NEBOSH International General

BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd Certificate in Occupational Health
and Safety

Day 1

Presented by
Dr Geoff Lloyd

© BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
 Welcome and Introduction
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd

Domestic arrangements
BMS Ltd.
Introductions

© BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
 NEBOSH International General
Certificate in Occupational Health
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
and Safety
 NEBOSH is an Internationally recognised
examining body
 UK NEBOSH General Certificate is a well
established, well regarded qualification
 There is a need for an International Award moving
from legislative standards to best practice
 The International General Certificate has the same
standing
 A Management qualification issued

© BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
 NEBOSH IGC
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd

Course content & programme

Week 1, IGC1: Management of
International health and safety
Week 2, IGC2: Control of International
workplace hazards
Examinations
2 x 2 hour examinations, IGC1 and IGC2
1 x practical, IGC3

© BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
 IGC1 & IGC2 Examinations
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd

2 hours - 120 minutes

11 questions - all to be answered
1 long (20 marks) 30 minutes
10 shorter (8 marks each) 90 minutes, 9 minutes per
question
Pass mark 45%

Failed papers (i.e. IGC1, IGC2, or IGC3)

may be retaken without re-sitting the entire
exam providing candidates re-register
within 12 months
© BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
 Examination Action Verbs
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
 Define - provide a generally recognised or accepted
definition
 Describe - give a word picture
 Explain - give a clear account of, or reasons for
 Give - provide without explanation
 Identify - select and name
 List - provide a list
 Outline - most important features (less depth than
‘explain’ or ‘describe’)
 Sketch - a line drawing using labels to identify specific
features
 State - a less demanding form of ‘define’, or where
there is no recognised definition
© BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
 IGC 3: Practical Application
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd

Two parts
Hand-written inspection – 45 minutes
Hand-written report – 1 hour
Forms to be completed are supplied
Supervised

© BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
 Award Grades
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd

Sum of IGC1 & IGC2 exam paper

scores and IGC3 practical marks

Pass 150 - 179 marks

Credit 180 - 209 marks
Distinction 210 marks or more

© BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd

IGC1 Element 1

Foundations in Health and Safety

© BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
 Scope and Nature of Occupational
BMS
(Health and
Health and Safety
Safety) Ltd

Health and safety is based on

removing, or minimising, the causes of
accidents and other events in the
workplace which may have adverse
effects on workers and others who
may be close by

© BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
 Scope and Nature of Occupational
BMS
(Health and
Health and Safety
Safety) Ltd

Systematic approach
Active and reactive
Political and social pressure
Multi-disciplinary nature
Chemistry and physics
Biological
Engineering
Psychology
Sociology
© BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
Law
 Obstacles to Good Standards of
BMS
(Health and
Health and Safety
Safety) Ltd

 Complexity of the problem

 Cause-and-effect relationship
 Work processes and activities
 Extent of the problem
 Competing and conflicting demands
 Profit v Health and Safety demands
 Behavioural issues
 Human actions – Employers and workers
 Conflicts between individual or group goals and the
requirements of health and safety
 Individual characteristics and suitability for the job
 Satisfaction of needs through achievements at work
© BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
 Meanings and Distinctions
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd

Health
Physical condition of both body and mind
Protection from harm (injury or disease)

Safety
Conditions at the workplace
Risk of harm eliminated or reduced to an
© BMS Ltd. acceptable level
2008 (V1)
 Meanings and Distinctions
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd

Welfare
General well-being of workers at the
workplace

Environment
Workplace environment
External environment

© BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
 Incident
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd

An event that caused an accident or

had the potential to cause an
accident

The term incident includes accidents

and near misses

© BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
 Accident
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd

An undesired event, giving rise to

death, ill-health, injury, damage or
other loss

OR
An undesired event that caused loss
e.g. death, ill-health, injury, damage or other
loss
© BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
 Accident
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd

© BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
 Near-Miss
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd

An event which could have resulted in

injury or loss

OR
An undesired event that had the
potential to cause loss
e.g. death, ill-health, injury, damage or other
loss

© BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
 Near-Miss?
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd

© BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
 International Labour Organisation
BMS
(Health and
(ILO) - Reporting of Accidents, etc.
Safety) Ltd

 Occupational Accident
 An occurrence arising out of or in the
course of work which results in:
 Fatal occupational injury
 Non-fatal occupational injury

© BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
 ILO - Reporting of Accidents, etc.
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd

 Commuting Accident
 Traffic accidents in
which workers are
involved during
working hours and
which occur in the
course of paid
work are
considered as
occupational
accidents
© BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
 ILO - Reporting of Accidents, etc.
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd

 Commuting Accident
 An accident occurring on the direct way
between the place of work and
 The worker’s principal or secondary
residence
 The place where the worker usually takes
his / her meals
 The place where the worker usually
receives his / her remuneration
 Which results in death or personal
© BMS Ltd. injury involving loss of working time
2008 (V1)
 Reporting of Accidents, etc. - ILO
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd

