Электронное пособие по практике устной и письменной речи

для студентов ФМЭО

Заяц О.И., Михлина И.Г., Яковчиц Т.Н., Яхьяева Н.А.

ENGLISH HUB

БГЭУ
2014
 CONTENTS

Unit 1. Judging by Appearance ………………………………………………………………………………..3

Unit 2. Stereotypes.……………………………………………………………………………………………..11
Unit 3. Identity……………………………………………………………………………………………….....23
Unit 4. Interpersonal Skills ……………………………………………………………………………………31
Unit 5. Are You Putting Your Life on the Line?……………………………………………………………..38
Unit 6. Modern Tourism……………………………………………………………………………………….44
Unit 7. Money Matters…………………………………………………………………………………………61
 UNIT 1
JUDGING BY APPEARANCE

Ex. 1a) Lead-in: Look at the pictures. How could you describe the people in them? How much can
appearance say about people? What is the most important thing about our appearances?

a)
b) c)

d) f)
e)
Ex. 1b) Read the sonnet. What made the author see the beauty of the woman he wrote the sonnet to?
What appeals to us in people?
She is not fair to outward view
She is not fair to outward view,
As many maidens be;
Her loveliness I never knew
Until she smiled on me.
Oh, then I saw her eye was bright,
A well of love, a spring of light.
But now her looks are coy and cold,
To mine they ne'er reply,
And yet I cease not to behold
The love-light in her eye:
Her very frowns are fairer far
Than smiles of other maidens are.
H. Coleridge
^ Ex. 1c) Discuss in pairs the following proverbs? Do you agree with them? Explain why. Share your
ideas with the group.
1. Beauty is only skin deep.
2. What you see is what you get.
3. Beauty comes as much from the minds as from the eye.
Ex. 2. What features do you find attractive in a partner or a friend? Complete the table below. Give them
marks from 1 (not at all important) to 10 (essential) Share what you wrote with your partner(s).
Feature 1 - 10 Why?
Looks
Body shape
Clothes
Intelligence
Money
Humour
Kindness

$ Ex. 3a) The words below are adjectives describing one's physical appearance and personality. Put them
in the correct circles. Some of the words can be used in reference to both the looks and the character.
Write such words in the common area of the two circles. Add 5 adjectives to each of the circles.
ambitious greedy plain
anxious hospitable plump
arrogant immense selfish
attractive insecure self-sufficient
bad-tempered intimidating sensible
broad-minded irresponsible shy and quiet
cautious messy skinny
confident middle-aged spontaneous
determined modest stubborn
diligent narrow talkative
efficient nervous tallish
faithful optimistic tolerant
freckled outgoing tubby
generous overweight tanned
gorgeous peaceful
Ex. 3b) Complete the sentences by translating the words in brackets. Use your active vocabulary.
1. I cannot believe that it is (благоразумно) to spend so much time on this useless business.
2. She is not (слишком надеется на лучшее) about the outcome of the talks.
3. She has a very (ограниченный) view of the world.
4. She's an extremely affable1, friendly, jovial and (общительный) type of person.
5. The government encourages people to become more (самодостаточный) and less dependent on welfare2.
6. He is very (неуверен) about his appearance.
7. I like John but I do not find him (привлекательный) physically.
8. She is not very (разговорчива) except on the subject of his plants.
9. Parents are naturally (озабочены) about their children.
10. There is still an (огромный) amount of work to be done.

? Ex. 3c) Write three sentences with the adjectives from ex. 3a about yourself so that two of them are true
and one is false. In pairs guess each other’s true and false sentences.

? Ex. 3d) Write a five-sentence description of one of your group mates using as many adjectives from ex.
3a as possible. Read your description to your group mates for them to guess who you describe.

? Ex. 4a) Spend one minute writing down all the different words you associate with the word ‘character’.
Share your words with your partner(s). What categories can you divide the words into?

Ex. 4b) Miming game. Use the word describing appearance and character to play the miming game (the
crocodile). Choose the best actor/mimer.

^ Ex. 5a) Discuss with your partner the following statements:

 Appearances are deceptive.
 A person’s character is reflected in their appearance.
Which of the statements do you support? Tell your group mates about your own experience.

