مادة تكرير النفط 1كامله مع الترجمة

University of Basrah Petroleum refinery
College of engineering / chemical department Fourth stage
Definition of Petroleum:
It is a mixture of hydrocarbon compounds and relatively small quantities
of other materials such as oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, salt, water, dissolved
gases such as hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and trace amounts of metals such
as iron, nickel, copper and vanadium. The elementary composition of crude
oil usually fall within the following range
Elements Percentage composition
weight
Carbon 83 - 87
Hydrogen 10 - 14
Nitrogen 0.1 - 2
Oxygen 0.05 - 1.5
Sulfur 0.05 - 6
Metals < 0.1
Importance of petroleum:
a - It represent the major sources for energy in the world.
b – Electrical power generation.
c – Fuel for cars, ships and airliners.
d – Fuel for heating and cooking.
e – It is used in petrochemicals industrials to produce various material
useful such as clothes, plastics, drugs, pipes, …...etc .
f – It used for lubrication engines of different types.
Chemical composition of crude oil :

A- Hydrocarbons components :
All the petroleums contain the same hydrocarbons groups such as normal,
branch, cyclic paraffins, olefins and aromatic.
I- Paraffins:
The paraffins, also known as alkanes, are saturated hydrocarbons with
straight, branched or cyclic chains which contain only carbon and
hydrogen. It is found in different formula as follows:
i- Normal /or series paraffins:
The hydrocarbon chain is straight, the general formula CnH2n+2 example
n pentane mean n = 5 = carbon atoms ( C5H12 ).
1
‫ﻣﺼﻔﺎﺓﺗﻜﺮﻳﺮ ﻧﻔﻂ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺔﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﺇﻧﻪﺧﻠﻴﻂ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻭﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎً ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻴﺘﺮﻭﺟﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻳﺖ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻠﺢ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﺍﺑﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻛﺒﺮﻳﺘﻴﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻦ )‪2H‬ﻭﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺿﺉﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻴﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻧﺎﺩﻳﻮﻡ‪ .‬ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ًﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﻂ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ (‪S‬‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺉﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬

‫ﻭﺯﻥ‬
‫‪87 - 83‬‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻥ‬
‫‪14 - 10‬‬ ‫ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻦ‬
‫‪2 - 0.1‬‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺮﻭﺟﻴﻦ‬
‫‪1.5 -0.05‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ‬
‫‪6 -0.05‬‬ ‫ﻛﺒﺮﻳﺖ‬
‫>‪0.1‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ‬
‫ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺉﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪ .‬ﺏ ‪ -‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺉﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪ -‬ﻭﻗﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻔﻦ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺎﺉﺮﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﺩ ‪ -‬ﻭﻗﻮﺩ ﻟﻠﺘﺪﻓﺉﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺒﺦ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫـ‪ -‬ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻛﻴﻤﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻔﻴﺪﺓ ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺑﺲ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ‪ ...‬ﺇﻟﺦ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭ‪-‬ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﻳﻴﺖ ﺑﺄﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻲ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ‪:‬‬

‫ﺃ‪-‬ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺍﻓﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﻔﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻧﺎ‪-‬ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺍﻓﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺍﻓﻴﻨﺎﺕ ‪،‬ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺍﻷﻟﻜﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻫﻲ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺸﺒﻌﺔ ﺑﺴﻼﺳﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﻔﺮﻋﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺣﻠﻘﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﻳﻮﺟﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻁ‪-‬ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺍﻓﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ‪ CnH2n + 2‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ‪ n‬ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺘﺎﻥ ‪ = n = 5‬ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ )‪5C‬ﺡ‪.( 12‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2– CH3 n pentane

The properties of normal paraffin are:
- High boiling point .
- Low octane number.
ii- Branch /or iso paraffins:
The hydrocarbon chain is branched, the general formula CnH2n+2 ,
example iso pentane mean n = 5 = carbon atoms ( C5H12 )
CH3
CH3 –CH2– CH – CH3 Iso pentane The

properties of branch paraffin are:
- Low boiling point .
- High octane number therefore is favorite in cars fuel.
- iii- Cycloparaffins ( Naphthenes ):
The cycloalkanes, also known as naphthenes, are saturated hydrocarbons
which have one or more carbon rings to which hydrogen atoms are attached
according to the formula CnH2n. Cycloalkanes have similar properties to
alkanes but have higher boiling points .
Cyclopentane Cyclohexane
2- Olefins:
The olefins, also known as alkenes, are unsaturated hydrocarbons with
general formula ( CnH2n ). They are very similar to paraffins, but they
exhibit double bonds.
CH3 – CH2 – CH2– CH = CH2 1- pentene
3-Aromatics
The aromatic series of hydrocarbons is chemically and physically very
different from the paraffins and cycloparaffins (naphthenes). Aromatic
hydrocarbons contain a benzene ring which is unsaturated but very stable
2
‫ﻥﺍﻟﺒﻨﺘﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪3-‬‬ ‫‪CH2- CH 2- CH 2- CH 3CH‬‬

‫ﺧﺼﺎﺉﺺﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺍﻓﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪-‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻏﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪-‬ﺭﻗﻢ ﺃﻭﻛﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪-‬ﻓﺮﻉ ‪ /‬ﺃﻭ ﺃﻳﺰﻭ ﺑﺎﺭﺍﻓﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪:‬‬
‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﻔﺮﻋﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ‪ ، CnH2n + 2‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ‪iso pentane‬‬
‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ‪ = n = 5‬ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ )‪5C‬ﺡ‪( 12‬‬
‫‪3CH‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﺰﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨﺘﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪3-‬‬ ‫‪CH - CH2- CH 3CH‬‬

‫ﺧﺼﺎﺉﺺﻓﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺍﻓﻴﻦ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪-‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻏﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪-‬ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻀﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻗﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ‪-‬ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻜﻠﻮﺑﺎﺭﺍﻓﻴﻦ )ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺜﻴﻨﻴﺲ(‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﻟﻜﺎﻧﺎﺕﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺜﻴﻨﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺒﻌﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻦ ﻭﻓﻘﺎً ﻟﻠﺼﻴﻐﺔ‬
‫‪ .CnH2n‬ﺍﻷﻟﻜﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺧﺼﺎﺉﺺ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬﺔ ﻟﻸﻟﻜﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﻏﻠﻴﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺃﻋﻠﻰ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﻜﻠﻮﻫﻜﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﻜﻠﻮﺑﻨﺘﺎﻥ‬
‫‪-2‬ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﻔﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﻔﻴﻨﺎﺕ ‪،‬ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺍﻷﻟﻜﻴﻨﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻫﻲ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺸﺒﻌﺔ‬

‫ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ )‪ .(CnH2n‬ﺇﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺸﺒﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﺑﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺍﻓﻴﻨﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﻣﺰﺩﻭﺟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪-1‬ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺘﻴﻦ‬ ‫‪2-‬‬ ‫‪CH = CH2- CH 2- CH 3CH‬‬
‫‪-3‬ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻴﺎً ﻭﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺉﻴﺎً ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎً ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺍً ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺍﻓﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﻜﻠﻮﺑﺮﺍﻓﻴﻦ )ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﺜﻴﻦ(‪ .‬ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻨﺰﻳﻦ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺸﺒﻌﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮﺓ ﺟﺪﺍً‬
‫‪2‬‬
With the formula ( CnHn ) for examples
B- Non hydrocarbon components :

The non-hydrocarbon components are divided to
I- Sulphur components :
The types of sulphur components in the petroleum are :

i- Hydrogen Sulphide H- S- H ( or H2S )
ii- Mercaptance (Thiols) : R-S-H , where R is Alkyl ( CH3-S-H ).
iii- Sulphides : reduce the activity of the tetra ethyl lead in the gasoline.
* Organic sulphide : R- S- R Oil +O2 ( CO2, SO2, H2O)
* Organic disulphide : R- S-S- R
* Cyclo sulphide : Corrosion H2so3
Tetra ethyl lead
Increase APi in the gasoline

Disadvantages of Sulphur components :
-Corrosion the metal parts of the engine .
-Reduce O.N ( Octane number).
-Reduce oxidation resistance . -
Solids deposition.
2- Nitrogen components :
Types of nitrogen components in the petroleum such as:
3
‫ﻣﻊﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ )‪ (CnHn‬ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺏ‪-‬ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰﻁ‪ -‬ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻳﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻝ ﻫﻲ‪ - :‬ﻛﺒﺮﻳﺘﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻦ‬

‫‪) H - S - H‬ﺃﻭ ‪2H‬ﺱ (‬
‫‪.‬ﺝ‪-‬ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻳﺘﻴﺪﺍﺕ‪ :‬ﺗﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺭﺑﺎﻋﻲ ﺇﻳﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺻﺎﺹ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺰﻳﻦ‬
‫‪ Alkyl )CH3-SH(.‬ﻫﻲ ‪ R‬ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ii- Mercaptance )Thiols(: RSH ،‬‬
‫)ﻛﻮ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺡ ﺱ(‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺖ‪O +‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫ﺹ‪R- S-‬‬ ‫* ﻛﺒﺮﻳﺘﻴﺪ ﻋﻀﻮﻱ‪:‬‬
‫‪R- SS- R‬‬ ‫* ﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﺒﺮﻳﺘﻴﺪ ﻋﻀﻮﻱ‪:‬‬
‫ﺡ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫ﺗﺂﻛﻞ‬ ‫* ﻛﺒﺮﻳﺘﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻜﻠﻮ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﺮﺍﺇﻳﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺻﺎﺹ‬
‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ‪ APi‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺰﻳﻦ‬

‫ﻋﻴﻮﺏﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫‪-‬ﺗﺂﻛﻞ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍء ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺮﻙ‪.‬‬
‫‪-‬ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ‪) ON‬ﺭﻗﻢ ﺃﻭﻛﺘﺎﻥ(‪.‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﺗﺮﺳﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪-2‬ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺘﺮﻭﺟﻴﻦ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺘﺮﻭﺟﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻝ ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
Disadvantages of Nitrogen components :

-Color unstability -
Storage unstability -
Decreasing API
Note : More asphaltic crudes will contain N2 compounds.

