M2 Publisher New Century E Book Answers-NCM (2nd) TMM2B12 - e

286
Chapter 12 Scalar Products and

Vector Products
Instant Drill 1 (P.12.3) Instant Drill 4 (P.12.7)

(a) a  b = | a || b | cos 45 | u + 4v |2 = (u + 4v)  (u + 4v)
 2 = u  u + u  (4v) + (4v)  u + (4v)  (4v)
= (4)(2) 
 2  = u  u + 4(u  v) + 4(v  u) + 16(v  v)
 
=4 2 = | u |2 + 8(u  v) + 16| v |2
(b) ∴ | u |2 + 8(u  v) + 16| v |2 = 32 ......................... (1)
Similarly,
| u  4v |2 = | u |2  8(u  v) + 16| v |2
∴ | u |2  8(u  v) + 16| v |2 = 52 .......................... (2)
(1)  (2): 16(u  v) = 16
Let  be the angle between a and b.
u  v = 1
 = 180  120 = 60
∴ a  b = | a || b | cos 60
Instant Drill 5 (P.12.8)
1
= (5)(8)  (a) XZY is the angle between ZX and ZY .
2
= 20 ZX = (3  4)i + (5  4)j + (8  6)k
= i + j + 2k
Instant Drill 2 (P.12.5) ZY = (2  4)i + (3  4)j + (1  6)k

= i  7j  k
(a) a  b = (1)(7) + (3)(2)
= 1 ZX  ZY
cos XZY =
(b) a  b = (2)(6) + (4)(0) + (1)(5) ZX ZY
= 17 (1)(2)  (1)(7)  (2)(7)

=
(1) 2  12  2 2 (2) 2  (7) 2  (7) 2
Instant Drill 3 (P.12.7) XZY = 140, cor. to the nearest degree
(s + t)  (s  t) = s  (s  t) + t  (s  t) (b) ZX = (2  4)i + (  2)j + [1  )]k
=ssst+tstt = i  2j + k
=ssst+sttt ZY = (  4)i + (  2)j + [5  )]k
=|s| |t|
2 2
= i  j + 8k
∴ (s + t)  (s  t) = | s |  | t |
2 2
ZX  ZY
cos XZY =
ZX ZY
(6)(1)  (2)(1)  (4)(8)

=
(6) 2  (2) 2  4 2 (1) 2  (1) 2  8 2
XZY = 49, cor. to the nearest degree
© Oxford University Press 2015

Chapter 12: Scalar Products and Vector Products 287
Instant Drill 6 (P.12.9) Instant Drill 9 (P.12.12)

(c  2d)  d = c  d  2(d  d) Let ON =  OT , where  is a scalar.
= c  d  2| d |2 ON = (6i + 2j  k)
= 3  2(1) 2
= 6i + 2j  k
=1 SN = ON  OS
|c  2d|2 = (c  2d)  (c  2d) = (6i + 2j  k)  2i + 4j  k
= c  c  2(c  d)  2(d  c) + 4(d  d) = (6  2)i + (2  4)j + ( + 3)k
=|c| 2
4(c  d) + 4| d | 2 ∵ SN  
= 42  4(3) + 4(1)2 ∴ SN  OT = 0
=8 (6  2)(6) + (2  4)(2) + ( + 3)(1) = 0
Let  be the angle between c  2d and d. 41 = 23

(c  2d)  d 23
cos  = =
| c  2d || d | 41
23
  23
    23
1 ∴ ON = 6   i  2  j    k
=  41   41   41 
( 8 )(1)
138 46 23
 = 69, cor. to the nearest degree = i j k
41 41 41
∴ The angle between c  2d and d is 69.  138 46 23 
∴ The coordinates of N are  , ,  .
 41 41 41 
(a) a  b = (3)(4) + (2)(6)
(a) Projection of p onto q
=0
| (2)(1)  (3)(2)  (4)(2) |
∴ a and b are orthogonal. =
12  2 2  2 2
(b) a  b = (1)(7) + (5)(1) + (8)(2)
16
=4 =
3
0
(b) Vector projection of q onto r
∴ a and b are not orthogonal.
(1)(3)  (2)(1)  (2)(0)
= (3i  j)
32  12  0 2
Instant Drill 8 (P.12.11) 5
= (3i  j)
10
(a) AB  b  a
3 1
∵ OM bisects AB at M. = i j
2 2
ab
∴ OM 
2 Instant Drill 11 (P.12.15)
ab pw
(b) OM  AB =    (b  a) q= w
 2  | w |2
1 (1)(4)  (2)(4)  (5)(2)
= (a  b  a  a + b  b  b  a) = (4i  4 j  2k )
2 4 2  4 2  ( 2) 2
1
= (| b |2  | a |2) 14 14 7
2 = i  j k
9 9 9
Since OA and OB are radii of the circle, OA = OB,
r=pq
i.e. | a | = | b |.  14 14 7 
= (i  2 j  5k )    i  j  k 
Hence, OM  AB = 0.  9 9 9 
∴ OM and AB are orthogonal. 23 4 38
= i  j k
∴ OM  AB 9 9 9

288 Solutions
Instant Drill 12 (P.12.23) (b) PS = (6  2)i + (  0)j + (3  1)k

(2a  b)  (a  2b) = 4i + 4j + 2k
= 2a  (a  2b)  b  (a  2b) i j k
= 2(a  a)  a  b  b  a + 2(b  b) PQ  PS = 0 1 1
4 4 2
= 2(0)  a  b  [(a  b)] + 2(0)
= a  b + a  b = (2  4)i  (0  4)j + (0  4)k
= a  b = 2i + 4j  4k
∴ Area of PQRS
∴ (2a  b)  (a 2b) = a  b)
= PQ  PS
Instant Drill 13 (P.12.24) = ( 2) 2  4 2  ( 4) 2

i j k
=6
(a) u  v = 1  3 1
0 1 2
= (6  1)i  (2  0)j + (1  0)k
(a) BA = (0  0)i + (1  3)j + (2  1)k
= 5i + 2j + k
= 2j + k
i j k
(b) u  v =  1 2 4 BC = (4  0)i + (0  3)j + (2  1)k
3 5 1 = i  3j + k
i j k
= (2  20)i  (1 + 12)j + (5  6)k
BA BC = 0  2 1
= 22i  13j  k
4 3 1
= (2 + 3)i  (0  4)j + (0 + 8)k
= i + 4j + k
i j k
Area of △ABC
a  b = 5 6 2
1
0 1 2 = BA BC
2
= (12 + 2)i  (10  0)j + (5  0)k 1 2
= 1  4 2  82
= 10i  10j  5k 2
9
| a  b | = (10) 2  (10) 2  (5) 2 = 15 =
2
∴ The required unit vectors
(b) Let d be the required distance.
1
=  (10i  10 j  5k ) 1
15 Area of △ABC = d(BA)
2
2 2 1 2 2 1 9 1
= i  j  k or  i  j  k = d 0 2  (2) 2  12
3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2
9
d=
Instant Drill 15 (P.12.26) 5
(a) PQ = (2  2)i + (  0)j + (2  1)k 9 5

=
5
=j+k
9 5
SR = (6  6)i + (  4)j + (4  3)k ∴ The required distance is .
5
=j+k
∵ PQ = SR
∴ PQRS is a parallelogram.

Instant Drill 17 (P.12.31) i j k

2 1 3 (b) AB  AD = 2  3  1
(a) p  (q  r) =  4  1 2 1 1 1
5 3 4 = (3  1)i  (2 + 1)j + (2 + 3)k
= (2)(4  6)  1(16  10) + 3(12 + 5) = i + j + k
= 23 Area of EFGH = area of ABCD
5 3 4 = AB  AD
(b) r  (q  p) =  4  1 2
2 1 3 = 2 2  12  12
2 1 3 = 6
=   4 1 2 volume of ABCDEFGH
∴ The required distance =
5 3 4 area of EFGH
2
= (23) =
6
= 23
6
=
3
OC  (OD  OE ) Instant Drill 20 (P.12.36)
2 2 1 EF = (3  3)i + [6  (2)]j + [5  (3)]k = j  k
=1 2 3 EG = (1  3)i + [  (2)]j + [2  (3)]k = 2i + j + k
1 2 6 EH = (2  3)i + [  (2)]j + [  (3)]k = i + j + k
= 2(12  6)  2(6  3) + 1(2  2) 0 4 2
=6 EF  ( EG  EH ) =  2 2 1
∴ Volume of the parallelepiped 1 6 3
=|6| 0 2 2
=22 1 1
=6
1 3 3
=0
∴ E, F, G and H are coplanar.
(a) AB = DC
= (2  0)i + (0  3)j + (1  0)k Instant Drill 21 (P.12.37)
= i  3j  k
AB = (0  1)i + (6  3)j + (3  1)k = i + j + k
AD = [0  (1)]i + (3  4)j + (0  1)k AC = (2  1)i + (0  3)j + [(1  a)  1]k = i  j  ak
=ijk
AD = (1  1)i + (6  3)j + [(1 + a)  1]k = i + j + ak
AF = [2  (1)]i + (7  4)j + (2  1)k ∵ A, B, C and D are coplanar.
= i + 3j  k
∴ AB  ( AC  AD ) = 0
2  3 1
1 3 2
AB  ( AD  AF ) = 1 1 1
1 3 a = 0
1 3 3
2 3 a
= 2(3 + 3)  (3)(3  1) + (1)(3  1)
0 0 2a
= 2 1 3 a = 0
∴ The required volume 2 3 a
= | 2 | (2  a)(3  6) = 0
=2 a=2

290 Solutions
Class Practice 12.1 (P.12.16)

(b) AB  AC = AB AC cos BAC
1. (a) a  b = (1)(2) + (3)(4) + (5)(7)
= 49 4
= (4)(5) 
(b) Let  be the angle between a and b. 5
a b = 16
cos  =
| a || b | Construct AD such that AD = BC .
49
=
12  32  5 2 2 2  4 2  7 2
 = 4.37, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
∴ The angle between a and b is 4.37.
2. (a) p  q = | p || q | cos 60

∴ AD = BC = 3
1
= (1)(1)  
2 DAC = ACB
1
= BC  AC = AD  AC
2
= AD AC cos DAC
(b) q  (4p  q) = 4(q  p)  q  q
= 4(p  q)   q |2 = AD AC cos ACB
1 3
= 4   12 = (3)(5) 
2 5
=1 =9
(c) | p  5q | = (p  5q)  (p  5q)
2
= p  p  5(p  q)  5(q  p) + 25(q  q) 4. PQ = OQ  OP

=  p |  10(p  q) + 25| q |
2 2
= (i + 5k)  (i  8j  k)
1 = i  8j  k
= 12     + 25(1)2
2
Let PR =  PQ , where  is a scalar.
= 21
PR = (i  8j  k)
∴ | p  5q | = 21
= i  8j  k
OR = OP  PR
3. (a) AB2 + BC2 = 42 + 32 = 25
= (i + 8j + k) + (i  8j  k)
AC2 = 52 = 25
= (7  6)i + (8  8)j + (9  4)k
∵ AB2 + BC2 = AC2
∵ OQ  OR
∴ ABC = 90
AB 4 ∴ OQ  OR = 0
cos BAC = =
AC 5 (1)(7  6) + (0)(8  8) + (5)(9  4) = 0
BC 3 52  26 = 0
cos ACB = =
AC 5
26 = 52
=2
∴ OR = [7  6(2)]i + [8  8(2)]j + [9  4(2)]k
= i  8j + k
∴ The coordinates of R are (5 , 8 , 1).

