1.

Question 1

Which of the following is a psychic defense mechanism used by an infant who fantasizes taking into
its body those perceptions and experiences that it has had with an external object, originally the
mother’s breast?

1.

introjection

2.

projective identification

3.

splitting

4.

projection

2. Question 2

Klein extended Freud’s psychoanalysis by emphasizing

1.

old age.

2.

adolescence.

3.

very early infancy.

4.

young adulthood.

3. Question 3
 Karen Horney’s theory is built mainly on her writings about

1.

normality and normal people.

2.

neuroses and neurotic people.

3.

psychoses and psychotic people.

4.

self-actualizing people.

4. Question 4

As a boy, Carl Jung became aware of his No. 1 and No. 2 personalities. Which of the following
statements is true about his No. 2 personality?

1.

It was extraverted and in tune with the objective world.

2.

It knew feelings unknown to the No. 1 personality.

3.

It was his persona, or face, that he showed to other people.

4.

It was a reflection of the Egyptian empress Cleopatra.

5. Question 5

In the context of Karen Horney’s list of defenses against basic anxiety, people use _____ as a defense
against the real or imagined hostility of others.
 1.

power

2.

affection

3.

submissiveness

4.

withdrawal

6. Question 6

Which of the following statements is true about regression?

1.

It activates the process of healthy personality development when combined with

progression.

2.

It alone can help people in attaining self-realization.

3.

It involves the backward flow of psychic energy in order to adapt to the outside world.

4.

It fails to activate the unconscious psyche, an essential aid in problem-solving.

7. Question 7

Which of the following statements is true about the depressive position according to Melanie Klein?

1.
 It includes feelings of fear and persecution for wanting to destroy the bad breast.

2.

It includes a fear of being bitten by animals.

3.

It includes anxiety over losing a loved object and guilt for wanting to destroy it.

4.

It includes a desire to devour and harbor the good breast.

8. Question 8

According to Carl Jung, which of the following statements is true about a complex?

1.

It is the unconscious, repressed, feminine aspect of a man.

2.

It is an emotionally toned conglomeration of associated ideas.

3.

It is the part of the personality that is turned toward the outside world.

4.

It is the center of the self.

9. Question 9

Which of the following statements is true about archetypes?

1.

They can help shape personality.

2.
 They are consciously determined.

3.

They themselves can be directly represented.

4.

They lack a biological basis.

10. Question 10

In Jungian psychology, repressed, forgotten, or subliminally perceived experiences are part of the

1.

ego.

2.

persona.

3.

collective unconscious.

4.

personal unconscious.

11. Question 11

The side of personality that people show to the world is designated as the

1.

persona.

2.

shadow.

3.
 anima.

4.

animus.

12. Question 12

Which of these people is most likely to represent Carl Jung’s hero archetype?

1.

a frightened person who overcomes fear to save another person from harm

2.

a woman who overcomes her animus and thus becomes more desirable to men

3.

an immortal person who fights to protect another person from harm

4.

a man who overcomes his anima and thus becomes more desirable to women

13. Question 13

Which of the following statements is true about progression?

1.

It involves relying on a forward flow of psychic energy in order to adapt to the inner
world.

2.

It activates the unconscious psyche, an essential aid in the solution of most problems.

3.

It alone can help people in attaining individual growth.

 4.

It brings about too much one-sidedness and failure in adaptation if regression is

excluded.

14. Question 14

In the context of Jungian theory, which of the following statements is true about the ego?

1.

It is completely unconscious.

2.

It is the center of consciousness.

3.

It develops after individuation.

4.

It has the same characteristics as the self.

15. Question 15

Melanie Klein’s conception of a “position” is different from “stage of development” in that

“positions” are

1.

completely psychological.

2.

due largely to social influences.

3.

not referring to periods of time.

 4.

determined by chronological age.

16. Question 16

According to Karen Horney, people who try to purchase love with self-effacing compliance, material
goods, or sexual favors use _____ as a strategy to protect themselves against the feeling of being alone
in a potentially hostile world.

1.

power

2.

prestige

3.

withdrawal

4.

affection

17. Question 17

Which of the following is a defense mechanism used by an infant who feels good about its mother’s
nurturing breast and attributes its own feelings of goodness onto the breast and imagines that the
breast is good?

1.

projection

2.

splitting

3.

introjection
 4.

rejection

18. Question 18

Object relations theory differs from Freud’s theory in that it

1.