3-Oxygen components :
These compounds increase with increasing the boiling point of the fraction.
The types of oxygen components in the petroleum are:
a-organic acids such as
OR R-C-OOH Normal organic acid
Branch organic acid
Aromatic acid
O O
║ ║
b- Ketones R-C-R c-Amides R-C-NH-R
d- Ethers R-O-R e- Alcohol R-OH
f- Esters R-C-OO-R
4-Metallic components :
Types of metallic components in the petroleum
a-Organic metallic (Iron Fe, Nickel Ni ,Vanadium V ,Cadmium Cd …)
b- Soap metallic ( Magnesium Mg , Calcium Ca , ….. ).
c- Salt metallic (Na , Ba...)
Disadvantage :
-Affected on catalyst activity .
- Increase coke formation .
-Reduced the yield of the gasoline .
-Increasing the ash .
- Corrosion.
4
‫ﻋﻴﻮﺏﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺘﺮﻭﺟﻴﻦ‪:‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻡﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ‪API‬‬
‫ﻣﺠﻤﻌﺎﺕﺳﻜﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪2.N‬‬ ‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﻔﻠﺖ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫‪-3‬ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻭﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻏﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ‪ .‬ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻝ‬
‫ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ‪-‬ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫ﺣﻤﺾﻋﻀﻮﻱ ﻋﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‪RC-OOH‬‬
‫ﻓﺮﻉﺣﻤﺾ ﻋﻀﻮﻱ‬
‫ﺣﻤﺾﻋﻄﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍ‬
‫║‬ ‫║‬
‫‪RC-NH-R‬‬ ‫ﺝ‪-‬ﺃﻣﻴﺪﺍﺕ‬ ‫‪RCR‬‬ ‫ﺏ‪-‬ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺘﻮﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫‪R-OH‬‬ ‫ﻫـ‪-‬ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻮﻝ‬ ‫‪ROR‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪-‬ﺍﻻﺛﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬
‫‪RC-OO-R‬‬ ‫ﻭ‪-‬ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺕ‬
‫‪-4‬ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺃ‪-‬ﻋﻀﻮﻱ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ )ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻧﻴﻜﻞ ﻧﻴﻜﻞ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻧﺎﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﺧﺎﻣﺲ ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﺩﻣﻴﻮﻡ ﺳﻲ ﺩﻱ ‪(...‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺻﺎﺑﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ )ﻣﻐﻨﻴﺴﻴﻮﻡ ﻣﻠﻎ ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮﻡ ﻛﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮﻡ ‪.(.. …،‬‬
‫ﺝ‪-‬ﻣﻠﺢ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ )‪(... Na، Ba‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﺐ‪:‬‬
‫‪-‬ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺑﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻔﺰ‪.‬‬
‫‪-‬ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻓﺤﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻙ‪.‬‬
‫‪-‬ﺍﻧﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻋﺎﺉﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺰﻳﻦ‪.‬‬
‫‪-‬ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪-‬ﺗﺂﻛﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
5- Water content 6- Naphthenic acids: R-C-OOH
Theories of petroleum formation

1- Inorganic theory :
This theory assume the oil hydrocarbon compounds produced from reaction hot
water vapor with carbides which will form the hydrocarbon substances under
high pressure and temperature as follows
CaC2 + 2H2O C2H2 + Ca(OH)2
C2H2 Temp petroleum
resP
2- Organic theory :
This hypothesis assume that the petroleum is formed from the
decomposition of the animals and plants dead which converted to liquids
and gases hydrocarbon by effect the high temperature, Pressure and
catalyst. The
reasons for accepting organic theory are:
-same major elements(C,H,O,N,S)between crude oil and (animals ,plants)
-the crude oil contains naphthenic acids (base organic)
- decomposition of the animals and plants gives sulphur and nitrogen gases
-most of petroleum fields are detected near of the beaches and seas.
The steps of oil production from organic sources
Raw organic Precipitation Presence of Micro Hydrocarb

material conditions suitable rock bacteria + (P,T) oil
on
(
Classification of crude oil:
1- Simple classification:
Api >35
It depends on the one of the physical properties of the crude oil such light
as API Api < 28
heavy
API = (141.5/ Sp.gr ) – 131.5 , API α 1 , API α light APi 28-35
sp.gr
components content intermediate
2- Classification depends on the hydrocarbon structure.
- Paraffinic base best type with high light components
- Asphaltic base (asphalt content)
- Mixed base equilibrium structure (paraffine and asphalt)
- Hybrid base Naphthenic and wax paraffin
5
‫‪RC-OOH‬‬ ‫‪-6‬ﺃﺣﻤﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺜﻴﻨﻴﻚ‪:‬‬ ‫‪-5‬ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء‬

‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻝ ‪ -1‬ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻔﺘﺮﺽﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪2+‬‬ ‫ﺝ‪2‬ﺡ‪( 2‬ﺃﻭﻩ) ‪Ca‬‬ ‫‪ 2 + 2CaC‬ﺡ‪2‬ﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺝ‪2‬ﺡ‪2‬‬
‫‪resP‬‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪-2‬ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺗﻔﺘﺮﺽﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻝ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺤﻠﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺘﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﻮﻟﺖ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺳﻮﺍﺉﻞ ﻭﻏﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﻔﺰ‪ .‬ﺍﻝ‬
‫ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪-‬ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﺉﻴﺴﻴﺔ )‪ (C ، H ، O ، N ، S‬ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ ﻭ )ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ(‬
‫‪-‬ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺣﻤﺎﺽ ﻧﺎﻓﺜﻴﻨﻴﻚ )ﻋﻀﻮﻱ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ(‬
‫‪-‬ﺗﺤﻠﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﻏﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻳﺖ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻴﺘﺮﻭﺟﻴﻦ‬
‫‪-‬ﺗﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﺍﻃﺊ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕﺍﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺎﺭﺏ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻬﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﺟﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻡﻋﻀﻮﻱ‬

‫ﺯﻳﺖ (‪+ )P ، T‬‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺨﺮﺓﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻭﻁ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ‪:‬‬
‫‪-1‬ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ‪:‬‬
‫< ‪35‬‬ ‫ﺃﺑﻲ‬
‫ﺿﻮء‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺉﺺ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺉﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﻂ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ ﻣﺜﻞ ‪API‬‬
‫ﺃﺑﻲ >‪28‬‬
‫ﺛﻘﻴﻞ‬
‫‪APi28-35‬‬
‫ﺿﻮء‪، API α‬‬ ‫‪1،‬‬ ‫‪API α‬‬ ‫) = ‪- (141.5 / Sp.gr API‬‬
‫‪131.5‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫‪sp.gr‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫‪-2‬ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻓﻀﻞﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺿﺎءﺓ )‬ ‫‪-‬ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﺮﺍﻓﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻷﺳﻔﻠﺖ(‬ ‫‪-‬ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﺳﻔﻠﺘﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻫﻴﻜﻞﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ )ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺍﻓﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻷﺳﻔﻠﺖ(‬ ‫‪-‬ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻄﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺘﻴﻦﻭﺍﻟﺸﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺍﻓﻴﻦ‬ ‫‪-‬ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻫﺠﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫‪5‬‬
This classification depend on the distillation process to the crude oil and
then test the residuum
Residuum contains < 20% paraffin Asphaltic base
Residuum contains 20% to 50 %paraffin Mixed base
Residuum contains > 50% paraffin Paraffinic base
3-Classification depends on the hydrocarbon structure to the two of
distillate
Such as kerosene and lube oil by taking the value of API
4-Classification depends on the sulfur content of the crude oil
Crude oil naturally contains sulfur compounds. Crudes are classed as sweet or
sour depending on their sulfur content. If a crude has less than 0.5% sulfur in it,
it is considered to be "sweet crude oil ". If has greater than 2.5% sulfur, it is "sour
crude oil ". Crude with sulfur content between these two endpoints is called
"intermediate" 5-Classification depends on the Correlation Index ( C.I. )
This method based on the percentages of various hydrocarbons types in the
crude oil which are classified into paraffinic or aromatic according to following
formula:
Ta = average boiling point temperature, in Kelvin unit °K

Sp. Gr. (60/60) °F = specific gravity of crude oil at 60°F
The crude oil can be classified as follow as :

- C.I. = 0 normal paraffinic based crude oil .
- C.I = 0-15 predominance of n-paraffinic crude oil .
- C.I = 15 – 50 paraffinic, naphthene and aromatic mixture .
- C.I > 50 predominance of aromatic crude oil . -
C.I = 100 benzene (Aromatic).
6-Classification depends on the Characterization Factor (C.F.)
The most widely used index is characterization factor .It was originally
defined as:
6
‫ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ ﺛﻢ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺎﻳﺎ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓﺃﺳﻔﻠﺘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱﺍﻟﺒﻘﺎﻳﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ >‪ ٪20‬ﺑﺮﺍﻓﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﻓﻴﻦ‬

‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓﻣﺨﺘﻠﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ ٪20‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ ٪50‬ﺑﺮﺍﻓﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﻓﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓﺑﺮﺍﻓﻴﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ< ‪ ٪50‬ﺑﺎﺭﺍﻓﻴﻦ‬
‫‪-3‬ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﻲ ﻻﺛﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﺍﺗﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞﺍﻟﻜﻴﺮﻭﺳﻴﻦ ﻭﺯﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺤﻴﻢ ﺑﺄﺧﺬ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪API‬‬

‫‪-4‬ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻳﺖ‬
‫ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻳﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﺼﻨﻒ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺣﻠﻮﺓ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻣﻀﺔ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍً ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﺍﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻳﺖ‪ .‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٪0.5‬ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ "ﻧﻔﻄﺎً ﺧﺎﻣﺎً ﺣﻠﻮﺍً"‪ .‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٪2.5‬ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻮ "ﺯﻳﺖ ﺧﺎﻡ ﺣﺎﻣﺾ"‪ .‬ﻳﻄُﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻛﺒﺮﻳﺖ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﺳﻢ "ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ"‪ -5‬ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ )‪(CI‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺉﻮﻳﺔ ﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻨﻔﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺑﺮﺍﻓﻴﻨﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻄﺮﻱ ﻭﻓﻘﺎً ﻟﻠﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻲﺃ = ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﻛﻠﻔﻦ ‪ .K Sp °‬ﻏﺮﺍﻡ‪ (60/60) .‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻬﺮﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ = ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﻂ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ ﻋﻨﺪ ‪ 60‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻓﻬﺮﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ‬
‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪.‬ﻧﻔﻂﺧﺎﻡ ﺑﺮﺍﻓﻴﻨﻲ ﻋﺎﺩﻱ ‪- CI = 0‬‬

‫‪ n.‬ﻏﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻓﻴﻨﻲ ‪- CI = 0-15‬‬
‫‪.‬ﺧﻠﻴﻂﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺍﻓﻴﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﺜﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻱ ‪- CI = 15-50‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﻏﻠﺒﺔﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻱ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺰﻳﻦ )ﻋﻄﺮﻱ(‪.‬‬ ‫‪- CI<50‬‬
‫‪CI =100‬‬
‫‪-6‬ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻒ )‪(CF‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺷﺮﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎً ﻫﻮ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻒ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺻﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪6‬‬
Kw = Watson characterization factor

Ta= average boiling point temperature Rankin unit (°R)
Kw> 12. 5 (Paraffinic Base)

Kw< 11.5 (Napthene Base)
Kw between 11.5-12. 5 (Intermediate Base)
Note: Temperature convertor relationships
7
‫ﻙﺙ = ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﻭﺍﺗﺴﻮﻥ‬
‫(‪ )° R‬ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺭﺍﻧﻜﻴﻦ = ‪Ta‬‬
‫(ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻧﺎﺑﺜﻴﻦ) ‪( Kw >11.5‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﺮﺍﻓﻴﻨﻲ) ‪Kw< 12. 5‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻦ‪) 5 .12-11.5‬ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻭﺳﻴﻄﺔ( ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻣﺤﻮﻝ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ‪Kw‬‬
‫‪7‬‬
Physical and Thermal Properties and Test Methods of Crude Oil

and Its Products
1- Specific Gravity:
This is the ratio of the density of a substance to that of water at the same
temperature.
𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 T
Sp. g =
𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 T
Since the standard conditions adopted by the petroleum industry are 60 F

