. It is only
after the time of the
First Emperor, who
reigned over a united
China from 221 BCE,
that the imperial period
of Chinese history
began.
 The Invention of
Writing; the oracle
bone inscriptions are
the oldest known form
 of Chinese writing. By
comparing and
equating the
inscriptions to modern
Chinese characters,
scholars have shown
that the Shang had
already developed all
the principles of the
modern writing system
used today. In fact,
Chinese writing has
undergone relatively
few changes since it
was first developed
3,500 years ago.
 Since Shang documents
were originally
recorded on strips of
bamboo and silk that
have long since
decomposed, the
oracle bones and
bronze inscriptions
bear the only written
history from the Shang
era. Since Shang bronze
inscriptions were very
short and did not say
much, most of what is
known about the Shang
Dynasty is from the
oracle bones. Toward
the end of the Shang,
writing was also
inscribed on bronze
objects.
 A Stratified
Government and
Society; the Shang
political system was
organized into a
hierarchy, meaning that
it had many levels of
rank and many
specialized functions
and jobs, all passed
down within a noble
family. Shang society
was also hierarchical
with many different
levels of social rank.
 The invention of
 writing had a profound
effect on Shang
government and its
ability to rule. It
increased the
government’s ability to
organize on a large
scale, whether it be to
oversee a hierarchical
administration; rule the
state’s many territories;
organize the mining of
large quantities of ore
for bronze work; wage
large military
campaigns; construct
city walls and palaces;
or build elaborate
tombs for themselves.
 Bronze represented
power, wealth, and
luxury. By looking at the
way bronze was used
by the Shang, it is clear
that only those with
any degree of power in
the kingdom had access
to using bronze objects.
Shang bronzes fall into
two categories:
weapons or ceremonial
vessels for food and
wine. By far, most of
the pieces are
ceremonial vessels and
speak of a society and
culture that valued
rituals, such as rituals
for burial, celebration,
and worshipping gods
and ancestors. Bronze
was not used for
common tools, such as
hammers or hoes.
 The Use of the Chariot
and Bronze Weapons in
Warfare; the
advancement of bronze
technology and the use
of bronze weapons
gave the Shang military
great advantage over
their enemies and
 completely changed
the way they fought
wars. They used newly-
developed weapons
like the bronze-tipped
halberd and spear, the
compound bow; and
most importantly, they
used horse-drawn
chariots.
 After the Shang era, the
larger Zhou era
territory was divided by
(1046 - 221 BC) a network of feudal
states and was ruled
over by kings.
 The Chinese
philosophers emerged
during a period in the
Zhou Dynasty when
there was political
anarchy and social
turmoil. The
philosophers were men
with their learning and
ideas for reuniting the
empire and restoring
order to society.
Confucianism was the
idea that people should
behave ethically and
have great respect and
commitment for their
families. This would
result in a better
society. Daoism was the
belief in the dao "way"
that creates the world
and how things should
live. If people follow
the Dao, they would
live in peace and find
contentment. Legalism
believed that people
were evil by nature and
needed strict rules and
punishment to control
their conduct.
 Traditional Chinese
philosophies, such as
Confucianism and
Daoism, developed in
the feudal Zhou era as
 China expanded in
territory and
population.
 Established a system of
feudalism which gave
land in exchange for
loyalty, military
support, and other
services.
 Compass invented
sometime between 480
- 221 B.C.
 Developed technology
for irrigation, drainage,
waterways, canals,
dikes, and dams and
the use of gold and
silver inlays in objects.
 Use of iron in
developing iron casting
for tools and weapons
was introduced and
also Created the first
geographical maps.
 Advancements in
mathematics, including
basic arithmetic,
fractions, geometry,
trigonometry, and
calculations.
 Lasted longer than any
other dynasty in
Chinese history
 The Tang Dynasty
Golden Age (618 - 907 CE) (618–907) is considered
to be China’s golden
age. It was a rich,
educated and
cosmopolitan realm
that was well-governed
by the standards of the
age and expanded its
influence in Inner Asia.
It saw a flourishing of
Chinese poetry and
innovation.
 It contributed a lot to
the development of
astronomy, medicine
and printing technique
in Chinese history. The
famous astronomer,
Monk Yixing, was the
 first to successfully
measure the length of
the meridian line. The
well-known King of
Medicine, Sun Simiao,
wrote a medical book
Qianjin Fang (Thousand
Golden Prescriptions)
which was considered
the treasure of
traditional Chinese
medicine.
 The rapid development
of agriculture and the
handicraft industry
provide impetus for the
prosperity of domestic
business and foreign
trade. The main
commodities included
foodstuffs, salt, spirits,
tea, medicine, textiles,
gold or silver ware and
some daily items
 Trade within the cities
and other countries
flourished during the
Tang Dynasty. The
merchants flocked to
the large walled cities -
such as Chang-an –
which became the
center of trade. The Silk
Road was at its peak
providing economic
benefits between the
East and the West.
Thousands of foreign
merchants lived in
Chang-an and other
large cities of the
empire. The profitable
relationship between
the foreign traders and
Chinese traders
improved the economy
of the empire during
Tang Dynasty.
 The Tang Dynasty
greatly supported
commerce. Trade
routes were established
internally and with
 neighboring countries
like India. Goods like
jade, silk, porcelain, tea
and spices were being
sold to provinces and
foreigners. This
increased the
population’s wealth
which was now able to
pay its taxes. All of this
income helped the
government keep the
costs of war under
control. Even if the
Tang Dynasty waged
wars and expanded its
borders close to the
Persian borders, the
prosperity of the
Chinese people was not
affected.
 The Tang era is notable
for its great material
prosperity and its high
artistic and cultural
achievements. The
poets and the painters
of this Chinese empire
produced beautiful and
lasting works. The most
remarkable literary
development was seen
in poetry. Several
famous poets from the
Tang Dynasty created
masterpieces that were
representative of
Chinese literature.
 The years of the Tang
were brilliant times for
the arts and culture.
Major imperial
ceremonies saw a
revival and elaboration
of the ancient
orchestras and
companies of courtly
dancers.
 During the Tang
Dynasty, emphasis was
made in developing art.
The Tang era was an
age of figure painters
 who created new styles
of ceramics that were
bold and colorful with
variegated glazes.
Potters developed new
techniques that
included the use of
“sancai,” which is a
type of decoration that
used three colors that
mixed together for a
unique look. Decorated
bronze mirrors and
white porcelain were
also famous at that
time as were sculptures
of Buddha.
 The influx of various
ethnic groups and
amalgamation of
cultures made the
music during the Tang
Dynasty rich and
unique. Musical
instruments and
musical forms from
Iran, India, and Central
Asia brought significant
transformation in music
during this era.
Musicians were given
greater importance
during the Tang era.
Some of the popular
instruments during
those times included
bells, stone chimes,
flutes, drums and
zithers. The openness
to other cultures also
led to adoption of
western dances and
songs during the Tang
era.
 Clothing in the Tang
Dynasty of China, which
lasted from 618 to 907,
is considered to be
among the most
graceful and elegant of
the imperial era. During
this period, Chinese
power, influence, and
 culture were in some
ways at their height.
Silk was frequently
used in the garments
worn by the richer and
more powerful classes.
Ordinary Chinese were
more likely to wear
clothes made from
linen and wool, while
poor peasants
fashioned clothing from
animal skins. There
were strict laws
regulating who was
allowed to wear
specific types of
clothing, which
extended to the jewels
used to decorate them.
 In addition to being
required to wear
specific hues and types
of clothing, civil
servants in Tang China
also carried certain
accessories according
to their rank. High-
ranking officials were
allowed to wear a knife
or sword, while those
in the next class down
sported a jade belt.
Lower-ranking men also
wore belts, but of gold
and silver. Ordinary
citizens were prohibited
from wearing anything
more than a small knife
of iron or bronze. Hats
made of bamboo were
often worn by women,
on top of a coiled
"cloud bun" hairstyle. It
was considered best for
the temples to be
covered by hair.
 Education was another
factor that helped in
the success of Tang
Dynasty government.
The leaders felt that an
educated nation did
 not pose any threat to
the authority but
formed a foundation to
forming a stable and
prosperous society.
During this era, there
was also an obsession
with keeping of records
and accounting of
numerous areas of life
and business. The deep
strong layers of
accountability
strengthened this
government.
 The first clockwork
mechanism in the
world which kept time
by counting the
number of oscillations
was invented by an
engineer known as Yi-
Xing. The mechanism
mainly consists of a
waterwheel that
rotates the armillary
sphere which is
connected to a bell that
is mechanically timed in
order for it to strike
every hour. The clock
also has a clepsydra
clock and the entire
clock is known as the
astronomical clock.
Several mechanical
inventions were also
discovered in this era of
the Tang Dynasty. On
the other hand, one of
the most famous
mechanical inventions
was the wine server.
The device was carved
out of iron and
mounted on a
lacquered or wooden
frame. It consisted of a
hydraulic pump that
helps draw the wine
out of the metal-
headed faucet.
 A medicine author in
 the Tang era discovered
that diabetic people
had excessive sugar in
their urine. On the
other hand, discovery
for the treatment of
goiter was also made
during this era. They
also found that the
thyroid glands of pigs
and sheep can be used
to cure goiter
successfully.
 In the era of the Tang
Dynasty, a famous
alchemist mixed 15
parts of charcoal, 25
parts of saltpeter, and
10 parts of sulfur.
Although the resulting
combination did not
contain life threatening
properties, it exploded
instantaneously when
exposed to an open
flame. This led to the
invention or discovery
of gun powder.
 The first all-natural gas
cylinder known to man
was invented in the era
of the Tang Dynasty.
The cylinders were
mainly bamboo tubes
which were used to
transport the gas
around several
kilometers.
 The Tang Dynasty saw
the invention of an
early air-cooling system
in 747 when a cool hall
for the emperor was
constructed in the
imperial palace. The
device that was used is
commonly known as
Tang-Yulin and it had
fan wheels that were
powered by water and
functioned like an air
conditioner. The cooling
system also included
 high rising jet-streams
of clean mountain
water.
 The soldiers of the Tang
Dynasty used several
types of handheld
weapons, long-range
weapons, and defense
weapons to fight with
their enemies. This
included the bow and
arrow, pike, sword,
throwing daggers,
armor and shields.
 Tang Dynasty was a
time of dynamic
transformation in terms
of religion. During this
time, many different
types of religion were
observed and
practiced. Among them
were the indigenous
religion known as
Taoism, along with
Islam, Buddhism and
Christianity. The fact
that people were
interested in pursuing
knowledge about
religion was something
of a challenge to the
long-standing and
generally accepted
philosophy known as
Confucianism. Unlike
modern-day situations
in which beliefs and
religions clash, the
Confucian scholars’
response to this
challenge was to revise
some aspects of
Confucianism to
embrace Buddhism and
Taoism. This revised
version was called Neo-
Confucianism.
Fall of China (1644 - 1912)  The Qing dynasty, after
overtaking China from
the previous Ming
dynasty, continued to
expand the territories
 of its empire till it
reached its greatest
extent under the reign
of the Qianlong
Emperor (1735 – 1796),
who carried out what
are known as the Ten
Great Campaigns. Qing
China at its largest
extent ruled China
proper, as well as the
areas of present-day
Northeast China, Inner
Mongolia, Outer
Mongolia, Xinjiang and
Tibet. The empire
contained over 13
million square
kilometers of territory,
an area exceeded only
by the Mongol Yuan
dynasty. The empire’s
population was around
400 million at its
greatest extent.
 The Chinese economy
flourished in the middle
period of Qing dynasty
with expansion of
markets; and more
trade, between regions
and with overseas
markets. Foreign trade
expanded at 4% per
annum throughout the
latter part of the 18th
century with China
exporting large
quantities of tea, silk
and other products.
 The Kangxi Emperor of
Qing dynasty ordered
the compilation of a
dictionary of Chinese
characters, which
became known as
Kangxi Zidian or Kangxi
Dictionary. Published in
1716, the dictionary
contains more than
47,000 characters
grouped under 214
radicals. The Kangxi
 Zidian served as the
standard Chinese
dictionary for
generations and is still
published.
 One of Qing era’s main
achievements was the
creation of vast
encyclopedias and large
compilations of Chinese
literature, which
comprised of hundreds
of volumes. Gujin Tushu
Jicheng (Complete
Collection of
Illustrations and
Writings from the
Earliest to Current
Times), also known as
Imperial Encyclopaedia,
was written between
1700 and 1725, during
the reigns of the Qing
emperors Kangxi and
Yongzheng. It contains
10,000 volumes,
800,000 pages and over
100 million Chinese
characters; and covers
numerous topics
including natural
phenomena,
geography, history,
literature and
government.
 Literature reached
unprecedented heights
during the Qing era.
Qing poetry continues
to be a field of research
due to its association
with Chinese opera,
women contributing to
the field in large
numbers for the first
time, poets coming
from all walks of life
and greater role of
vernacular languages.
Also, much of the
modern popular
versions of Classical
Chinese poetry were
 transmitted through
Qing Dynasty
anthologies, such as
the Quan Tangshi
(Complete Tang
Poems). There were
several important
works written in drama
with the most famous
being Kong Shangren’s
opera The Peach
Blossom Fan.
 Some of the most well-
known Chinese novels
were written during the
Qing period. One of
China’s Four Great
Classical Novels, Dream
of the Red Chamber,
was written
somewhere in the
middle of the 18th
century. Also known as
The Story of the Stone,
it was authored by Cao
Xueqin. The novel is
considered not only a
masterpiece of Chinese
literature but also
widely regarded as the
pinnacle of Chinese
fiction. There is an
entire field of study
known as Redology
which is devoted to
commentary and
critique of Dream of
the Red Chamber.
Other famous novels of
the period include Wu
Jingzi’s The Scholars
(1750) and Li Ruzhen’s
Flowers in the Mirror
(1827).
 Painting in the early
Qing era was
dominated by orthodox
masters known as the
Six Masters of the early
Qing, which included
the Four Wangs – Wang
Shimin, Wang Jian,
Wang Yuanqi, and
 Wang Hui, as well as
Wu Li and flower
painter Yun Shouping.
Qing dynasty art is also
known for painters
known as Individualists,
who rebelled against
traditional rules of
painting and expressed
themselves more
directly through free
brushwork. The
greatest painter of the
period was perhaps the
Individualist Bada
Shanren (1626 – 1705),
who is known for
capturing the very
essence of the flowers,
plants and creatures he
portrays.
 The most prominent
development in fine
arts during the Qing era
was the Jingxi or Peking
opera, which combines
music, vocal
performance, mime,
dance and acrobatics.
The Peking opera was
first performed in late
18th century during the
reign of Qianlong
Emperor. It became
fully developed and
recognized by the mid-
19th century. Jingxi was
extremely popular in
the Qing dynasty court
and has since been
regarded as one of the
cultural treasures of
China. It continues to
be performed, though
it has adapted
according to times.
Peking opera and its
stylistic devices have
appeared in many
Chinese films.
 Porcelain was produced
in large quantities
during the Qing era due
 to its popularity in
Europe. Qing porcelain
displays a high
technical mastery with
almost no marks from
the potter’s hands.
China’s famed blue and
white porcelain
reached the height of
its technical excellence
during the reign of the
Kangxi Emperor of Qing
(1661–1722).
Innovations in porcelain
during the period
include the
introduction of
porcelain known in
Europe as famille verte
and famille rose, due to
their predominant
green and rose colors.
 The scale of printing
production greatly
expanded during the
Qing period and in
terms of the quantity
and variety of
publications, it
surpassed all previous
dynasties. Printing
technology was
developed as new
techniques were
devised in addition to
the previous ones.
Woodblock color
printing became ever
more popular with
improvement in its
quality. Also, the Qing
court sponsored
enormous printing
projects using
woodblock movable
type printing during the
18th century.
 The last Chinese
dynasty—the Qing
dynasty—fell in 1911–
1912, it marked the end
of the nation's
incredibly long imperial
 history. That history
stretched back at least
as far as 221 BCE when
Qin Shi Huangdi first
united China into a
single empire.
 A major contribution to
the downfall of the last
dynasty were external
forces, in the form of
new Western
technologies, as well as
a gross miscalculation
(1911-1912) on the part of the Qing
as to the strength of
European and Asian
imperialistic ambitions.
 A second major
contributor was
internal turmoil,
expressed in a series of
devastating rebellions
beginning in 1794 with
the White Lotus
rebellion, and ending
with the Boxer
Rebellion of 1899–1901
and Wuchang Uprising
of 1911–1912.