5. (a) Projection of a onto b 4. BA = (1  4)i + (3  5)j + (5  2)k = i  2j + k

| a b | BC = (3  4)i + (2  5)j + (1  2)k = i  3j  k
=
|b| i j k
| (1)(2)  (4)(5)  (8)(6) | BA BC =  3  2 3
=
2 2  52  6 2 1  3 1
70 = (2 + 9)i  (3 + 3)j + (9  2)k
=
65
= 11i  6j + k
14 65
= ∴ Area of ABCD = BA BC
13
(b) Vector projection of c onto a = 112  (6) 2  7 2
c a
= 2a = 206
|a |
(1)(1)  (3)(4)  (2)(8)
= (i  4 j  8k ) Class Practice 12.3 (P.12.37)
12  4 2  8 2
1 3 5
1 4 8
= i  j k 1. (a) a  (b  c) = 2 4 7
3 3 3
3 5 8
Class Practice 12.2 (P.12.28) = 1(32  35)  3(16  21) + 5(10  12)
1. a  b = | a || b | cos  ...................... (1) =2
| a  b | = | a || b | sin  .................. (2) 2 4 7
(b) b  (a  c) = 1 3 5
| a  b | sin 
(2)  (1): = 3 5 8
a b cos 
1 3 5
|ab |
tan θ  = 2 4 7
a b
3 5 8
i j k = 2
2. a  b = 1 5 6
1 4 3
2 4 6
2. OA  (OB  OC ) = 1 0 1
= (30  24)i  (6  12)j + (4  10)k 0 1 2
= i + 6j  k
= 1(0 + 1)  1(8  3)
i j k = 12
3. p  q = 3 4 6 ∴ Volume of the parallelepiped = | 12 |
2 5 6 = 12
= (24  30)i  (18  12)j + (15  8)k
3. (a) AB = (1  0)i + (3  1)j + (3  2)k = i + 2j + k
= i  6j + k
AC = (1  0)i + (2  1)j + (4  2)k = i  3j + k
| p  q | = (6) 2  (6) 2  7 2 = 11
AD = (2  0)i + (0  1)j + (0  2)k = 2i  j  k
∴ The required unit vectors 1 2 1
1 AB  ( AC  AD ) = 1 3 2
= ( 6i  6 j  7k )
11 2 1  2
6 6 7 6 6 7
= i  j  k or  i  j  k = 1(6 + 2)  1(4  ) + 2( + 3)
11 11 11 11 11 11
=9
0
∴ A, B, C and D are not coplanar.

292 Solutions
(b) PQ = [3  (2)]i + (0  1)j + [0  (2)]k 2. (a) a  b = (1)(4) + (4)(1)

= i  j + k =8
PR = [1  (2)]i + (3  1)j + [6  (2)]k (b) a  b = (1)(0) + (0)(2) + (3)(5)

= i + j  k = 15
PS = [7  (2)]i + (2  1)j + [4  (2)]k (c) a  b = (2)(6) + (9)(1) + (0)(6)

= i  j + k =3
1 1 2
PQ  ( PR  PS ) = 3 2 4 3. Let  be the angle between a and b.
5 3 6 a b
(a) cos  =
1 1 1 | a || b |
=2 3 2 2 ( 4)(7)  ( 7)( 1)  (3)(1)
=
5 3 3 4 2  ( 7) 2  32 7 2  ( 1) 2  12
=0  = 51.8, cor. to the nearest 0.1
∴ P, Q, R and S are coplanar. ∴ The angle between a and b is 51.8.
a b
(b) cos  =
7  2 1 | a || b |
4. a  (b  c) =  5 1 3 (3)(5)  ( 8)(5)  ( 3)(6)
=
0 1  32  ( 8) 2  ( 3) 2 52  52  62
= (1)(21  5) + (7  10)  = 120.8, cor. to the nearest 0.1
= 16   ∴ The angle between a and b is 120.8.
∴ 16   = 4 a b
(c) cos  =
3 = 12 | a || b |
=4 (8)(0)  ( 2)(6)  (1)( 2)
=
82  ( 2) 2  12 02  62  ( 2) 2
Exercise 12A (P.12.16)  = 105.5, cor. to the nearest 0.1

1. (a) a  b = | a || b | cos 30 ∴ The angle between a and b is 105.5.
 3
= (5)(7)  
 2  4. QPR is the angle between PQ and PR .
 
= 30.3, cor. to 3 sig. fig. PQ = (1  0)i + (0  6)j = i  6j
(b) PR = (7  0)i + (2  6)j = 7i  4j
PQ  PR
cos QPR =
PQ PR
(1)(7)  (6)(4)
=
(1) 2  (6) 2 7 2  (4) 2
QPR = 70, cor. to the nearest degree
Let  be the angle between a and b.
 = 250  180 = 70
∴ a  b = | a || b | cos 70
= (5)(7) cos 70
= 12.0, cor. to 3 sig. fig.

5. ACB is the angle between CA and CB . 8. Let (0 , 0 , z) be the coordinates of P.

CA = (3  5)i + [1  (3)]j + (2  2)k PB = (2  0)i + (3  0)j + (1  z)k
= 2i + 2j = 2i + 3j + (1  z)k
CB = (6  5)i + [0  (3)]j + (1  2)k AB = (2  1)i + (3  0)j + (1  0)k
= i + 3j  3k = i + 3j  k
CA  CB ∵ PB  AB
cos ACB =
CA CB ∴ PB  AB = 0
(2)(1) + (3)(3) + (1  z)(1) = 0
(2)(1)  (2)(3)  (0)(3)
= 12 + z = 0
(2) 2  2 2  0 2 12  32  (3) 2
z = 12
ACB = 71, cor. to the nearest degree
∴ The coordinates of P are (0 , 0 , 12).
6. (a) u  v = (1)(6) + (1)(2) + (4)(1)

9. (a) (i) Vector projection of v onto u
=8 v u
= u
0 | u |2
∴ u and v are not orthogonal. (2)(1)  (1)(0)  (2)(5)
= (i  5k )
(b) u  v = (3)(4) + (6)(1) + (2)(3) 12  0 2  (5) 2
6 30
=0 = i k
13 13
∴ u and v are orthogonal.
(ii) Projection of u onto v
(c) u  v = ( 2 )( 2 ) + (3)(0) + (1)(2)
|uv|
=0 =
|v|
∴ u and v are orthogonal. | (1)(2)  (0)(1)  (5)(2) |
=
2 2  12  (2) 2
7. (a) ∵ a and b are orthogonal. =4
∴ ab=0 (b) (i) Vector projection of v onto u
(5)(4) + (n)(4) + (6)(n) = 0 v u
= u
20  10n = 0 | u |2
10n = 20 (3)(2)  (2)(4)  (6)(2)
= (2i  4 j  2k )
n=2 ( 2) 2  4 2  2 2
7 7 7
(b) ∵ a and b are orthogonal. =  i  j k
6 3 6
∴ ab=0
(ii) Projection of u onto v
(n)(1) + (1)(5) + (2)(1  n) = 0 |uv|
=
3  n = 0 |v|
n = 3 | (2)(3)  (4)(2)  (2)(6) |
=
32  2 2  6 2
=2

294 Solutions
10. (a) Projection of i onto b 14. (a) PA  OA  OP

| i b |
= PB = OB  OP
|b|
PB  OA  OP
(1)(5)  (0)(2)  (0)(0)
=
5 2  (  2) 2  0 2 (b) PA  PB
5 = ( OA  OP )  ( OA  OP )
=
29 =  OA  OA  OA  OP + OP  OA + OP  OP
2 2
5 29 = OP  OA
=
29
Since OA and OP are radii of the circle, OA = OP,
(b) Projection of k onto a
i.e. OA = OP .
| k a |
=
|a| Hence, PA  PB = 0.
(0)(1)  (0)(3)  (1)(0) ∴ PA and PB are orthogonal.
=
12  32  0 2 ∴ APB is a right angle.
=0
15. (a) a  b = | a || b | cos 60
11. (2u + v)  (v  2u) 1
= (2)(5)  
= 2(u  v)  4(u  u) + v  v  2(v  u) 2
= | v |2  4| u |2 =5
∴ (2u + v)  (v  2u) = | v |2  4| u |2 (b) (a + 3b)  (4b  5a)

= 4(a  b)  5(a  a) + 12(b  b)  15(b  a)
12. ∵ | a | = | b | = 11(a  b)  5| a |2 + 12| b |2
∴ | a |2 = | b |2 = 11(5)  5(2)2 + 12(5)2

= 225
(2a  b)  (a + 2b)
= 2(a  a) + 4(a  b)  b  a  2(b  b)
= 2| a |2 + 3(a  b)  2| b |2 16. | u + 3v |2 = (u + 3v)  (u + 3v)
= 3(a  b) = u  u + 3(u  v) + 3(v  u) + 9(v  v)

∴ (2a – b)  (a + 2b) = 3(a  b) = | u |2 + 6(u  v) + 9| v |2
∴ | u |2 + 6(u  v) + 9| v |2 = 72 .................... (1)
13. Let AB = b and AD = d. Similarly, | u  3v |2 = | u |2  6(u  v) + 9| v |2

Then AC = b + d and BD = d  b. ∴ | u |2  6(u  v) + 9| v |2 = 42 ..................... (2)
AC  BD = (b + d)  (d  b) (1)  (2): 12(u  v) = 33

=bdbb+dddb 11
uv=
4
= | d    b |2
Since ABCD is a square, AB = AD, i.e. | b | = | d |.
Hence, AC  BD = 0.
∴ AC and BD are orthogonal.
∴ AC  BD

17. | a + b |2 = (a + b)  (a + b) Let  be the angle between a and a + 3b.

=aa+ab+ba+bb a  (a  3b)
cos  =
= | a |2 + 2(a  b) + | b |2 | a || a  3b |
10
∴ | a |2 + 2(2) + | b |2 = 32 =
( 4)( 40 )
| a | + | b | = 5 ............................ (1)
2 2
 = 66.7, cor. to the nearest 0.1
| a  2b |2 = (a  2b)  (a  2b)
∴ The angle between a and a + 3b is 66.7.
= a  a  2(a  b)  2(b  a) + 4(b  b)
(c) (2a  b)  (a + 3b)
= | a |2  4(a  b) + 4| b |2
= 2(a  a) + 6(a  b)  b  a  3(b  b)
∴ | a |2  4(2) + 4| b |2 = 12
= 2| a |2 + 5(a  b)  3| b |2
| a | + 4| b | = 9 .......................... (2)
2 2
= 2(4)2 + 5(2)  3(2)2
(2)  (1): 3| b |2 = 4
= 10
4
| b |2 = | 2a  b |2 = (2a  b)  (2a  b)
3
4 = 4(a  a)  2(a  b)  2(b  a) + b  b
|b|=
3 = 4| a |2  4(a  b) + | b |2
2 3 = 4(4)2  4(2) + 22
=
3 = 76
4 Let  be the angle between 2a  b and a + 3b.
Substitute | b |2 = into (1).
3 (2a  b)  (a  3b)
4 cos  =
| a |2 + = 5 | 2a  b || a  3b |
3
10
11 =
| a |2 = 76 40
3
 = 79.6, cor. to the nearest 0.1
11
|a|= ∴ The angle between 2a  b and a + 3b is 79.6.
3
33
= 19. (a) ∵ The points C and D trisect AB.
3
OB  OC
∴ OD =
18. (a) Let  be the angle between a and b. 2
a b 1
cos  = = [(8i  4 j)  (2i  2 j)]
| a || b | 2
2 = 5i  j
=
( 4)( 2) OA  OD
OC =
 = 104.5, cor. to the nearest 0.1 2
∴ The angle between a and b is 104.5. 2 OC = OA  OD
(b) a  (a + 3b) = a  a + 3(a  b) OA = 2OC  OD
= | a |2 + 3(a  b) = 2(2i + 2j)  (5i  j)
= 42 + 3(2) = i + 5j
= 10 (b) AOD is the angle between OA and OD .