(15.5°C) and 1atm, specific gravities of liquid hydrocarbons are normally
reported at these conditions. At a reference temperature of 60 F (15.5°C)
the density of liquid water is 0.999 g/cm3 (999 kg/m3). Therefore, for a
hydrocarbon or a petroleum fraction, the specific gravity is defined as :
𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑢𝑚 𝑎𝑡 60 °𝐹
Sp. g =
𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 °𝐹
2-A.P.l. Gravity:
In the U.S., specific gravity of oil is often expressed as degrees A.P.l.
(American Petroleum Institute).
API = (141.5/ sp.gr ) – 131.5 , API α 1 , API α light components content.
sp.gr
3- Viscosity:
Is a measurement for internal friction coefficient for two liquid and it is
the resistance of the flow
Types of viscosity :
a- Absolute viscosity
-Dynamic viscosity ( μ ) with units ( poise or g / ( cm · s ) )
-Kinematic viscosity ( υ ) with unit ( stoke or cm2 / s .)
b- Relative viscosity Hw) Average viscosity better
-Engler viscosity than (high and low viscosity)
-Saybolt second why?
-Redwood second
Kinematic viscosity is defined as the ratio of absolute viscosity (dynamic)
to absolute density ( ρ ) at the same temperature in the following form :
υ = μ / ρ
*Viscosityα 1/T
*according to the viscosity index oils classify to the LVI,MVI and HVI
*Viscosity gravity constant (v.g.c) =
8
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺉﺺﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺉﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﻃﺮﻕ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ ﻭﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺗﻪ‬
‫‪-1‬ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩﻫﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ T.Sp.‬‬ ‫=ﺯ‬

‫‪ T.‬‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮﺍًﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻤﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻝ ﻫﻲ ‪ 60‬ﻓﻬﺮﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ )‬

‫‪ 15.5‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺉﻮﻳﺔ( ﻭ ‪ 1‬ﺿﻐﻂ ﺟﻮﻱ ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻹﺑﻼﻍ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺉﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﺮﺟﻌﻴﺔ ‪ 60‬ﻓﻬﺮﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ )‪ 15.5‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺉﻮﻳﺔ( ‪ ،‬ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺉﻞ ‪ 0.999‬ﺟﻢ ‪ /‬ﺳﻢ‪ 999) 3‬ﻛﺠﻢ ‪ /‬ﻡ‪ .(3‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺟﺰء ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻝ ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ °‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ‪ 60‬‬
‫= ﺯ ‪Sp.‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪:‬ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺫﺑﻴﺔ‪2-APl‬‬
‫ﻓﻲﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﻂ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ‬
‫‪) APl‬ﻣﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ(‪.‬‬
‫‪.‬ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻯﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻮء ‪، API α‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫) = ‪، API α 131.5 - (141.5 / sp.gr API‬‬
‫‪-3‬ﺍﻟﻠﺰﻭﺟﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪sp.gr‬‬
‫ﻫﻮﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻟﺴﺎﺉﻠﻴﻦ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ‬
‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉﺍﻟﻠﺰﻭﺟﺔ‪ :‬ﺃ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻠﺰﻭﺟﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺍﺗﺰﺍﻥﺃﻭ ﺟﻢ ‪) /‬ﺳﻢ · ﺙ((‬ ‫‪-‬ﺍﻟﻠﺰﻭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻴﺔ )‪ (μ‬ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ )‬
‫‪-‬ﺍﻟﻠﺰﻭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﻴﺔ )‪ (υ‬ﻣﻊ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ )ﺳﺘﻮﻙ ﺃﻭ ﺳﻢ‪ / 2‬ﻕ‪ (.‬ﺏ‪-‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂﺍﻟﻠﺰﻭﺟﺔ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻦ )‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﺰﻭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﺰﻭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ( ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ؟‬ ‫‪-‬ﻟﺰﻭﺟﺔ ﺇﻧﺠﻠﺮ‬
‫(‪Hw‬‬ ‫‪-‬ﺳﺎﻳﺒﻮﻟﺖ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫‪-‬ﺭﻳﺪﻭﻭﺩ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻑﺍﻟﻠﺰﻭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺰﻭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ )ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻴﺔ( ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (ρ‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪υ = μ / ρ :‬‬
‫* ﺍﻟﻠﺰﻭﺟﺔ ‪.α 1 / T‬‬

‫* ﻭﻓﻘﺎً ﻟﻤﺆﺷﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﺰﻭﺟﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺼﻨﻒ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ LVI‬ﻭ ‪ MVI‬ﻭ ‪HVI‬‬
‫* ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺟﺎﺫﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺰﻭﺟﺔ )‪= (vgc‬‬
‫‪8‬‬
4- Thermal expansion:
Is the change of the density or the volume with the temperature. Hw) The derivatives
*thermal expansion α temperature oils are bought by
* thermal expansion of light oils > thermal expansion of light oils volume, not by weight?
*thermal expansion α(paraffin content and API)
5-CloudPoint: The
cloud point is the lowest temperature at which wax crystals begin to form
by a gradual cooling under standard conditions. As temperature decreases
below the cloud point, formation of wax crystals is accelerated. Therefore,
low cloud point products are desirable under low-temperature conditions .
6- Pour point
The pour point of a petroleum fraction is the lowest temperature at which
the oil will pour or flow when it is cooled without stirring under standard
cooling conditions. Pour point is one of low temperature characteristics of
heavy fractions. When temperature is less than pour point of a petroleum
product it cannot be stored or transferred through a pipeline .Presence of
wax and heavy compounds increase the pour point of petroleum fractions.
The decreasing of the pour point by heating process and adding suitable
solvent such as gas oil.
Pour point = cloud point + 3
7-Melting Point:
Ii is the temperature at which petroleum wax stars in flow as the wax is heated
under standard conditions.( solid substance liquefies)
8-Freezing Points:
Is the temperature at which the hydrocarbon liquid solidifies. It is
important property especially to the kerosene and jet fuel.
*increasing carbon atoms increasing freezing point.
*branching series decreasing freezing point.
*symmetry (more effect) increasing freezing point.
9-Boiling point:
is the temperature at which vapor and liquid exist together at equilibrium. If the
pressure is 1 atm, the boiling point is called the normal boiling point.
M.wt α Boiling point
10- Solubility:
is the relative ability of a solute to dissolve into a solvent.
*The similarity between solute and solvent leads to increasing solubility.
9
‫‪-4‬ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻱ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ (‪Hw‬‬ ‫ﻫﻮﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻣﻊ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢﺷﺮﺍء ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬ ‫* ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻱ ‪ α‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺯﻥ؟‬ ‫* ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻔﻴﻔﺔ< ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻔﻴﻔﺔ‬
‫* ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻱ ‪) α‬ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺍﻓﻴﻦ ﻭﻭﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺑﺮﻣﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ(‬
‫ﺍﻝ‬ ‫‪-5‬ﻛﻼﻭﺩﺑﻮﻳﻨﺖ‪:‬‬
‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﻫﻲ ﺃﺩﻧﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﻠﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻇﻞ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﻧﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺴﺮﻳﻊ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺑﻠﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﻊ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻣﺮﻏﻮﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻇﻞ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪-6‬ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺐ‬
‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔﺳﻜﺐ ﺟﺰء ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻝ ﻫﻲ ﺃﺩﻧﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻳﺼﺐ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺃﻭ ﻳﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺪﻩ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺐ ﻓﻲ ﻇﻞ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺴﻜﺎﺏ ﻫﻲ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ‬
‫ﺧﺼﺎﺉﺺ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺴﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺻﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻟﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺃﻭ ﻧﻘﻠﻪ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺧﻂ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ‪،‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻧﺴﻜﺎﺏ ﺃﺟﺰﺍء‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻝ‪ .‬ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺐ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺨﻴﻦ ﻭﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﺬﻳﺐ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﺯﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔﺍﻻﻧﺴﻜﺎﺏ = ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺎﺑﺔ ‪3 +‬‬
‫‪-7‬ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺼﻬﺎﺭ‪:‬‬
‫‪.‬ﻫﻲﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﺷﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻝ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺴﺨﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻇﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺉﻠﺔ( ‪Ii‬‬
‫‪-8‬ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﺪ‪:‬‬
‫ﻫﻲﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﺠﻤﺪ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺉﻞ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﻲ‪ .‬ﺇﻧﻬﺎ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﻴﺮﻭﺳﻴﻦ ﻭﻭﻗﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺉﺮﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺺ‬ ‫* ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﺪ‪ .‬ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫* ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻔﺮﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫* ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺛﻞ )ﺍﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ(‬
‫‪-9‬ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ‪:‬‬
‫ﻫﻲﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻮﺍﺟﺪ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﺉﻞ ﻣﻌﺎً ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ‪ .‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪ 1‬ﺿﻐﻂ ﺟﻮﻱ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ ‪M.wt α‬‬
‫‪-10‬ﺍﻟﺬﻭﺑﺎﻥ‪:‬‬
‫ﻫﻲﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺬﺍﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺬﻭﺑﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻳﺐ‪.‬‬
‫* ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺬﻳﺐ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺬﻭﺑﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪9‬‬
*High polarity of solvent (ex SO2 ,aniline and phenol)leads to increasing

solubility.
*Deasphalting is the adding of (low M.wt hydrocarbons) to the reduced
Crude (which it the residual of the crude oil after separation process to the
gasoline, kerosene and gas oil ) such as propane deasphalting in the oil
refinery by add C3H8 .
11- Flash Point:

is the lowest temperature at which vapors arising from the oil will ignite,
i.e. flash, when exposed to a spark or flame under specified conditions.
Therefore, the flash point of a fuel indicates the maximum temperature
that it can be stored without serious fire hazard.
12- Aniline Point and Diesel Index:

It is defined as the lowest temperature at which an oil is completely
miscible with an equal volume of aniline.
Aromatic content α ( 1/aniline point)
Diesel Index is an expression developed to correlate aniline point and
A.P.l. gravity.
Diesel Index= Aniline point in (F) ∗ API
100
13- Refractive index:
is the ratio of the velocity of light in vacuum to the velocity of light in the
oil. Usually it is higher for aromatics, lower for paraffins and medium for
naphthenes. It is increasing with increase the M.wt and decrease of
temperature.
Refractivity intercept =
Specific Refraction = n= Refractive index , d= density
14-Fire point: The

fire point is the lowest temperature at which the application of test flame
causes the material to ignite and burn.Therefore, the fire point of a fuel indicates
the maximum temperature that it must not arrival to it to prevent the
combustion of the petroleum fractions .
15-Surface tension:
Is a measurement of a tensile force between molecules at the separator surface
between tow states of substance ( solid – liquid , liquid – gas ).
Gasoline < kerosene < lube oil < heavy oil (increasing of surface tension)
16-Octan.number:
Octane number defined is a measure of fuel's ability to resist autoignition
10
‫* ﻗﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺬﻳﺐ )ﻣﺜﻞ ‪ ، 2SO‬ﺍﻷﻧﻴﻠﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻴﻨﻮﻝ( ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺬﻭﺑﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
‫* ﻧﺰﻉ ﺍﻷﺳﻔﻠﺖ ﻫﻮ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ )ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻣﻴﻐﺎﻭﺍﻁ( ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻔﺾ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ)ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺰﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻴﺮﻭﺳﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻭﺯﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ( ﻣﺜﻞ ﻧﺰﻉ ﺍﻷﺳﻔﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺑﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺼﻔﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ‪3C‬ﺡ‪. 8‬‬
‫‪-11‬ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻣﻴﺾ‪:‬‬
‫ﻫﻲﺃﺩﻧﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺗﺸﺘﻌﻞ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﻷﺑﺨﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ‪،‬‬
‫ﺃﻱﻭﻣﻴﺾ ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻌﺮﺿﻪ ﻟﺸﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻬﺐ ﻓﻲ ﻇﻞ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻣﻴﺾ ﻟﻠﻮﻗﻮﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻨﻬﺎ ﺩﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﺨﻄﺮ ﻧﺸﻮﺏ ﺣﺮﻳﻖ‪.‬‬
‫‪-12‬ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻷﻧﻴﻠﻴﻦ ﻭﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﺰﻝ‪:‬‬