All of the answers are correct.

2.

places less emphasis on sexual pleasure.

3.

stresses the importance of a nurturing mother.

4.

places more emphasis on interpersonal relations.

19. Question 19

Which of the following occurs when individuals identify too closely with their personas?

1.

They are more conscious of their individuality.

2.

They remain independent of society’s expectations of them.

3.

They remain in touch with their inner selves.

4.
 They are blocked from attaining self-realization.

20. Question 20

Carl Jung, like Sigmund Freud, based his personality theory on the assumption that that the mind, or
psyche,

1.

has conscious and unconscious aspects.

2.

is dominated by archetypes.

3.

draws psychic energy from the ego.

4.

remains inactive during the latency period.

21. Question 21

Karen Horney believed that people are governed by which guiding principles?

1.

safety and satisfaction

2.

avoidance and attraction

3.

sex and aggression

4.

superiority and inferiority

22. Question 22

In the context of the defense mechanisms used by infants, which of the following statements is true
about splitting?

1.

Splitting, even when inflexible, rarely ever leads to pathological repression.

2.

Splitting enables people to see both positive and negative aspects of themselves and to
evaluate their behavior as good or bad.

3.

Splitting begins with an infant’s first feeding, when there is an attempt to incorporate
the mother’s breast into the infant’s body.

4.

Splitting, when extreme and rigid, is a positive and useful mechanism for infants.

23. Question 23

If a hungry infant cries and kicks, Melanie Klein would say that it is

1.

engaging in random behavior.

2.

fantasizing about kicking or destroying the “bad” breast.

3.

motivated by the death instinct.

4.

inventing a sign language to communicate distress with its mother.

24. Question 24

Carl Jung believed that psychologically healthy people should

1.

recognize their persona but not confuse it with the self.

2.

use their persona as a shield against self-realization.

3.

identify with their persona and use it as a guideline for effective interpersonal relations.

4.

have no persona.

25. Question 25

According to Karen Horney, an important difference between the neurotic trends of normal
individuals and those of neurotic people is that

1.

neurotics experience little conflict caused by their strategies.

2.

neurotics enjoy their misery.

3.

neurotics are compelled to follow a single rigid strategy.

4.

neurotics are usually conscious of their strategies.

26. Question 26
 In the context of basic hostility and basic anxiety, which of the following was a belief Karen Horney
held about people?

1.

They are innately neurotic.

2.

They are born with the potential for psychological health, but this potential must be
developed in a warm and loving atmosphere.

3.

They are innately healthy.

4.

They are born with the potential for psychological health, but this potential must be
developed in an atmosphere of competition.

27. Question 27

According to Carl Jung, the realization of the anima

1.

would result in a man conquering his homosexual ideation.

2.

would be represented by a man recognizing his feminine disposition.

3.

must come before the realization of the shadow.

4.

is accomplished by nearly all men during old age.

28. Question 28
 According to Karen Horney, which of the following modes of relating to people helps people combat
basic anxiety?

1.

moving away from others

2.

moving toward others

3.

moving against others

4.

All of the answers are correct.

29. Question 29

According to Melanie Klein, which of the following statements is true about the infantile paranoid-
schizoid position?

1.

This position leads an infant’s ego to perceive the external world as objective and real.

2.

Infants in this position use language to identify the good and bad breast, which the
infant comes into contact with during the earliest months of life.

3.

An infant develops this position because of the alternating experiences of gratification

and frustration that threaten its ego.

4.

In this position, infants view external objects as whole and see that good and bad can
exist in the same person.

30. Question 30
 Karen Horney criticized Freudian theory on several accounts. Which of these was one of her major
criticisms?

1.

She criticized his ideas on feminine psychology

2.

She criticized the lack of emphasis on ego functioning.

3.

She criticized the lack of emphasis on biological factors.

4.

She criticized the flexibility of his ideas in theory and practice.

31. Question 31

Which Jungian archetype includes the other archetypes and represents wholeness or completion?

1.

the ego

2.

the self

3.

the persona

4.

the shadow

32. Question 32

Which of the following statements is true about progression?

 1.

It alone is sufficient for the attainment of a goal.

2.

It activates the unconscious psyche, an essential aid in the solution of most problems.

3.

It inclines a person to react consistently to a given set of environmental conditions.

4.

It brings about too much one-sidedness and failure in adaptation when combined with
regression.