Activity I B. China and it’s Dynasties

Dynasties Contributions

 The Xia Dynasty (c. 2070-1600 BCE) was the first government to emerge in
1. The Xia Dynasty ancient China and became the first to adhere to the policy of dynastic
succession; thus, making it the first dynasty of China.
 The Xia Dynasty was founded by Yu the Great. Yu had made a name for
himself by building canals to help control the flooding of the Yellow River. He
became king of the Xia. The Xia grew in power under his reign which lasted 45
years.
 The Xia Dynasty was a monarchy ruled by a king. Under the king, feudal lords
ruled provinces and regions throughout the land. Each lord swore his loyalty
to the king. Legend has it that Yu the Great divided the land into nine
provinces.
 Most of the Xia were farmers. They had invented bronze casting, but their
everyday tools were made from stone and bone. The Xia developed new
agricultural practices including irrigation. They also developed a calendar
which is sometimes considered the origin of the traditional Chinese calendar.
 The Shang dynasty is the earliest Chinese dynasty for which there is both
documentary and archaeological evidence. However, many scholars believe in
2. The Shang Dynasty the existence of the preceding Xia dynasty. Still it is considered that Shang
controlled much more area than Xia thus becoming the first dynasty to bring
a considerable part of China under the rule of one king. Shang was also the
first dynasty to have an organized political system with multi-level ranks and
many specialized functions and jobs.
 The refined writing system of Shang is perhaps its most significant
achievement. Apart from the oracle bones, writings were carved on stones,
bronze items etc. There were over 2000 symbols in their writing system.
Although writing has since evolved in China, many current Chinese characters
can be traced back to the Shang Dynasty.
 Shang dynasty period corresponded with the Bronze Age in China. It was
during the Shang era in China that bronze rose in popularity and represented
wealth, luxury and power. The enormous quantity of bronze found at Shang
archaeological sites must have required a large force to mine, refine and
transport the necessary copper, tin, and lead ores to form bronze, which is an
alloy. The Shang royal court required a vast amount of bronze for ceremonial
vessels to perform rituals like divination. Bronze was also used for producing
weapons.
 The artistry and workmanship of bronze objects from the Shang dynasty
indicate their mastery of bronze technology. The technological feature which
distinguishes Shang bronzes from those found elsewhere is the advanced
technique of casting as opposed to hammering. The Shang perfected a
complicated process, known as piece mold casting, which involved creating a
mold of clay, carving a design, pouring molten bronze into the mold, cracking
the mold and finally adding handles. Some of the bronze objects of Shang
dynasty represent the most remarkable achievement in the history of metal-
craft before modern times.
 Zhou dynasty took over from Shang after defeating them in the Battle of
Muye in 1046 BC. They governed significant part of China till 771 BC when
3. The Zhou Dynasty their emperor was defeated and killed in battle. The first 275 years of their
reign is known as the Western Zhou period. After the 771 BC defeat, the Zhou
moved their capital eastwards beginning the Eastern Zhou dynasty. During
the Eastern Zhou period, the Zhou emperor was only the nominal and ritual
head while the real power resided with the feudal chiefs of various states.
This period is further divided into the Spring and Autumn period from 771 to
475 BC and the Warring States period from 475 BC to 221 BC. The Zhou lost
all power after being defeated by the Qin state in 256 BC. Their reign of 790
years is the longest in the history of China.
 Large scale irrigation and water-control projects were instituted for the first
time in China during the Zhou dynasty period. This greatly increased crop
yield, and government was able to store surplus food and distribute it in
times of famine or bad harvest. Sunshu Ao (630 – 593 BC) led the project of
construction of a large river dam to create an enormous irrigation reservoir in
modern-day northern Anhui province which supplied water to an area of
some six million acres. He is the first known hydraulic engineer of China. In
5th century BC, Ximen Bao became the first Chinese hydraulic engineer to
create a large irrigation canal system. His grand project diverted the waters of
the entire Zhang River.
 There was great cultural and intellectual expansion in China during the
Eastern Zhou era. The major schools of Chinese philosophy Confucianism,
Legalism and Taoism originated in the period along with philosophies that
later fell into obscurity, like Agriculturalism, Mohism, Naturalism and the
Logicians. Among the most influential philosophers were Confucius (551 –
 479 BC), founder of the most dominant Chinese philosophy Confucianism;
Mencius (372 – 289 BC), the most famous Confucian after Confucius himself;
Laozi, founder of Taoism which is still practiced by millions; and Shang Yang
(390 – 338 BC), founder of Legalism which built the foundation that enabled
Qin dynasty to conquer all of China.
 The Zhou dynasty saw the first major use of chariots in warfare. However, by
the Warring States period of their reign, the use of chariots became less
common with most armies using infantry and cavalry in battles. During this
last period of the dynasty, iron replaced bronze as the preferred material in
weaponry. Most armor and weapons of this period were made from iron. The
crossbow was the preferred long-range weapon while the ji or Chinese
halberd gradually became the preferred short-range weapon on the
battlefield.
 The period in Chinese history before the reign of Qin dynasty is referred to as
the Warring States period (475 BC – 221 BC). It was dominated by the Seven
4. The Qin Dynasty Warring States, namely, Han, Zhao, Yan, Wei, Chu, Qi and Qin. King Zheng of
Qin started his campaign to conquer the remaining six states in 230 BC. Han
was conquered in the same year, Zhao fell in 228 BC, Yan in 226 BC, Wei in
225 BC, the powerful Chu in 223 BC and Qi in 221 BC. Thus is 221 BC, for the
first time in history, China became a unified centralized state. It took Zheng
less than 10 years to unify China. He became the first emperor of a unified
China and took the title of “Qin Shi Huang” or the “First Emperor of Qin”.
 Before the Qin achieved unification of China, local styles of characters evolved
independently of one another for centuries, producing what are called the
“Scripts of the Six States”. This diversity was undesirable in a unified
government as it hindered communication, trade, taxation and
transportation. In 220 BC, Li Si, prime minister under Qin Shi Huang,
systematized the written Chinese language by promoting as the imperial
standard the Small Seal Script, which had already been in use in the state of
Qin. The Small Seal Script was itself standardized through removal of variant
forms within it. This standardized Chinese writing system; made it uniform
across the whole country; and had a unification effect on the Chinese culture
for thousands of years.
 Before unification, the various states had built walls to defend their own
borders. Qin Shi Huang ordered the destruction of these fortifications that
divided his empire. However, to protect his northern border, Huang ordered
the construction of an enormous defensive wall connecting the fortifications
along the empire’s northern frontier. The wall was built primarily to guard
against the Xiongnu tribes in the north and north-west, against which the Qin
were involved in constant battle. Although little of this wall remains today, it
was the precursor to the Great Wall of China. It is estimated that hundreds of
thousands of people died during the construction of this Qin wall.
 The most renowned construction project which took place during the reign of
Qin dynasty was the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor Qin Shi Huang.
Located in Xi’an in the Shaanxi province of China; it was constructed to
enclose his burial chamber. It took 700,000 men and 38 years to construct it,
from 246 to 208 BC. The mausoleum includes the famous Terracotta Army of
life-sized Terracotta Warriors, whose purpose was to protect the Emperor in
the afterlife from evil spirits. Each terracotta soldier of the army appears to be
unique in its facial features, revealing a high level of craftsmanship and
artistry. The figures vary in height according to their roles, with the tallest
being the generals. According to a 2007 estimate, the Terracotta Army held
more than 8,000 soldiers, 130 chariots with 520 horses and 150 cavalry
 horses. Mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang is considered one of the greatest
archaeological sites in the world.
 Zhou dynasty (1046 BC – 256 BC) lasted longer than any other dynasty in
5. The Han Dynasty Chinese history. However, from the unification of China by Qin Shi Huang of
the Qin dynasty till the end of dynastic rule in China, Han dynasty reigned
over China for the longest period. It ruled for a period of more than 400 years
from 202 BC to 220 AD with a brief interruption by the Xin dynasty (9 – 23
AD). The period before the Xin interruption is known as Western Han or
Former Han (206 BC – 9 AD) while the period after the Xin interruption is
known as Eastern Han or Latter Han (25 – 220 AD). The Han era was defined
by significant population growth; increased urbanization; and unprecedented
growth of industry and trade. The imperial capitals of both Western Han
(Chang’an) and Eastern Han (Luoyang) were among the largest cities in the
world at the time, in both population and area.
 The earliest known piece of paper was unearthed at Fangmatan in China’s
Gansu province. It dates to 179 to 41 BCE during the early Western Han
dynasty. Around 105 AD, during the Eastern Han Dynasty, a eunuch of the
Imperial Court named Cai Lun invented the standard paper-making process.
He took bamboo fibers and the inner bark of a mulberry tree; added water to
these and pounded them using a wooden tool; drained out the water; and
dried it to produce a material that was not only a good writing surface but
also lightweight. Cai Lun also used other materials for his paper making, such
as remnants or hemp, tree barks, fishnets and linen rags. The invention of
refined paper greatly helped in spreading literature and literacy in China.
Paper-making is regarded as one of the four great inventions of China, along
with compass, gunpowder and printing.
 Diplomat Zhang Qian, who served Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, traveled
and brought back information about surrounding civilizations. Thus, the Han
dynasty was able to establish embassies in several countries. These
connections led to the establishment of the Silk Road trade network, that
refers to both the terrestrial and the maritime routes connecting Asia with
the Middle East and southern Europe. Deriving its name from Chinese silk,
which was the major trade item, the Silk Road was instrumental in the
development of civilizations of China, India, Persia, Europe and Arabia
through economic and political interactions between them. In addition to
economic trade, it was also central to cultural interaction between the East
and the West for centuries. Apart from silk and other commodities, religions,
philosophies, scientific knowledge and technologies were exchanged though
the Silk Road. On 22th June 2014, the UNESCO named the Silk Road as a
