Special Session of the Inter-Ministerial Committee of the African Union on

the Crisis in Darfur

19th to the 20th of March, 2009
Sham el Sheik, Egypt
THE AFRICAN UNION COMMITTEE SECRETARIAT MEMBERS:

 SHITEMI BARON KHAMADI -President of the General Assembly.

 WAKARINDI IRENE NYAMBURA – Vice President
 OTIENO BONIFACE - Vice President
 NJIRI RUTH - Vice President
 UMULQUER ADAM - Vice President
 NTINYARI VICTORIA MWIRICHIA - Chief of Protocol
 GITONGA DIANA - Rapporteur
 SANYU MARY - Head Of Press
OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY

This year The Office of the President of the GA has been researching on better ways to refine the system of
debate within KMUN. It is my belief that it can be refined to enhance the substance of debate.
One major limitation is the number of issues discussed. In my view we should model the system similar to
that of the United Nations. In the United Nations the agenda for every session is planned way in advance
and the various issues are included in the agenda which is discussed at the committees whose draft report
is forwarded to the General assembly for adoption.
Though, having an overarching theme might be necessary so that we can be able to prioritize some issues.
The practice of selecting a specific issue of global concern for the session goes back to 2003, when the
General Assembly decided to introduce this innovation in an effort to enhance the authority and role of the
body. (Resolution 58/126 of December 2003).
It is in this regard that this office has set the following committees, and their agendas are as follows.

The two committees will be:

1. Political and Economic Committee

2. Socio-Economic and Humanitarian Committee

3. DELEGATES DRESSCODE
The delegate’s dress code during the African Union Session will be strictly limited to formal and
decent dress during and throughout all the sessions indicated in the conference schedule.
Delegates may wish to dress in the Official dress of the country they are representing at the
conference. Delegates may however choose to dress smart casually only at the Closing Reception.
The Protocol Service will be under strict instructions not to admit any delegate to the conference
rooms if inappropriately dressed.

Model UN resolutions

Preambulatory Clauses
The preamble of a draft resolution states the reasons for which the committee is addressing the
topic and highlights past international action on the issue. Each clause begins with a present
participle (called a Preambulatory phrase) and ends with a comma. Preambulatory clauses can
include:
1• References to the UN Charter;
2• Citations of past UN resolutions or treaties on the topic under discussion;
3• Mentions of statements made by the Secretary-General or a relevant UN body or agency;
4• Recognition of the efforts of regional or nongovernmental organizations in dealing with the
issue; and
 5• General statements on the topic, its significance and its impact.

Operative Clauses

Operative clauses identify the actions or recommendations made in a resolution. Each operative
clause begins with a verb (called an operative phrase) and ends with a semicolon. Operative
clauses should be organized in a logical progression, with each containing a single idea or
proposal, and are always numbered. If a clause requires further explanation, bulleted lists set off by
letters or roman numerals can also be used. After the last operative clause, the resolution ends in a
period.

How to write a resolution

HEADING:
The title should be centered in capital letters above the main body of the resolution. The title can
be as simple as DRAFT RESOLUTION. On the left margin and two lines below the title should be
the committee name and topic name.

BODY:
The resolution is written in the format of a long sentence, with the following rules:
11) The resolution begins with the committee name.
22) The rest of the resolution consists of clauses with the first word of each clause underlined.
33) The next section, consists of Preambulatory Clauses, describes the problem being addressed,
(recalls past actions taken, explains the purpose of the resolution, and offers support for the
operative clauses that follow).
1a) Each clause in the preamble begins with an underlined word and ends with a comma.
44) Operative clauses are numbered and state the action to be taken by the body. These clauses
all being with present tense active verbs, which are generally stronger words than those used
in the Preamble. Semi-colon except the last, which ends with a full stop, follows each operative
clause.
Some Preambulatory Phrases

Affirming
Alarmed by
Approving Deeply disturbed Deeply Having adopted Noting with approval
Aware of regretting Desiring Having considered Observing
Bearing in mind Emphasizing Having considered further Reaffirming
Believing Expecting Having devoted attention Realizing
Confident Expressing its appreciation Having examined Recalling
Contemplating Expressing its satisfaction Having heard Recognizing
Convinced Fulfilling Having received Referring
Declaring Fully alarmed Having studied Seeking
Deeply concerned Fully aware Keeping in mind Taking into account
Deeply conscious Fully believing Noting with regret Taking into consideration
Deeply convinced Further deploring Noting with deep concern Taking note
 Further recalling Noting with satisfaction Viewing with appreciation
Guided by Noting further Welcoming

Some Operative Phrases

Accepts Declares accordingly Further proclaims Regrets

Affirms Deplores Further reminds Reminds
Approves Authorizes Designates Further recommends Requests
Calls upon Condemns Draws the attention Further requests Solemnly affirms
Confirms Emphasizes Further resolves Strongly
Congratulates Encourages Has resolved condemns
Considers Endorses Notes Supports
Expresses its appreciation Proclaims Takes note of
Expresses its hope Reaffirms Transmits
Further invites Recommends Trusts

Sample Resolution

Resolution on combating the causes of terrorism

Forum: Security Council
Submitted by: Kingdom of Spain, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Supported by: Guinea, Mexico, Pakistan

The Security Council,

Condemning terrorism in all its types since it poses a violation of the Human Rights Charta

Recognising the current high level of effort from states in combating terrorism, on the national and
international levels.