‫ﻳﺘﻢﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺃﺩﻧﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻼﻣﺘﺰﺍﺝ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎً‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭ ٍﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﻴﻠﻴﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﻯﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻱ ‪ / 1) α‬ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻷﻧﻴﻠﻴﻦ(‬
‫ﻣﺆﺷﺮﺍﻟﺪﻳﺰﻝ ﻫﻮ ﺗﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮﻩ ﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻷﻧﻴﻠﻴﻦ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺫﺑﻴﺔ‪.APl‬‬
‫ﻣﺆﺷﺮﺍﻟﺪﻳﺰﻝ= ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻷﻧﻴﻠﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ )‪API ∗ (F‬‬
‫‪100‬‬
‫‪-13‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﻧﻜﺴﺎﺭ‪:‬‬
‫ﻫﻲﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻮء ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻮء ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ‪ .‬ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻗﻞ ﻟﻠﺒﺎﺭﺍﻓﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻟﻠﻨﺎﻓﺜﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ‪ M.wt‬ﻭﻧﻘﺼﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽﺍﻻﻧﻜﺴﺎﺭ =‬
‫ﻥ= ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﻧﻜﺴﺎﺭ ‪ ،‬ﺩ = ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﻜﺴﺎﺭﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻲ =‬
‫ﺍﻝ‬ ‫‪-14‬ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺭ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﻬﺐ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔﺍﻟﻨﺎﺭ ﻫﻲ ﺃﺩﻧﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺘﺴﺒﺐﻓﻲ ﺍﺷﺘﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺣﺮﻗﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺸﻴﺮ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺣﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻻ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻟﻤﻨﻊ ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪-15‬ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺗﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻫﻮﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺉﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺻﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ )ﺻﻠﺐ ‪-‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﺉﻞ ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺉﻞ ‪ -‬ﻏﺎﺯ(‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺰﻳﻦ >ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺮﻭﺳﻴﻦ >ﺯﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺤﻴﻢ >ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻴﻞ )ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺗﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻲ(‬
‫‪16‬ﺃﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﻗﻢﺍﻷﻭﻛﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺪﺩ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻲ‬
‫‪10‬‬
during compression and prior to ignition to prevent the anti-knock

characteristic .It is a ratio of iso octane to the mixture contains iso octane
and n–heptane. Higher octane number fuels have better engine
performance so high octane number fuels are more desirable. Generally iso
paraffins have higher octane number than do normal paraffins. Naphthenes
have relatively higher octane number than do corresponding paraffins and
aromatics have very high octane numbers .
The octane number of a fuel can be improved by adding tetraethyl-
lead (TEL) (CH3CH2)4Pb ) or methyl-tertiary-butyl-ether (MTBE).
*Paraffin< isoparaffin< olefin<naphthene< aromatics (increasing of O.N)
*O.Nα (1/M.wt).
*O.N=60 that’s mean % volumetric to iso octan 60 and n-heptane 40
volumetric ratio of iso octane

O.N= volumetric ratio of iso octane + volumetric ratio of *100
n−heptane
17-Cetane number: volumetric ratio of iso octane + volumetric ratio of
The cetane number measures the ability forn−heptane auto ignition and is
essentially the opposite of octane number. It is the percentage of pure cetane
(n-hexadecane) (C16H34) in the mixture of cetane and alpha methyl
naphthalene which matches the ignition quality of a diesel fuel
volumetric ratio of cetane

cetane no = volumetric ratio of cetane + volumetric ratio of alpha *100
methyl naphthalene
Figure below shows the difference between octane number and cetane
number according to the principle.
18- PVT relationship:

According to the parameters of state : PV=nRT
When inserting compressibility factor (z) PV=ZnRT
R= gas constant = 8.314 kj/kmol.k
11
‫ﺃﺛﻨﺎءﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻭﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﻌﺎﻝ ﻟﻤﻨﻊ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﻂ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻳﺰﻭ ﺃﻭﻛﺘﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻳﺰﻭ ﺃﻭﻛﺘﺎﻥ ﻭ ‪ -n‬ﻫﻴﺒﺘﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﺗﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﺩ ﺫﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺄﺩﺍء ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺮﻙ ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﺩ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﻏﻮﺏ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‪ .‬ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﺑﺎﺭﺍﻓﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻳﺰﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺃﻭﻛﺘﺎﻥ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺍﻓﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺜﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺃﻭﻛﺘﺎﻥ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎً ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺍﻓﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺃﻭﻛﺘﺎﻥ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﺍً‪.‬‬
‫)‪4(2CH3CH‬‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﺭﻗﻢ ﺃﻭﻛﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﺩ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺭﺑﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻹﻳﺜﻴﻞ )‪(TEL‬‬

‫‪ )MTBE(.‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﻴﺜﻴﻞ ﺛﻼﺛﻲ ﺑﻮﺗﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﺛﻴﺮ (‪Pb‬‬
‫* ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺍﻓﻴﻦ >ﺃﻳﺰﻭﺑﺎﺭﺍﻓﻴﻦ >ﺃﻭﻟﻴﻔﻴﻦ >ﻧﺎﻓﺜﻴﻦ >ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ )ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ‪(ON‬‬
‫‪(.‬ﻣﻴﻐﺎﻭﺍﻁ ‪* O.Nα )1 /‬‬
‫* ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ = ‪ 60‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‪ ٪‬ﺣﺠﻤﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ iso octan 60‬ﻭ ‪n-heptane 40‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻭﻛﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﻳﺰﻭ‬

‫* ‪100‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ= ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻟـ ‪ + iso octane‬ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻟـ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻟـ ‪ + iso octane‬ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻟـ‬ ‫‪-17‬ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺘﺎﻥ‪:‬‬

‫ﻳﻘﻴﺲﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻲ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﻋﻜﺲ ﺭﻗﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺘﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺉﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻲ )‪ -n‬ﻫﻴﻜﺴﺎﺩﻳﻜﺎﻥ( )‪16C‬ﺡ‪ (34‬ﻓﻲ ﺧﻠﻴﻂ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺘﺎﻥ ﻭﺃﻟﻔﺎ ﻣﻴﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺜﺎﻟﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﻌﺎﻝ ﻟﻮﻗﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﺰﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺘﺎﻥ‬
‫* ‪100‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺘﺎﻥ ‪ +‬ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻟﻔﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺘﺎﻥﻻ =‬
‫ﻳﻮﺿﺢﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺘﺎﻥ ﻭﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺘﺎﻥ ﻭﻓﻘﺎً ﻟﻠﻤﺒﺪﺃ‪.‬‬
‫‪-18‬ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ‪:PVT‬‬
‫ﻭﻓﻘﺎًﻟﻤﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‪ PV = nRT :‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫‪PV = ZnRT‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ )‪ = R (z‬ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ = ‪kj / kmol.k 8.314‬‬
‫‪11‬‬
Note: Tr = T/ Tc Tr= reduced Temp. Tc= critical Temp.

Pr =P/ Pc Pr= reduced Pressure. Pc= critical Pressure.
Figure (5-13) in Nelson shows relationship between Pr ,Tr and Z
See examples 9-10-11-12 in chapter 5 Nelson
19-Vapor-Pressure(Pvap):
In a closed container, the vapor pressure of a pure compound is the force exerted
per unit area of walls by the vaporized portion of the liquid. Vapor pressure can
also be defined as a pressure at which vapor and liquid phases of a pure substance
are in equilibrium with each other. Vapor pressure increases with temperature.
The vapor pressure is also called saturation pressure, psat
20-AutoignitionPoint:
This is the minimum temperature at which hydrocarbon vapor when mixed with
air can spontaneously ignite without the presence of any external source. Values
of autoignition temperature are generally higher than flash point, Values of
autoignition temperature for gasoline it is about 350 C (660 F ) and for alcohol
is about 500 C ( 930 F ). With an increase in pressure the autoignition
temperature decreases.
21-Volatility:
The volatility of a liquid is it tendency to change from the liquid to the
vapor or gaseous state at any given temperature. Note: Measurement methods
of octane number consist of:
1-Research Octane Number (RON):Is determined by running the fuel in a
test engine with a variable compression ratio under controlled conditions.
2-Motor Octane Number (MOR) : Is determined at higher engine speed
900 rpm instead of the 600 rpm for RON
Compression of gases:
When gases or vapors are expanded or compressed under adiabatic
conditions , the amount of work done and the amount of heat required are
dependent upon the ratio of the specific heat at constant pressure to the specific
heat at constant volume ,the expansion of a gas can always be expressed by
an equation of the form
P1V1γ= P2V2γ γ
= cp/cv
For the temperature change during adiabatic expansion
12
‫‪.‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺟﺔ = ‪Tc‬‬ ‫‪.‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﺨﻔﻀﺔ = ‪Tr‬‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‪Pr = P / Pc:‬‬
‫‪.‬ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂﺍﻟﺤﺮﺝ = ‪Pc‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ = ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﺾ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Tr = T / Tc‬‬
‫ﻳﻮﺿﺢﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (13-5‬ﻓﻲ ﻧﻴﻠﺴﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ Pr‬ﻭ ‪ Tr‬ﻭ ‪ Z‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ‬
‫‪ 12-11-10-9‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ‪ 5‬ﻧﻴﻠﺴﻮﻥ‬
‫‪-19‬ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ )ﺹ‪:(vap‬‬

‫ﻓﻲﻭﻋﺎء ﻣﻐﻠﻖ ‪ ،‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺰء ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﺨﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺉﻞ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ‬
‫ﺿﻐﻂ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﺉﻞ ﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻧﻘﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﺗﺰﺍﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﻣﻊ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺒﻊ ‪ ،‬ﺹ‬
‫ﺟﻠﺲ‬
‫‪20- AutoignitionPoint:‬‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﻧﻰ ﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺰﺟﻪ ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﺃﻥ ﻳﺸﺘﻌﻞ ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺉﻴﺎً ﺩﻭﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺃﻱ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ‪ .‬ﻗﻴﻢ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻲ‬
‫ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻣﻴﺾ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﻴﻢ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﻨﺰﻳﻦ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ‬
‫‪ 350‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺉﻮﻳﺔ )‪ 660‬ﻓﻬﺮﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ( ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺤﻮﻝ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ ‪ 500‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺉﻮﻳﺔ )‪ 930‬ﻓﻬﺮﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ(‬
‫‪ .‬ﻣﻊ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺗﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪-21‬ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﺐ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﻠﺐﺍﻟﺴﺎﺉﻞ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺉﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺑﺨﺎﺭﺃﻭ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻏﺎﺯﻳﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﻱ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻃﺮﻕ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺭﻗﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ‪:‬‬
‫‪-1‬ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺜﻲ )‪ :(RON‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺮﻙ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﺧﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺮﻗﺎﺑﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪-2‬ﻣﻮﺗﻮﺭ ﺃﻭﻛﺘﺎﻥ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ :(MOR‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺮﻙ ‪ 900‬ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺑﺪﻻ ًﻣﻦ ‪ 600‬ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻟـ ‪RON‬‬
‫ﺿﻐﻂﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‪:‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺑﺨﺮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺿﻐﻄﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻇﻞ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺰ ﻭﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺩﺍﺉﻤﺎً ﺗﻤﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ‬
‫‪ =γ‬ﺝﺹ‪ /‬ﺝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ= ﺹ‪2‬ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ ‪γ‬‬
‫‪γ‬‬‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫ﺹ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﺛﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺪﺩ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫‪12‬‬
Products composition:
There are specifications for over 2000 individual refinery products. Intermediate
feed stocks can be routed to various units to produce different blend products
depending on market demand. Figure below shows the typical refinery products
with their carbon atoms content and boiling ranges.
1- Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG):