World Heritage Site.
 Several improvements to ship designs were made during the Han period. The
invention of the rudder provided more control in steering ships. The junk
design, created by the 1st century, was China’s first seaworthy sailing ship.
These innovations enabled the Chinese to venture out of calmer waters of
interior lakes and rivers and into the open sea. Also, there were major
improvements in map making. The Han people developed maps that utilized
grids, a method still used today to better pinpoint locations. They also
developed the raised relief map. The invention of the grid reference for maps
and of the 3-dimensional raised relief maps enabled better understanding of
the terrain leading to better navigation.
 After the fall of the Han dynasty in 220 AD, China entered an age of
fragmentation which saw several centuries of warfare among rival kingdoms.
6. The Sui Dynasty Sui Dynasty was preceded by the Northern and Southern dynasties period
 (420 to 589) which was marked by civil war and political chaos. During the
latter part of this period, Northern Zhou reunified Northern China. Yang Jian
overthrew the Northern Zhou dynasty establishing the Sui dynasty in 581 and
taking the title of Emperor Wen. He initiated a campaign to re-unify China
which materialized after his conquest in 589 of Chen dynasty, which reigned
over Southern China. Sui dynasty thus became the first dynasty to rule over
entire China proper after around three centuries since the fall of Western Jin
Dynasty in 316.
 The imperial examination was a civil service examination system in China to
select candidates for the state bureaucracy. It helped to shape China’s
intellectual, cultural and political life for centuries; and influenced several
neighboring countries as well as some European nations. Though there were
imperial exams as early as the Han dynasty, an open modern examination
system was first established in 605, during the reign of the Sui dynasty. There
were standardized tests and recruitment to the imperial civil service
bureaucracy began to be considered a privilege rather than a duty to be
performed at the lower levels. The imperial examinations became the major
path to office by the mid-Tang dynasty.
 Great constructions projects were carried out during the Sui era. The most
prominent among them was the Great Canal, which remains the longest canal
or artificial river in the world. Though its oldest parts were constructed as
early as 5th century BC, it was majorly built during the reign of the Sui
dynasty. The Great Canal linked the west lying capital of the dynasty to the
economic and agricultural centers of the east towards Hangzhou, and to the
northern border near modern Beijing. It facilitated trade and enhanced
cultural exchange for centuries. The relative ease of travel due to its
construction benefited succeeding dynasties and proved to be a crucial factor
in China remaining a unified empire.
 During the Tang Dynasty, China reached unprecedented heights becoming the
7. The Tang Dynasty largest and strongest nation in the world. It covered most of the territory of
present-day China, Vietnam and much of Central Asia as far as eastern
Kazakhstan. Its capital Chang’an (present-day Xi’an) was the most populous
city in the world at the time. It was a cosmopolitan urban center with
considerable foreign populations from other parts of Asia and beyond.
 The first comprehensive criminal code in China was created in 624 AD in the
Tang Dynasty. It was divided into 500 articles specifying different crimes and
penalties ranging from ten blows with a light stick, one hundred blows with a
heavy rod, exile, penal servitude, or execution. The Tang Code is considered
as one of the greatest achievements of traditional Chinese law and it became
the basis for later dynastic codes not only in China but elsewhere in East Asia.
 The imperial examination was a civil service examination system in Imperial
China to select candidates for the state bureaucracy. Although it started as
early as the Han Dynasty, it became a major path to office only during the
Tang era and remained so until its abolition in 1905. It was during Tang that
the process became a comprehensive system with students being tested on
Confucian classics, knowledge of governance and politics, ability to compose
original poetry and to a lesser extent calligraphy, mathematics and law.
 The Tang era is considered the greatest age for Chinese poetry. Such was the
importance of poetry that skills in composing poems were required to pass
the imperial examinations. Many prominent Chinese poets belonged to the
Tang age including Li Bai, often considered the greatest Chinese poet of all
time; and Du Fu, another all-time great who is called the “Poet-Historian”.
Poetry styles that were popular in the Tang were gushi, unregulated or “old
 (or ancient) poetry”; and jintishi, regulated or “modern-form poetry”.
 The Tang period was a golden age of Chinese literature. Apart from poetry,
short stories and tales were popular. Yuan Zhen was a prominent writer and
his work Yingying’s Biography was widely circulated and is considered to be
one of the first works of fiction in Chinese literature. Another important work
is Miscellaneous Morsels from Youyang by Duan Chengshi which contains
varied content including foreign legends and hearsay, reports on natural
phenomena, short anecdotes and notes on such topics as medicinal herbs
and tattoos.
 During the three-century reign of Song dynasty, China experienced sustained
8. The Song Dynasty growth in per capita income. The economy was transformed due to
unprecedented technological and agricultural growth coupled with effective
governance. A unified tax system and efficient trade routes helped in the
development of a truly nationwide market. There was also a significant
increase in trade with the global market, and merchants established
commercial contact as far as East Africa. All this made China a global leader
and several leading historians dub it as the pre-modern economic revolution;
centuries before Europe made its breakthrough. It made China the richest
nation in the world.
 The expansion of economy was unprecedented during the Song Dynasty. Due
to this the copper currency was driven to a rate of 6 billion coins a year. Short
of copper, Song government turned to other type of materials, including
paper banknotes. This was the world’s earliest true paper money. The
economic advantages of printing paper money led to subsequent Yuan, Ming,
and Qing dynasties also issuing their own paper money.
 It was during the Song Dynasty that a permanent, standing navy was first
established in China in 1132, primarily to fight the Jin Dynasty. At its heights
during the late twelfth century it consisted of 20 squadrons of some 52,000
marines. Many of the Song naval warships were paddle-wheel driven crafts
which were considered essential for success in battle due to their swift
movement. There were also some large naval ships which could hold 1000
soldiers.
 An important innovation during the Song period was the magnetic mariner’s
compass. It allowed navigation in open sea far from the shore as it removed
dependence on weather. It was first described by great Chinese polymath
Shen Kuo of Song Dynasty in his 1088 work Dream Pool Essays. The use of
compass for navigation was an important step in the history of navigation and
would later contribute in the Age of Discovery.
 The world’s earliest true paper money was issued during the reign of Song
9. The Yuan Dynasty Dynasty of China (960 – 1279). The official banknote of the Yuan Dynasty was
Chao. Made from the bark of mulberry trees, Chao was the first paper
currency to be used as the predominant circulating medium in history. The
Yuan government used woodblocks to print paper money. The Imperial Mint
was located in the capital city Khanbaliq. Regional capitals were also
sometimes authorized to print money.
 The top astronomer and engineer during the Yuan era was Guo Shoujing. He
was the leading astronomer in a team given the task to make an accurate
calendar. Guo completed his calendar, known as the Shoushi Li or Calendar
for Fixing the Seasons, in 1280. It calculated a year to be 365.2425 days, just
26 seconds off the year’s current measurement. His calendar would be used
for the next 363 years, the longest period during which a calendar would be
used in Chinese history.
 Among the major cultural achievements during the reign of the Yuan Dynasty
 were the development of drama and the novel. Major works in theater and
fictional literature during the Yuan period would later set the standard for
subsequent eras. Two of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature
– The Romance of the Three Kingdoms and Water Margin are believed to be
written during the Yuan era.
 A blue and white porcelain jar made during the Yuan dynasty was auctioned
for the equivalent of 230 million yuan in 2005. This was the highest price ever
paid for a piece of porcelain. Experts believe the reason for the high price is
that it represents the pinnacle of development of Chinese blue-and-white
porcelain. Prior to Yuan Dynasty, tea was served in bowls. The teapot was
invented in China during the Yuan Dynasty allowing tea leaves to be steeped
easily in boiling water.
 Construction of a unified Great Wall of China was first started in late 3rd
10. The Ming Dynasty century BC during the reign of Qin Shi Huang, the first Emperor of China.
However, little of that wall remains. Due to the threat of attacks by Mongolian
tribes, the Ming authorities decided to renovate and enhance the wall. For a
period of around 80 years from the late 1500s to mid-1600s, the Great Wall
was extended and made stronger through use of granite, limestone and fired
bricks of clay, strengthened with sticky rice. This taller and thicker wall
stretched from the Bohai Sea in the east to the Jiayu Pass in the west; and
had numerous watchtowers, barracks and storehouses. The majority of the
existing Great Wall is from the Ming era.
 The Ming dynasty was a prosperous period in the history of printing in China.
Previous methods of printing were enhanced and paper, ink and woodblock
carving techniques reached an unprecedented standard. Full-color effects
could be achieved with the invention of woodblock color printing. China’s first
metal movable type printing was created by Ming scholar Hua Sui. Also, the
volume of printing reached unprecedented levels.
 An encyclopedia was commissioned by the Yongle Emperor of Ming dynasty
in 1403. Compiled by thousands of Chinese scholars, it was completed by
1408 and contained a broad range of Chinese knowledge, including
astronomy, geography, medicine, religion, technology and art. Known as the
Yongle Encyclopedia or Yongle Dadian, it comprised of 22,937 chapters in
11,095 volumes and 917,480 pages. It was not only the largest written
encyclopedia but was also one of the first. Yongle Encyclopedia held the
record for the largest overall encyclopedia in history until it was surpassed by
Wikipedia in 2007.
 Along with Han and Song periods, the Ming era is regarded as one of China’s
three golden ages. The economy of the Ming dynasty of China was the largest
in the world. The agricultural reforms of the Hongwu Emperor, the first
emperor of Ming who himself was a poor peasant once, led to a massive
agricultural surplus that became the basis of a market economy. Due to large
influx of silver through trade, silver replaced paper money as the primary
means of exchange in their economy. Another key feature was privatization
with wealthy merchants replacing the state as the dominant movers behind
Chinese industry.