| a + 3b |2 = (a + 3b)  (a + 3b) OA  OD
cos AOD =
= a  a + 3(a  b) + 3(b  a) + 9(b  b) OA OD
= | a |2 + 6(a  b) + 9| b |2 (1)(5)  (5)(1)
=
= 4 + 6(2) + 9(2)
2 2
(1) 2  52 52  (1) 2
= 40 AOD = 113, cor. to the nearest degree

296 Solutions
20. (a) AC = OC  OA (b) Let  be the angle between b and i.

= (3i + 3j)  (2i + j) bi
cos  =
= i + 2j | b || i |
(9)(1)  (40)(0)
∵ AC  OB = OA  OC =
9 2  40 2 (1)
∴ (1)(4) + (2)(k) = (2)(3) + (1)(3)
 = 77, cor. to the nearest degree
2k = 5
∴ The angle between b and i is 77.
5
k=
2
(b) ABC is the angle between BA and BC . 22. | a + 2b |2
BA = OA  OB = (a + 2b)  (a + 2b)
 5  = a  a + 2(a  b) + 2(b  a) + 4(b  b)
= (2i + j)   4i  j 
 2  = | a |2 + 4(a  b) + 4| b |2
3 ∴ 52 = 32 + 4(a  b) + 4(2)2
= 2i  j
2
4(a  b) = 0
BC = OC  OB
ab=0
 5 
= (3i + 3j)   4i  j  ∴ a and b are orthogonal.
 2 
1
= i + j
2 23. (a) p  q = | p || q | cos 120
BA  BC  1
cos ABC = = ( 2) | q |   
BA BC  2
= | q |
 3  1 
(2)(1)      | p  2q |2 = (p  2q)  (p  2q)
=  2  2 
2 2 = p  p  2(p  q)  2(q  p) + 4(q  q)
 3 1
( 2 ) 2     (1) 2    = | p |2  4(p  q) + 4| q |2
 2 2
ABC = 63.4, cor. to the nearest 0.1 ∴ (2 7 ) 2 = 22  4(| q |) + 4| q |2
4| q |2 + | q |  24 = 0
21. (a) a  b = | a || b | cos  | q |2 + | q |  6 = 0
 4  (| q |  2)(| q | + 3) = 0
(4)(9) + (5)(k) = (4) 2  5 2 9 2  k 2  
 41  | q | = 2 or 3 (rejected)
5k  36 = 4 81  k 2 (b) ∵ 6p  q and p + kq are orthogonal.
(5k  36)2 = 16(81 + k2) ∴ (6p  q)  (p + kq) = 0
25k2  360k + 1 296 = 1 296 + 16k2 6(p  p) + 6k(p  q)  q  p  k(q  q) = 0
9k2  360k = 0 6| p |2 + (6k  p  q)  k| q |2 = 0
k2  40k = 0 6(2)2 + (6k  1)(2)  k(2)2 = 0
k(k  40) = 0 26  16k = 0
k = 0 (rejected) or 40 16k = 26
13
k=
8

24. Let (x , 0 , 0) be the coordinates of N. Alternative Method

PN = (x  3)i + (0  1)j + [0  (2)]k ∵ ON  AB and N lies on AB.
= (x  3)i  j + 2k ∴ AN is the vector projection of AO onto AB .
NQ = (0  x)i + (2  0)j + (3  0)k AO = i + 2j + 3k
= xi + 2j + 3k = i  2j  3k
∵ PN  NQ AB = (5  1)i + (2  2)j + (5  3)k
∴ PN  NQ = 0 = 4i  4j + 2k
(x  3)(x) + (1)(2) + (2)(3) = 0 ∴ AN
x + 3x + 4 = 0
2  
 
AO  AB
x2  3x  4 = 0 = 2 
 AB

(x + 1)(x  4) = 0  AB 
 
x = 1 or 4 (1)(4)  (2)(4)  (3)(2)
= (4i  4j + 2k)
∴ The possible coordinates of N are (1 , 0 , 0) and 4 2  ( 4) 2  2 2
(4 , 0 , 0). 2 2 1
=  i  j k
9 9 9
ON = OA  AN
25. (a) AB = (5  1)i + (2  2)j + (5  3)k
 2 2 1 
= 4i  4j + 2k = i + 2j + 3k +   i  j  k 
 9 9 9 
Let AN =  AB , where  is a scalar. 7 20 26
= i j k
AN = (4i  4j + 2k) 9 9 9
= 4i  4j + 2k  7 20 26 
∴ The coordinates of N are  , , .
ON = OA + AN 9 9 9 
= (i + 2j + 3k) + (4i  4j + 2k) (b) The required distance
= (1 + 4)i    4)j + (3 + 2)k = ON
∵ ON  
2 2 2
∴ ON  AB = 0  7   20   26 
=      
(1 + 4)(4)  (2  4)(4) + (3 + 2)(2) = 0 9  9   9 
2 + 36 = 0 125
=
9
36 = 
1 5 5
 = =
18 3
  1    1 
∴ ON = 1  4   i  2  4   j 
  18    18  au
26. b = u
  1  | u |2
3  2  18  k
   (1)(2)  (0)(1)  (3)(1)
= (2i + j  k)
7 20 26 2 2  12  (1) 2
= i j k
9 9 9 1 1 1
 7 20 26  =  i  j k
∴ The coordinates of N are  , , . 3 6 6
9 9 9 
c=ab
 1 1 1 
= (i + 3k)    i  j  k 
 3 6 6 
4 1 17
= i  j k
3 6 6

298 Solutions
27. (a) ∵ PN  AB and N lies on AB. 28. (a) ∵ AD : DB = (1  m) : m

∴ AN is the vector projection of AP onto AB . mOA  (1  m)OB
∴ OD =
AP = (3  1)i + [2  (1)]j + (1  2)k (1  m)  m
= 2i + 3j  k = m(3i) + (1  m)(3j)
AB = (5  1)i + [4  (1)]j + (0  2)k ∴ OD  3mi  3(1  m) j
= 4i + 5j  2k (b) ∵ M is the mid-point of BC.
∴ AN OB  OC
 
∴ OM =
  2
AP  AB 3 j  (2i  j  4k )
= 2 
 AB
=
 2
 AB 
  = i + 2j + 2k
(2)(4)  (3)(5)  (1)(2)
= (4i + 5j  2k) MD = OD  OM
4 2  5 2  (2) 2
20 25 10 = [3mi + 3(1  m)j]  i + 2j + 2k
= i j k
9 9 9 = (3m  1)i + (1  3m)j  2k
Alternative Method AB = OB  OA
AB = (5  1)i + [4  (1)]j + (0  2)k = 3j  3i
= 4i + 5j  2k = 3i + 3j
Let AN =  AB , where  is a scalar. ∵ MD  AB
AN = (4i + 5j  2k) ∴ MD  AB = 0
= 4i + 5j  2k (3m  1)(3) + (1  3m)(3) + (2)(0) = 0
PN = PA  AN 18m + 6 = 0
= [(1  3)i + (  2)j + (2  1)k] + 18m = 6
(4i + 5j  2k) 1
m=
= (4  )i + (  3)j + (1  2)k 3
∵ PN  AB (c) MOD is the angle between OM and OD .

1  1
∴ PN  AB = 0 OD = 3  i  31   j
3  3
(4  )(4) + (  3)(5) + (1  2)(2) = 0
= i + 2j
45  25 = 0
OM  OD
45 =  cos MOD =
OM OD
5
=
9 (1)(1)  (2)(2)  (2)(0)
=
5 5 5 12  2 2  2 2 12  2 2  0
∴ AN = 4 i  5  j  2 k
9
  9
  9 MOD = 41.8, cor. to the nearest 0.1
20 25 10
= i j k
9 9 9
(b) ON = OA  AN
 20 25 10 
= (i  j + 2k) +  i  j k
 9 9 9 
29 16 8
= i  j k
9 9 9
 29 16 8 
∴ The coordinates of N are  , , .
 9 9 9

29. (a) BQ = BC  QC = 1  k Exercise 12B (P.12.28)

∴ BQ = (1  k) BC = (1  k)v 1. (a) | a  b | = | a || b | sin 60
AQ = AB  BQ  3
= (5)(8)  
 2 
AQ  u  (1  k ) v  
AP = AB  PB = 1  k
(b) Angle between a and b = 360  240 = 120
∴ AP = (1  k) AB = (1  k)u
∴ | a  b | = | a || b | sin 120
DP = DA  AP
 3
=  BC  AP = (5)(8)  
 2 
 
∴ DP   v  (1  k )u
(b) Since ABCD is a square, AB  BC and AB = BC,
i.e. u  v = 0 and | u | = | v |. 2. (a) ab
AQ  DP i j k
= [u + (1  k)v]  [v + (1  k)u] = 3 1 0
1 1 2
= (u  v) + (1  k)(u  u)  (1  k)(v  v) +
(1  k)2(v  u) = (2  0)i  (6  0)j + (3 + 1)k
= 0 + (1  k)| u |2  (1  k)| v |2 + 0 = 2i  6j + 4k
=0 (b) ab
i j k
∴ AQ and DP are orthogonal.
= 1 1 1
∴ AQ  DP, i.e. PEQ = 90.
1 5 1
∵ PBQ + PEQ = 90 + 90
= (1  5)i  (1 + 1)j + (5 + 1)k
= 180
= 6i + 6k
∴ BQEP is a cyclic quadrilateral.
(c) ab
i j k
30. (a) b  (a  c) = b  a  b  c = 2 1 8
=abbc 2 2 1
=0 = (1 + 16)i  (2 + 16)j + (4  2)k
∴ b  (a  c) = 0 = 17i  18j + 2k
(b) b  (a  c) = 0
HB  ( HA  HC ) = 0
3. (p + q)  (4p + q)
HB  CA = 0 = p  (4p + 9q) + 6q  (4p + 9q)
∴ HB  CA
= 4(p  p) + 9(p  q) + 24(q  p) + 54(q  q)
∴ HB is an altitude of △ABC.
= 0 + 9(p  q) + 24[(p  q)] + 0
Similarly,
= p  q)
a  (c  b) = 0 and c  (b  a) = 0. ∴ | (p + q)  (4p + 9q) |
HA  BC = 0 and HC  AB = 0. = | p  q) |
∴ HA  BC and HC  AB.
= 15| p  q |
∴ HA and HC are altitudes of △ABC.
= 15(4)
∵ The three altitudes of △ABC pass through H.
= 60
∴ H is the orthocentre of △ABC.