Realising that terrorism cannot only be fought by direct action, but the causes of terrorism must be
addressed also.
Affirming that any efforts to fight terrorism must be conducted within the framework of international law.

1. Expresses its reinforced determination to combat all forms of terrorism, in accordance with its
responsibilities under the Charter of the United Nations, but calls for a shift to a humanitarian focus in the
dealing with the problem of terrorism;
2. Calls Upon all humanitarian-aid-related NGOs (Non-Governmental Organisations), such as UNFPA,
UNICEF, The International Red Cross, UNIFEM and UNHCR to help abolish the fertile ground for terrorism
and religious fundamentalism, such as:

(I) Illiteracy and lack of minimal educational standards,

(ii) Inhumane living standards as a result of a lack of housing, nutrition, and health care facilities,
 (iii) Un-transparent economic system due to unsuccessfully fought corruption,

(iv) Advise aid-giving organisations of the on-the-ground effectiveness of their donations;

3. Envisages the establishment of the independent International Institute for Terrorist Motivation Research
(IITMR) in Damascus, Syria, composed of international experts as well as influential insiders from the
affected regions,

(i) Conducting interdisciplinary research on the probable grass-roots reasons and motivations for
people to support and actively engage in acts defying the principles of the UN Declaration
of Human Rights

(ii) Acting as an anticipatory body predicting and detecting potential future developments
encouraging the engagement in terrorist acts,
(iii) Taking into consideration not only imminent international hot-spots but rather the global variety
of conflict areas,

(iv) Reporting their research results to the CTC at regular intervals,

(v) Executing research on request of the CTC to provide with broad-based resources;

4. Urges the UN member states to provide the UN Bodies, such as CTC, as well as each other with terror-
relevant intelligence material and to engage in more generous and constructive cooperation regarding that
matter;
5. Calling upon the international community to concert their efforts to freeze asset of terror-related groups
and individuals and tackle businesses exploited for money laundering for terror networks.
6. Decides to remain actively seized of the matter.

Caucusing
Caucusing, or informal debate, is an important part of the Model UN simulation because
it provides an opportunity for delegates to collaborate, negotiate and formulate draft
resolutions. During a Model UN conference, Caucusing can be either moderated or
unmoderated.
When a committee holds a moderated Committee, the Director calls on delegates one at a
time and each speaker briefly addresses the committee. During an unmoderated
Committee, the committee breaks for a temporary recess from formal proceedings so that
delegates can work together in small groups. To hold a Committee, a delegate must make
a motion and the committee must pass the motion.
Many delegates prefer to speak during a moderated Committee rather than being placed
on the speaker’s list. In a moderated Committee, speakers are usually able to convey one
or two key points to the entire committee or share new ideas that have developed through
the course of debate. A delegate sometimes chooses to make a motion for a moderated
Committee if his or her name is close to the end of the speakers list. By speaking in a
moderated Committee, delegates are able to address the committee much earlier.
In most cases, more than half of committee time is used for unmoderated Committeeing.
Many delegates feel this is the easiest way for them to collaborate and start to formulate
draft resolutions.
Public Speaking
Public speaking is one of the most important skills you will use as a Model UN delegate.
You will need to convey your member state’s positions, help build consensus and
formulate resolutions. Usually, the conference organizers set the length of time a delegate
is allowed to speak. Delegates can make a motion to increase or decrease the time allotted
to each speaker. If another delegate seconds the motion, then the committee will vote on
changing the speaker’s time. You will have numerous opportunities to speak in your
committee during a Model UN simulation. The Director will maintain a speakers’ list of
delegates who would like to make formal speeches. During Committeeing you will have
an opportunity to speak informally to delegates in your committee, but it is still important
to keep the principles of effective public speaking in mind. Although speaking is an
important part of any Model UN simulation, many delegates fear speaking in front of a
large group. The best way to cope with these fears is to be well prepared. You should
research as much as possible about your country and the issue the committee will be
debating. You should be comfortable explaining your country's position and have ideas
on what you would like to include in the committee’s resolution. If you come to the
conference prepared, you will be eager to speak in committee and project confidence.
How to make an opening speech
1• First, you should thank or salute the presiding official by saying "Thank you Mr. /
Madame/ Honorable Director/ President…"
2• Speak about how the issue is currently affecting your country.
3• Provide your country's position on the issue. Include an explanation for your
country’s stance, such as economic or security concerns or political or religious
ideology.
4• You may choose to give an explanation of how your country's position relates to
the positions of other member states such as the major powers or countries in your
regional bloc.
5• You should discuss some of the past actions taken by the UN, member states and
NGOs to address the issue your speech is focused on.
1• Present ideas for a resolution, stressing your country’s objectives for the
resolution.
2• Talk about the role that NGOs or regional organizations have to play in addressing
the issue.
3• Indicate to the committee members your country’s stand e.g. is your country
willing to negotiate.
How to make speech during debate
1• Again, you should thank or salute the presiding official by saying "Thank you
Mr. / Madame/ Honorable Director/ President…"
2• Encourage collaboration among member states by proposing ways that your
country would be willing to work with other member states.
3• By referencing what other delegates have said, you can show support for your
allies or indicate which proposals your country does not favour.
 4• Present ideas for draft resolutions.
5• Explain why your country does or does not support other draft resolutions.
5. RULES OF PROCEDURE