11. The Qing Dynasty  The Qing dynasty, after overtaking China from the previous Ming dynasty,
continued to expand the territories of its empire till it reached its greatest
extent under the reign of the Qianlong Emperor (1735 – 1796), who carried
out what are known as the Ten Great Campaigns. Qing China at its largest
extent ruled China proper, as well as the areas of present-day Northeast
China, Inner Mongolia, Outer Mongolia, Xinjiang and Tibet. The empire
 contained over 13 million square kilometers of territory, an area exceeded
only by the Mongol Yuan dynasty. The empire’s population was around 400
million at its greatest extent.
 After the initial setback due to wars which took place to overthrow the Ming,
the Chinese economy flourished in the middle period of Qing dynasty with
expansion of markets; and more trade, between regions and with overseas
markets. Foreign trade expanded at 4% per annum throughout the latter part
of the 18th century with China exporting large quantities of tea, silk and other
products. There was a large favorable trade balance with the West and the
resulting inflow of silver expanded the money supply facilitating growth.
Government initiatives thus led to increase in population, prosperity and
wealth during the prime of the Qing era, which encompassed most of the
18th century.
 One of Qing era’s main achievements was the creation of vast encyclopedias
and large compilations of Chinese literature, which comprised of hundreds of
volumes. Gujin Tushu Jicheng (Complete Collection of Illustrations and
Writings from the Earliest to Current Times), also known as Imperial
Encyclopedia, was written between 1700 and 1725, during the reigns of the
Qing emperors Kangxi and Yongzheng. It contains 10,000 volumes, 800,000
pages and over 100 million Chinese characters; and covers numerous topics
including natural phenomena, geography, history, literature and government.
 The most prominent development in fine arts during the Qing era was the
Jingxi or Peking opera, which combines music, vocal performance, mime,
dance and acrobatics. The Peking opera was first performed in late 18th
century during the reign of Qianlong Emperor. It became fully developed and
recognized by the mid-19th century. Jingxi was extremely popular in the Qing
dynasty court and has since been regarded as one of the cultural treasures of
China. It continues to be performed, though it has adapted according to
times. Peking opera and its stylistic devices have appeared in many Chinese
films.

Activity II. Japan 101. Complete the table below.