Liquefied petroleum gas is the group of the hydrocarbon based gases derived
from crude oil refining or fractionation. It includes propane, pentane and
isobutane. For convenience of transportation, these gases are liquefied through
pressurization so the most important property of this fuel is the vapour
pressure. For leak detection, the gas is mixed with small amount of odorous
mercaptans.
13
‫ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ‪:‬‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙﻣﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ 2000‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻣﺨﺰﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻋﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻄﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﻔﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻃﻠﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ‪ .‬ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺟﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻯ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻭﻧﻄﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪-1‬ﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻝ )‪:(LPG‬‬

‫ﻏﺎﺯﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻝ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺉﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻜﺮﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺠﺰﺉﺘﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺑﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨﺘﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻷﻳﺰﻭﺑﻴﻮﺗﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻟﺘﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺗﺴﻴﻴﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﺩ ﻫﻲ ﺿﻐﻂ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺮﺏ ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺧﻠﻂ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺑﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺉﺤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪13‬‬
2- Gasoline:
Most refiners produce gasoline in three grades, regular midgrade and
premium. The principal difference between regular and premium fuels is the
(antiknock performance) . Gasoline is a complex mixture of the
hydrocarbons C4-C12 having a boiling range from 100 to 400 F
3-Naphtha: These
fractions are highly volatile and fall in the boiling range of motor spirits. These
are mostly used as solvents in paints, perfumery and other industries. Solvent
grades are produced by distilling wide cut naphtha's into small boiling range
cuts. Naphtha's are not suitable for combustion because of the rapid flame
propagation, resulting in explosions.
4-Kerosene: Kerosene
is a light petroleum distillate that is used in space heaters cook stoves and water
heater which is suitable for use as light source .Kerosene has boiling point range
150 to 300 C and minimum flash point of 37.8C
5-Jet fuel:
This category comprises both gasoline and kerosene and meets specification for
use in aviation turbine power unit. The freeze point specification is very low (-
40 F to -58 F) max, hydrocracking is also used to isomerize paraffins and lower
the freeze point. In addition the other limiting specification is flash point (110 to
150 F).
6- Diesel fuel:
diesel has 40 cetane number. No.2 diesel fuel is similar to No.2 fuel oil,
and has a wider boiling range (350 to 650 F) than No.1.
7-Fuel oil:
The fuel oils are mainly used in space heating and thus the market is quite
high specially in cold climates. No.1 fuel oil is very similar to kerosene
14
‫‪-2‬ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺰﻳﻦ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻨﺘﺞﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺰﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻤﺘﺎﺯﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺮﺉﻴﺴﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻫﻮ )ﺃﺩﺍء ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﺍﻻﻧﻐﻼﻕ(‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺰﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﺧﻠﻴﻂ ﻣﻌﻘﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺝ‪-4‬ﺝ‪ 12‬ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻏﻠﻴﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ‪ 100‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪400‬‬
‫ﻓﻬﺮﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ‬
‫ﻫﺆﻻء‬ ‫‪-3‬ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺜﺎ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺴﻮﺭﺷﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﺐ ﻭﺗﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻏﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺭﻭﺍﺡ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺬﻳﺒﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻫﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻄﻮﺭ ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻳﺒﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻘﻄﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺘﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺘﺎ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﺮﺍﻕ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﻬﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻧﻔﺠﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺮﻭﺳﻴﻦ‬ ‫‪-4‬ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺮﻭﺳﻴﻦ‪:‬‬
‫ﻫﻮﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﺗﻘﻄﻴﺮ ﺑﺘﺮﻭﻟﻲ ﺧﻔﻴﻒ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﻬﻲ ﻭﺳﺨﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻛﻤﺼﺪﺭ ﻟﻠﻀﻮء ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺮﻭﺳﻴﻦ ﻟﻪ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻏﻠﻴﺎﻥ ‪ 150‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 300‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺉﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻭﻣﻴﺾ ﻻ ﺗﻘﻞ ﻋﻦ ‪ 37.8‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺉﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫‪-5‬ﻭﻗﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺉﺮﺍﺕ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﻤﻞﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺉﺔ ﻛﻼ ًﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺰﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻴﺮﻭﺳﻴﻦ ﻭﺗﻔﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﺮﺍﻥ‪ .‬ﻣﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﺪ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﺟﺪﺍً )‪ 40 -‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻓﻬﺮﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 58-‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻬﺮﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ( ﻛﺤﺪ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻨﻲ ﻷﻳﺰﻭﻣﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺍﻓﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺧﻔﺾ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻫﻲ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻣﻴﺾ )‪ 110‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪150‬‬
‫ﻓﻬﺮﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ(‪.‬‬
‫‪-6‬ﻭﻗﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﺰﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱﺍﻟﺪﻳﺰﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 40‬ﺭﻗﻢ ﺳﻴﺘﺎﻧﻲ‪ .‬ﻳﺸﺒﻪ ﻭﻗﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﺰﻝ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ 2‬ﺯﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﺩ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ ، 2‬ﻭﻟﻪ‬
‫ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻏﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﺃﻭﺳﻊ )‪ 350‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 650‬ﻓﻬﺮﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ( ﻣﻦ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪.1‬‬
‫‪-7‬ﺯﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﺩ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡﺯﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﺩ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺪﻓﺉﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ‬
‫ﺟﺪﺍً ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﺯﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﺩ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ 1‬ﻳﺸﺒﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﺑﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺮﻭﺳﻴﻦ‬
‫‪14‬‬
but has a higher pour point. No.2 fuel oil is very similar to No. 2 diesel fuel,
contains cracked stock.
8- Lube oil: Lubricants

are based on the viscosity index, paraffinic lubricants have a finished
viscosity index more than 75 ( naphthenic lubricants have viscosity
index less than 75 ). The principal source of lubricating oil is the fraction
that is left after components, namely gasoline, kerosene, diesel oil during
crude distillation. ( Boiling point > 350 C) .
9- Asphalt:
Asphalt is an important product in the construction industry and
comprises up to 20% of products. It can be produced only from crude
containing asphaltenic material.
10- Petroleum coke: Carbon

compounds formed from thermal conversion of petroleum containing
resins and asphaltenes are called petroleum cokes.Fuel grade coke
contains about 85%carbon ,4% hydrogen and the balance made up of
sulphur, nitrogen, oxygen, vanadium and nickel.
15
‫ﻭﻟﻜﻦﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺻﺐ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ‪ .‬ﺯﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﺩ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ 2‬ﻳﺸﺒﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﺑﻌﻴﺪ ﻭﻗﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﺰﻝ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ ، 2‬ﻭﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺨﺰﻭﻥ ﻣﺘﺼﺪﻉ‪.‬‬
‫ﺯﻳﻮﺕﺍﻟﺘﺸﺤﻴﻢ‬ ‫‪-8‬ﺯﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺤﻴﻢ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﺰﻭﺟﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺍﻓﻴﻨﻲ ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﻟﺰﻭﺟﺔ ﻧﻬﺎﺉﻲ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ‪) 75‬ﺯﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺜﻴﻨﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﻟﺰﻭﺟﺔ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ .(75‬ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺉﻴﺴﻲ‬
‫ﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺤﻴﻢ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺠﺰء ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﻘﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺰﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻴﺮﻭﺳﻴﻦ ﻭﺯﻳﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻳﺰﻝ ﺃﺛﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ‪) .‬ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ< ‪ 350‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺉﻮﻳﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫‪-9‬ﺍﻷﺳﻔﻠﺖ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮﺍﻷﺳﻔﻠﺖ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎً ﻣﻬﻤﺎً ﻓﻲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﻭﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ ٪20‬ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﻔﻠﺘﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻥ‬ ‫‪-10‬ﻓﺤﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻟﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻦﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻜﻠﺖﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺗﺴﻤﻰﺍﻟﻜﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺗﻨﺠﺎﺕﻭﺍﻷﺳﻔﻠﺘﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ ‪ ٪85‬ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻭ ‪ ٪4‬ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻦ ﻭﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻳﺖ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻴﺘﺮﻭﺟﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻧﺎﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻴﻜﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪15‬‬
The causes of evaluating of crude oil:

Evaluation of crude oil is important for refiner because it gives the
following types of information:
1. Base and general properties of the crude oil.
2. Presence of impurities such as sulfur, salt, and emulsions which cause general
difficulties in processing.
3. Operating or design data. Primarily this necessitates curves of temperature and
gravity .Such as:
a. Fractionating or true boiling point distillation curve.
b. Equilibrium or flash-vaporization curve.
c. API or specific gravity curve of each fraction distilled.
4. Curves of the properties of the fractions or the average properties of a
series of fractions. Such as
a. Viscosity of lubricating-oil fractions
b. Octane number of gasoline fractions.
c. Aniline point of solvents, kerosene, or diesel fractions.
d. Percentage of asphaltic residues.
e. Viscosity of distillation residues.
5. Finished products. Having established the general properties and yield
by means of distillation and property curves and exploring the economy of
the various break-ups of the crude oil .
Water and sediments in crude oil :

It is important to treatment the water or sediments in the petroleum.it leads
to difficult problems in the refinery process such as the corrosion in the
equipment (distillation, heat exchanger …etc), the adverse effects on the
product quality and the effect of the properties (color, density ,viscosity
boiling point ..etc)
Types of water in the petroleum:
They are many types of the water in petroleum such as 1. Free
water: (big drops, easily sedimentation).
16
‫ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ‪:‬‬

‫ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ ﻣﻬﻤﺎً ﻟﻠﻤﺼﻔﺎﺓ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‪:‬‬
‫‪.1‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺉﺺ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﻂ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ‪.‬‬

‫‪.2‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺷﻮﺍﺉﺐ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻳﺖ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻠﺢ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪.3‬ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﻳﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺎﺫﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ‪.‬ﺗﺠﺰﺉﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺗﻘﻄﻴﺮ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪.‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻼﺵ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪ API.‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺟﺎﺫﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﺤﺪﺩ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻘﻄﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪.4‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺧﺼﺎﺉﺺ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﻮﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺧﺼﺎﺉﺺ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﻮﺭ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻟﺰﻭﺟﺔ ﻛﺴﻮﺭ ﺯﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺤﻴﻢ‬

‫ﺏ‪.‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺴﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺰﻳﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪.‬ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻷﻧﻴﻠﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻳﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺮﻭﺳﻴﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺟﺰﺍء ﺍﻟﺪﻳﺰﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩ‪.‬ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺳﻔﻠﺘﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻩ‪.‬ﻟﺰﻭﺟﺔ ﻣﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪.5‬ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺉﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺉﺺ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﺉﺪ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻭﻣﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻜﺸﺎﻑ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﻂ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎءﻭﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺳﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻦﺍﻟﻤﻬﻢ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺳﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻝ ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ‬
‫ﺻﻌﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﻳﺮ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﺍﺕ )ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻱ ‪...‬‬
‫ﺇﻟﺦ( ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻭﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺉﺺ )ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬
‫ﻏﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﺰﻭﺟﺔ ‪ ..‬ﺇﻟﺦ(‬
‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻝ ﻣﺜﻞ ‪ .1‬ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﺤﺮ‪) :‬ﻗﻄﺮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ‪ ،‬ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺳﻴﺐ(‪.‬‬
‫‪16‬‬
2. Emulsified water: (small drops, difficult sedimentation).