Ex. 5b) For the appearance adjectives from column A find personality adjectives from column B that are
often associated with them.
Column A Column B
skinny pointed chin plump kind-hearted cowardly thrifty fragile
delicately built round-faced strong-willed brave generous cunning harsh
slim broad-shouldered lavish gentle capricious petty

& Ex. 5c) Read the text. Compare your associations with those from the text.
Character and Appearance
Appearances are deceptive. It is a common truth; practically everyone has met at least someone whose
character and appearance differ radically.
When one sees a tall, broad-shouldered youth, one expects him to be strong-willed and brave. One
thinks: 'A model to follow!' How often a good-looking individual turns out to be petty, weak-willed or even
cowardly. Then one thinks: 'A mediocrity!'
At the same time everyone knows that a lot of great people were of a poor build: short and fragile. It did
not stop them from displaying intelligence and courage. Ingenuity does not depend on one's complexion or
constitution.

1
Affable - friendly, good-natured, or easy to talk to.
2
Welfare - the health, happiness, and fortunes of a person or group.
5
 Plump or fat people create an impression of generous and kind personalities. Strangely enough, rarely
they may be thrifty or even greedy. One usually thinks: 'A scrooge!'
On the other hand, thin or slim nervous ladies often tend to be lavish. They like to buy and never think
twice when they pay. One thinks: 'I would call her open-handed and Mother would call her a spendthrift'.
Yes, mothers are always stricter in judgements.
Has it ever happened to you that you come to an important office and see an important boss? You
immediately evaluate his looks: 'Round-faced, small narrow eyes, dimples on the cheeks and an upturned
nose. What a kind-hearted person! A simpleton!' You tell the boss of your troubles and expect immediate
help. But the boss appears to be rude, harsh and wilful. You never get your help and think: 'A stone heart and
an iron fist'.
When someone sees a delicately built pretty blonde with curly hair, blue eyes, a straight nose and a high
forehead, one is inclined to think that the beauty is intelligent and nice. It may be disappointing to think later
'What a stupid, capricious, impolite bore!'
On the contrary, when one sees a skinny brunette with ugly irregular features — a hooked nose,
pointed chin, close-set eyes and thin lips, strange thoughts come to one's head; because it is the image of evil
people — cruel and cunning. It may be a relief some time later to find her a clever, gentle and good-
mannered lady and think: 'What charm! A heart of gold!'
Another general misconception lies in the fact that children are always expected to resemble their parents.
And parents like it when children take after them. Relatives like to compare moles, the shape of noses, etc.
The greatest compliment is: 'They are as like as two peas'. The greatest disappointment is to find nothing in
common. We want to deny people their exclusiveness, we don't want to admit that nature has selected other
options from an enormous genetic fund developed over generations. Why do we like our copies? Who knows!
Nature likes to play tricks on us. But don't you think it is a present on the part of nature? Life becomes not
a boring routine, but a brilliant kaleidoscope of characters and appearances which often clash.

$ Ex. 5d) Read the text again. Write down the nouns and noun phrases used to describe people. Think of
their Russian equivalents.

Ex. 5e) Make sure you know the meaning of the words in bold. Give at least one derivative to the nouns,
adjectives and verbs (e.g. differ – difference, to differentiate). What are their Russian equivalents?

Ex. 5f) Find synonyms from the text to the following words and give their Russian equivalents.
1. have a generous nature 8. waster, squanderer
2. fearless 9. opinion, look, estimate
3. beautiful, gorgeous 10. unpleasant
4. fortitude, grit 11. savage
5. resourcefulness, inventiveness 12. tweedledum and tweedledee
6. lavish, liberal, munificent 13. misleading
7. envious, miserly 14. stubborn, hard-headed

^ Ex. 5g) Summarize the text in 3 sentences. Share your summaries with your partner. Discuss how
appearances and character correlate. Present your idea(s) to the group.

— Ex. 6. Discuss the following questions/points.