Period/s Date Contributions

 Japan were found about

1. Jomon Period. (13000 BC - 300 BC) 10,000 years ago during
the Jomon Period
(13,000 BC to 300 BC)
when most inhabitants
were hunters and
gatherers. The era's
name, Jomon, refers to
the typical patterns seen
on the contemporary
pottery which was made
unglazed and baked in
large bonfires. It was not
until the Kofun Period
 (300 AD to 538 AD) that
firing techniques were
further developed and
covered kilns were used.
 Early Japanese ceramics
were either stoneware
or earthenware.
Earthenware was fired at
lower temperatures but
was typically porous if
left unglazed, while
stoneware was fired at
higher temperatures and
yielded vessels that were
non-porous, i.e. they did
not need to be further
glazed to make them
waterproof.
 Jomon pottery was
made by hand, without
the use of a potter's
wheel, by building up
from the bottom coils of
soft clay mixed with
other materials such as
fibers or crushed shells.
Afterwards, the outside
and inside of the pottery
were smoothed out by
tools and then fired in an
outdoor bonfire.
 Jomon technology, for
the most part, consists
of basic stone and
wooden tools such as
knives and axes as well
as bows and arrows,
similar to Neolithic
technology used in
Europe and the rest of
Asia. Alongside stone
tools, various traps and
snares also aided the
Jomon people in
hunting.
 Clothing was made from
the bark of the mulberry
tree, put together using
bone needles, and the
Jomon were also found
to weave wicker baskets.
Since at certain periods
the Jomon people were
 settled near the ocean,
fishing tools like
harpoons and hooks
were developed
alongside the techniques
to use them. Unlike
Europe and the rest of
Asia, agriculture was not
practiced until much
later, near the end of the
period, so no tools for
large-scale farming have
been found until the
Yayoi period. However,
there is evidence of
small-scale horticulture
or gardening.
 Yayoi people continued
2. Yayoi Period (300 BC - 250 AD) to use stone tools and
objects at first. However,
with the ability to work
with metal, stone tools
were eventually phased
out and replaced with
weapons, armor, and
trinkets made of bronze
and iron. With the
introduction of rice
farming, the proper tools
also had to be
developed; hoes and
spades that had stone
blades and heads were
replaced with metal.
Irrigation techniques
were developed during
this time for the rice
paddies and other crop
fields.
 With the introduction of
farming, the diet and
lifestyle of the Yayoi
people drastically
changed since they were
now permanently settled
and most of their food -
rice, millet, beans, and
gourds - was grown
locally, with any hunting
and gathering that
occurred acting more as
a supplement.
Communal granaries and
 wells to store food and
acquire water were
constructed near rice
paddies. Due to the
agricultural revolution,
the population grew
steadily during this
period, reaching its peak
at around 2,000,000.
Towns and villages, at
first, would consist of pit
houses, similar to the
previous Jomon housing,
with thatched roofs and
earthen floors, but
gradually developing
into wooden structures
raised above the ground
using wooden supports.
 Like the pottery made
during the Jomon
Period, Yayoi pottery was
also made by coiling clay,
smoothing out the inside
and outside, and then
firing it, but the
similarities end there
since Yayoi pottery was
more functional and
made less porous.
However, Yayoi pottery
was also less decorated
than Jomon pottery. The
main pottery shapes for
this time were long-
necked jars, wide-
mouthed pots, deep
basins, and pedestal
bowls.
 The beliefs of the Yayoi
were quite different
from those of the Jomon
since, based on the
evidence that has been
found, they worshipped
various gods and held
festivals in their honor.
Bronze items such as
bells, mirrors, and
weapons seem to have
been used exclusively for
ceremonial purposes.
Graves were generally
 split between the
general public and the
elite, with regular people
buried closer together
with few, if any, items
buried with them while
members of the elite
were buried in a
separate area with their
graves more lavishly
filled with ceremonial
goods. Sometimes, after
a person was buried and
decayed down to the
bones, people would
exhume the bones, wash
them, and then paint
them with red ocher
before putting them in
jars and burying them
again in large pits which
sometimes had a moat.
 One of the most
3. Kofun Period (250 - 538) impressive
developments in Kofun
Period pottery was the
appearance of Haniwa,
funeral sculptures, which
depicted decorated
horses, fully armed
warriors, well-dressed
nobles, farmers, and
dancers. These
sculptures were placed
inside burial mounds
and tombs in general as
offerings.
 Pottery items intended
for everyday use were
produced in the Sueki
style, which was a huge
improvement compared
to the previous styles
used in the Yayoi and
Jomon Periods as they
were made of blue-
green clay, formed on a
potter's wheel, and fired
in a kiln at temperatures
of around 1,000 to 1,200
Celsius, the same
temperature modern
pottery is fire
  The technology used
during this period is, for
the most part, the same
as the technology used
in the preceding period,
although it is from this
time that technology
becomes more
sophisticated. Rice
paddies began to be
constructed at higher
elevations, irrigation
systems became more
complex, and
ironworking became
more widespread and
intricate. Iron eventually
replaced bronze as the
metal of choice for tools
and weapons as the tin
needed for bronze was
already hard to come by
and was by that period
even more scarce. Iron,
on the other hand, was
plentiful and would
eventually become the
much stronger steel
used in later times.
 The major political event
4. Asuka Period (538 - 710) of the Asuka period
occurred in 645 CE when
the founder of the
Fujiwara clan (Fujiwara-
Shi), Fujiwara no
Kamatari (then known as
Nakatomi), staged a
coup which took over
power from the then
dominant Soga clan
(Soga-Shi). The Soga had
Korean origins and they
had held sway over
government since 587
CE. The new government
was then remodelled
along Chinese lines in a
series of reforms known
as the Taika Reforms
(Taika no Kaishin) in
which land was
nationalised, taxes were
to be paid in kind
 instead of labour, social
ranks were
recategorised, civil
service entrance
examinations were
introduced, law codes
were written, and the
absolute authority of the
emperor established.
Prince Naka no Oe
became Emperor Tenjin,
and Kamatari was made
his senior minister and
given the surname
Fujiwara. This was the
beginning of one of
Japan's most powerful
clans who would
monopolise government
during the Heian Period
(794-1185 CE).
 The arts flourished in the
Asuka Period and have
given rise to an
alternative name, the
Suiko Period (552-645
CE) after Empress Suiko
(r. 592-628 CE).
Literature and music
following Chinese
models were actively
promoted by the court
and artists were given
tax reliefs. Sculptors
produced large numbers
of Buddhist figures in
wood and gilded bronze.
Poems were composed
which would find
themselves in the
Manyoshu or 'Collection
of 10,000 Leaves,' which
was compiled c. 760 CE,
making it the earliest
such anthology in
Japanese literature.
 During the reign of
Shotoku 46 Buddhist
monasteries and
temples were built, the
most important of which
were the Shitennoji (593
CE), Hokoji (596 CE), and
 Horyuji. The latter was
completed in 607 CE but
burnt down c. 670 CE,
after which it was
rebuilt; it is the only
surviving monastery
from the Asuka Period in
its original state. The
complex, consisting of 48
listed buildings including
a 5-storey pagoda, has
the oldest wooden
buildings in Japan.
 A period in which the
5. Nara Period (710 - 784) imperial government
was at Nara, and
Sinicization and
Buddhism were most
highly developed. Nara,
the country’s first
permanent capital, was
modeled on the Chinese
T’ang dynasty (618–907)
capital, Ch’ang-an. Nara
artisans produced
refined Buddhist
sculpture and erected
grand Buddhist temples.
A network of roads
connected the capital
with remote provinces.
 Chinese language and
literature were studied
intensively; the Chinese
characters were adapted
to the Japanese
language; and numerous
Chinese manuscripts,
particularly Buddhist
scriptures, were copied.
Two official histories, the
Koji-ki and Nihon shoki,
were compiled. The
Kaifūsō, a collection of
Chinese poems by
Japanese poets, and the
Manyō-shū, an
anthology of native
poetry, were produced.
 Legal codes based on
Chinese models were
compiled to replace the
less-structured native
 tradition of legal
process. Although the
codification of law was
probably begun earlier,
the Taihō code (701)
completed previous
efforts. With the
adoption of the imperial
title tennō, translated
from the Chinese t’ien-
huang, or “heavenly
emperor,” the Chinese
concept of the emperor
as the supreme symbol
of central government
rule was incorporated
into the native Japanese
interpretation of the
emperor as also the
leading Shintō cult
figure. Like its T’ang
Chinese prototype, the
Japanese central
government consisted of
a Council of State
(Dajōkan) and ministries
of Rites, Personnel,
Public Works, War,
Justice, and Revenue. An
Office of Deities
(Jingikan) supervised
Shintō official
ceremonies.