1. Scope

These rules shall apply for all the committees and the General Assembly being simulated in the
Kenya Model United Nations (KMUN), and are self-sufficient. They shall be considered adopted in
advance of the session. No other rules of procedure other than those laid out in this section shall
be applicable on these cases. Bowing as per the United Nations Protocol is a diplomatic method of
showing respect to the assembly by recognizing the authority of the Dias and the presiding officer.
Bowing may be shown in its equivalent in any other religion not accustomed to lowering the head
as a sign of respect i.e. Islam

2. Delegations

Each country will be represented by a delegation consisting of four members in the General
Assembly.

2.1 Letter of Credentials

Each Country (as per international accreditation rules) shall be accredited to the Kenya Model
United Nations through the KMUN Intergovernmental and Outreach Service. Each country shall be
required to submit a Letter of Credentials signed and approved by the relevant Head of State
and/or Government or the Minister of Foreign Affairs. The Letter of Credentials must be correctly
formatted and addressed to the intergovernmental Affairs and Outreach Service.
Failure to submit a letter of credentials shall by default mean that the said country will not be
registered by the protocol and liaison service and shall consecutively not be able to access a
KMUN delegate’s badge, delegates pack and directly participate. Member states of KMUN shall
only be permitted to participate in KMUN after the receipt of the letter of credentials and
authentication of their letters is done and registration completed. During the verification process of
the Letters of Credentials, affected delegates will be permitted access to the observer section
(public gallery).

3. Language

English shall be the official working language of the Conference. In case a delegate wishes to
speak in a language other than the official language, he/she shall provide translation into the
official language at his/her own expense. The time for translation shall be included in the speaking
time limit.

4. General Duties of the Delegates

Each participating KMUN delegate shall be considered a DIPLOMAT and shall behave in a manner
befitting the description of a diplomat. Every delegate has the duty to be diplomatic, respect the
decisions of the Director(s), obtain the floor before speaking, safeguard and advocate their own
interests, grant due courtesy and respect to fellow delegates and other Conference participants.
Each delegate must respect and act in accordance with the United Nations Charter and Universal
Declaration of Human Rights and adhere to (Kenya Model) United Nations protocol procedures.

4.1. Observing Protocol.

Each participating KMUN delegate shall observe protocol as per the (Kenya Model) United Nations
protocol. Each delegate shall bow before the Dias (General Assembly and Committees) and the
presiding officer as a symbol of respect to the assembly and recognition of the authority of the Dias
and the presiding officer.

5. General Duties of the Secretariat

The Secretary General shall hold his position throughout the Conference. He may designate a
member of the staff to act in his place regarding any sessions of the Conference. The Secretary
General shall provide and direct the staff required by the Committees. The Secretariat shall receive
the final documents of the Committees; prepare summary records of all sessions; have custody
over and ensure proper preservation of the documents; and, generally, perform all other work the
Conference may require. The Secretary General, the Special Representative of the Secretary
General or a member of the Secretariat designated by him as his representative may, at any time,
make either oral or written statements concerning any matter to the Committees.

5.1 General Duties of the Special Representatives of the Secretary General.

The Secretary General shall at ant time appoint any individual participating KMUN delegate as
His/Her Special Representative and act on his behalf on all matters within the scope of the Special
Representation. The Special Representative’s appointment shall not be questioned at any time by
any KMUN body. The term of each individual Special Representative shall be at the sole discretion
of the Secretary General. The Special Representative shall be limited to the Scope and topic of the
Special Representation.