300 Solutions
4. | a  b |2 = | a |2| b |2  (a  b)2 7. (a) BA = (1  3)i + (2  1)j + (2  4)k

2
| a  b | = | a | | b |  (a  b) 2 2 = 2i  j  2k
= ( 4) 2 ( 6) 2  8 2 BC = (2  3)i + (5  1)j + (3  4)k

= i + 4j  k
= 512
i j k
= 16 2
BA  BC =  2 1  2
1 4 1
i j k
5. (a) a  b = 2 2 1 = (1  8)i  (2  2)j + (8  1)k
1 0 1 = 7i  7k
= (2  0)i  (2  1)j + (0 + 2)k Area of ABCD
= 2i  j + 2k = BA  BC
| a  b | = 2 2  (1) 2  2 2 = 3 = 7 2  0 2  ( 7 ) 2
= 98
1
=  (2i  j + 2k) =7 2
3
2 1 2 2 1 2 (b) BA = (1  5)i + (2  2)j + [3  (1)]k
= i  j  k or  i  j  k
3 3 3 3 3 3 = 6i  4k
i j k BC = (3  5)i + (7  2)j + [1  (1)]k
(b) a  b = 4 1  1 = 2i + 5j + 2k
2 5 4 i j k
= (4 + 5)i  (16 + 2)j + (20  2)k BA  BC =  6 0 4
= i  18j + 18k 2 5 2
| a  b | = 9 2  (18) 2  18 2 = 27 = (0  20)i  (12  8)j + (30  0)k

∴ The required unit vectors = 20i  4j  30k
1 Area of ABCD
= (9i  18 j  18k )
27 = BA  BC
1 2 2 1 2 2
= i  j  k or  i  j  k
3 3 3 3 3 3 = ( 20) 2  4 2  ( 30) 2
= 1 316
6. QP = (0  1)i + (2  3)j + (3  0)k = i  j + 3k
= 2 329
QR = (1  1)i + (1  3)j + (4  0)k = 4j + 4k
i j k
8. (a) PQ = (3  1)i + (4  5)j + (3  0)k
QP  QR =  1  1 3
0 4 4 = 2i  j + 3k
= (4 + 12)i  (4  0)j + (4  0)k SR = [0  (2)]i + (2  3)j + (4  1)k

= 2i  j + 3k
= 8i + 4j + 4k
∵ PQ = SR
QP  QR = 8 2  4 2  4 2 = 96 = 4 6
∴ PQRS is a parallelogram.
1
= (8i + 4j + 4k)
4 6
6 6 6 6 6 6
= i j k or  i j k
3 6 6 3 6 6

(b) PS = (2  1)i + (3  5)j + (1  0)k 10. BA = a  b

= 3i  2j + k = (5i  3j)  (4i + 2k)
PQ  PS = i  3j  2k
i j k BC = c  b
= 2 1 3 = (6j  k)  (4i + 2k)
3 2 1 = 4i + 6j  3k
= (1 + 6)i  (2 + 9)j + (4  3)k BA BC
= 5i  11j  7k i j k
Area of PQRS = PQ  PS = 1 3 2
4 6 3
2 2 2
= 5  (11)  (7) = (9 + 12)i  (3  8)j + (6  12)k
= 195 = 21i + 11j  6k
1
Area of △ABC = BA BC
9. (a) ED = [2  (1)]i + (4  0)j + (1  2)k 2
= 3i + j  k 1
= 212  112  (6) 2
2
EF = [5  (1)]i + (0  0)j + (4  2)k
598
= 6i + k =
2
ED  EF
i j k
11. (u + 2v)  (2u + v)
= 3 4 1
= u  (2u + v) + 2v  (2u + v)
6 0 2
= 2(u  u) + u  v + 4(v  u) + 2(v  v)
= (8  0)i  (6 + 6)j + (0  24)k
= 0  v  u + 4(v  u) + 0
= 8i  j  k
1 = 3(v  u)
Area of △DEF = ED  EF
2 ∴ (u + 2v)  (2u + v) = 3(v  u)
1 2
= 8  (12) 2  (24) 2
2 12. ∵ a+b+c=0
= 14
∴ a = b  c
(b) ED = (1  2)i + (3  6)j + (5  3)k
a  b = (b  c)  b
= i  3j  8k
= b  b  c  b
EF = (1  2)i + (0  6)j + (3  3)k
=0+bc
= i  6j  6k
=bc
ED  EF
c  a = c  (b  c)
i j k
= c  b  c  c
= 1  3  8
1  6  6 =bc0
=bc
= (18  48)i  (6  8)j + (6  3)k
∴ ab=bc=ca
= 30i + 2j + 3k
1
Area of △DEF = ED  EF
2
1
= (30) 2  2 2  32
2
913
=
2

302 Solutions
13. (a) | a + b |2 = (a + b)  (a + b) (b) AV = (4  2)i + (0  3)j + (8  1)k

=aa+ab+ba+bb = 2i  3j + 7k
=|a |2 + 2(a  b) + | b |2 Let  be the angle between AV and u.
2 2
∴ 3 = ( 2 )  2(a  b)  ( 5 )
2
AV  u
cos  =
2 = 2(a  b) AV u
ab=1
(2)(21)  (3)(3)  (7)(9)
(b) | a  b |2 = | a |2 | b |2  (a  b)2 =
2  (3) 2  7 2 212  (3) 2  9 2
2
2 2 2
| a  b | = | a | | b |  (a  b)
 = 51.1, cor. to the nearest 0.1
= ( 2 ) 2 ( 5 ) 2  12
∴ The angle between AV and u is 51.1.
=3
i j k
14. (a) | p  q | = 4 2  (1) 2  8 2 16. (a) a  b = 1 0 1
1 1 3
=9
= (0 + 1)i  (3  1)j + (1  0)k
(b) Let  be the angle between p and q.
= i  j  k
| p  q | = | p || q | sin 
(b) ∵ c is parallel to a  b.
9 = | p || q | sin  ..................... (1)
∴ c = (a  b), where  is a scalar.
p  q = | p || q | cos 
2i + mj  k = (i  j  k)
6 = | p || q | cos  ......................... (2)
3 = i  j  k
(1)  (2):  = tan 
2 ∴ =2
 = 123.7, cor. to the nearest 0.1 m = 2
∴ The angle between p and q is 123.7. = 2(2)
= 4
15. (a) AB = (0  2)i + (2  3)j + (4  1)k
= 2i  5j + 3k 17. (a) ∵ a and b are orthogonal.
AC = (3  2)i + (1  3)j + (2  1)k ∴ ab=0
= i  2j  3k (2)(1) + (1)(  4) + ()(1) = 0
u = AB  AC 6  2 = 0
i j k 2 = 6
= 2 5 3 =3
1 2 3 i j k
= (15 + 6)i  (6  3)j + (4 + 5)k (b) a  b = 2 1 3
= 21i  3j + 9k 1 3  4 1
= (1 + 3)i  (2  3)j + (2 + 1)k
= 4i + j  k
∵ c and a  b are orthogonal.
∴ c  (a  b) = 0
( + 1)(4) + (2)(5) + ()(1) = 0
3  6 = 0
3 = 6
=2

i j k Alternative Method
18. (a) b  c = 1  2 2 a  (b  c)
4 3 2 i j k
= (4 + 6)i  (2  8)j + (3 + 8)k = m m 1 3

2 6 5
= 2i + 6j + 5k
= [5(m + 1)  18]i  (5m  6)j + [6m  2(m + 1)]k
(b) Suppose a is perpendicular to the plane containing
= (5m  13)i  (5m  6)j + (4m  2)k
b and c.
 13
Then a is parallel to b  c. m  5
Let a = (b  c), where  is a scalar. 5m  13  0 
  6
If 5m  6  0 , then m  .
mi + (m + 1)j + 3k = (2i + 6j + 5k) 4 m  2  0  5
  1
= 2i + 6j + 5k
m  2
m  2 .......... .......... ..... (1) 
 ∴ There does not exist a real value m such that
∴ m  1  6 ... .......... ....... (2)
3  5 .......... .......... ...... (3) 5m  13  0
 
5m  6  0 .
3 4 m  2  0
From (3),  = . 
5
3 ∴ a  (b  c)  0 for all scalars m.
Substitute  = into (1).
5 i.e. a is not parallel to b  c.
3 6 ∴ a is not perpendicular to the plane containing
m = 2  = .……….………. (4)
5 5 b and c.
3
Substitute  = into (2).
5
19. (a) AB = [1  (2)]i + [1  (5)]j + (1  0)k
3
 
m + 1 = 6  = i + 6j + k
5
13 AC = [1  (2)]i + [5  (5)]j + (3  0)k
m= .…………..………. (5) = 3i  3k
5
∵ (4) and (5) contradict each other. AB  AC
∴ There does not exist a real value m such that i j k
=1 6 1
a is parallel to b  c.
3 0 3
∴ a is not perpendicular to the plane containing
= (18  0)i  (3  3)j + (0  18)k
b and c.
= 18i + 6j  18k
AB  AC = (18) 2  6 2  (18) 2
= 684
= 6 19
1
=  (18i + 6j  18k)
6 19
3 19 19 3 19
= i j k
19 19 19
3 19 19 3 19
or  i j k
19 19 19

304 Solutions
(b) AD = [  (2)]i + [4  (5)]j + (3  0)k 5π

21. (a) u  v = | u || v | cos
= 6i + 9j  3k 6
 3 
AB  AD = ( 3 )(2) 
 2 
i j k  
= 1 6 1 = 3
6 9 3 | p | = | 2u + v |2
2
= (18  9)i  (3  6)j + (9  36)k = (2u + v)  (2u + v)

= 27i + 9j  27k = 4(u  u) + 2(u  v) + 2(v  u) + v  v
AB  AD = (27) 2  9 2  (27) 2 = 4| u |2 + 4(u  v) + | v |2

= 4( 3 ) 2  4(3)  2 2
= 1 539
=4
= 9 19
∴ |p|= 4 =2
| q | = | u + v |2
2
1
= (27i + 9j  27k) = (u + v)  (u + v)
9 19
=uu+uv+vu+vv
3 19 19 3 19
= i j k = | u |2 + 2(u  v) + | v |2
19 19 19
3 19 19 3 19 = ( 3 ) 2 + 2( + 
or  i j k
19 19 19 =1
(c) From (a) and (b), the unit vectors ∴ |q|= 1=1
3 19 19 3 19 (b) p  q = (2u + v)  (u + v)
i j k and
19 19 19 = 2(u  u) + 2(u  v) + v  u + v  v
3 19 19 3 19 = 0 + 2(u  v)  u  v + 0
 i j k are perpendicular to
19 19 19 =uv
both of the planes ABC and ABD.
∴ The required area
∵ Both of the planes contain the points A and B.
=|pq|
∴ The points A, B, C and D are in the same plane.
=|uv|
20. DA = (x  2)i + (0  3)j + (0  4)k = (x  2)i  3j  4k 5π
= | u || v | sin
6
DC = (5  2)i + (6  3)j + (7  4)k = 3i + 3j + 3k
1
DA DC = ( 3 ) (2)  
2
i j k
= 3
= x2 3 4
3 3 3
= (9 + 12)i  [3(x  2) + 12]j + [3(x  2) + 9]k
= 3i  (3x + 6)j + (3x + 3)k
Area of ABCD = DA DC
3 2 = 32  [(3 x  6)]2  (3 x  3) 2
18 = 9 + 9x2 + 36x + 36 + 9x2 + 18x + 9
18x2 + 54x + 36 = 0
x2 + 3x + 2 = 0
(x + 1)(x + 2) = 0
x = 1 or 2

22. (a) QP = (3  1)i + (3  4)j + (6  5)k = 2i  j + k 24. (a) 2a + 3b + 4c = 0

2a = 3b  4c
QR = (1  1)i + (2  4)j + (4  5)k = 2i  2j  k
3
i j k a =  b  2c
2
QP  QR = 2 1 1  3 
a  b =   b  2c   b
 2  2 1  2 
= (1 + 2)i  (2 + 2)j + (4  2)k 3
=  (b  b)  2(c  b)
2
= 3i  6k
= 0  2[(b  c)]
1
Area of △PQR = QP  QR = 2(b  c)
2
1 2 ∴ a  b = 2(b  c)
= 3  0 2  ( 6) 2
2  3 
(b) c  a = c    b  2c 
45  2 
=
2 3
=  (c  b)  2(c  c)
3 5 2
=
2 3
=  [(b  c)]  0
(b) Let d be the required distance. 2
3
1 = (b  c)
Area of △PQR = d(QR) 2
2
∴ 3(b  c) = 2(c  a)
3 5 1
= d (2) 2  (2) 2  (1) 2
2 2
d= 5 25. Let the vertices of the triangle be A, B and C such that
∴ The required distance is 5 . OA = a, OB = b and OC = c, where O is the origin.

