IP Subnetting

Chapter 8:
Subnetting IP Networks
Anthony Maina
Course Website:
https://sites.google.com/a/dkut.ac.ke/networks/
Chapter 8 - Sections & Objectives
 8.1 Subnetting an IPv4 Network
• Implement an IPv4 addressing scheme to enable end-to-end connectivity in a small to
medium-sized business network.
• Explain how subnetting segments a network to enable better communication.
• Explain how to calculate IPv4 subnets for a /24 prefix.
• Explain how to calculate IPv4 subnets for a /16 and /8 prefix.
• Given a set of requirements for subnetting, implement an IPv4 addressing scheme.
• Explain how to create a flexible addressing scheme using variable length subnet masking (VLSM).
 8.2 Addressing Schemes
• Given a set of requirements, implement a VLSM addressing scheme to provide
connectivity to end users in a small to medium-sized network.
• Implement a VLSM addressing scheme.
© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 2
Chapter 8 - Sections & Objectives (Cont.)
 8.3 Address Schemes
• Explain design considerations for implementing IPv6 in a business network.
• Explain how to implement IPv6 address assignments in a business network.
8.1 Subnetting an IPv4
Network
Network Segmentation
Broadcast Domains
 Devices use broadcasts in an Ethernet LAN to locate:
• Other devices - Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) which sends Layer 2 broadcasts to a known IPv4
address on the local network to discover the associated MAC address.
• Services – Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) which sends broadcasts on the local network
to locate a DHCP server.
 Switches propagate broadcasts out all interfaces except the interface on which it was received.
Problems with Large Broadcast Domains
 Hosts can generate excessive broadcasts and negatively affect the network.
• Slow network operations due to the significant amount of traffic it can cause.
• Slow device operations because a device must accept and process each broadcast packet.
 Solution: Reduce the size of the network to create smaller broadcast domains. These smaller
network spaces are called subnets.
One
Broadcast Broadcast in Broadcast in
Domain LAN 1 LAN 2
contained in contained in
1 subnet 1 subnet
Reasons for Subnetting
 Reduces overall network traffic and improves network performance.
 Enables an administrator to implement security policies such as which subnets are allowed or not
allowed to communicate together. Communicating between
Networks
Subnetting by Location
Subnetting by Device Type
Subnetting an IPv4 Network
Octet Boundaries
Networks
are most
easily
subnetted
at the
octet
boundary
of /8, /16,
and /24
 Prefix length and the subnet mask are different ways of identifying the network
portion of an address.
 Subnets are created by borrowing host bits for network bits.
 More host bits borrowed, the more subnets that can be defined.
Subnetting on the Octet Boundary
 Subnetting Network 10.x.0.0/16

 Define up to 256 subnets with each subnet capable of connecting 65,534 hosts.
 First two octets identify the network portion while the last two octets are for host IP addresses.
Subnetting on the Octet Boundary (Cont.)
 Subnetting Network 10.x.x.0/24

 Define 65,536 subnets each capable of connecting 254 hosts.
 /24 boundary is very popular in subnetting because of number of hosts.
Classless Subnetting
Subnetting a /24 Network
Subnets can borrow bits from any host bit position to create other masks.
Subnetting Formulas
Calculate Number of Subnetting a /24 Network

Subnets Formula
Subnetting Formulas (Cont.)
Calculate Number of
Calculating the Number of Hosts
Hosts Formula
Subnetting to Meet Requirements
Subnetting Based On Network Requirements
Host devices
used by
employees in
the Engineering
department in
one network
and
Management in
a separate
network.
Network Requirement Example
Network Requirement Example (Cont.)
Benefits of Variable Length Subnet Masking
Traditional Subnetting Wastes Addresses
Variable Length Subnet Masks (VLSM)
Traditional Subnets of Varying Sizes
Basic VLSM
Basic Subnetting
VLSM in Practice
VLSM Chart
8.2 Addressing Schemes
Structured Design
Network Address Planning
Structured Design
Planning to Address the Network
 Each host in an internetwork must have
a unique address.
 Need proper planning &

documentation.
 Must provide & control access to

servers from internal hosts and external
hosts.
 Layer 3 STATIC address assigned to a
server can be used to control access to
that server.
 Monitoring security and performance

of hosts means network traffic is
examined for source IP addresses that
are generating or receiving excessive
packets.
Structured Design
Assigning Addresses to Devices
 Devices that require addresses:
• End user clients

• Can be set for DHCP to save time and
manual errors.
• A change in the subnetting scheme requires
reconfiguration of DHCP server. IPv6 clients
use DHCPv6/SLAAC.
• Servers
• Configured with static addresses.
• Private addresses translated to public
addresses if accessible from the Internet.
• Intermediary devices
• Set with static addresses for remote
management.
• Gateway
• Router interface used to exit the network.
8.3 Design Considerations for IPv6
The IPv6 Global Unicast Address
 IPv6 subnetting is not concerned
with conserving address space. Structure
 IPv6 subnetting is about building an
addressing hierarchy based on the
number of subnetworks needed.
 IPv6 link-local address is never

subnetted.
 IPv6 global unicast address can be

subnetted.
 IPv6 global unicast address
normally consists of a /48 global
routing prefix, a 16 bit subnet ID,
and a 64 bit interface ID.
Subnetting Using the Subnet ID
IPv6 Subnet Allocation
8.4 Chapter Summary
Conclusion
Chapter 8: Subnetting IP Networks
 Implement an IPv4 addressing scheme to enable end-to-end connectivity in a small to medium-
sized business network.
 Given a set of requirements, implement a VLSM addressing scheme to provide connectivity to end
users in a small to medium-sized network.
 Explain design considerations for implementing IPv6 in a business network.

IP Subnetting

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

IP Subnetting

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 8:

Subnetting by Device Type

 Subnetting Network 10.x.0.0/16

 Subnetting Network 10.x.x.0/24

Calculate Number of Subnetting a /24 Network

 Need proper planning &

 Must provide & control access to

 Monitoring security and performance

• End user clients

 IPv6 link-local address is never

 IPv6 global unicast address can be

 Explain design considerations for implementing IPv6 in a business network.

You might also like