SOLUBILITY

Prepared by: GEORGE B GATDULA II

 SOLUBILITY
- The maximum amount of solute that can be
dissolved in a given solvent at a particular
temperature.
RULES ON SOLUBILITY
1. A substance is insoluble if less than or equal to 0.1g dissolves in 1L of
water at room temperature.
2. A substance is slightly soluble if greater than 0.1g but less than 10g
dissolves in 1L water at room temperature.
3. A substance is soluble if 10g or greater than 10g of the substance
dissolves in 1L of water at room temperature.
 “like dissolves like”

Two substances with similar intermolecular forces are likely to be

soluble in each other.
• non-polar molecules are soluble in non-polar solvents
CCl4 in C6H6
• polar molecules are soluble in polar solvents
C2H5OH in H2O
• ionic compounds are more soluble in polar solvents
NaCl in H2O or NH3 (l)
12.2
LIKE dissolves LIKE rule

SOLID POLAR NONPOLAR

SOLUTE SOLVENT SOLVENT
Polar Soluble Insoluble
Nonpolar Insoluble Soluble
ionic soluble Insoluble

solute Polar solvent Nonpolar

solvent
Polar Miscible Immiscible
nonpolar immiscible miscible
Polar solvents Nonpolar solvents
Water H2O Hexane C6H14
Methyl alcohol CH3OH Heptane C7H16
Ethyl alcohol C2H5OH Octane C8H18
Isopropyl alcohol C3H7OH Carbon tetrachloride CCl4
Acetic acid CH3COOH Chloroform CHCl3

NOTE: Generally all oxygen containing compound are

polar in nature except ethyl ether (C4H10O) which is a
NONPOLAR SOLVENT.
A saturated solution contains the maximum amount of a solute
that will dissolve in a given solvent at a specific temperature.

An unsaturated solution contains less solute than the solvent

has the capacity to dissolve at a specific temperature.

A supersaturated solution contains more solute than is present

in a saturated solution at a specific temperature.

Sodium acetate crystals rapidly form when a seed crystal is

added to a supersaturated solution of sodium acetate.

12.1
FACTORS
AFFECTING
SOLUBILITY.
 1. NATURE OF SOLUTE AND SOLVENT
(POLARITY)

2. TEMPERATURE. Solubility
increases as temperature rises.
(solid solutes)
For gases:
Gas dissolved in liquids decreases
gas solubility because gas
evaporates as temperature
increases
 Temperature and Solubility
Solid solubility and temperature

solubility decreases
solubility increases with
with
increasing temperature

12.4
 Temperature and Solubility
Gas solubility and temperature

solubility usually
decreases with
increasing temperature

12.4
3. PRESSURE
Increase in pressure increases solubility
of gases in liquids.
Note: solubility of solids
in liquids or liquids in
another liquids is not
greatly affected by
changes in pressure.
 SURFACE AREA (particle size)
“greater surface
area increases
solubility of solid
solutes in
liquids”.