AB = b  a
AC = c  a
23. OA  OB
i j k Area of △ABC
= 1  2  3 1
= AB  AC
4 3 2 2
1
= (  )i  (  j + (3 + 8)k = | (b  a)  (c  a) |
2
= 5i  10j  5k 1
= |bcbaac+aa|
1 2
Area of △AOB = OA OB
2 1
= | b  c  (a  b)  (c  a) + 0 |
1 2 2
= 5  ( 10) 2  52
2 1
= |ab+bc+ca|
150 2
= ∴ The area of the triangle is equal to
2
1
BA = (  i + (2  j + (3  k | a  b + b  c + c  a |.
2
= 5i  5j  5k
Let d be the required distance.
1
Area of △AOB = d(BA)
2
150 1
= d (5) 2  (5) 2  (5) 2
2 2
d= 2
∴ The required distance is 2 .

306 Solutions
26. (a) Let a = x1i + y1j + z1k, b = x2i + y2j + z2k and (c) From the result of (b),
c = x3i + y3j + z3k. (b  c)  a = (a  b)c  (a  c)b
bc (c  a)  b = (b  c)a  (b  a)c
i j k (a  b)  c + (b  c)  a + (c  a)  b
= x2 y2 z2 = (c  a)b  (c  b)a + (a  b)c  (a  c)b +
x3 y3 z3
(b  c)a  (b  a)c
= (y2z3  y3z2)i  (x2z3  x3z2)j + (x2y3  x3y2)k =0
L.H.S. ∴ (a  b)  c + (b  c)  a + (c  a)  b = 0
= a  (b  c)
i j k
Exercise 12C (P.12.37)
= x1 y1 z1
1. (a) i  (j  k) = i  i
y 2 z 3  y3 z 2 x3 z 2  x 2 z 3 x 2 y 3  x3 y 2
=1
= [(x2y1y3  x3y1y2)  (x3z1z2  x2z1z3)]i 
(b) (i  j)  i = k  i
[(x1x2y3  x1x3y2)  (y2z1z3  y3z1z2)]j +
=0
[(x1x3z2  x1x2z3)  (y1y2z3  y1y3z2)]k
(c) j  (i  k) = j  (j)
= (x2y1y3 + x2z1z3  x3y1y2  x3z1z2)i 
= 1
(x1x3y2  y2z1z3  x1x2y3  y3z1z2)j +
(d) (k  k)  i = 0  i
(x1x3z2 + y1y3z2  x1x2z3  y1y2z3)k
=0
R.H.S.
= (a  c)b  (a  b)c 1 2 3
= (x1x3 + y1y3 + z1z3)(x2i + y2j + z2k)  2. (a) a  (b  c) = 1  2  1
(x1x2 + y1y2 + z1z2)(x3i + y3j + z3k) 2 1 0
= (x1x2x3 + x2y1y3 + x2z1z3)i + = 2(2 + 6)  ()(1  3)
(x1x3y2 + y1y2y3 + y2z1z3)j + =4
(x1x3z2 + y1y3z2 + z1z2z3)k  1  2 1
(x1x2x3 + x3y1y2 + x3z1z2)i  (b) b  (c  a) = 2 1 0

1 2 3
(x1x2y3 + y1y2y3 + y3z1z2)j 
1 2 3
(x1x2z3 + y1y2z3 + z1z2z3)k
= 2 1 0
= (x2y1y3 + x2z1z3  x3y1y2  x3z1z2)i 
1  2 1
(x1x3y2  y2z1z3  x1x2y3  y3z1z2)j +
1 2 3
(x1x3z2 + y1y3z2  x1x2z3  y1y2z3)k = 1  2 1
∴ L.H.S. = R.H.S. 2 1 0
∴ a  (b  c) = (a  c)b  (a  b)c =4
(b) (a  b)  c (c) (b  a)  c = c  (b  a)
= c  (a  b)] 2 1 0
= c  [(a  b)] = 1  2 1
= c  (b  a) 1 2 3
= (c  a)b  (c  b)a 1 2 3
∴ (a  b)  c = (c  a)b  (c  b)a =  1  2 1
2 1 0
= 4

2 1 3 6. AB = (2  1)i + (3  1)j + (4  1)k

3. (a) u  (v  w) = 1 1 2 = i  4j + 3k
3 1 1
AC = (2  1)i + (3  1)j + (2  1)k
= 2(1 + 2)  1(1 + 3) + 3(2  3) = i + 2j  3k
= 17 AD = (4  1)i + (5  1)j + (6  1)k
(b) v  (u  w) = u  (w  v) = 3i + 4j + 5k
= u  (v  w) 1 4 3
AB  ( AC  AD ) = 1 2 3
= (17)
3 4 5
= 17
= 1(10 + 12)  1(20  12) + 3(12  6)
(c) (2u  v)  (3w) = [2(u  v)]  (3w)
= 72
= 6[w  (u  v)]
Volume of the parallelepiped = | 72 |
= 6[u  (v  w)]
= 72
= 6(17)
= 102
7. PQ = [3  (3)]i + (9  2)j + (6  1)k
= 6i + 7j + 5k
4. OP  (OQ  OR )
PR = [2  (3)]i + (3  2)j + (4  1)k
2 1 3
= i + j + 3k
= 2 5 1
PS = [1  (3)]i + (7  2)j + (0  1)k
1 2 4
= 4i + 5j  k
= 2(20  2)  ()(8  1) + 3(4  5)
6 7 5
= 64 PQ  ( PR  PS ) = 1 1 3
Volume of the parallelepiped = | 64 | 4 5 1
= 64 = (7  25) + 1(6  20)  3(30  28)
=0
5. AB = (2  1)i + (1  0)j + [2  (1)]k = i + j  k ∴ P, Q, R and S are coplanar.
AC = (4  1)i + (2  0)j + [0  (1)]k = 3i + 2j + k
AD = (6  1)i + (1  0)j + [2  (1)]k = 5i + j  k 8. AB = (1  0)i + (2  1)j + (1  2)k
AB  ( AC  AD ) = i + j  3k
1 1 1 AC = (0  0)i + (0  1)j + (3  2)k
=3 2 1 = j  5k
5 1 1 AD = (3  0)i + (3  1)j + (2  2)k
= 1(2  1)  1(3  5) + ()(3  10) = 3i + 2j
= 12 1 1 3
Volume of the parallelepiped = | 12 | AB  ( AC  AD ) = 0  1  5
= 12 3 2 0
= 1(0 + 10) + 3(5  3)
= 14
0

308 Solutions
9. CB = (2  0)i + (3  4)j + (3  2)k 11. SP = (k  1)i + (3  2)j + [1  (1)]k

= 2i  j + k = (k  1)i  5j + 2k
CD = HE SQ = (8  1)i + (6  2)j + [6  (1)]k
= (4  2)i + (0  1)j + [1  (1)]k = 7i + 4j  5k
= 2i  j + 2k SR = (1  1)i + (5  2)j + [3  (1)]k
CH = (2  0)i + (1  4)j + (1  2)k = 3j  2k
= 2i  3j  3k ∵ P, Q, R and S are coplanar.
2 1 1 ∴ SP  ( SQ  SR ) = 0
CB  (CD  CH ) = 2 1 2
k 1  5 2
2 3 3
7 4 5 = 0
= (3 + 6)  2(3 + 3) + 2(2 + 1) 0 3 2
= 32 (k  1)(8 + 15)  7(  6) = 0
The required volume 7k  35 = 0
= | 32 | 7k = 35
= 32 k=5
10. FA = (4  3)i + (4  0)j + (4  0)k

= i + 4j + 4k 12. SP = [2  (2)]i + [3  (2)]j + (k  5)k
= 4i + 5j + (k  5)k
FE = (4  3)i + (3  0)j + (1  0)k
= i + 3j  k SQ = [3  (2)]i + [k  (2)]j + (7  5)k
= 5i + (k + 2)j + 2k
FG = DC
= DA  AC SR = [8  (2)]i + [10  (2)]j + (9  5)k
= (  FE )  AC = i + 12j + 4k
= (i + 3j  k) + [(1  4)i + (7  4)j + (2  4)k] ∵ P, Q, R and S are coplanar.
= 4i  k ∴ SP  ( SQ  SR ) = 0
1 4 4 4 5 k 5
FA  ( FE  FG ) = 1 3 1 5 k2 2 =0
 4 0 1 10 12 4
= 4(4  12) + ((3  4) 4 5 k 5
= 65 5 k2 2 =0
0 8  2k 0
The required volume
(8  2k)[8  5(k  5)] = 0
= | 65 |
(k  4)(5k  33) = 0
= 65
33
k = 4 or
5

3 2 4 15. (a) AB = (5  2)i + (5  3)j + [2  (6)]k

13. OA  (OB  OC ) = 4 5 3 = 3i + j + 4k
1  7 m
AC = (6  2)i + (8  3)j + [3  (6)]k
= 3(5m + 21)  2(4m + 3) + 4(28 + 5) = 4i + j + 3k
= 7m  35
AD = (5  2)i + (5  3)j + [2  (6)]k
Volume of the parallelepiped = 28 = 3i  j + 8k
| 7m  35 | = 28
AB  ( AC  AD )
7m  35 = 28 or 7m  35 = 28 3 2 4
7m = 63 or 7m = 7 =4 5 3
m=9 or m=1 3 8 8
= 3(40 + 24)  2(32  9) + 4(32  15)
i j k = 42
14. (a) a  b = 4  2 3
The required volume = | 42 |
4 4 2
= 42
= (4 + 12)i  (8  12)j + (16 + 8)k i j k
= 8i + j  8k (b) AB  AC = 3 2 4
(b) Let  be the angle between c and a  b. 4 5 3
2 2 2
| a  b | = 8  4  ( 8) = 12 = (6  20)i  (9  16)j + (15  8)k
Volume of the parallelepiped = i + 7j + 7k
= | c  (a  b) | Area of the parallelogram with adjacent edges AB
= | c || a  b || cos  | and AC
= (6)(12)| cos  | = AB  AC
= 72| cos  |
∴ The volume of the parallelepiped is the = (14) 2  7 2  7 2
greatest when | cos  | = 1. = 294

i.e.  = 0 or 180 =7 6
∴ c is parallel to a  b. The required distance
ab volume of the parallelepiped
c = | c |  =
|ab | area of the parallelogram with
6 adjacent edges AB and AC
=  (8i + 4j  8k)
12 42
= 4i + 2j  4k or 4i  j  4k =
7 6
= 6

310 Solutions
(c) ∵ DE and the plane P are perpendicular. 16. (a) Area of the triangle with b and c as adjacent edges
∴ DE is parallel to AB  AC . 1
= |bc|
2
Let DE =  ( AB  AC ) , where  is a scalar.
Corresponding height of the tetrahedron
DE = (4i + j + 7k)
= projection of a onto b  c
= 4i + j + 7k
| a  (b  c) |
AE = AD  DE =
| bc |
= (3i  8j + 8k) + (4i + j + 7k)
∴ Volume of the tetrahedron
= (3  14)i + (7  8)j + (8 + 7)k
11   | a  (b  c) | 
∵ A, B, C and E are coplanar. =  | b  c |  
32  | b  c | 
∴ AE  ( AB  AC ) = 0 1
= | a  (b  c) |
(3  14)() + (7  8)(7) + (8 + 7)(7) = 0 6
∴ The volume of the tetrahedron with a, b and
294   = 0
1
294 = 42 c as adjacent edges is equal to | a  ( b  c ) | .
6
1
= (b) PQ = [1  (2)]i + (1  1)j + (2  1)k
7
1 1 1 = 3i + k
∴ DE =  14 i  7  j  7 k
7 7 7 PR = [2  (2)]i + (3  1)j + (3  1)k
= 2i + j + k = 4i + 2j + 2k
OE = OD  DE PS = [3  (2)]i + (1  1)j + (1  1)k
= (5i  5j + 2k) + (i + j + k) = 5i  2k
= 3i  4j + 3k PQ  ( PR  PS )
∴ The coordinates of E are (3 , 4 , 3). 3 0 1
Alternative Method =4 2 2
∵ DE and the plane P are perpendicular. 5 0 2
∴ ED is parallel to AB  AC . = 2(6  5)
∴ ED = 22
= the vector projection of AD onto AB  AC The required volume
  1
 AD  ( AB  AC )  = | 22 |
6
= 2  ( AB  AC )
 AB  AC  11
  =
3
AB  ( AC  AD )
= 2
( AB  AC )
AB  AC Supplementary Exercise 12 (P.12.42)
42 1. (a) b  c = | b || c | cos 60
= (i + j + 7k)
(7 6 ) 2 1
= (3)(4)  
= 2i  j  k 2
OE = OD  DE =6
= OD  ( ED ) Angle between a and c = 90 + 60 = 150
= (5i  5j + 2k)  (i  j  k) ∴ a  c = | a || c | cos 150
= 3i  4j + 3k  3 
= (2)(4)  
∴ The coordinates of E are (3 , 4 , 3).  2 
 