1. Say a few words about your character. How do you think it is reflected in your appearance?
2. Do you take after your parents?
3. What do you pay attention to in someone’s appearance? Why?
 gestures
6
  smile
 neatness (how well-groomed a person is)
 posture (the way one carries oneself)
 teeth and breath
 hands and nails
 clothing
 colours and patterns
4. What do you think about inner and external beauty? Why do you think external beauty is still important?
5. Do you think external beauty might be more important for some particular professions? Why? And Which?
6. What is the connection between the appearance of a person and his/her inner world and character?
7. Try to explain to a person who does not know Russian the expression: clothes count for first impressions.
8. Do you think it is worth judging by appearances? Give your reasons. In groups make a list of cons and pros.

¯ Ex. 7a) What springs to your mind when you hear the word ‘red’? What associations do you have with
this colour?
Match the words from the two columns to make collocations. What do you think the story you are going
to listen to will be about?
wears conducted to rate the women experiments red programmed
effects of colour to take to make behaviour red a score no impact
human deep give genetically on human relationships smb on a date

Ex. 7b) Listen to the recording and match the synonyms from the columns below.
1. suggest a) rating
2. conduct b) impact
3. score c) give
4. provide d) thinking
5. data e) particular
6. fascinating f) argue
7. awareness g) opportunity
8. effects h) statistics
9. certain i) carry out
10. chance j) interesting

? Ex. 8a) Write a short article to a women’s magazine (newspaper) ‘Tips for Being Beautiful From the
Inside Out’. One tip is given for you. --- Keep your heart open. See others with magical eyes and let love
glow through you. Look beyond the masks people wear and see the beauty within them.
Ex. 8b) Write an article to a teenager magazine ‘Be aware appearances are deceptive’.
Ex. 8c) Write an essay ‘How to express your inner beauty’ (2-3 pages).
! Your writing task must consist of the introduction, main body and conclusion.

Self Check Questions

1. How much of your life is controlled by your personality? Inspired by your soul?
2. Do you have a personal development plan? Is it a good idea to have one?
3. Do you ever compare yourself with other people? Is that a good idea? Why/why not?
4. How can it hurt you to compare yourself with other people? How can it help you?
5. What can you do to help someone you know who's feeling bad about himself or herself?
6. Is it better to be physically attractive or intelligent? Why?
7. Do people nowadays spend too much time and money on beauty? Prove your point of view.
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8. What personality trait is the most important for inner beauty? Why?
9. What are some of the drawbacks/advantages of being beautiful? Why?
10. How many different adjectives can you think of to describe a beautiful woman or a handsome man?
11. In order of importance, how would you rank: happiness, money, love, health, fame? Give your reasons.
12. What’s a common misconception people have about you?
13. What are the top three qualities you look for in a friend? Give your reasons.
14. In one word, how would you describe your personality?
15. If you could be any character in fiction, whom would you be? Why?
16. If you could have dinner with anyone from history, who would it be and why?

Self Check Situations

1. You have been asked to recollect your first impressions of your first teacher/your language teacher at
university. Describe your teacher and speculate on what features of character should/shouldn’t a perfect
teacher possess and why.
2. Your daughter is thinking over undergoing cosmetic surgery to fix her nose. Try to persuade your daughter
that body confidence doesn't come just from the body you have, it's a state of mind as well.
3. You seem to have seen the criminal wanted by the police. Make a phone call to the police station and
describe the person you saw giving information about his/her general appearance, hair, face, height, build,
distinguishing features and clothing.
Vocabulary Bank
Ex. 1a) Match each adjective with its synonym or near-synonym.
1. half-witted a) gregarious
2. impolite b) curt
3. inward-looking c) down-to-earth
4. quarrelsome d) sly
5. sensible e) stubborn
6. obstinate f) dim
7. brusque g) bright
8. cunning h) introverted
9. smart i) reliable
10. trustworthy j) discourteous
11. sociable k) argumentative
Ex. 1b) Tell the difference between the following pairs of synonyms.

Ex. 2. Match the adjectives with the questions.