6. General Duties of the Committee Director General(s).

The Director General is responsible for all procedural matters pertaining to the committee such as,
but not limited to, moderating debate, ruling on the applicability of rules and proposing the adoption
of new rules without approval from the committee should a situation require it. The Director
General shall declare the opening and closing of each meeting of the committee, direct its
discussions, ensure observance of these rules, accord the right to speak, put questions and
announce decisions. He shall rule on points of order and, subject to these rules, shall have
complete control of the proceedings at any meeting and over the maintenance of order thereat.
The Chairman may, in the course of the discussion of an item, stipulate to the committee the
limitation of the time to be allowed to speakers, the limitation of the number of times each
representative may speak, the closure of the list of speakers or the closure of the debate. He may
also propose the suspension or the adjournment of the meeting or the adjournment of the debate
on the item under discussion.
7. Appeal

Appeals to decisions made by the Director shall be in order. However, for the vote to be valid, a
sponsor must have 10 co-sponsor signatures laid out in a short written statement clearly labelled
“Request for Approval for a Motion to Appeal the Decision of the Presiding Officer” to the KMUN
Secretariat. If permitted, in addition to the written statement, a 2/3 vote is required to overturn the
decision of the Director. The motion may only be called out ONCE during the session. If called out
more than once, it shall be by default ruled out of order and shall remain out of order until the
proceedings have moved to the next item on the Agenda.

8. Vote of No Confidence

Votes of Confidence during the KMUN conference shall be in Order. This vote shall be limited to
presiding Officers at the Committee Stage. It shall not in any way be tolerated during the General
Assembly and is consecutively invalid if directed at the President of the Assembly and/or his/her
deputy.
The vote may be moved if the majority of the sitting delegates of a committee feel that the
presiding officer’s capacity to preside over deliberations is explicitly compromised. The Secretary
General through authentic signature MUST approve the vote.
The vote shall require a 2/3 majority to pass. If passed, the presiding officer shall be temporary
relieved by his/her deputy or any competent replacement candidate put forward by the committee
and approved by the KMUN Secretariat.

9. Moment of Silence

Immediately after the opening of the first session, the Director may invite the delegates to observe
one minute of silence dedicated to meditation or prayer.

Rule Governing Debate

Procedural Matters

10. Quorum

The Director of any Committee may declare a session open and permit debate to proceed when at
least one third of registered delegations are present. The presence of a simple majority (half of the
representatives plus one) of registered delegations shall be required for any substantive decision to
be made. The Director shall proceed with a Roll Call at the beginning of each session – or
whenever requested or needed – in order to recognize the presence of the delegates. The Director
shall indicate to the Committee whether Quorum exists when required to do so by the Rules of
Procedure.
11. Agenda

The Agenda for the General Assembly and the relevant Committees of the Kenya Model United
Nations shall be decided upon prior to the main Conference.

12. Speaker’s List

The Committee shall have at all times an open General Speakers’ List for the topic being
discussed, which shall be drawn up at the beginning of debate on it. This General Speakers’ List
will be followed during all the debate, except when superseded by Procedural Motions or by the
Introduction of Draft Resolution, which counts with a Special Speakers’ List for its discussion.
Once the Draft Resolution Speakers’ List is opened, it can only be superseded by the Introduction
of Amendments, which counts with Special Speakers’ Lists for their discussion. One may add a
delegation’s name to the Speakers’ List by raising its placard, provided that the delegation’s name
is not already on it. The delegations names will appear according to their desire to speak.

13. Speeches

No delegate may address the Committee without previously attaining the permission of the
Director. The Director shall call upon speakers in the order in which they signified their desire to
speak. The Director shall set the speaking time previously.

14. Speaking Time

The Director shall determine the time limit for speeches at his/her discretion, but may also consult
the Committee before deciding on the matter. When a delegate has spoken his/her allotted time,
the Director shall rule him/her out of order without delay.

15. Yields

At the conclusion of the speech, a delegate may yield the remaining speaking time to another
delegate, to Questions, or to the Director.
Any delegate who is yielded to may not yield speaking time to another delegate or to Questions.
If the delegate yields to Questions, the time taken to answer them, but not the time taken to ask
them, shall be included in the remaining allotted time limit.
When a delegate does not yield his/her remaining speaking time, it is understood that it has been
yielded to the Director.

16. Questions

Presuming the speaker who has the floor has consented to Yield to Questions, any delegate may
ask him/her a straightforward question related to his/her speech. A series of questions will not be in
order. There shall be a limit of one question per delegate. The Delegate must raise their placard
and must be recognized by the Director before being permitted to question the speaker.

17. Right of Reply

A delegate may request the right to speak if another delegate has impugned the national integrity
of the country they represent. The Director shall immediately decide this.
1• A Right of Reply may NOT interrupt a speaker.
2•• Rights of Reply to Rights of Reply shall not be permitted.
permitted

18. Points

18.1 Point of Personal Privilege

During the discussion of any matter, a delegate may raise a Point of Personal Privilege and shall
be immediately acknowledged by the Director. {This is done by the delegate raising their placard
and saying "Point of Personal Privilege".}
1• Such Point may interrupt a speech and shall ONLY be used when a speaker or a delegate is
experiencing extreme personal discomfort or being prevented from following properly the
discussion or speeches.