=4 3

(b) a  (b + c) = a  b + a  c CD = CB = OA = 4
= | a || b | cos 90 + (4 3 ) DCE = 90  BCD = 90  60 = 30
= (2)(3)(0)  4 3 In △CDE,
=4 3 CE
cos DCE =
CD
(c) (2a + b)  (3b + c)
CE = 4 cos 30
= 6(a  b) + 2(a  c) + 3(b  b) + b  c
 3
= 0 + 2 (4 3 ) + 3| b |2 + 6 = 4 
 2 
 
=  8 3 + 3(3)2 + 6
=2 3
= 33  8 3
∴ OE = 10 + 2 3
DE
sin DCE =
2. | 2u + 3v |2 = (2u + 3v)  (2u + 3v) CD
= 4(u  u) + 6(u  v) + 6(v  u) + 9(v  v) DE = 4 sin 30
= 4| u |2 + 12(u  v) + 9| v |2 1
= 4 
2
∴ 62 = 4(3)2 + 12(u  v) + 9(2)2
=2
12(u  v) = 36 ∴ OD = (10  2 3 )i  2 j
u  v = 3
OB  OD
(b) cos  =
3. BAC is the angle between AB and AC . OB OD
AB = (3  0)i + (2  1)j + (6  2)k (10)(10  2 3 )  (4)(2)

=
= 3i + j + 4k 10 2  4 2 (10  2 3 ) 2  2 2
AC = (4  0)i + (2  1)j + (3  2)k  = 13.4, cor. to the nearest 0.1
= 4i + j + k
AB  AC 5. (a) ∵ a and b are parallel.
cos BAC =
AB AC ∴ a = b for some scalar .
(3)(4)  (1)(1)  (4)(1) i.e. 2i  xj + 3k = (4i + 12j  xk)
=
32  12  4 2 4 2  12  12 = 4i + 12j  xk
BAC = 108.9, cor. to the nearest 0.1 2  4 λ .......... ........(1 )

∴  x  12 λ .......... ....(2)
3   λx
4. (a) OC = 10i 
OA = 4j x
(2)  (1):  =3
2
OB = OC  OA
x = 6
= 10i + 4j
1
From (1),  =
2
1
Substitute x = 6 and  = into x.
2
1
x =   ( 6)
2
=3
∴ x = 6
Let E be a point on the x-axis such that DE is
perpendicular to the x-axis.

312 Solutions
(b) ∵ a and b are orthogonal. 9. (a) Projection of OP onto 

∴ ab=0 = projection of OP onto OA
(2)(4) + (x)(12) + (3)(x) = 0 OP  OA
8  15x = 0 =
OA
15x = 8
8 | (2)(1)  (3)(2)  (4)(2) |
x= =
15 12  2 2  2 2
16
=
3
6. u  v = | u || v | cos 120
(b) Perpendicular distance from P to 
 1
= (3)(4)    2
 2 = OP  ( projection of OP onto ) 2
= 6
2
(2u + v)  (u  3v) 2  16 2 2
= (2  3  4 )   
= 2(u  u)  6(u  v) + v  u  3(v  v)  3
= 2| u |2  5(u  v)  3| v |2 5
=
9
= 2(3)2  5(6)  3(4)2
5
=0 =
3
∴ 2u + v and u  3v are orthogonal.
10. (15i + 2j  4k)  (2j + k)

7. Let (0 , 0 , z) be the coordinates of C. i j k
AC = (0  8)i + (0  2)j + [z  (3)]k = 15 2  4
= 8i  2j + (z + 3)k 0 2 1
BC = (0  4)i + [0  (9)]j + (z  6)k = (2 + 8)i  (15  0)j + (30  0)k

= i + 9j + (z  6)k = 10i  15j + 30k
∵ AC  BC | (15i + 2j  4k)  (2j + k) | = 10 2  (15) 2  30 2
∴ AC  BC = 0 = 35
(8)(4) + (2)(9) + (z + 3)(z  6) = 0 ∴ The required unit vectors
14 + z 2  3z  18 = 0 1
= (10i  15j + 30k)
z  3z  4 = 0
2 35
2 3 6 2 3 6
(z + 1)(z  4) = 0 = i  j  k or  i  j  k
7 7 7 7 7 7
z = 1 or 4
∴ The possible coordinates of C are (0 , 0 , 1) and i j k
(0 , 0 , 4). 11. AB  AC = 1 2 3
0 2 1
8. Vector projection of u onto v = (2 + 6)i  (1  0)j + (2  0)k
uv = 8i  j  2k
= 2
v
|v| 1
Area of △ABC = AB  AC
(0)(4)  (1)(1)  (3)(5) 2
= (i  j  5k)
4 2  (1) 2  (5) 2 1 2
= 8  (1) 2  (2) 2
4 1 5 2
= i  j k
3 3 3 69
=
2

12. (a) AB = (3  1)i + (1  2)j + (4  2)k 14. AB = (2  1)i + (3  1)j + (4  1)k
= 2i  j + 2k = i  4j + 3k
AC = (4  1)i + (4  2)j + (5  2)k AC = (2  1)i + (3  1)j + (2  1)k
= 3i + 2j + 3k = i + 2j  3k
i j k AD = (4  1)i + (5  1)j + (6  1)k
AB  AC = 2  1 2 = 3i + 4j + 5k
3 2 3
AB  ( AC  AD )
= (3  4)i  (6  6)j + (4 + 3)k 1 4 3
= 7i + 7k =1 2 3
(b) AD = (2  1)i + (5  2)j + (3  2)k 3 4 5
= i + 3j + k = 1(10 + 12)  1(20  12) + 3(12  6)
i j k = 72
AB  AD = 2  1 2 ∴ The required volume
1 3 1
= | 72 |
= (1  6)i  (2  2)j + (6 + 1)k
= 72
= 7i + 7k
Area of ABCD
15. DA  ( DB  DC )
= AB  AD 0 6 5
= | 7i + 7k | = 8 1 4
= AB  AC 3 0 2
= 6( + 12) + (5)(0 + 3)
∴ The area of ABCD is equal to AB  AC . =
0
Alternative Method
Area of ABCD
= AB  AD
16. AB = (6  2)i + [1  (1)]j + (4  3)k
= AB  ( AC  CD ) = 4i + 2j  7k
AC = (4  2)i + [3  (1)]j + (2  3)k
= AB  AC  AB  CD
= 6i + 4j  k
= AB  AC  0
AD = (5  2)i + [6  (1)]j + (2  3)k
= AB  AC = 7i + 7j  k
AB  ( AC  AD )
∴ The area of ABCD is equal to AB  AC .
4 2 7
= 6 4 1
13. | (a + b)  (a  b) | 7 7 5
=|aaab+babb| = 4(20 + 7)  2(30  7) + (7)(42 + 28)
=|0abab0| =0
= | a  b) | ∴ A, B, C and D are coplanar.
= 2| a  b |
= 2| a || b | sin 90
∴ | (a + b)  (a  b) | = 2| a || b |

314 Solutions
17. | 2a + b |2 = (2a + b)  (2a + b) (b) From (a),

= 4(a  a) + 2(a  b) + 2(b  a) + b  b a  b = 16(u  v)  5| u |2  3| v |2
= 4| a |2 + 4(a  b) + | b |2 = 16(0)  5(1)2  3(1)2
∴ 4| a |2 + 4(2) + | b |2 = 42 = 8
4| a | + | b | = 8 .................... (1)
2 2
| a |2 = | u  3v |2
| a + 3b |2 = (a + 3b)  (a + 3b) = (u  3v)  (u  3v)
= a  a + 3(a  b) + 3(b  a) + 9(b  b) = u  u  3(u  v)  3(v  u) + 9(v  v)
= | a | + 6(a  b) + 9| b |
2 2
= | u |2  6(u  v) + 9| v |2
∴ | a |2 + 6(2) + 9| b |2 = 82 = 12  6(0) + 9(1)2
| a |2 + 9| b |2 = 52 ................... (2) = 10
(1)  9  (2): 35| a |2 = 20 | b |2 = | v  5u |2
4 = (v  5u)  (v  5u)
| a |2 =
7 = v  v  5(v  u)  5(u  v) + 25(u  u)
4
|a|= = | v |2  10(u  v) + 25| u |2
7
= 12  10(0) + 25(1)2
2 7
= = 26
7
a b
4 cos  =
Substitute | a |2 = into (1). | a || b |
7
8
4 =
4  + | b |2 = 8 10 26
7
 = 120, cor. to the nearest degree
40
| b |2 =
7
40 19. (mi + j + k)  (2i  2j + k)
|b|=
7 = (m)(2) + (1)() + (1)(1)
2 70 = 2m  1
=
7 (mi + j + k)  (2i  2j + k)
= | mi + j + k || 2i  2j + k | cos 135
18. (a) a  b = (u  3v)  (v  5u)  2 
= m 2  12  12 2 2  ( 2) 2  12  
= u  v  5(u  u)  3(v  v) + 15(v  u)  2 
 
= 16(u  v)  5| u |2  3| v |2 3 2
= m2  2
1 2
= 16    5(1)2  3(1)2
2 3 2
∴ 2m   =  m2  2
=0 2
∴ a and b are orthogonal. 9 2
(2m  )2 = (m + 2)
2
∴  = 90
2(4m2  4m + 1) = 9m2 + 18
8m2  8m + 2 = 9m2 + 18
m2 + 8m + 16 = 0
(m + 4)2 = 0
m = 4 (repeated)

20. (a) AOB is the angle between OA and OB . 22. (a) Projection of a onto u
OA  OB a u
cos AOB = =
OA OB |u|
| (2)(5)  (2)(1)  (3)(2) |
 3 =
= 5 2  (1) 2  2 2
2 2
1  ( 3 ) (1)
18
AOB = 150 =
30
(b) OB = 1 3 30
=
5
x2  y2 = 1
(b) a = u + v
x2 + y2 = 1 ................................. (1)
a  u = (u + v)  u
OA  OB =  3
a  u = (u  u) + v  u
(1)(x) + ( 3 )( y ) =  3
a  u = | u |2 + 0
x = 3 y  3 .......... (2) (2)(5) + ()() + (3)(2) = [52 + ()2 + 22]
Substitute (2) into (1). 3
=
( 3 y  3 ) 2 + y2 = 1 5
3
3y2  6y + 3 + y2 = 1 a= u+v
5
4y2  6y + 2 = 0
3
2y2  3y + 1 = 0 v=a u
5
(y  1)(2y  1) = 0 3
= (2i  2j + 3k)  (5i  j + 2k)
1 5
y = 1 or
2 7 9
=i  j k
Substitute y = 1 into (2). 5 5
x = 3 (1)  3 = 0
23. (a) ∵ M and N are the mid-points of AC and BC
1
into (2).
Substitute y =
2 respectively.
3 1 1 1
1 ∴ AM = AC = OB = b
x = 3   3 = 2 2 2
2
  2
1 1 1
3 1 BN = BC = OA = a
∴ x  0, y  1 or x   ,y . 2 2 2
2 2
OM = OA  AM
1
OM  a  b
21. (a) a  b = | a || b | cos 2
= (1)(1) cos  ON = OB  BN
= cos  1
ON  a  b
(b) v  b = [(b  c)a  (b  a)c]  b 2
= (b  c)(a  b)  (b  a)(c  b)
= (a  b)(b  c)  (a  b)(b  c)
=0
∴ v and b are orthogonal.

