Question 2(a-h)

a)

With fast growing technology call for petroleum products is increasing steeply. Most of the
automobiles are operating using diesel and petrol so these petroleum fractions need to be
produced in larger volumes. Gasoline is perceived to be among the most demanding petroleum
products and forecast shows it could climb up to 27.4 million barrels a day in near times. Other
fractions of petroleum are also increasing in market value.

b)

Crude oil is found underground, at different pressures and temperature that depends upon
depth. It mainly consist of Hydrocarbons with some fractions of Sulphur compounds as well.
Hydrocarbons are further divided into Paraffins, Olefins, Aromatics and naphthenes etc.
Physical Characteristics
1) Specific Gravity
2) API gravity

c)

Evaluate the cracking activity and find out how much it matches the performance of plant.

Collect Information about deactivation of catalyst.

Do micro activity studies and characterizations.

Evaluate the economic aspects.

d)

Selection of reactor (There are two types of reactors, they are tube type and tank type).

Selection of reactor is done by finding area of the reactor using the reactor’s operating curve, compare
areas of both reactors, small area means the material of construction required is low and vice versa.
e) Operation and Control of Reactor

f) Safety and environmental considerations

 Process Safety
 Guidelines for Emissions and Effluent streams
 Monitoring Environment
 Emissions to atmosphere
  Handling of wastewater and their disposal which include storage of wastewater then
transportation to treatment plant and treatment itself.
 Handling of hazardous materials and wastes
 Noise from operating machinery

g) Capital Cost Estimation

Reactor volume and mass will govern the capital cost estimation.

Find out the volume of bed, volume of heat exchanger.

Use equations

Q˙ = ∆HR m s

MTCM = τ p m˙ s

V Bed = M TCM/ ρ bulk

Material of construction is carbon steel and reactor shape is cylindrical with a diameter of 5m and wall
thickness is 20 mm.

Find out the cost for pipe and tubes and alloy cost factors.

Use the below graph for cost estimation.

h) List of References

https://www.statista.com/statistics/282774/global-product-demand-outlook-worldwide/

https://www.britannica.com/science/crude-oil

Flegkas, S.; Birkelbach, F.; Winter, F.; Freiberger, N.; Werner- Modelling and process limitations. Energy
2018, 143, 615–623. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2017.11.065.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337980797 (see page 5)

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9783527611119.app4 (see section 6)

https://www.scribd.com/document/430365689/Appendix-1-Equipment-Cost-Estimates-Garrett pg:299