33. Question 33

Symbols for Carl Jung’s great mother archetype include

baseball bats, balls, and gloves.
the moon and the stars.
politicians, priests, and rabbis.
trees, gardens, and plowed fields.

34. Question 34

Which of the following archetypes is the explanation for the irrational thinking and illogical opinions
often attributed to women?

1.

the great mother

2.

the persona

3.

the shadow

4.
 the animus

35. Question 35

Carl Jung called the feminine side of males the

1.

animus.

2.

persona.

3.

shadow.

4.

anima.

36. Question 36

According to Carl Jung, the unconscious can be divided into the

1.

preconscious and the unconscious proper.

2.

animalistic and the humanistic.

3.

personal and the collective.

4.

amoral and the moral.

37. Question 37
 In the context of Carl Jung’s personality theory, which of the following statements is true about the
collective unconscious level of the psyche?

1.

The collective unconscious represents Carl Jung’s least controversial, and perhaps his
least distinctive, concept.

2.

In contrast to the personal unconscious, which has roots in the ancestral past of the
entire species, the collective unconscious results from individual experiences.

3.

The collective unconscious refers to humans’ innate tendency to react in a particular

way whenever their experiences stimulate a biologically inherited response tendency.

4.

The contents of the collective unconscious are widely different for people in different
cultures.

38. Question 38

The first test of one’s courage, according to Carl Jung, is to

1.

realize the shadow.

2.

submit one’s self to the ego.

3.

recognize the animus.

4.

recognize one’s inheritance.

39. Question 39
 According to Karen Horney, neurotics cannot change their behavior by free will but must continually
and compulsively protect themselves against basic anxiety. This strategy leads to behaviors that
perpetuate

1.

feelings of inferiority.

2.

persistent apprehension.

3.

high self-esteem.

4.

a healthy striving for power.

40. Question 40

According to Carl Jung, which of the following statements is true about the hero archetype?

1.

It frequently has a tragic flaw.

2.

It is sometimes part god.

3.

It fights to conquer evil.

4.

All of the answers are correct.

41. Question 41

In the context of archetypes, which of the following statements is true about the animus?
 1.

It is symbolic of thinking and reasoning.

2.

It originated from early men’s experiences with men.

3.

It belongs to the personal unconscious.

4.

It is incapable of influencing the thinking of a woman.

42. Question 42

Feelings of isolation, Karen Horney said, stem from

1.

early childhood rejection by parents.

2.

the anatomical differences between the two genders.

3.

an overly competitive society.

4.

peer rejection in adolescence.

43. Question 43

Some people combat basic anxiety by trying to be first, to be important, or to attract attention to
themselves. According to Karen Horney, this depicts the neurotic need for

1.
 prestige.

2.

a powerful partner.

3.

self-sufficiency.

4.

independence.

44. Question 44

Certain political and religious leaders rely on charisma and verbal persuasions to influence multitudes
of people. Carl Jung would say that the spell these individuals cast over others might be due to their
_____ archetype.

1.

wise old man

2.

animus

3.

shadow

4.

persona

45. Question 45

Neuroses, Karen Horney said, grow out of the “nutritive soil” of

1.

an experience or perception of failure.

 2.

constant, unrelenting basic anxiety.

3.

an unresolved Oedipus complex.

4.

exaggerated feelings of superiority.

46. Question 46

Neurotics strive in pathological ways to find love rather than benefiting from the need for it. Their
attempts often result in

1.

an increased need for affection.

2.

decreased competitiveness.

3.

decreased hostility.

4.

high self-esteem.

47. Question 47

Melanie Klein believed that children introject their mother into their psychic structure. This means
that they

1.

believe that they are inside their mother.

 2.

reject their mother’s authority.

3.

believe that their mother is inside their own body.

4.

adopt their mother’s standards of morality.

48. Question 48

Carl Jung’s archetype of wisdom and meaning is the

1.

self.

2.

animus.

3.

anima.

4.

wise old man.

49. Question 49

For Karen Horney, adult attitudes toward others are

1.

repetitions of infantile attitudes.

2.
 a product of individual character structure.

3.

directly tied to instinctual needs.

4.

a result of an unresolved Oedipus complex.

50. Question 50

Karen Horney believed that children develop _____ as a reaction to unfilled needs for love and
affection.

1.

an Oedipus complex

2.

basic hostility toward their parents

3.

independence from their parents

4.

codependence with their parents