316 Solutions
(b) ∵ OACB is a rhombus and OA = 1. 25. (a) ∵ AD : DB = 1 : r

∴ |a|=|b|=1
r CA  CB
1   1  ∴ CD =
ON  OM =  a  b    a  b  1 r
2   2 
r CA  BC
1 1 1 =
= aa+ ab+ba+ bb 1 r
2 4 2 ra  c
1 5 1 ∴ CD 
= | a |2 + a  b + | b |2 r 1
2 4 2
∵ CD  AB
1 5 1
= (1) 2  a  b  (1) 2
2 4 2 ∴ CD  AB = 0
5 ra  c
∴ ON  OM  a  b  1 b = 0
4 r 1
(c) ∵ NOM is a right angle. r(a  b)  c  b = 0
∴ ON  OM = 0 r(a  b) = c  b
5 b c
ab+1=0 r
4 a b
5
a  b = 1 (b) (i) a = CA
4
4 = (2  5)i + (3  8)j + (1  2)k
a b =
5 = 3i  5j  k
a b b = AB
cos AOB =
| a || b |
= (7  2)i + (4  3)j + (3  1)k
4
 = 5i + j + 2k
= 5
(1)(1) c = BC
AOB = 143.1, cor. to the nearest 0.1 = (5  7)i + (8  4)j + (2  3)k
= 2i + j  k
24. (a) ∵ OP is the angle bisector of AOB.
b c
∴ AOP = POB (ii) r =
a b
(| b |a  | a |b)  p (5)( 2)  (1)(4)  (2)( 1)
=
= | b |(a  p)  | a |(b  p) ( 3)(5)  ( 5)(1)  ( 1)( 2)
= | b |(| a || p | cos AOP)  | a |(| b || p | cos POB) 4
=
11
= | a || b || p | cos AOP  | a || b || p | cos AOP
∴ (| b |a  | a |b)  p = 0
(b) Let (x , y) be the coordinates of a point P on the 26. (a) AB  AC = AB AC cos BAC
angle bisector of AOB. AD

From (a), = AB AC
AB
 
 OB OA OA OB   OP = 0
  = AC AD
[ 12 2  5 2 (3i + 4j)  32  4 2 (12i + 5j)] 
∴ AB  AC  AC AD
(xi + yj) = 0
(21i + 27j)  (xi + yj) = 0
21x + 27y = 0
7x  9y = 0
∴ The equation of the angle bisector of AOB
is 7x  9y = 0.

2
(b) BC = BC  BC (c) AB = OB  OA = 2n  2m
CP  AB
= ( AC  AB )  ( AC  AB ) = (m + n  c)  (2n  2m)
= AC  AC  AC  AB  AB  AC  AB  AB = 2(m  n  m  m + n  n  n  m  c  n + c  m)
2 2
= AC  2( AB  AC )  AB = 2(m  m + n  n  n  n + m  m)
2 2 =0
= AC  2 AC AD  AC
∴ CP and AP are orthogonal.
2   i.e. CP is the perpendicular bisector of AB.
= 2 AC  2 AC  AC DC 
  ∵ The three perpendicular bisectors of the sides
2 2
= 2 AC  2 AC  2 AC DC of △OAB pass through C.
∴ The three perpendicular bisectors of the sides
= 2 AB DC
of △OAB are concurrent.
2
∴ BC  2 AB DC
28. Let u = xi + yj + zk.
27. (a) MC = OC  OM = c  m ua=2

∵ MC  OM (x)(1) + (y)(1) + (z)(0) = 2
∴ MC  OM = 0 x + y = 2 ....................... (1)
(c  m)  m = 0 i j k
ua= x y z
cmmm=0
1 1 0
∴ cm  mm
= (0  z)i  (0  z)j + (x  y)k
NC = OC  ON = c  n
∵ NC  ON = zi + zj + (x  y)k
∵ ua=b
∴ NC  ON = 0
∴ zi + zj + (x  y)k = 2i  2j + k
(c  n)  n = 0
∴ z = 2
cnnn=0
∴ cn  nn and x  y = 1 .......................................... (2)
(b) ∵ M, N and P are the mid-points of OA, OB (1) + (2): 2x = 3
and AB respectively. 3
x=
2
∴ OA = 2OM = 2m, OB = 2ON = 2n and 3
Substitute x = into (1).
OA  OB 2
OP =
2 3
+y=2
1 2
= (2m + 2n)
2 1
y=
=m+n 2
3 1
∴ CP = OP  OC ∴ u = i  j  2k
2 2
CP  m  n  c

318 Solutions
29. (a) Let (x , y , z) be the coordinates of C. (ii) BA = (1  3)i + (2  5)j + (2  3)k

∵ ABCD is a parallelogram. = 2i  3j  k
∴ BC = AD BE = (3  3)i + (2  5)j + (0  3)k
(x  3)i + (y  5)j + (z  3)k = 3j  3k
= (1  1)i + (1  2)j + (1  2)k i j k
= j  k BA BE =  2  3  1
x  3  0 0 3 3

∴  y  5  1 = (9  3)i  (6  0)j + (6  0)k
 z  3  1
 = 6i  6j + 6k
∴ x = 3, y = 4 and z = 2. 1
Area of △ABE = BA BE
∴ The coordinates of C are (3 , 4 , 2). 2
Alternative Method 1 2
= 6  ( 6) 2  6 2
2
Let O be the origin.
108
∵ ABCD is a parallelogram. =
2
∴ BC = AD =3 3
OC  OB = OD  OA
OC = OD  OA  OB 30. (a) PQ = [3  (1)]i + (5  3)j + (2  0)k
= (i + j + k)  (i + 2j + 2k) + (3i + 5j + 3k) = 4i + 2j + 2k
= 3i + 4j + 2k PR = [7  (1)]i + (0  3)j + (5  0)k
∴ The coordinates of C are (3 , 4 , 2). = 8i  3j + 5k
(b) (i) Let h be the height of the parallelogram PS = [2  (1)]i + (6  3)j + (3  0)k
ABCD with BC as the base. = 3i  9j + 3k
Area of ABCD = area of △CDE PQ  ( PR  PS )
1 4 2 2
(BC)h = (CE)h
2 = 8 3 5
CE = 2BC
3 9 3
∴ CE = 2 BC
= 4(9 + 45)  2(24  15) + 2(72 + 9)
= 2[(3  3)i + (4  5)j + (2  3)k]
=0
= 2j  2k
∴ P, Q, R and S are coplanar.
OE = OC  CE
= (3i + 4j + 2k) + (2j  2k) (b) SR = (7  2)i + [0  (6)]j + (5  3)k
= 5i + 6j + 2k
= 3i + 2j
∴ The coordinates of E are (3 , 2 , 0). ∵ PQ  SR
∴ The quadrilateral PQRS is not a parallelogram.

(c) PQ  PS 31. (a) CA AB

i j k =  AB  CA
=4 2 2 = AB  ( CA)
3 9 3
= AB  AC
= (6 + 18)i  (12  6)j + (36  6)k
= AB  ( AB  BC )
= 24i  6j  42k
= AB  AB  AB  BC
Area of △PQS
= 0 + AB  BC
1
= PQ  PS = AB  BC
2
1 ∴ CA  AB  AB  BC
= 24 2  (6) 2  (42) 2
2 (b) CA AB = AB  BC
2 376
= CA AB = AB  BC
2
= 3 66 CA AB sin A = AB BC sin B
RQ = (3  7)i + (5  0)j + (2  5)k b sin A = a sin B
= 4i + 5j  3k a b
∴ 
sin A sin B
RS =  SR = 5i  6j  2k
RQ  RS
i j k 32. (a) OP  OQ
= 4 5 3 i j k
5 6 2 = 4 2 0
= (10  18)i  (8  15)j + (24 + 25)k 10  6  3
= 28i + 7j + 49k = (6  0)i  (12  0)j + (24 + 20)k

1 = 6i + 12j  4k
Area of △QRS = RQ  RS
2 (b) OR  (OP  OQ)
1
= (28) 2  7 2  49 2 = (7)(6) + (4)(12) + (9)(4)
2
3 234 = 42
= ∴ Volume of the parallelepiped
2
7 66 = | 42 |
=
2 = 42
∴ Area of the quadrilateral PQRS
(c) Vector projection of OR onto OP  OQ
= area of △PQS + area of △QRS
OR  (OP  OQ )
7 66 = 2
(OP  OQ )
= 3 66  OP  OQ
2
13 66 42
= = (6i  12 j  4k )
2 6  12 2  (4) 2
2
9 18 6
= i  j k
7 7 7

320 Solutions
1 34. (a) AB = [4  (8)]i + (10  4)j + (8  1)k

33. (a) Area of △OPQ = OP  OQ
2 = 12i + 6j  9k
Height of the tetrahedron with △OPQ as the base
AP = λ AB = 12i + 6j  9k
= projection of OR onto OP  OQ
CD = [9  (5)]i + [3  (9)]j + [6  (6)]k
OR  (OP  OQ ) = 14i + 12j + 12k
=
OP  OQ CQ = μCD
∴ Volume of the tetrahedron OPQR = 14i + 12j + 12k
  AQ = AC  CQ
11   OR  (OP  OQ ) 
=  OP  OQ  = [5  (8)]i + (9  4)j + (6  1)k +
3 2   OP  OQ 
  (14i + 12j + 12k)
1
= OR  (OP  OQ ) = (14 + 3)i + (12  13)j + (12  7)k
6
3 2 1 PQ
1
= 2 1 2 = AQ  AP
6
1 5 2 = [(14 + 3)i + (12  13)j + (12  7)k] 
1 (12i + 6j  9k)
= |3(2  10)  2(4 + 5) + 1(4 + 1)|
6
= (14  12 + 3)i + (12  6  13)j +
1
= | 37 | (12 + 9  7)k
6
37 (b) AB  CD
=
6 i j k
(b) OP  OQ = 12 6 9
i j k 14 12 12
=2 1 2 = (72 + 108)i  (144 + 126)j + (144  84)k
1 5 2 = 180i  270j + 60k
= (2  10)i  (4  2)j + (10  1)k AB  CD = 180 2  (270) 2  60 2 = 330
= 8i  2j + 9k
The required unit vector
From (a),
AB  CD
the required height =
AB  CD
OR  (OP  OQ )
= 1
OP  OQ = (180i  270j + 60k)
330
| 37 | 6 9 2
= = i  j k
( 8)  ( 2) 2  9 2
2 11 11 11
37
=
149
37 149
=
149

(c) ∵ PQ is orthogonal to both AB and CD .  1 1 

∴ PQ = 14   12   3 i 
∴ PQ is parallel to AB  CD .  2 3 
 1 1 
∴ PQ = α AB  CD for some scalar . 12   6   13 j 
2
     3 
(14  12 + 3)i + (12  6  13)j +
 1 1 
(12 + 9  7)k 12   9   7 k
  2 3 
= (180i  270j + 60k)
= 6i  9j + 2k
= 180i  270j + 60k
∴ The required distance = PQ
14 μ  12 λ  3  180α

∴ 12 μ  6 λ  13  270α = 6 2  ( 9) 2  2 2
12 μ  9 λ  7  60α

= 11
14 μ  12 λ  180α  3

i.e. 12 μ  6 λ  270α  13 ……….. (*)
12 μ  9 λ  60α  7 35. (a) OA OC

Rewrite (*) as i j k
14  12  180  3 =1 0 0
12  6 270 13  1 1 1
 
12 9  60 7  = (0  0)i  (1  0)j + (1  0)k
14  12  180  3  = j + k
R2 = 7R2  6R1  0 30 2 970 109
R3 = R3  R2   (b) ∵ P is a point on the line passing through O and
 0 15  330  6  D.
14  12  180 3 
R3 = 2R3  R2  0 30 ∴ OP =  OD , where  is a scalar.
2 970 109 
  2 
=  j  k 
 0 0  3 630  121
3 
From the third row of the last augmented matrix, 2
= j  k
3 630 = 121 3
1 BP = OP  OB
=
30 2 
1 =  j  k   j
Substitute  = into the second row. 3 
30
 1  2 
30 + 2 970   = 109 =   1 j  k
 30  3 
30 = 10 ∵ BP is perpendicular to the plane OAC.
1 ∴ BP  OC = 0
=
3 2 
(0)(1) +    1(1) + ()(1) = 0
1 1 3 
Substitute  = and  = into the first row.
30 3 1
 λ =1
1  1  3
14  12    180   = 3
 3  30   = 3
14 = 7 2
∴ OP = (3) j  (3)k
1 3
=
2 = 2 j  3k
∴ The coordinates of P are (0 , 2 , 3).