6. Heian Period (794 - 1185)  The Heian Period of

Japanese history saw a
great flourishing in
Japanese culture from
literature to paintings.
Government and its
administration came to
be dominated by the
Fujiwara clan who
eventually were
challenged by the
Minamoto and Taira
clans. The period,
named after the capital
Heiankyo, closes with
the Genpei War in which
the Minamoto were
victorious and their
leader Yoritomo
 established the
Kamakura Shogunate.
 The new capital,
Heiankyo, meaning ‘the
capital of peace and
tranquillity,’ was laid out
on a regular grid plan.
The city had a wide
central avenue which
dissected the eastern
and western quarters.
Architecture followed
Chinese models with
most buildings for public
administration having
crimson columns
supporting green tiled
roofs. Private homes
were much more
modest and had thatch
or bark roofs. The
aristocracy had palaces
with their own carefully
landscaped gardens and
a large pleasure park
was built south of the
royal palace (Daidairi).
No Buddhist temples
were permitted in the
central part of the city
and artisan quarters
developed with
workshops for artists,
metal workers and
potters.
 In terms of religion,
Buddhism continued its
dominance, helped by
such noted scholar
monks as Kukai (774-835
CE) and Saicho (767-822
CE), who founded the
Shingon and Tendai
Buddhist sects
respectively. They
brought from their visits
to China new ideas,
practices, and texts,
notably the Lotus Sutra
(Hokke-kyo) which
contained the new
message that there were
many different but
 equally valid ways to
enlightenment. There
was also Amida
(Amitabha), the Buddha
of Pure Land Buddhism,
who could help his
followers on this difficult
path.
 The Heian period is
noted for its cultural
achievements, at least at
the imperial court. These
include the creation of a
Japanese writing (kana)
using Chinese
characters, mostly
phonetically, which
permitted the
production of the
world’s first novel, the
Tale of Genji by Murasaki
Shikibu (c. 1020 CE), and
several noted diaries
(nikki) written by court
ladies, including The
Pillow Book by Sei
Shonagon which she
completed c. 1002 CE.
Other famous works of
the period are the Izumi
Shikibu Diary, Fujiwara
no Michitsuna’s Kagero
nikki, and a Tale of
Flowering Fortunes by
Akazome Emon.
 This flourishing of
women’s writing was
largely due to the
Fujiwara ensuring that
their sponsored women
at court were
surrounded by an
interesting and educated
entourage in order to
attract the affections of
the emperor and
safeguard their
monopoly on state
affairs. It also seems that
men were not interested
in frivolous diaries and
commentaries on court
life, leaving the field
 open to women writers
who collectively created
a new genre of literature
which examined the
transitory nature of life,
encapsulated in the
phrase mono no aware
(the sadness or pathos
of things). Those men
who did write history did
so anonymously or even
pretended to be women
such as Ki no Tsurayuki in
his travel memoir Tosa
nikki.
 Kamakura period, in
7. Kamakura Period (1192 - 1333) Japanese history, the
period during which the
basis of feudalism was
firmly established. It was
named for the city
where Minamoto
Yoritomo set up the
headquarters of his
military government,
commonly known as the
Kamakura shogunate.
 Kamakura culture was
largely defined by the
rise of the warrior class,
which held martial skills
and the ideals of duty,
loyalty, and bravery in
the highest regard. The
practice of ritual suicide
by disembowelment
(seppuku) and the cult of
the sword both emerged
during this period. Zen
Buddhism, which
emphasized discipline,
concentration, and
direct action, became
influential as it appealed
to warrior sensibilities,
while the new faith sects
of True Pure Land and
Nichiren Buddhism
found followers among
the populace. In
literature military
chronicles that
romantically depicted
 the heroic but often
unsuccessful exploits of
famous warriors
developed into an
important genre.
 Kamakura was the age of
the great popularization
of Buddhism, and the
reestablishment of
cultural ties with China
spawned the growth of
Zen Buddhism and Pure
Land Buddhism (Jōdo
shū Shinran) as the two
major branches of
Japanese Buddhism.
These two new sects
dominated the artwork
produced during this
period.
 Painting from the
Kamakura Period largely
continued the traditions
of the previous Heian
Period. As most of the
paintings in both the
Heian and Kamakura
periods were religious in
nature, the vast majority
were by anonymous
artists. Painted mandalas
were common, and
many were created as
hanging scrolls and
murals on the walls of
temples. The classic
yamato-e style of
Japanese painting, which
gained significance in
the Heian period, was
continued throughout
this era. Stylistically,
painting included
landscape elements such
as soft rolling hills that
seem to reflect
something of the actual
appearance of the
landscape of western
Japan, and works
continued to be
informed by Tang
Dynasty Chinese “blue
 and green style”
landscape painting
traditions.
 Japanese calligraphy of
the Kamakura Period
both influenced and was
influenced by Zen
thought. With the rise of
the Rinzai school of Zen
Buddhism, a less
technical style of
calligraphy appeared,
representative of Zen
attitudes. This was
exemplified in the works
of Musō Soseki, who
wrote in a refined sosho
style, or Shūhō Myōcho
(better known as Daito
Kokushi), the founder of
Daitoku-ji in Kyoto. In
terms of wayō (和様)
style of calligraphy, the
works of Fujiwara no
Shunzei and Fujiwara no
Teika are considered
outstanding examples of
the late Heian and early
Kamakura Periods. Zen
monks such as Shunjo
studied in China, and the
copybooks that he
brought with him were
highly influential for the
karayō tradition of
calligraphy, expressing a
clear kaisho style. Other
monks were also
influential during this
era, including Rankei
Doryū, who founded the
Kenchō-ji temple in
Kamakura where many
of his works have been
preserved.
 During the Muromachi
8. Muromachi Period (1333 - 1573) period (1333–1578), also
known as the Ashikaga
period, a profound
change took place in
Japanese culture. The
Ashikaga clan took
control of the shogunate
 and moved its
headquarters back to
Kyoto, to the Muromachi
district of the city. With
the return of
government to the
capital, the popularizing
trends of the Kamakura
period came to an end,
and cultural expression
took on a more
aristocratic, elitist
character. During the
Muromachi Period, Zen
Buddhism rose to
prominence—especially
among the elite Samurai
class, who embraced the
Zen values of personal
discipline, concentration,
and self-development.
 The establishment of the
great Zen monasteries in
Kamakura and Kyoto had
a major impact on the
visual arts. Because of
secular ventures and
trading missions to China
organized by Zen
temples, many Chinese
paintings and objects of
art were imported into
Japan, profoundly
influencing Japanese
artists working for Zen
temples and the
shogunate. These
imports not only
changed the subject
matter of painting, but
they also modified the
use of color; the bright
colors of Yamato-e
yielded to the
monochromes of
painting in the Chinese
manner of Sui-boku-ga
(水) or Sumi-e (墨). This
style mainly used only
black ink—the same as
used in East Asian
calligraphy.
 Another style that
developed in the
Muromachi period is
Shigajiku (詩). This is
usually a painting
accompanied by poetry
and has its roots in
China, where painting
and poetry were seen as
inherently connected.
This style grew out of
literary circles; an artist
would usually be given a
subject to paint, and the
poets would compose
accompanying verses to
be written above the
work.A famous example
is the scroll Catching a
Catfish with a Gourd
(Hyōnen-zu 瓢), located
at Taizō-in, Myōshin-ji,
Kyoto. Created by the
priest-painter Josetsu (c.
1386–1428), it includes
31 verses of many Zen
priests inscribed above
the painting. In the
foreground of the
painting, a man is
depicted on the bank of
a stream holding a small
gourd and looking at a
large slithery catfish.
Mist fills the middle
ground, and the
background mountains
appear to be far in the
distance. The painting
was commissioned by
the 4th Shogun of the
Muromachi Period,
Ashikaga Yoshimochi
(1386–1428), and was
based on the
nonsensical riddle: “How
do you catch a catfish
with a gourd?” The
painting and
accompanying poems
capture both the
playfulness and the
perplexing nature of Zen
buddhist Koans, which
 were supposed to aid
the Zen practitioner in
their meditation.
 The fact that the two
9. Azuchi-Momoyama (1573 - 1603) castle sites lend their
Period names to the era seems
especially appropriate
artistically because the
castle was the single
most important crucible
for experimentation in
the visual arts in the
Azuchi-Momoyama
period. The
development of the
castle also points up
several salient features
of the age: a display of
massive power held by
provincial warriors not
previously noted for high
cultural aspirations,
growing confidence in
national stability, and
the conscription of
artists to articulate the
new mood.
 Painting was the visual
art form that offered the
most varied
opportunities in the new
age and, in fact, the
most notable area of
achievement. A
breakdown of the
comparatively rigid lines
that had previously
defined the various
painting styles began in
the Muromachi period
and continued in the
Momoyama. The Kanō
school developed two
distinctive styles: one
featuring bright, opaque