1. tolerant a) Are you really aware of other people’s feelings?
2. sociable b) Do you find it difficult to meet new people?
3. reliable c) Do you frequently make people laugh?
4. sensitive d) Does your mood change often and suddenly?
5. tactful e) When decisions have to be made, do you think first of yourself?
6. fussy f) Can your friends trust you and depend on you?
7. witty g) Do you generally like other people’s company?
8. selfish h) Are there many things you want to do in your professional life?
9. ambitious i) Can you usually understand other people’s point of view?
10. moody j) Do you worry and think too much about detail?
11. inquisitive k) Are you usually quite a happy, smiling person?
12. cheerful l) Are you interested in other people and their business?
13. shy m) Do you sometimes not tell the truth because you don’t want to hurt someone’s feelings?

Ex. 3. Fill in the correct word from the table in the spaces below.

8
bipolar aversion self-esteem withdrawal idle adaptation
spontaneous external diverged
1. Her strong ___ for lies made her quit her job, as she had been forced to lie to the customers on a regular
basis.
2. People with low __ try to avoid situations in which they are observed.
3. His mother keeps saying that __ people like him can never lead a respectable life.
4. Everything in nature belongs in a __ organization; kind people and cruel people, or animals that hunt and
animals that are hunted.
5. ___ is an indication of some psychological disorder, either severe or mild.
6. Teenagers have difficulty coping with ___ effects.
7. Creatures equipped with better ___ skills are likely to survive harsh conditions.
8. Ellie’s one of the most ___ , fun-loving people I know.
9. At the beginning of their marriage they had common interests, but especially in the past few years, their
hobbies and interests have considerably __ .

Ex. 4. How do you feel about the following things? Act out exchanges, as in the example.
Cooking/travelling to your university/writing letter/shopping/going to the cinema/exercising/driving/tidying up.
Frustrating relaxing dull enjoyable boring tiring stressful
Example:
A: I find cooking really enjoyable.
B: Really? I don’t. In fact, I find it quite stressful.

Ex. 5. Match the feeling to the physical sensations, then make sentences, as in the example.
Feelings Physical sensations
1. angry a) butterflies in the stomach
2. frightened b) heart pounding
3. excited c) sweaty palms
4. hungry d) rush of adrenaline
5. stressed e) stomach rumbling
6. nervous f) red face
Example: I was so angry – my face was red.

Ex. 6. Rearrange the following tendencies under the headings ‘introverts’ and ‘extroverts’.
Introverts Extroverts
are talkative
are outgoing
are shy
are quiet
like being alone
like going to parties
are bored when alone
feel stress with others
feel comfortable with others
say hello first
wait till somebody says hello
have many friends
enjoy working with others
enjoy working alone

9
feel energetic when talking to strangers
express themselves when angry
feel stress when talking to strangers
are silent when angry
start conversations with strangers

Ex. 7a) Explain in your own words.

1. A stingy person is ____________________________
2. A lazy person is ____________________________
3. A moody person is ____________________________
4. An honest person is ____________________________
5. An impatient person is ___________________________
6. An ambitious person is ___________________________
7. An arrogant person is ___________________________
8. A shy person is ____________________________
9. An easygoing person is ___________________________

Ex. 7b) Give the opposites.

1. Kind is the opposite of ______________________
2. Stingy is the opposite of ______________________
3. Shy is the opposite of ______________________
4. Honest is the opposite of ______________________
5. Rude is the opposite of ______________________
6. Lazy is the opposite of ______________________

Ex. 8. Many of the most common similes compare people to animals. Fill in the blanks with the animals
from the box most commonly used for that simile. It is not always obvious!
dog bee ox mouse lamb mule
bat snail eel lark bunny owl
1. I can’t talk right now. I’m as busy as a ________________.
2. I couldn’t grab it. It’s as slippery as an ________________.
3. Look at her go! She’s as quick as a ________________.
4. He can’t see a thing. He’s as blind as a ________________.
5. She’ll know the answer. She’s as wise as an ________________.
6. She’s in good spirits today. She’s as happy as a ________________.
7. This computer is terrible. It’s as slow as a ________________.
8. He’ll never change his mind. He’s as stubborn as a ______________.
9. Don’t worry about him. He’s as gentle as a ________________.
10. I can’t hear you. You are as quiet as a _____________.