 Dangerous Occurrence
 Readily identifiable
event as defined under
national laws and
regulations, with
potential to cause injury
or disease to persons
at work or the public

© BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
 ILO - Reporting of Accidents, etc.
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd

 Occupational Disease
 A disease contracted as a result of an
exposure to risk factors arising from
work activity

© BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
 Work-Related Ill-Health
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd

 Normally occurs over a longer

timescale
 Physiological
 Exposure to substances or harmful
work practices
 Psychological
 Exposure to stress
 Short-term – shock, violence
 Longer-term - excessive demands, bullying
© BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
 Hazard
BMS
(Health and

 Something with the potential to cause harm

Safety) Ltd

© BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
 Hazard
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd

 Physical, e.g. working at heights, fire,

noise, electricity, machinery, poor lighting

 Chemical, e.g. toxic, corrosive, irritant,

harmful, etc.

 Biological, e.g. bacteria, virus, fungi

 Ergonomic, e.g. posture, manual handling

 Psychological, e.g. excessive demands,

© BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
violence, bullying
 Risk
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd

 The likelihood and severity of harm

© BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
 Why Manage Health and Safety?
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd

3 reasons:
Moral

Social

Economic

© BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
 Moral Reasons
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd

 270 million
occupational
accidents
Accidents
Diseases

 160 million
occupational
diseases each
year

© BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
 Occupational Accidents and
BMS
(Health and
Ill-Health
Safety) Ltd

Accidents Ill-health
 Vehicles: death, crush  Chemical: cancer,
injuries asthma
 Work at height: death,  Asbestos: cancer
fractures  Noise: deafness,
 Slips, trips, falls: tinnitus
sprains, fractures  Vibration: vibration
 Moving machinery: white finger
fractures, amputation,  Manual handling: back,
lacerations sprain, strain injuries
 Electrical: fire, death,  Repetitive tasks:
burns repetitive strain injury
© BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
 Moral Reasons
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd

 Approximately 2 million people die every

year from occupational accidents and
occupational diseases
 4% of the world’s gross domestic product
is lost each year through the cost of injury,
death, absence, etc.
 There are around 355,000 on-the-job
fatalities each year – half of these occur in
agriculture. Other high-risk sectors are
© BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
construction and fishing industries
 Social Reasons
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd

Employers’ duty to provide

Safe place of work
Safe plant and equipment
Safe system of work
Training and supervision
Competent staff

© BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
 Sample ‘LIST’ Question
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd

Replacement or repair of damaged

plant and equipment is a cost that
an organisation may face following a
workplace accident.

List EIGHT other possible costs to

an organisation when an employee
has been seriously injured in such
an accident. (8)
© BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
 Economic Reasons
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd

 Direct costs
 Sick pay, repairs or replacement of damaged
equipment and buildings, etc.
 Product loss or damage, loss of production,
public and/or product liability, fines, legal fees,
increases in insurance premiums

 Indirect costs
 Business interruption, loss of orders, cost of
time spent on investigations, loss of corporate
image
© BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
 Economic Reasons
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd

Near-miss incidents
Damage to plant, material,
equipment
Personal injury
Personal injury and damage to plant,
material, equipment

© BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
 Sample ‘OUTLINE’ Question
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd

It is generally accepted that,

following a workplace accident,
the ‘hidden’ costs (usually
uninsured) greatly exceed the
more obvious costs which are
usually covered by insurance.

Outline FOUR of these ‘hidden’

costs, giving examples in each
case. (8)
© BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
 Uninsured or ‘Hidden’ Costs
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
 Lost time
 Investigation time
 Sick pay
 Extra wage, overtime, temporary workers
 Damage or loss of product or services
 Site cleaning
 Plant and equipment repair
 Delays
 Loss of contracts
 Legal costs
 Fines
 Excess on any claim
© BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
 Increased insurance premiums UK estimate (HSE)
 Loss of business reputation
 Framework for Regulating Health
BMS
(Health and
and Safety
Safety) Ltd

ILO OSH Convention C155

ILO OSH Recommendation R164

Terminology used:
‘So far as is reasonably practicable’
A balance between the risk involved and
the cost of control measures

© BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
 Employer’s Responsibilities – C155
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd

 Workplaces, machinery, equipment and

processes are safe and without risk to
health

 Chemical, physical and biological

substances and agents are without risk to
health when the appropriate measures of
protection are taken

 Protective clothing and protective

equipment to prevent risk of accidents or
© BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1) of adverse effects on health
 Employer’s Responsibilities – R164
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd
 Provide and maintain workplaces, machinery and
equipment, and use work methods, which are as
safe and without risk to health
 Instruction and training
 Supervision
 Organisational arrangements
 Personal protective clothing
 Work organisation
 Eliminate excessive physical and mental fatigue

© BMS Ltd.
 Keep abreast of the scientific and technical
2008 (V1) knowledge
 Worker’s Responsibilities – C155
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd

 Take reasonable care for their own safety

and that of other persons who may be
affected by their acts or omissions

 Comply with instructions given

 Use safety devices and protective

equipment correctly

 Report any situation which could present a

hazard
 Report any accident or injury to health
© BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
 Worker’s Rights – C155
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd

 A safe workplace

 To be given information and training

 To be consulted

 Not to return to work where imminent and

serious danger exists

© BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
 Role of Enforcement Agencies
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd

Enforcement Agencies
Fire Authorities
Insurance Companies

© BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
 Consequences of Non-Compliance
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd

 Criminal Law
 Punish
 Civil Law
 Compensation

© BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
 Compensation Claim
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd

 Negligence
 Causing harm to someone to
whom you owed a duty of care,
as a result of something you did
OR failed to do
 Harm must be reasonably
foreseeable

© BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
 Negligence
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd

 Compensatory systems
 No fault liability system
 Negligence assumed to have occurred
and injured person compensated
 Fault liability system - Claimant to
prove:
1. Duty of care owed; and
2. Duty of care breached; and
3. Breach caused loss
© BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
 Sample 20 Mark Question
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd

(a) Outline typical actions that

might be brought against an
employer who has breached
health and safety criminal law. (10)
(b) Explain why health and safety
legislation might be enforced
to different standards in
different countries. (10)

© BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
 (a) Enforcement
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd

 Informal
 Verbal and / or written advice / guidance
 Formal
 Prosecution with the intent of punishment
 Fines, orders to rectify, imprisonment
 Legal mandate:
 To stop dangerous activity, e.g. Prohibition
Notice
 To comply with the law, e.g. Improvement Notice
© BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)  Caution
 (b) Legal Implementation
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd

 Different legal systems

 Different legal standards
 Different penalties
 Religious beliefs and cultural issues
 Competence levels of enforcers
 Different enforcement system standards
 Varying number of enforcers
 Varying degree of monitoring
 Varying degree of reporting
© BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
 Political pressure
 The Role of International
BMS
(Health and
Standards and Conventions
Safety) Ltd

International Labour Organisation

UN body establishes and maintain
international standards on labour and
social issues, issued in the form of:
Conventions (Mandatory)
Recommendations (Non-Mandatory)
These standards are often adopted by
countries with limited existing law

© BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
 International Organisation for
BMS
(Health and
Standardisation (ISO)
Safety) Ltd

 ISO 9001 (Quality Management Standard)

 ISO 14001 (Environmental Management

Standard)

 BSI: Occupational Health and Safety

Assessment Series (OHSAS) specification
18001: 2007 health and safety management
system is compatible with ISO 9001 and
ISO 14001
© BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
 Sample Question
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd

Outline the sources of information

that could be consulted when
developing a safe system of work. (8)

© BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
 Sources of Information
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd

Internal
External

© BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
 Framework for Health and Safety
BMS
(Health and
Management
Safety) Ltd
 ILO OSH
 Policy
 Organising
 Planning &
implementation
 Evaluation
 Action for
improvement

 Audit
© BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
 Syndicate Exercise
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd

Outline the key elements of a health

and safety management system

© BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
 Policy
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd

The employer, in consultation with

workers and their representatives,
should set out in writing an OSH
policy
Management commitment
Key principles, targets and objectives
Compatible or integrated with other
management systems
Worker participation
© BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
 Organising
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd

Responsibility & accountability

Competence & training
OSH documentation
Communication

© BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
 Organising
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd

 Develop a positive OSH culture:

Competence
Recruitment, knowledge, ability training, experience,
qualifications
Control
Allocating responsibility and accountability
Securing commitment
Information, training instruction and supervision
(ITIS)
Co-operation
Internal and external
© BMS Ltd. Communication
2008 (V1)
Oral, written, visible
 Planning & Implementation
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd

Initial review
System planning, development and
implementation
Specific OSH objectives / arrangements
Legal compliance

© BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
 Planning & Implementation
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd

Health and safety standards

Risk assessment
Risk control
Systems of work and protective measures

Provision of information and training

© BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
 Planning & Implementation
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd

Change management
Emergency response
Procurement
Contractors
Monitoring systems

© BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
 Evaluation
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd

Performance monitoring and

measurement
Active
Reactive
Investigation
Audit
Management review

© BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
 Action for Improvement
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd

Preventive and corrective action

Continual improvement

© BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
 OHSAS 18001, 2007 (BSI)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd

 OH&S Policy
Continual
improvement

 Planning
 Implementation OH&S Policy

and operation Management

review

 Checking and Planning

corrective action Checking and Implementation

corrective and operation

 Management
action

review

© BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
 HSG 65 (UK: HSE 2003)
BMS
(Health and
Safety) Ltd

Information link
Policy
Control link

Organising

Audit and Planning &

review implementing

Measuring
performance

Remember
Reviewing
POPI MR A
© BMS Ltd.
2008 (V1)
performance