colours on gold or silver
backgrounds, brilliantly
amalgamating bright
colour and bold
brushwork, and the
other a more
freehanded, mannered,
and bold interpretation
 of traditional ink
monochrome themes.
Other schools varied
these two styles into
distinctive lineage
voices, but the Kanō
group under Eitoku
dominated the period
through sheer talent and
by amassing important
commissions.
 The tea ceremony and
the need for its
attendant wares
continued to develop
during the Momoyama
period. The ceremony
itself enjoyed greater
popularity, but the
political instability of the
late Muromachi and
early Momoyama
periods drove an
important group of
potters from Seto, near
Nagoya, to the Mino
region, somewhat
northeast of their former
site. It was in this area
that many new and
expanding commissions
for tea ware were
executed. Under the
supervision of Mino kiln
masters, subvarieties
were produced, notably
Shino ware, which used
a rich feldspathic glaze
whose random surface
bursts and crackles
appealed greatly to tea
connoisseurs.
 The natural,
serendipitous features of
ceramics cherished by
Muromachi period tea
masters embodied
aesthetic qualities
central to the tea
philosophy. While these
qualities continued to be
sought during the
Momoyama period,
 controlled peculiarities
and manufactured
defects were also
introduced. The polished
aesthetic of the Edo
period was on the
horizon.
 The period of the rule of
10. Edo Period (1603 - 1868) the Tokugawa
shogunate, known as the
Edo period, brought 250
years of stability to
Japan. The political
system evolved into
what historians call
bakuhan, a combination
of the terms bakufu and
han (domains). In the
bakuhan, the shogun
had national authority
and the daimyōs had
regional authority. This
represented a new unity
in the feudal structure,
which featured an
increasingly large
bureaucracy to
administer the mixture
of centralized and
decentralized
authorities.
 A code of laws was
established to regulate
the daimyō houses. The
code encompassed
private conduct,
marriage, dress, types of
weapons, and numbers
of troops allowed. It
required the feudal lords
to reside in Edo every
other year, prohibited
the construction of
ocean-going ships,
proscribed Christianity,
restricted castles to one
per domain (han) and
stipulated that bakufu
regulations were the
national law. Although
the daimyō were not
taxed per se, they were
regularly levied for
 contributions for military
and logistical support
and for such public
works projects as
castles, roads, bridges,
and palaces. The various
regulations and levies
not only strengthened
the Tokugawa but
depleted the wealth of
the daimyōs, thus
weakening their threat
to the central
administration. The han,
once military-centered
domains, became mere
local administrative
units. The daimyōs did
have full administrative
control over their
territories and their
complex systems of
retainers, bureaucrats,
and commoners.
 Edo society had an
elaborate social
structure in which
everyone knew their
place and level of
prestige. At the top were
the Emperor and the
court nobility, invincible
in prestige but weak in
power. Next came the
shogun, daimyōs, and
layers of feudal lords,
whose rank was
indicated by their
closeness to the
Tokugawa. The daimyōs
comprised about 250
local lords of local han
with annual outputs of
50,000 or more bushels
of rice.
 The Edo period
witnessed the growth of
a vital commercial
sector, burgeoning urban
centers, relatively well-
educated elite,
sophisticated
government
 bureaucracy, productive
agriculture, highly
developed financial and
marketing systems, and
a national infrastructure
of roads. Economic
development included
urbanization, increased
shipping of
commodities, a
significant expansion of
domestic and initially
foreign commerce, and a
diffusion of trade and
handicraft industries.
The construction trades
flourished, along with
banking facilities and
merchant associations.
 Economic and social
11. Meiji Period (1868 - 1912) changes paralleled the
political transformation
of the Meiji period.
Although the economy
still depended on
agriculture,
industrialization was the
primary goal of the
government, which
directed the
development of strategic
industries,
transportation, and
communications.
 The first railroad was
built in 1872, and by
1890 the country had
more than 1,400 miles
(2,250 km) of rail.
Telegraph lines linked all
major cities by 1880.
 Economic and social
changes paralleled the
political transformation
of the Meiji period.
Although the economy
still depended on
agriculture,
industrialization was the
primary goal of the
government, which
directed the
development of strategic
 industries,
transportation, and
communications. The
first railroad was built in
1872, and by 1890 the
country had more than
1,400 miles (2,250 km)
of rail. Telegraph lines
linked all major cities by
1880.
 Wholesale
Westernization was
somewhat checked in
the 1880s, however,
when a renewed
appreciation of
traditional Japanese
values emerged. Such
was the case in the
development of a
modern educational
system that, though
influenced by Western
theory and practice,
stressed the traditional
values of samurai loyalty
and social harmony.
Those precepts were
codified in 1890 with the
enactment of the
Imperial Rescript on
Education (Kyōiku
Chokugo). The same
tendency prevailed in art
and literature, where
Western styles were first
imitated, and then a
more-selective blending
of Western and Japanese
tastes was achieved.
 Taishō period, (1912–26)
12. Taisho Period (1912 - 1926) period in Japanese
history corresponding to
the reign of the Taishō
emperor, Yoshihito
(1879–1926). It followed
the Meiji period and
represented a
continuation of Japan’s
rise on the international
scene and liberalism at
home.
 Politically, the country
 moved toward broader
representational
government. The tax
qualification for voting
was reduced,
enfranchising more
voters, and was
eliminated in 1925. Party
politics flourished, and
legislation favourable to
labour was passed.
 Japan's transformation
into a modern nation
started in the late 19th
century. By the
beginning of the 20th
century, the cultural and
artistic change was
evident. The Taisho
period is often
considered the first era
of modern Japan, when
many western influences
lived side by side with
tradition.
 Architecture continued
to be influenced by
western styles. Different
innovations and design
ideas from Europe and
North America were
adopted. Japan was now
part of the modern
world. If you looked at a
building without any
context, it would be
difficult to know it is
located in Japan.
 The influence of western
culture on Japan during
the Meiji era continued
in the Taishō period.
Kobayashi Kiyochika (小
林 清親, 1847–1915)
adopted a western style
of painting, while
continuing to work in
ukiyo-e (浮世絵).
Okakura Kakuzo (岡倉 覚
三 or 岡倉 天心 Okakura
Tenshin, 1862–1913)
maintained an interest in
traditional Japanese
 painting. Mori Ōgai (森
鴎外, 1862–1922) and
Natsume Sōseki (夏目 漱
石, 1867–1916) studied
in the West and
introduced a more
modern outlook on
human life to literature.
 Japanese painting in the
13. Showa Period (1926 - 1989) pre-war Shōwa period
was largely dominated
by Yasui Sōtarō (1888–
1955) and Umehara
Ryūzaburō (1888–1986).
These artists introduced
the concepts of pure art
and abstract painting to
the Nihonga tradition (a
style based on
traditional Japanese art
forms) and thus created
a more interpretative
version of that genre.
Yasui Sōtarō was strongly
influenced by the
realistic styles of the
French artists Jean-
François Millet, Pierre-
Auguste Renoir, and Paul
Cézanne; he
incorporated clear
outlines and vibrant
colors in his portraits
and landscapes,
combining western
realism with the softer
touches of traditional
Nihonga techniques. This
trend was further
developed by Leonard
Foujita (also known as
Fujita Tsuguharu) and
the Nika Society to
encompass surrealism.
To promote these
trends, the Independent
Art Association was
formed in 1930.
 By the early 20th
century, European art
forms were also
introduced into Japanese
architecture. Their
 marriage with traditional
Japanese styles of
architecture produced
notable buildings like the
Tokyo Train Station and
the National Diet
Building that still exist
today.
 Mono-ha is the name
given to group of 20th
century Japanese artists.
The mono-ha artists
explored the encounter
between natural and
industrial materials, such
as stone, steel plates,
glass, light bulbs, cotton,
sponge, paper, wood,
wire, rope, leather, oil,
and water, arranging
them in mostly
unaltered, ephemeral
states. The works focus
as much on the
interdependency of
these various elements
and the surrounding
space as on the
materials themselves. A
number of mono-ha
artists turned to painting
to recapture traditional
nuances in spatial
arrangements, color
harmonies, and lyricism.
 There are also a number
of contemporary
painters in Japan whose
work is largely inspired
by anime subcultures
and other aspects of
popular and youth
culture. Takashi
Murakami is perhaps
among the most famous
and popular of these,
along with the other
artists in his Kaikai Kiki
studio collective. His
work centers on
expressing issues and
concerns of post-war
Japanese society
 through seemingly
innocuous forms. He
draws heavily from
anime and related styles
but produces paintings
and sculptures in media
more traditionally
associated with fine arts,
intentionally blurring the
lines between
commercial, popular,
and fine arts.