3. Soluble water: (0.001% ratio, it can't separate).
Emulsification:
An emulsion is dispersion (droplets) of one liquid in another immiscible
liquid. The stability of emulsion depends on the structure of the two liquids,
viscosity and the temperature.
Types of emulsions:
1. Water in oil emulsion (small drops of water in the oil).
2. Oil in water emulsion (small drops of oil in the water).
3. Mixed emulsion (mixture between water in oil emulsion and oil in water
emulsion. complex separation)
The methods of sedimentation:

According to the stokes law , the velocity of the sedimentation
calculate by:
U= velocity of sedimentation.
D= diameter of particle (water).
ρ 1 and ρ 2 density of water and oil respectively.
µ= dynamic viscosity of oil.
g = acceleration.
The methods of sedimentation
1. Setting by gravity.
2. Heating. (u α 1/µ)
3. Coalescence: (u α d) the types of Coalescence are:
(chemical, mechanical and electrical).
4. Washing by water.
17
‫‪.2‬ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﻠﺐ‪) :‬ﻗﻄﺮﺍﺕ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ‪ ،‬ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺳﻴﺐ(‪.‬‬

‫‪.3‬ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﺬﻭﺑﺎﻥ‪) :‬ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ، ٪0.001‬ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻓﺼﻠﻪ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺤﻼﺏ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﻠﺐﻫﻮ ﺗﺸﺘﺖ )ﻗﻄﺮﺍﺕ( ﺳﺎﺉﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺎﺉﻞ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻼﻣﺘﺰﺍﺝ‪ .‬ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬
‫ﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺉﻠﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺰﻭﺟﺔ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﻠﺒﺎﺕ‪:‬‬
‫‪.1‬ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ )ﻗﻄﺮﺍﺕ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ(‪.‬‬
‫‪.2‬ﺯﻳﺖ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺎء ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻠﺐ )ﻗﻄﺮﺍﺕ ﺯﻳﺖ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء(‪.‬‬

‫‪.3‬ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻠﺐ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ )ﺧﻠﻴﻂ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﻣﻌﻘﺪ(‬
‫ﻃﺮﻕﺍﻟﺘﺮﺳﻴﺐ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭﻓﻘﺎًﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺳﺘﻮﻛﺲ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺤﺴﺐ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺳﻴﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ‪:‬‬
‫‪.‬ﻗﻄﺮﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻢ )ﺍﻟﻤﺎء( = ‪. D‬ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺳﻴﺐ = ‪U‬‬
‫‪.‬ﺍﻟﻠﺰﻭﺟﺔﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﺖ = ‪. µ‬ﻭ ‪ 2‬ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻟﻲ ‪ρ 1‬‬
‫ﺯ= ﺗﺴﺎﺭﻉ‪.‬‬
‫ﻃﺮﻕﺍﻟﺘﺮﺳﻴﺐ‬
‫‪.1‬ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺫﺑﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪.2‬ﺗﺪﻓﺉﺔ‪) .‬ﺵ ‪(α 1 / µ‬‬
‫‪.3‬ﺍﻻﻧﺪﻣﺎﺝ‪ (u α d) :‬ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻻﻧﺪﻣﺎﺝ ﻫﻲ‪) :‬ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻴﺔ ‪،‬‬

‫ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺉﻴﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫‪.4‬ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎء‪.‬‬
‫‪17‬‬
Some of special properties:

Ash content:
This is the percentage by weight of inorganic residue and the metallic obtained
by the combustion of an oil in a porcelain, silica, or platinum dish The
temperature of combustion is not specified, but the final temperature reached is
preferably 800°C.
Carbon-residue:
Carbon residue is determined by distillation to a coke residue in the absence of
air. The carbon residue is roughly related to the asphalt content of the crude and
to the quantity of the lubricating oil fraction.
Colour:
This is the light transmitted through crude oils. It is yellowish to red for light oils
and dark or even opaque for heavy (or low A.P.I gravity) oils.
Lube oil > gas oil > kerosene (according to the increasing in the color degree)
Test methods of crude oil and its products :

They are many important test methods of crude oil such as :
1. API Gravity and Specific Gravity.
2. Vapor Pressure Reid.
3. ASTM Distillations.
4. Flash and Fire Points.
5. Color.
6. Viscosity and density
7. Cloud and pour points.
8. Knock Characteristics.
9. Sulfur Test.
10. Tests for Bitumens and Semisolids Materials.
11. Water content.
12. Ductility, penetration and softening point for asphalt.
18
‫ﺑﻌﺾﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺉﺺ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩ‪:‬‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺉﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﻟﻠﺒﻘﺎﻳﺎ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻃﺒﻖ ﺑﻮﺭﺳﻠﻴﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻼﺗﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﺮﺍﻕ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﻔﻀﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺉﻴﺔ ‪ 800‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺉﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻘﺎﻳﺎﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﻘﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺑﻘﺎﻳﺎ ﻓﺤﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻫﻮﺍء‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﻘﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎً ﺑﻤﺤﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻷﺳﻔﻠﺖ ﻟﻠﺨﺎﻡ ﻭﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺟﺰء ﺯﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺤﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻮﻥ‪:‬‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻀﻮء ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻴﻞ ﻟﻠﺼﻔﺮﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺮ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻔﻴﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻛﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ )ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺫﺑﻴﺔ ‪.(API‬‬
‫ﺯﻳﻮﺕﺍﻟﺘﺸﺤﻴﻢ< ﺯﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ< ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺮﻭﺳﻴﻦ )ﺣﺴﺐ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ(‬
‫ﻃﺮﻕﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ ﻭﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺗﻪ‪:‬‬

‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻕ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪.1‬ﺟﺎﺫﺑﻴﺔ ‪ API‬ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻲ‪.‬‬

‫‪.2‬ﺭﻳﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪.3‬ﺗﻘﻄﻴﺮ ‪.ASTM‬‬
‫‪.4‬ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻮﻣﻴﺾ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪.5‬ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪.6‬ﺍﻟﻠﺰﻭﺟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫‪.7‬ﺳﺤﺎﺑﺔ ﻭﺻﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ‪.‬‬
‫‪.8‬ﺗﺪﻕ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺉﺺ‪.‬‬
‫‪.9‬ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪.10‬ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪.11‬ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء‪.‬‬
‫‪.12‬ﻟﻴﻮﻧﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻕ ﻭﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺗﻠﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﻔﻠﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪18‬‬
Oil-degassing:
Is the process of removing undesirable solved gases from the oil. These gases
Obstruct pumping and storage process and causes the explosions and
combustion. Heating and pressure are used to remove these gases in the crude
oil.
Preparation of crude oil for refining:

1. Remove the water content.
2. Remove the salts and sedimentation particles.
3. Degassing.
The Petroleum Refinery:

Refineries are designed to manufacture marketable petroleum products from
import streams of a variety of crude oils (figures 1,2). Refineries transform crude
oil via an appropriate number of different processes into marketable petroleum
products in programmed quantities and qualities for onward dispatch by sea,
inland waterways, rail, , road and product pipeline to the consuming markets. The
manufacturing of petroleum products entails a range of physical and chemical
processes that are utilized to optimize yields of the most valuable products. The
Refinery Industry has two main tasks:
1- Fractionating crude oils through distillation to separate them out into
products of varying density and volatility.
2. Purifying and enhancing each fraction through physical and chemical
treatment The refining industry continues in a constant state of flux with
adaptions to satisfy changing product demand, competitive influences and
refining margins.
The six basic refining processes are as follows:

1- Separation:
This is achieved by raising temperature of the input crude supply in pipes that
pass through a furnace heated to circa 360°C. This vaporizes individual fractions
of the crude feed which then condense and separate
19
‫ﺗﻔﺮﻳﻎﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫ﻫﻲﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺮﻏﻮﺏ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻟﺔ ﻏﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺗﻌﺮﻗﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﺦ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﻭﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﺣﺘﺮﺍﻕ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﺉﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻹﺯﺍﻟﺔ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺤﻀﻴﺮﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﺘﻜﺮﻳﺮ‪:‬‬

‫‪.1‬ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء‪.‬‬
‫‪.2‬ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻼﺡ ﻭﺟﺰﻳﺉﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺳﻴﺐ‪.‬‬
‫‪.3‬ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﻎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺼﻔﺎﺓﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻢﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻣﺼﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﻳﺮ ﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺑﺘﺮﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺴﻮﻳﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺪﻓﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﻴﺮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ )ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .(2 ، 1‬ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﻓﻲ ﺑﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻋﺒﺮ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺑﺘﺮﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺴﻮﻳﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺮﻣﺠﺔ ﻟﻺﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻡ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺉﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻜﻚ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﻭﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺉﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴُﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﺎﺓ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺎﻥ ﺭﺉﻴﺴﻴﺘﺎﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪-1‬ﺗﺠﺰﺉﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ ﻟﻔﺼﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﺎﻳﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪.2‬ﺗﻨﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﻛﻞ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺉﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﻳﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﺪﻓﻖ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻴﻔﺎﺕ ﻟﺘﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻮﺍﻣﺶ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﻳﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪-1:‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺇﻣﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺮ ﻋﺒﺮ‬
‫ﻓﺮﻥ ﻣﺴﺨﻦ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ ‪ 360‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺉﻮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍء ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻜﺜﻒ ﺛﻢ ﻳﻨﻔﺼﻞ‬
‫‪19‬‬
Oil-degassing:
Is the process of removing undesirable solved gases from the oil. These
gases Obstruct pumping and storage process and causes the explosions
and combustion. Heating and pressure are used to remove these gases in
the crude oil.
Preparation of crude oil for refining:

1. Remove the water content.
2. Remove the salts and sedimentation particles.
3. Degassing.
The Petroleum Refinery:

Refineries are designed to manufacture marketable petroleum products
from import streams of a variety of crude oils (figures 1,2). Refineries
transform crude oil via an appropriate number of different processes into
marketable petroleum products in programmed quantities and qualities
for onward dispatch by sea, inland waterways, rail, , road and product
pipeline to the consuming markets. The manufacturing of petroleum
products entails a range of physical and chemical processes that are
utilized to optimize yields of the most valuable products. The Refinery
Industry has two main tasks:
1- Fractionating crude oils through distillation to separate them out into

products of varying density and volatility.
2. Purifying and enhancing each fraction through physical and chemical

treatment The refining industry continues in a constant state of flux with
adaptions to satisfy changing product demand, competitive influences and
refining margins.
The six basic refining processes are as follows:
1- Separation:
This is achieved by raising temperature of the input crude supply in pipes

that pass through a furnace heated to circa 360°C. This vaporizes
individual fractions of the crude feed which then condense and separate
-1-
‫ﺗﻔﺮﻳﻎﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫ﻫﻲﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺮﻏﻮﺏ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻟﺔ ﻏﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺗﻌﺮﻗﻞ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﺦ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﻭﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﺣﺘﺮﺍﻕ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﺉﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻹﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺤﻀﻴﺮﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﺘﻜﺮﻳﺮ‪:‬‬