18. 2 Point of Order

A delegate may raise a Point of Order if he/she feels that the Director is not following these rules of
procedure properly.
The Director shall immediately rule a Point of Order in order, unless the delegation has not shown
proper restraint or decorum regarding the use of such right or if the Point is dilatory in nature.
1• Such Points must be related only to the observance and maintenance of the rules and
cannot interrupt a speech

18.3 Point of Parliamentary Inquiry

A delegate may raise a Point of Parliamentary Inquiry when he/she has a doubt regarding the rules
of procedure. Such Point is basically a question to the Director concerning the rules.
1• This Point cannot interrupt a speech.

18.4 Point of Information

A delegate may rise to a Point of Information whenever he/she has demands or questions to the
Director relating to general information regarding the conference, for example the times of meals.
The Director may rule it out of order if the delegate has misused such right.
1•• This point cannot interrupt a speech.
speech

19. Motions
19.1 Motion for Unmoderated Caucus

An Unmoderated Caucus causes the Director to suspend the rules of procedure so that delegates
can debate informally without the interference of the Director. The purpose of this Caucus is to
facilitate substantive discussion without attaining debates to the following of the rules of procedure.
Delegates may move to Unmoderated Caucus whenever the floor is open, prior to the Closure of
Debate. The delegate must suggest a reason and a time limit for the Caucus, which shall not
exceed fifteen minutes, but might be extended.
1• The Motion shall be put into vote if there are no other Points or Motions that take
precedence to it on the floor and requires a simple majority to pass.

19.2 Motion for Moderated Caucuses

The purpose of the Moderated Caucus is to facilitate debate in a more flexible way than formal
debate allows. The Moderated Caucus occurs when the Speakers’ List is superseded and the
Director, at his/her discretion, conducts the debate. Delegates wishing to speak during the
Moderated Caucuses may raise their placards and will be randomly recognized by the Director.
Delegates may move for Moderated Caucus at any time when the floor is open. The delegate must
state a reason and suggest a speaking time and time limit for the Caucus, which shall not exceed
fifteen minutes, but might be extended. Yields and Motions are out of order during Moderated
Caucus.
1• The Motion shall be put into vote if there are no other Points or Motions that take
precedence to it on the floor and requires a simple majority to pass.

20. Motion for Closure and Reopening of the Speakers’ List

During the course of debate, a delegate may move for Closure of the Speaker’s List on the matter
under discussion. This Motion requires a simple majority to pass and means that no delegations
can add their names to the Speaker’s List and that only those who were already included on it will
be granted their speaking time.
In case the Speaker’s List is closed and a delegate wishes its reopen it, a two-thirds majority is
required for the approval of the Motion for Reopening of Speaker’s List.
In both cases, a reason for the Motion must be stated for the Director to consider it in order. The
Director may choose to recognize speeches against and in favour of the Motion at his/her
discretion.
1• This Motion requires a simple majority to pass and means that no delegations can add their
names to the Speaker’s List

21. Motion for Closure of Debate

Whenever the floor is open, delegates may move to Close Debate on whichever substantive matter
is under discussion. After a Motion for Closure of Debate is proposed, the Director shall recognize
two speakers against the motion. If the Motion to Close Debate passes, the Committee will move to
immediate vote on the matters on the floor (the Agenda, a Draft Resolution or an Amendment).
 1• In order to pass, the Motion requires a two-thirds majority.

22. Motion for Adjournment of the Session

During discussion of any matter, a delegate may move for the Adjournment of the Session. Such a
motion shall not be debated, and shall be put into vote if there are no other Points that take
precedence to it on the floor, requiring a two-thirds majority for approval. After the session is
adjourned, the Committee shall reconvene at its next regularly scheduled session time. The
adjournment of the final session will adjourn the Conference. The Director may rule a Motion for
Adjournment of the Session out of order.

Rules Governing Debate

Substantive Matters

23. Form of Debate

KMUN will open with a General Assembly session in which every delegation will present its
opening (policy) statement / address (no longer than 60 seconds) followed by general debate. This
will be followed by Committee sessions by the end of which every Committee must have completed
a Draft Report on the progress made in the Committee sessions. This will be presented by the
Secretaries (one Secretary per Committee should be elected by the Committee members at the
beginning of the Committee session) in the General Assembly session two. Two Committee
sessions will then follow, in which delegations must formulate their Final Report.
The elected Secretaries from the Committees will meet after the final Committee session (session
six) to combine the Final Reports from each Committee into a Draft Resolution for presentation in
the General Assembly Session Three.
The Draft Resolution will be introduced in General Assembly session three and delegations have
until the end of General Assembly session four to make amendments, vote on the individual
clauses and to finalize a Final Draft Resolution.
The Final Draft Resolution will then be put to vote in the Final General Assembly and will become
the Final Resolution adopted by this 8 th KMUN Conference.