322 Solutions
(c) ∵ A lies on the sphere centred at O. Substitute  = 5 and  = 5 into 2 + 3.

∴ Radius of the sphere = OA 2 + 3 = 2(5) + 3(5) = 5
∴  = 5 and  = 5.
=1
(c) OQ = v + (u)
∵ OP = (2) 2  32
= (i + 5k)  (i + 7j + k)
= 13 = i  7j + k
1 ∴ The coordinates of Q are (9 , 7 , 1).
∴ P does not lie on that sphere.
37. (a) 3
36. (a) OM  ON (b) 7
i j k
= 2 4 5 1 2
3 4 4 38. (a) OD = a  c,r=
1 r 7
= (16 + 20)i  (8 + 15)j + (8  12)k 9
(b) (i) OE = a + c
= 4i  7j  4k 7
(ii) yes
∵ u is orthogonal to both OM and ON .
∴ u is parallel to OM  ON .
3
u = vector projection of OP onto OM  ON 39. (a)
10
OP  (OM  ON )
= (OM  ON ) (b) 7
2
OM  ON
(1)(4)  (7)(7)  (9)(4) 41. (a) 13

= 2 2 2
(4i  7 j  4k )
4  ( 7 )  ( 4) (b) 65
= i + 7j + 4k (c) (3 + 4s)i + (1 + 3s + 3t)j + (5 + t)k, where s and t
OP = u + v are not both zero
v = OP  u
= (i + 7j + 9k)  (i + 7j + 4k) 42. (c) h = a + b + c
= i + 5k
(b) v =  OM   ON 1 1
43. (a) (ii) a = ,b=
i + 5k 2 3
6
= (2i + 4j  5k) + (3i + 4j  4k) (iii)
6
= (2 + 3)i + (4 + 4)j + (5  4)k
(b) (i) i+jk
5  2α  3 β
 (ii) (1 , 1 ,  1)
∴ 0  4α  4 β .......... .......... .. (1)
5  5α  4 β .......... .......... (2)

44. (a) 3
(1) + (2): 5 = 
11
 =  (b)
3
Substitute  =  into (1).
0 = 4() + 4 b  c  2a
45. (a) AG =
4 = 20 3
=5 (b) (i) 2:1

(2k  1)i  2 j (b) Vector projection of OC onto OA OB

46. (a) ON =
k 1
OC  (OA  OB )
3 = 2
(OA  OB )
(b)
2 OA  OB
(1)(1)  (0)(1)  (1)(2)

= (i + j  2k) (1M+1M)
47. (b) (i) yes 12  12  (2) 2
(ii) yes 1 1 1
= i  j k (1A)
6 6 3
Unit Test (P.12.49)
3. AB = (5  1)i + (0  2)j + (0  1)k
OP  OQ
1. (a) cos POQ = = 4i  2j  k
OP OQ
AC = (1  1)i + (4  2)j + (2  1)k
(1)(1)  (3)(1) = i + 2j + k
= (1M+1M)
2 2 2 2
1 3 1 1 AD = (2  1)i + (a  2)j + (3  1)k
4 = i + (a  2)j + k
=
20 ∵ A, B, C and D are coplanar.
2 5
= (1A) ∴ AB  ( AC  AD ) = 0
5
4 2 1
(b) ∵ OQ bisects POR.
2 2 1 =0 (1M)
∴ POQ = QOR 1 a2 2
cos QOR = cos POQ 4 0 1
OQ  OR 2 5 2 0 1 =0
= (1M)
OQ OR 5 1 a 6 2
(a  6)(4  2) = 0 (1M)
(1)(1)  (1)(m) 2 5
=
5 a=6 (1A)
12  12 12  m 2
(1  m ) 2 4
=
2(1  m 2 ) 5 4. (a) OA  (OB  OC )
5(1 + 2m + m2) = 8(1 + m2) 0 3 2
5 + 10m + 5m2 = 8 + 8m2 = 1 0 2
1 0 1
3m2  10m + 3 = 0
= 3(1 + 2) (1M)
(3m  1)(m  3) = 0 (1M)
1 = 9
m= or 3 (rejected) (1A)
3 ∴ Volume of the parallelepiped
= | 9 |
2. (a) OA OB =9 (1A)
i j k
=0 2 1 (1M)
1  3 1
= (2 + 3)i  (0  1)j + (0  2)k
= i + j  2k (1A)

324 Solutions
(b) OA OB (b) (i) CH = OH  OC

i j k =hc
= 0 3 2 (1M) = (a + b + c)  c
1 0 2 =a+b
= (6  0)i  (0 + 2)j + (0  3)k
BA = OA  OB
= 6i  2j  3k =ab
Area of OADB = OA OB CH  BA = (a + b)  (a  b) (1M)
=0
= (6) 2  (2) 2  (3) 2 (1M)
∴ CH  BA (1)
=7
(ii) From (b)(i), CH  BA
∴ The required distance
∴ CH is an altitude of △ABC. (1A)
volume of the parallelep iped
=
area of OADB Similarly, AH  CB and BH  CA.
9 ∴ AH and BH are altitudes of △ABC.
= (1A)
7 ∵ The three altitudes of △ABC pass
Alternative Method through H.
OA OB ∴ H is the orthocentre of △ABC. (1)
i j k
= 0 3 2 (1M)
1 0 2
= (6  0)i  (0 + 2)j + (0  3)k
= 6i  2j  3k
The required distance
= projection of OC onto OA OB
OC  (OA  OB )
=
OA  OB
| (1)( 6)  (0)( 2)  (1)( 3) |
= (1M)
( 6) 2  ( 2) 2  ( 3) 2
9
= (1A)
7
5. (a) ∵ O is the circumcentre.

∴ OA = OB = OC
i.e. | a | = | b | = | c |
(a + b)  (a  b)
=aaab+babb (1M)
=|a| b|
2 2
=0 (1A)

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286

Chapter 12 Scalar Products and

Instant Drill 1 (P.12.3) Instant Drill 4 (P.12.7)

Instant Drill 2 (P.12.5) ZY = (2  4)i + (3  4)j + (1  6)k

= 17 (1)(2)  (1)(7)  (2)(7)

(6)(1)  (2)(1)  (4)(8)

© Oxford University Press 2015

Instant Drill 6 (P.12.9) Instant Drill 9 (P.12.12)

Let  be the angle between c  2d and d. 41 = 23

© Oxford University Press 2015

Instant Drill 12 (P.12.23) (b) PS = (6  2)i + (  0)j + (3  1)k

Instant Drill 13 (P.12.24) = ( 2) 2  4 2  ( 4) 2

(a) PQ = (2  2)i + (  0)j + (2  1)k 9 5

© Oxford University Press 2015

Instant Drill 17 (P.12.31) i j k

© Oxford University Press 2015

Class Practice 12.1 (P.12.16)

2. (a) p  q = | p || q | cos 60

= p  p  5(p  q)  5(q  p) + 25(q  q) 4. PQ = OQ  OP

© Oxford University Press 2015

5. (a) Projection of a onto b 4. BA = (1  4)i + (3  5)j + (5  2)k = i  2j + k

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(b) PQ = [3  (2)]i + (0  1)j + [0  (2)]k 2. (a) a  b = (1)(4) + (4)(1)

PR = [1  (2)]i + (3  1)j + [6  (2)]k (b) a  b = (1)(0) + (0)(2) + (3)(5)

PS = [7  (2)]i + (2  1)j + [4  (2)]k (c) a  b = (2)(6) + (9)(1) + (0)(6)

Exercise 12A (P.12.16)  = 105.5, cor. to the nearest 0.1

© Oxford University Press 2015

5. ACB is the angle between CA and CB . 8. Let (0 , 0 , z) be the coordinates of P.

6. (a) u  v = (1)(6) + (1)(2) + (4)(1)

© Oxford University Press 2015

10. (a) Projection of i onto b 14. (a) PA  OA  OP

∴ (2u + v)  (v  2u) = | v |2  4| u |2 (b) (a + 3b)  (4b  5a)

12. ∵ | a | = | b | = 11(a  b)  5| a |2 + 12| b |2

∴ | a |2 = | b |2 = 11(5)  5(2)2 + 12(5)2

= 3(a  b) = u  u + 3(u  v) + 3(v  u) + 9(v  v)

13. Let AB = b and AD = d. Similarly, | u  3v |2 = | u |2  6(u  v) + 9| v |2

AC  BD = (b + d)  (d  b) (1)  (2): 12(u  v) = 33

© Oxford University Press 2015

17. | a + b |2 = (a + b)  (a + b) Let  be the angle between a and a + 3b.

= 10 (b) AOD is the angle between OA and OD .

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20. (a) AC = OC  OA (b) Let  be the angle between b and i.

© Oxford University Press 2015

24. Let (x , 0 , 0) be the coordinates of N. Alternative Method

© Oxford University Press 2015

27. (a) ∵ PN  AB and N lies on AB. 28. (a) ∵ AD : DB = (1  m) : m

∵ PN  AB (c) MOD is the angle between OM and OD .

© Oxford University Press 2015

29. (a) BQ = BC  QC = 1  k Exercise 12B (P.12.28)

= 0 + (1  k)| u |2  (1  k)| v |2 + 0 = 2i  6j + 4k

© Oxford University Press 2015

4. | a  b |2 = | a |2| b |2  (a  b)2 7. (a) BA = (1  3)i + (2  1)j + (2  4)k

= ( 4) 2 ( 6) 2  8 2 BC = (2  3)i + (5  1)j + (3  4)k

= (2  0)i  (2  1)j + (0 + 2)k Area of ABCD

| a  b | = 9 2  (18) 2  18 2 = 27 = (0  20)i  (12  8)j + (30  0)k

= (4 + 12)i  (4  0)j + (4  0)k SR = [0  (2)]i + (2  3)j + (4  1)k

© Oxford University Press 2015

(b) PS = (2  1)i + (3  5)j + (1  0)k 10. BA = a  b

© Oxford University Press 2015

13. (a) | a + b |2 = (a + b)  (a + b) (b) AV = (4  2)i + (0  3)j + (8  1)k

© Oxford University Press 2015

= (4 + 6)i  (2  8)j + (3 + 8)k = m m 1 3