‫‪.1‬ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء‪.‬‬
‫‪.2‬ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻼﺡ ﻭﺟﺰﻳﺉﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺳﻴﺐ‪.‬‬
‫‪.3‬ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﻎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺼﻔﺎﺓﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻢﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻣﺼﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﻳﺮ ﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺑﺘﺮﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺴﻮﻳﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺪﻓﻘﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻴﺮﺍﺩ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ )ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .(2 ، 1‬ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﻓﻲ ﺑﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ ﻋﺒﺮ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺑﺘﺮﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﺴﻮﻳﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺮﻣﺠﺔ ﻟﻺﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻡ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺉﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻜﻚ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﻭﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺉﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴُﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ‬
‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﺎﺓ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺎﻥ ﺭﺉﻴﺴﻴﺘﺎﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪-1‬ﺗﺠﺰﺉﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ ﻟﻔﺼﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﺎﻳﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪.2‬ﺗﻨﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﻛﻞ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺉﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﻳﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﺪﻓﻖ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻴﻔﺎﺕ ﻟﺘﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻮﺍﻣﺶ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﻳﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪-1:‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺇﻣﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻤﺮ ﻋﺒﺮ ﻓﺮﻥ ﻣﺴﺨﻦ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ ‪ 360‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺉﻮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍء‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻜﺜﻒ ﺛﻢ ﻳﻨﻔﺼﻞ‬
‫‪-1 -‬‬
out on trays within the column according to the varying boiling points
and densities petroleum products. This process is known as simple
distillation (topping and hydro skimming). In addition the application of a
vacuum enables the products to vaporize at lower temperatures, which is
known as vacuum distillation.
2. Reforming:
This process changes the configuration of individual molecules as in

catalytic reforming and isomerization. This process is commonly used in
the final stages of gasoline production.
3. Treating:
This process uses catalysts, electrolysis and hydrogen to chemically

remove contamination such as salts, nickel, vanadium, sulphur and
nitrogen oxides. Examples of treatment processes include: hydrogenating,
hydrofining, hydrodesulphurization).
4. Cracking:
This process breaks down large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller ones
in the presence of a catalyst. A catalyst is used to speed up the rate of
reaction. The catalysts can be recycled numerous times. Alternatively
with the application of very high temperatures heat alone breaks down
large hydrocarbon molecules. This process is known as thermal cracking.
A common process used in European refineries is known as visbreaking.
5. Coking:
Residues , the carbon-rich heavy ends of the refinery process are cooked’
at high temperatures (600°C) to produce lighter products such as gasoil
and naphtha.
6. Deep Conversion:
Combines carbon extraction with the addition of hydrogen. This process

is designed to convert the heaviest fractions (refinery residue or bottoms)
into lighter and marketable products. Process includes coking, residue
catalytic cracking and de-asphalting
-2-
‫ﻳﺘﻢﺇﺧﺮﺍﺟﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻮﺍﻧﻲ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﻭﻓﻘﺎً ﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻭﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﻌُﺮﻑ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ )ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺸﻂ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺉﻲ(‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻍ ﻳﻤﻜﻦّ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺨﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌُﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻏﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪.2‬ﺍﻹﺻﻼﺡ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻐﻴﺮﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺉﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻳﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺻﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻴﺰﻱ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻷﺯﻣﺮﺓ‪ .‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺷﺎﺉﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻷﺧﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺰﻳﻦ‪.‬‬
‫‪.3‬ﻋﻼﺝ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻔﺰﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺉﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻦ ﻹﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ‬

‫ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻴﺎً ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﻼﺡ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻴﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻧﺎﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻳﺖ ﻭﺃﻛﺎﺳﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺘﺮﻭﺟﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻬﺪﺭﺟﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻦ ‪ ،‬ﻧﺰﻉ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻳﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻦ(‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫‪.4‬ﺗﻜﺴﻴﺮ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﺴﻢﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺟﺰﻳﺉﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺰﻳﺉﺎﺕ ﺃﺻﻐﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬

‫ﻣﺤﻔﺰ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﺤﻔﺰ ﻟﺘﺴﺮﻳﻊ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺪﻭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻔﺰﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﺮﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﺑﺪﻻ ًﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﺍً ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺣﺪﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻜﺴﻴﺮ ﺟﺰﻳﺉﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮﺓ‪ .‬ﺗﻌُﺮﻑ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻱ‪ .‬ﺗﻌُﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺉﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺗﻜﺴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﺰﻭﺟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪.5‬ﻓﺤﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻙ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢﻃﻬﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﻳﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ‬

‫ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ )‪ 600‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺉﻮﻳﺔ( ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﻒ ﻭﺯﻧﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺯﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﺘﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪.6‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻖ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﺠﻤﻊﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﺗﻢ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍء ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ )ﺑﻘﺎﻳﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻗﻴﻌﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﺎﺓ( ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﻒ ﻭﺯﻧﺎ ﻭﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﺴﻮﻳﻖ‪ .‬ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻚ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﺴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻴﺰﻱ ﻟﻠﺒﻘﺎﻳﺎ ﻭﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﻔﻠﺖ‬
‫‪-2 -‬‬
Fig.(1)Simplified form illustrates the process of converting

crude oil into products
-3-
‫ﺷﻜﻞ)‪ (1‬ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﺒﺴﻂ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ‬

‫ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ‬
‫‪-3 -‬‬
Fig.(2) the process of converting crude oil into petroleum

products in details
-4-
‫ﺷﻜﻞﺭﻗﻢ )‪ (2‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ ﺑﺘﺮﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ‬
‫‪-4 -‬‬
Fractionations of Crude oil :

Petroleum is a complex mixture of various organic compounds. It
consists of different hydrocarbons and heteroatomic compounds. It is
technically impossibly to separate petroleum into individual compounds.
In any case, it is unnecessary to separate the petroleum to the component
level in order to obtain a technological or industrial classification. A very
important petroleum property is its fractional composition. This property
is determined by heating the oil and separating it into fractions having
specified boiling ranges. Every fraction is characterized by the
temperature at which boiling begins as well as the temperature boiling
ends. In the industrial method, fractionation is achieved by the method of
rectification. Using this method, the fractions with boiling point up to
350°C are separated at atmospheric pressure. These are called the light
fractions. Usually, during atmospheric rectification, the following
individual fractions are obtained:
• Boiling begins : 140°C - gasoline fraction.
• 140-180°C - heavy naphtha.
• 180 -240°C - kerosene fraction.
• 240-350°C - diesel fraction.
The residue after atmospheric distillation is called “atmospheric residue”.

This fraction, with a boiling point over 350°C, is usually distillated
further at a low pressure or in a vacuum. This residue can be classified in
two different ways depending on the intended application:
For further processing to fuel fractions:
• 350-500°C - vacuum gas oil
• Over 500°C - vacuum residue
All the fractions obtained from atmospheric residue are called “heavy
fractions”. On the other hand, the products obtained after secondary
processing of the heavy fractions are considered to be light fractions if
boiling of the fraction ends at < 350°C, and to be heavy fractions if
boiling begins at > 350°C. The amount of light fractions can be very
different for oils from different oil wells.
-23-
‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻱ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺁﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺸﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺷﺒﻜﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺰﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺢ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﻥ ﻛﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺭﺉﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺗﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺧﻤﺴﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﻭﻫﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﺘﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻴﺮﻭﺳﻴﻦ ﻭﺯﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺨﻔﻴﻒ ﻭﺯﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ ‪ ،‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﻨﺎﻓﺜﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻴﺮﻭﺳﻴﻦ ﻗﻴﻢ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺯﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬
‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻣﻔﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ )‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻴﺔ( ﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺗﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﺧﻒ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﺮﻭﻁﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‪ :‬ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻥ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ‪ 280 - 200‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺉﻮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺛﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺴﺨﻴﻨﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ ‪ 370 - 330‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺉﻮﻳﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻘﺎﻭﺓﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪-‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪-‬ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪-‬ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺣﺪﺓﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻏﻲ‬
‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺎﻳﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻏﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺗﻘﻄﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﻎ ﻷﻥ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻧﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ ﺑﻀﻐﻮﻁ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻭﻣﻴﺾ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺝ ﻣﻦ ‪ 25‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 40‬ﻣﻢ ﺯﺉﺒﻖ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺨﻴﺮ ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺧﻔﺾ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ )ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 10‬ﻣﻢ ﺯﺉﺒﻖ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻗﻞ( ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻥ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺳﻔﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻍ‪ .‬ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻥ ﻭﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻓﺤﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻙ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻥ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺉﻲ ﻟﻠﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺮﺝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﻎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻌﺮﺽﺯﻳﺖ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﻎ ﺍﻟﺨﻔﻴﻒ ﻭﺯﻳﺖ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﻎ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻴﻞ ﻭﺑﻘﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﻎ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻜﺴﻴﺮ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﻒ ﻭﺯﻧﺎ‪ ً.‬ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻏﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺗﻘﻄﻴﺮ ﺗﻔﺮﻳﻎ ﺭﺉﻴﺴﻲ ﻣﺪﻋﻮﻡ ﺑﺄﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺗﻘﺸﻴﺮ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻴﺔ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻏﻮﺑﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪،‬‬
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‫ﺗﺠﺰﺉﺔﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻝﻫﻮ ﺧﻠﻴﻂ ﻣﻌﻘﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﻴﻞ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎً ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻓﺮﺩﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﺣﺎﻝ ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻝ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻲ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺉﺺ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺉﻲ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺨﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻭﻓﺼﻠﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻛﺴﻮﺭ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻧﻄﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﻏﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻛﻞ ﺟﺰء ﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺰﺉﺔ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ‬
‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍء ﺫﺍﺕ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﺣﺘﻰ ‪ 350‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺉﻮﻳﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻱ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﻔﻴﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ،‬ﺃﺛﻨﺎء ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻱ ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺴﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫• ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﻳﺒﺪﺃ‪ 140 :‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺉﻮﻳﺔ ‪ -‬ﺟﺰء ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺰﻳﻦ‪.‬‬
‫• ‪ 140-180‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺉﻮﻳﺔ ‪ -‬ﻧﻔﺘﺎ ﺛﻘﻴﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫• ‪ 240- 180‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺉﻮﻳﺔ ‪ -‬ﺟﺰء ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺮﻭﺳﻴﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻳﺰﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫• ‪ 240-350‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺉﻮﻳﺔ ‪ -‬ﺟﺰء‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺎﻳﺎﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻱ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ "ﺑﻘﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻱ"‪ .‬ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻘﻄﻴﺮ ﻫﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺰء ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻏﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ ‪ 350‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺉﻮﻳﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻍ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺎﻳﺎ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺘﻴﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺘﻴﻦ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺼﻮﺩ‪:‬‬
‫ﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻟﺘﺰﻭﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﻗﻮﺩ‪:‬‬
‫• ‪ 350-500‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺉﻮﻳﺔ ‪ -‬ﺯﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻏﻲ‬
‫• ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ 500‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺉﻮﻳﺔ ‪ -‬ﺑﻘﺎﻳﺎ ﻓﺮﺍﻍ‬
‫ﺗﺴﻤﻰﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻳﺔ "ﺍﻟﻜﺴﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ"‬

