LESSON 1 KINETIC MOLECULAR MODEL OF SOLID
AND LIQUID
Kinetic Molecular Model of Solid and Liquid
- It explains the properties of solids and liquids in terms
of the intermolecular forces of attraction and the
kinetic energy of the individual particles.
o Intermolecular Force: attractive forces between
neighboring particles of one or more substances-
pull the particles (solid).
o Kinetic Energy: keeps the particles at a distance
or moves around (liquid). It is also dependent on
the temperature of the substance. Happens when
liquid moves from time to time.
- Both varies on temperature (lower temperature, higher
force) (higher temperature, lower force)
Characteristics of Solids and Liquids
Intermolecular Force of Attraction
- Forces of attraction exist between particles of
substances.
- The force of attraction between neighboring molecules
(particles of covalent compounds), on the other hand,
is weaker than between formula units because
molecular attraction involves only partial charges.
- Intermolecular forces of attraction in pure substances
are collectively known as van der Waals.
Dipole- Dipole Forces
- Experienced through polarity; happens when there is
polarity in other molecules
- Existing polar molecules, such as Hydrogen Chloride
(HCl), are those that possess a permanent dipole
moment attributed to the difference in electronegativity
of their component atoms and how these atoms
arrange in space.
- Combination with non-metal
 - A special type of dipole-dipole interaction that exists
only in molecules that contain a hydrogen atom
bonded to a small, highly electronegative atom such
as N, O, or F.

- Hydrogen + highly electronegative atom N, O, or F.

- Hydrogen Bond is about 5-10 times stronger than

other dipole-dipole interaction.

Example: Carbon Dioxide Example: H2O, NH3

Polarity: CO2, H2O, NH3

Non polar because of even molecules: O2
++ / -- repel
+- attract
Polarity: not even molecules

Ion Dipole
- Force that acts between an ion (positive (cation) or
negative (anion)) and a polar molecule.

Example: NaCl and water molecules (polar)

Hydrogen Bonds
London Dispersion
- Dispersion forces are intermolecular forces of
attraction that exist between all atoms and molecules. - Atoms reshaped itself because of the movement of
electrons.
- They arise from the continuous movement of electrons
in particles.
Example:
- Stable charges of atom and non-polar molecule or gas
What type of Intermolecular force will act in the
o Polar molecules occur when there is an following substances?
electronegativity difference between the bonded 1. Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) = Dipole-Dipole Force
atoms. Uneven molecules.
2. Nitrogen Gas (N2) = London Dispersion
o Nonpolar molecules occur when electrons are
shared equally between atoms of a diatomic 3. Hydrogen Fluoride (HF) = Hydrogen Bond
molecule or when polar bonds in a larger molecule
cancel each other out. Gas forms; equal molecules

- Reshaped because of the movement of electrons and

happens for a very long time.

- The one with the smallest amount of electrons

becomes partial positive because the presence of an
electron is not enough.

- The right side is not partially positive because an

electron was added to it.