24. Draft Resolutions

For being debated in a Committee, a Draft Resolution requires the approval of the Director and the
signatures of number of delegates, to be announced by the Director in each Committee. Signing a
Draft Resolution does not necessarily indicate that a delegation supports its ideas, but only that it
desires to have the Draft Resolution discussed. A signatory of a Draft Resolution is not required to
vote in favour of it.
The Draft Resolution needs its signatories’ support to continue on the floor. In case all signatories
withdraw their signatures, debate on the Draft Resolution is ceased.
Draft Resolutions may require more than a simple majority to pass, depending on the
Committee’s mandate and on the discretion of the Director.

25. Motion for the Introduction of a Draft Resolution

Delegates may move for Introduction a Draft Resolution once it has been approved by the
Secretary-General and distributed to the General Assembly. The reading of the Draft Resolution’s
content shall be limited to the Operative Clauses, whereupon the one delegate who is signatory of
the Draft Resolution shall be granted the floor for the allotted time limit. During this time, the reader
may only yield his/her time to Questions, which shall be limited to grammar or technical matters on
the document and may not pertain to the substance of the Draft Resolution.
1• This Motion requires a simple majority in order to pass

26. Motion for the Introduction of Amendment

Delegates may amend any Draft Resolution that is on the floor. Amendments may add, subtract or
modify part of the Draft Resolution. An Amendment requires the approval of the Secretary General
and the signatures of five members of the General Assembly. Signing an Amendment does not
constitute or require a vote in favour of it.
After the Secretary General approves a Motion for Introduction of an Amendment, general debate
shall be suspended and a Special Speakers’ List shall be established for and against the specific
Amendment. A Motion for Closure of a Special Speakers’ List or a Motion to Close Debate on the
Amendment will be in order after the General Assembly has heard at least two speakers in favour
of the Amendment and two speakers against it – or all speakers on one side and at least two on
the opposite side of the Special Speakers’ List.
When debate is closed on the Amendment, the General Assembly shall proceed to immediate
vote, which might be a Roll Call Vote. Following the voting procedure, debate according to the
Draft Resolution Speakers’ List shall resume.
Once an Amendment is approved, it becomes part of the Draft Resolution, which means that it is
no longer considered an Amendment, and can be further amended. Amendments to Pre-
ambulatory Clauses shall be allowed at the discretion of the Secretary General. The Secretary
General may choose to use different procedures in order to facilitate the process of voting on
Amendments.

Rules Governing Voting

In every Committee, each country shall have one vote and shall only be permitted one official
representative to vote. Voting on procedural matters shall be done by a show of placards. Each
delegate may vote only in favour and against the Motions proposed and abstentions are not
allowed.
Voting on Amendments shall be done by a show of placards, except if Roll Call Vote procedure is
asked for and approved. Each delegate may vote in favour, against or abstain. Amendments will
pass if a simple majority of the voting delegates is achieved (abstentions will not count).
Voting on Draft Resolutions shall be done by a show of placards, and delegates may vote in
favour, against or abstain. In the case a Roll Call Vote procedure is asked and approved, delegates
may vote, “In Favour”, “In Favour with Rights”, ”Against”, “Against with Rights” or “Abstain”. The
Draft Resolution requires a simple majority in order to be approved, regardless of abstentions. Ties
fail.
“Rights” may be asked to explain votes that seem contradictory and will only be recognized by the
Director after the end of voting procedures on a Draft Resolution. The Director at his/her discretion
will set the time limit.
When a Roll Call Vote is adopted, delegates may choose to pass their turn of voting and wait for
another roll call round to state their actual vote. Delegates are allowed to pass only once. If a
delegate passes his/her vote, he/she will not be allowed to abstain.

27. Conduct during voting on a Draft Resolution

After the Director has announced the beginning of voting procedures no Motions will be in order,
except for Division of the Question and Roll Call Voting. During voting procedures the chamber will
be sealed by the respective Protocol Officers, and no delegates will be allowed to enter or leave
the room.
28. Motion for Division of the Question

Division of the question will be permitted when delegates wish to vote on and amend individual
clauses of the Draft Resolution.

29. Roll Call Voting

After debate has been closed on a Draft Resolution or Amendment, a delegate may request for a
Roll Call Vote. In a Roll Call Vote, the Director will recognize, in alphabetical order, starting with a
randomly selected member, each voting delegate, who must state his/her vote. The Motion for Roll
Call Voting requires a simple majority to pass.