‫‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻜﺴﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﻛﺴﻮﺭﺍً ﺧﻔﻴﻔﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﻰ ﻏﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ >‪ 350‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺉﻮﻳﺔ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﺴﻮﺭﺍً ﺛﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺑﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﻋﻨﺪ< ‪ 350‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺉﻮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍء ﺍﻟﺨﻔﻴﻔﺔ ﺟﺪﺍً ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺁﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪-23-‬‬
The unit comprising of an atmospheric distillation column, side strippers,

heat exchanger network, feed de-salter and furnace as main process
technologies enables the separation of the crude into its various products .
Usually, five products are generated namely gas, naphtha, kerosene, light
gas oil, heavy gas oil and atmospheric residue. Amongst the crude
distillation products, naphtha, kerosene have higher product values than
gasoil and residue. On the other hand, modern refineries tend to produce
lighter components from the heavy products. Therefore, reactive
transformations (chemical processes) are inevitable to convert the heavy
intermediate refinery streams into lighter streams.
Operating Conditions: The temperature at the entrance of the furnace

where the crude enters is 200 – 280°C. It is then further heated to about
330 – 370°C inside the furnace.
The purity of the products in the distillation column depends on:
- Number of stage.
- Length of the column.
-The properties of the raw material.
Vacuum distillation unit

The residue from an atmospheric distillation tower can be sent to a
vacuum distillation tower, The materials are therefore distilled under
vacuum because the boiling temperature decreases with a lowering of the
pressure. Distillation is carried out with absolute pressures in the tower
flash zone area of 25 to 40 mm Hg To improve vaporization, the
effective pressure is lowered even further (to 10 mmHg or less) by the
addition of steam to the furnace inlet and at the bottom of the vacuum
tower. Addition of steam to the furnace inlet increases the furnace tube
velocity and minimizes coke formation in the furnace as well as
decreasing the total hydrocarbon partial pressure in the vacuum tower.
The light vacuum gas oil and heavy vacuum gas oil and vacuum residue
are eventually subjected to cracking to yield even lighter products. The
vacuum distillation unit consists of a main vacuum distillation column
supported with side strippers to produce the desired products. Therefore,
-24-
vacuum distillation unit is also a physical process to obtain the desired

products.
Operating Conditions : The pressure maintained is about 25 – 40 mm Hg.
The temperature is kept at around 380 – 420°C.
-25-
According to the figures (a and b)
Stream number Stream make Source
1 Crude oil Market

2 Gas +Naphtha CDU 1
3 Kerosene CDU 1
4 Light gas oil CDU 1
5 Atmospheric residue CDU 1
6 Light vacuum gas oil (LVGO) VDU 2
7 Heavy vacuum gas oil (HVGO) VDU 2
8 Vacuum residue VDU 2
CDU= crude distillation unit VDU= Vacuum distillation unit
Usually, refinery crudes are characterized as light, moderate and heavy

crudes. Light and moderate crudes are typically targeted for gas, naphtha,
diesel, light and heavy gas oil fractions. Heavy crudes are targeted for
coke and residue product streams. Therefore, the crude quality does
affect the topology of the refinery configuration. According to the choice
of the crude available, refineries are classified into four types namely
a)Those that target fuels.

b)Those that target coke. This is very much targeted for refineries that
supply coke as an important raw material to other industries such as steel,
catalysts.
c)Lubricants.
d)Petrochemicals
According to the desired product, the refinery configuration and hence

topology is affected with the crude quality.
Large refineries involve the production of multi refinery products with

diverse specifications and needs of the consumers. And necessarily all
these products are derived from the crude oil in a complex way. Due to
complicated physical and chemical processes that are sequentially applied
for various refinery process streams, refinery process flow sheets are very
complex.
-26-
‫ﺣﺴﺐﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ )ﺃ ﻭ ﺏ(‬
‫ﻣﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺟﻌﻞﺗﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻢﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ‬
‫ﺳﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺖﺧﺎﻡ‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪CDU‬‬ ‫ﻏﺎﺯ‪ +‬ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺘﺎ‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪CDU‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺮﻭﺳﻴﻦ‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪CDU‬‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺖﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺨﻔﻴﻒ‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪CDU‬‬ ‫ﺑﻘﺎﻳﺎﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻱ‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪VDU‬‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺖﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺨﻔﻴﻒ )‪ (LVGO‬ﺯﻳﺖ‬ ‫‪6‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪VDU‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻴﻞ )‪ (HVGO‬ﺑﻘﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻍ‬ ‫‪7‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪VDU‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬
‫ﻭﺣﺪﺓﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻏﻲ = ‪VDU‬‬ ‫ﻭﺣﺪﺓﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ = ‪CDU‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺧﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﻓﻲ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﺧﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺧﻔﻴﻔﺔ ﻭﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻭﺛﻘﻴﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﺴﺘﻬﺪﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﻔﻴﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻛﺴﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﺘﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻳﺰﻝ ﻭﺯﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺨﻔﻴﻒ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﻴﻞ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻴﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻬﺪﻑ ﻟﺘﺪﻓﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﻓﺤﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺒﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﺎﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻘﺎً ﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺡ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﻓﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻭﻫﻲ‬
‫ﺃ( ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﻬﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺏ( ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﻬﺪﻑ ﻓﺤﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻙ‪ .‬ﻳﺴﺘﻬﺪﻑ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺰﻭﺩ ﻓﺤﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻙ ﻛﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺧﺎﻡ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﻔﺰﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ( ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺤﻴﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩ( ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻛﻴﻤﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﻓﻘﺎًﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺏ ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﺎﺓ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺑﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺑﺠﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﻳﺮ ﺑﻤﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻛﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻌﻘﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻧﻈﺮﺍً ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺉﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻘﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺗﺴﻠﺴﻠﻲ ﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﺪﻓﻘﺎﺕ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﺎﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺗﺪﻓﻖ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﺎﺓ ﻣﻌﻘﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪-26-‬‬
‫ﻭﺣﺪﺓﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻏﻲ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺉﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻇﺮﻭﻑﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ ‪ 40-25‬ﻣﻢ ﺯﺉﺒﻖ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻔﺎﻅ‬
‫ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ ‪ 420 - 380‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺉﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪-25-‬‬

مادة تكرير النفط 1كامله مع الترجمة

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مادة تكرير النفط 1كامله مع الترجمة

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University of Basrah Petroleum refinery

College of engineering / chemical department Fourth stage

Chemical composition of crude oil :

‫ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺉﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻲ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ‪:‬‬

‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ‪ CnH2n + 2‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ‪ n‬ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬

CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2– CH3 n pentane

CH3 –CH2– CH – CH3 Iso pentane The

‫ﻥﺍﻟﺒﻨﺘﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪3-‬‬ ‫‪CH2- CH 2- CH 2- CH 3CH‬‬

‫ﺍﻳﺰﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨﺘﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪3-‬‬ ‫‪CH - CH2- CH 3CH‬‬

‫‪-‬ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻀﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻗﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﻔﻴﻨﺎﺕ ‪،‬ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺍﻷﻟﻜﻴﻨﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻫﻲ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺸﺒﻌﺔ‬

‫‪-1‬ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺘﻴﻦ‬ ‫‪2-‬‬ ‫‪CH = CH2- CH 2- CH 3CH‬‬

With the formula ( CnHn ) for examples

B- Non hydrocarbon components :

The types of sulphur components in the petroleum are :

Tetra ethyl lead

Increase APi in the gasoline

‫ﻣﻊﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ )‪ (CnHn‬ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ‬

‫ﺏ‪-‬ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻳﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻝ ﻫﻲ‪ - :‬ﻛﺒﺮﻳﺘﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻦ‬

‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ‪ APi‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺰﻳﻦ‬

Disadvantages of Nitrogen components :

Note : More asphaltic crudes will contain N2 compounds.

OR R-C-OOH Normal organic acid

Branch organic acid

d- Ethers R-O-R e- Alcohol R-OH

‫ﻣﺠﻤﻌﺎﺕﺳﻜﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪2.N‬‬ ‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﻔﻠﺖ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫ﺣﻤﺾﻋﻀﻮﻱ ﻋﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‪RC-OOH‬‬

‫‪R-OH‬‬ ‫ﻫـ‪-‬ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻮﻝ‬ ‫‪ROR‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪-‬ﺍﻻﺛﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬

5- Water content 6- Naphthenic acids: R-C-OOH

Theories of petroleum formation

Raw organic Precipitation Presence of Micro Hydrocarb

‫‪RC-OOH‬‬ ‫‪-6‬ﺃﺣﻤﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺜﻴﻨﻴﻚ‪:‬‬ ‫‪-5‬ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء‬

‫‪2+‬‬ ‫ﺝ‪2‬ﺡ‪( 2‬ﺃﻭﻩ) ‪Ca‬‬ ‫‪ 2 + 2CaC‬ﺡ‪2‬ﺍ‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪-2‬ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪-‬ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﺉﻴﺴﻴﺔ )‪ (C ، H ، O ، N ، S‬ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ ﻭ )ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ(‬

‫‪-‬ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺣﻤﺎﺽ ﻧﺎﻓﺜﻴﻨﻴﻚ )ﻋﻀﻮﻱ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ(‬

‫‪-‬ﺗﺤﻠﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﻏﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻳﺖ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻴﺘﺮﻭﺟﻴﻦ‬

‫‪-‬ﺗﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﺍﻃﺊ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺎﺭ‪.‬‬

‫ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕﺍﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺎﺭﺏ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻬﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﺟﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻡﻋﻀﻮﻱ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺘﻴﻦﻭﺍﻟﺸﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺍﻓﻴﻦ‬ ‫‪-‬ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻫﺠﻴﻨﺔ‬

Ta = average boiling point temperature, in Kelvin unit °K

The crude oil can be classified as follow as :

‫ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ ﺛﻢ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺎﻳﺎ‬

‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓﺃﺳﻔﻠﺘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱﺍﻟﺒﻘﺎﻳﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ >‪ ٪20‬ﺑﺮﺍﻓﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﻓﻴﻦ‬

‫ﻣﺜﻞﺍﻟﻜﻴﺮﻭﺳﻴﻦ ﻭﺯﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺤﻴﻢ ﺑﺄﺧﺬ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪API‬‬

‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪.‬ﻧﻔﻂﺧﺎﻡ ﺑﺮﺍﻓﻴﻨﻲ ﻋﺎﺩﻱ ‪- CI = 0‬‬

Kw = Watson characterization factor

Kw> 12. 5 (Paraffinic Base)

‫ﻙﺙ = ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﻭﺍﺗﺴﻮﻥ‬

‫(‪ )° R‬ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺭﺍﻧﻜﻴﻦ = ‪Ta‬‬

‫(ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻧﺎﺑﺜﻴﻦ) ‪( Kw >11.5‬‬

‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﺮﺍﻓﻴﻨﻲ) ‪Kw< 12. 5‬‬