Activity 3. Pic a Jap. Paste a picture of the following.

Emperor Samurai

Shog
un
Peasant
 Daimyo

C. Analysis

How is China similar to Japan? Cite at least three similarities .

China is similar to japan because they have the same religion which are Confucianism
and Buddhism. They also have complex foreign policy because they share many borders.
Both countries have 3 major rivers such as; Yangtze River, Yellow River, and Lancang
River in China and Kasumigaura, Biwa, and Iniwashiro rivers in Japan.

D. Application
What would be the result if China has not built the Great Wall?
First emperor Qin Shi Huang united all the warning states and kingdoms in China and he
unified the China and establishing the Qin Dynasty and he also ordered the construction
of the Great Wall around 221 B.C. If Qin Shi Huang didn't think to build and upgrade the
Great wall of China for the upcoming invaders, the smallest great wall will totally be
destroyed and will be invaded and conquered by a nomadic northern group called
Xiongnu.

E. Abstraction
By using a Venn Diagram Compare and Contrast Ancient China from Japan.
China

The civilization of ancient
China first developed in the
Yellow River region of
northern China, in the 3rd
and 2nd millennial BCE. This
is a very fertile region;
however, the land needs
irrigation to make the crops
grow, and well-built river
embankments to prevent
catastrophic flooding.
In ancient times, the main
crop in northern China was
millet, a food still grown in
many parts of the world as a
major crop. Chinese pottery,
also called Chinese ceramics,
objects made of clay and
hardened by heat:
earthenware, stoneware, and
porcelain, particularly those
made in China. Nowhere in
the world has pottery
assumed such importance as
in China, and the influence of
Chinese porcelain on later
European pottery has been
profound.
Differences
Japan
They produce new
Japan were found about
pottery, bronze, iron,
10,000 years ago during
and improved
the Jomon Period (13,000
metalworking
BC to 300 BC) when most
techniques which
inhabitants were hunters
produced more efficient
and gatherers. The era's
farming tools and better
name, Jomon, refers to the
weaponry and armor.
typical patterns seen on the
Buddhism came to Japan
contemporary pottery
through the Chinese.
which was made unglazed
This religion has a
and baked in large bonfires.
strong influence over
Pottery was made by hand,
both, China and Japan.
without the use of a
Both cultures are
potter's wheel, by building
strongly influenced by
up from the bottom coils of
Confucianism. There is a
soft clay mixed with other
strong sense of loyalty
materials such as fibers or
that people of Japan as
crushed shells. Afterwards,
well as China have.
the outside and inside of
Both cuisines
the pottery were smoothed
emphasize on rice
out by tools and then fired
and noodles in their
in an outdoor bonfire.
meals.
Similarities Differences

F. Evaluation
Based on the following procedures of this module; the activities conducted and the ideas gathered, I want
you to make a reflection by filling up the table below. As a student, the lesson I got in this module are as
follows:

I LEARNED……. I UNLEARNED…… RELEARNED…….

I have learned the origin of
China, its golden age and why
China’s dynasties existed and
fallen.
I have learned the history of
Japan and its periods and how
the periods started and
connected to each other.
I have learned some of the
differences and similarities of
China and Japan.
I do not know some of the
other ancient cultures of
China. Maybe there is more
about it that I did not put in
my contributions.
I am not knowledgeable
enough of Japan’s
contributions.
I am a little bit confuse of
their similarities and
differences and why the
culture of China influence
I want to relearn the
connections and
contributions of China’s
dynasties to one another.
I want to relearn the
inventions of Japan because
I am interesting to know it
deeper.
I want to relearn why China
and Japan are related in
terms of their traditions,
culture, and religion.
 the culture of Japan.

Prepared by:

Maria Therese N. Trojillo Med- Social Studies