Congratulatory Movement:
During formal debate {except when voting}, delegates will be permitted 30 seconds of orderly and
discreet movement. After a speaker has finished speaking and yielded the floor. The movement
shall be directed only to delegates who have immediately spoken.
The process shall be carried out by only one delegate from a delegation.
The process shall be as follows:
A delegate may (1) rise up, (2) head in front of the Dias, (3) bow to the President or director (as a
show of respect and protocol to the Dias), (4) make their way to the delegate who has just spoken,
(5) shake hands (congratulate), (7) walk back towards the Dias, (8) bow to the president or director
again, and (9) finally head to retake their seats.
RULES OF PROCEDURE
Short Form
Note: All procedural matters are subject to the discretion of the Director. The Director
may undertake any action that is not covered in the Rules of Procedure in order to
facilitate the flow of debate at the conference.

Second Interrupt
Motion Debatable Special Notes
Required Speaker
Raised when a delegate
Point of Personal experiences personal
No No Yes
Privilege discomfort (e.g. can’t
hear, too hot/cold)
Raised by a delegate to
address a procedural
Point of Order No No Yes matter. Doesn’t allow
delegate to speak on topic
of debate.
Raised when a delegate
has questions regarding
Point of Inquiry No No No
the proceedings, directed
to Director.
Directed to the Director
for the purpose of asking
Point of
No No No questions in relation to
Information
speeches and draft
resolutions.
Can be done after a
delegate speaks. Ca only
Yields No No No yield to questions,
another delegate or to the
Director
Must be submitted in
writing to the Director.
Requested when a
Right of Reply No No No delegate feels that
someone has made a
derogatory comment or
insult.
Withdrawal must be
Withdrawal of
No No No agreed upon by all
Draft Resolution
sponsors.
Appeal to the No No No Made when a delegate
Director’s feels that the Director has
Decision made an incorrect
decision. This motion is
 made to the Director in
writing.
Suspend debate A specific length of time
Yes No No
(Caucus) must be specified.
2 For Table topic and move to
Table Debate Yes No
2 Against next agenda item.
End debate and move into
Closure of Debate Yes 2 Against No
procedures.
End the meeting for the
day. Adjournment of the
Adjourn Meeting Yes No No
final meeting shall
adjourn the session.
2 For
***** Provisional Speakers List No
2 Against

Session open: 1/3 Substantive Decisions

Quorum
delegates present 50% + 1 delegates present
Motion for
Simple Majority
Voting Unmoderated
(50% + 1)
Caucus
Motion for
Simple Majority
Moderated
(50% + 1)
Caucus
Motion for
Closure: Simple Majority
Closure and
(50% + 1)
reopening of
Reopening: ⅔ Majority
Speakers’ List
Motion for
Closure of ⅔ Majority
Debate
Motion for
Adjournment of ⅔ Majority
the Session
Motion for
⅔ Majority
Appeal
Motion for the
Simple Majority
Introduction of a
(50% + 1)
Draft Resolution
Simple Majority
Draft Resolutions
(50% + 1) regardless of Abstentions, Ties fail.
Simple Majority
Amendments
(50% + 1) of those voting. Abstentions do not count.
Motion for Roll Simple Majority
Call Voting (50% + 1)
 Committee Session Process

Roll Call
The Director will announce each country’s name. After delegates hear their country call, they should answer “present”.

Debate

Speakers List (Formal Debate) Caucus

The Director will ask all of those delegates who
would like to make a speck and be on the speakers list
to raise their placards. The Director will then choose
the delegates to be placed on the speakers list. A
country can only appear on the speakers list once.
After delegates have spoken, they may add their
country to the speakers list again by sending a note to
the Director saying: “the delegations of [country
name] would like to be added to the speakers list.”
Speaking time is set through a motion from a
delegate. If no motions are made, the default time is
90 seconds. When the committee is in formal debate
all rules of procedure are enforced.
Moderated Caucus
A moderated caucus is a mixture of both formal and
informal debate. When a motion for a moderated
caucus is passed, the Director calls upon delegates as
they raise their placards to address the committee for a
specific amount of time.
Un-Moderated Caucus
An un-moderated caucus is a temporary recess. Rules
of procedure are suspended during caucusing. During
this time delegates can meet informally with each
other and the committee staff to discuss draft
resolutions and other issues.

Working Papers and Draft Resolutions

Delegates work together to create draft resolutions. In
addition, delegates may present amendments to these
documents, which are changes to the draft resolution.

Closure of Debate
Once a delegate feels that they have made their
End of List country’s position clear and that there are enough
Once the speakers’ list has been exhausted, the
draft resolutions on the floor, he of she may make a
committee will automatically move to immediate
motion to proceed into voting procedure by moving
voting procedures.
for the closure of debate.

Voting Procedures
Once a motion to close debate has been approved, the committee moves into voting procedures. Amendments are voted
upon first, then resolutions.
6. SEVEN-STEP STRATEGY FOR MODEL UN RESEARCH

Most delegates are unaware of is expected of them as they prepare for KMUN conference. In light
of this the secretariat has developed a seven step process on how to prepare for the conference.
The steps are self explanatory and easy to follow. All delegates are advised to use this procedure
in their preparation for the conference.

1. Familiarize yourself with the country that you are representing

The delegates are expected to know all the basic information about their country e.g.
country location, population, G.D.P., G.N.P., membership in regional bodies, capital city,
name of head of state, Head of government, system of government, name of currency,
Exchange rate to the dollar e.t.c. All these basic information should be known by the
Delegates representing the country.

2. Gather Background Information on the United Nations Organization

Successful participation at a Model UN session requires a baseline understanding of the

United Nations organization itself, including its structure and rules of procedures. Hence
participants are expected to be aware of the workings of the United Nations.

3. Gather Background Information on the Assigned Issues

At the same time that Model UN participants immerse themselves in the foreign policy
stance of their assigned country, they need to acquaint themselves with the international
issue areas--and the status of discussions at the UN in these areas--that are on the
agenda of their Model UN Session. For very current information about activities of the UN
organizations is available by searching the United Nations Press Release database.

4. Review Speeches at the UN by the Country's Representatives

Speeches and statements in discussions in meetings of the principal organs of the United
Nations (General Assembly, Economic and Social Council, Security Council, Trusteeship
Council)--and their subsidiary standing and ad hoc committees-- are key sources for
establishing the international policy position of UN member nations.

5. Review Policy Statements from the Country's Political Leadership

There are other useful sources for locating official statements of policy from foreign
countries. Perhaps most important are letters written by heads of state and foreign
ministers to the Secretary-General on issues of mutual interest.

6. Study the Texts of Resolutions Sponsored by the Country

Model UN participants are interested in resolutions and draft resolutions for several
reasons. First, these documents serve as examples for writing their own resolutions in
 terms of form. But MUN participants are also interested in the content of the resolutions
that their own country has participated in sponsoring.

7. Develop an Understanding of the Country's Voting Pattern

Delegations must be able to understand voting patterns of their countries. This is a critical
element of a successful simulation. Delegates are encouraged to be keener on the voting
patterns of their countries.

7. LETTER OF CREDENTIALS

Each Country (as per international accreditation rules) shall be accredited to the Kenya Model
United Nations through the KMUN Intergovernmental and Outreach Service. Each country shall be
required to submit a Letter of Credentials signed and approved by the relevant Head of State
and/or Government or the Minister of Foreign Affairs. The Letter of Credentials must be correctly
formatted and addressed to the intergovernmental Affairs and Outreach Service.
Failure to submit a letter of credentials shall by default mean that the said country will not be
registered by the protocol and liaison service and shall consecutively not be able to access a
KMUN delegate’s badge, delegates pack and directly participate. Member states of KMUN shall
only be permitted to participate in KMUN after the receipt of the letter of credentials and
authentication of their letters is done and registration completed. During the verification process of
the Letters of Credentials, affected delegates will be permitted access to the observer section
(public gallery).

The letter of credentials is a letter of appointment and is generally as follows;

 LETTER OF CREDENTIALS.

I have the honor to certify that the Representatives of The United States of America to the 8 th
KMUN Conference will be:
Head of Delegation:
Brian Khaita Makokha, Ambassador, Head of Delegation of the USA to the 8 th KMUN.

Member of Delegation:
Brian Sing’ora, Delegate, Delegation of the USA to the 8 th KMUN.
Premdeep Bahra, Delegate, Delegation of the USA to the 8 th KMUN.
The representatives are fully authorized to take part in the meetings; to transact all such matters as
may appertain to their work, and to vote with other Representatives in accordance with the agreed
procedures.
Please accept the assurances of my highest consideration
George W. Bush
President of the United States of America,
Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces

Signature:

Seal of the President of the United States of America

1st Person

Official letters (written in 1 st person) from a diplomatic official to a Minister of Foreign affairs or a
head of a mission (Ambassador) usually go as follows;
‘Your Excellency’ or sometimes just ‘Sir’ or ‘Excellency’ followed by
‘I have the honor ………………………………………………………………………………………...
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..’
And ends with the sentence
‘Accept, Excellency/Sir, the renewed assurances of my highest consideration’.

3rd Person

Official letters or drafted documents written in 3rd person e.g. Policy Statements usually go as
follows;
‘The _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Embassy/Delegation/Mission presents its compliments to the _ _ _ _ _
(President of the General assembly/Delegation from the _ _ _ _ _/to the mission for the UNEP) and
has the honour to inform him/her/them of _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
____________________________________________________
__________________________________________
The_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Embassy/Delegation/Mission avails itself of this opportunity of assuring the _ _
_ _ _ (President of the General assembly/Delegation from the _ _ _ _ _/to the mission for the
UNEP) of its highest consideration.

Hence official note paper should be as follows;

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

TO:
Your Excellency,
RE:

‘I have the honor ………………………………………………………………………………………...

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..’

Accept, Excellency/Sir, the renewed assurances of my highest consideration.