Active Vocabulary
General vocabulary: Appearance: Character:
to add up complexion ambitious
to admire constitution arrogant
to alter posture brave / courageous
authentic candid
awareness close-set eyes capricious
to behave / behaviour narrow eyes cautious
chance straight / upturned nose cheerful
10
to clash pointed chin clever / smart
common truth high forehead composed / composure
to differ dimple confident / confidence
to display mole cowardly / coward
to effect cunning
to evaluate irregular features curious / inquiring / inquisitive
exclusiveness broad-shouldered easygoing
to find nothing / smth in common skinny generous / generosity
to flatter delicately built gentle
to forge / mould the character of a poor build genuine
generation fragile good-mannered
immense plump greedy / miserly / mean / stingy
to be inclined thrifty / economical
ingenuity deceptive impolite / discourteous
intelligence / intelligent gorgeous harsh
misconception pretty / beautiful / handsome kind-hearted
option round-faced lavish / open-handed
personality ugly obstinate / stubborn / persistent /
to play tricks on smb well-groomed perseverant
to provide peaceful
relief a blonde petty
to resemble / take after smb a brunette selfish / egoistical
to shine through sensible
strict in judgements sensitive
to turn out strong(weak)-willed
trustworthy / reliable
wilful

a bore
a mediocrity
a scrooge
a simpleton
a spendthrift

Expressions:
a heart of gold
an image of evil
an iron fist
a model to follow
a stone heart
as like as two peas

11
 UNIT 2

STEREOTYPES

Ex. 1. Lead-in: What springs to your mind when you hear the word ‘stereotype’? What are some typical
examples? Look at the picture and explain why people stereotype the countries in the following way.

¯ Ex. 2a) Listen to the recording and complete the script. Listen for the second time to check.

Aren’t stereotypes funny? Why is it we all have a _________ image of people from other countries. Not all
stereotypes though are to ______ with nationality. We have stereotypes on _____ – the typical accountant or
computer software designer. Stereotypes even cover race and ______. Actually, thinking about it, stereotypes
aren’t that _____. They make _____ of people. Even worse, they put people in a _______ light. When we see
cartoons of stereotypes, we laugh at them. This is not nice. It’s not good to ______ at a nationality. I think
stereotypes do _______ in the world. They don’t really ______ people together. I don’t _________ the
stereotype of people from my country. I don’t carry an umbrella and I don’t drink tea.

^ Ex. 2b) Use the words from the text to complete the following questions. In pairs ask and answer them.

1. What are the ________ _______ of people of your country / of your future profession?
2. Do you think you ______ these stereotypes?
3. Why do you think people tend to _______ ______ of others? Are stereotypes funny?
$ Ex. 3a) Can you name the countries by these stereotypes? Which of these stereotypes are positive,
which are negative?

Stereotypes Countries

1. Football, carnival, enthusiastic fans, logging, hot girls

2. Heavy metal, moose, weird language, IKEA

3. Lazy, hot women, unemployed, speak too fast, paella

4. Beer, drunks, rough, red hair, green clothing, leprechauns

5. Heavy drinkers, hats with wine corks, boxing kangaroos

6. Cool attitude, boring, lakes, saunas, Santa Claus, cold

7. Chocolate, beer, waffles, sprouts, fries, where on earth is that?

8. Cigars, dictators, beaches, feisty people

9. Ugly, tea, biscuits, conservative, stiff, bad kids

10. Boastful, fat, loud, fast food, opinion about everything

11. Little dark men, hot women, mafia, pasta

12. Leather pants, beer, discipline, efficiency, world domination

13. Drunk men, big women, gambling, vodka, organized crime

14. Frog eaters, cuisine, wine, cowards

Ex. 3b) Answer the following questions.

1. Why do people often have a similar reaction to a “type” of person?

2. How are these associations formed?
3. What is, in your opinion, the best way to challenge a stereotype?
4. What you have seen here are national stereotypes. Can you think of other kinds of stereotypes?
5. Have you ever met a person who was the perfect image of a stereotype you had in your mind? Share your
experience.

Ex. 4a) Match the definitions with the terms they define. Find their Russians equivalents.

sexual harassment, prejudgement, prejudiced, role, judgement , dominance, racism, bigotry,

discrimination, sexism, bullying, oppression, stereotype
1. the unjust treatment of different categories of people or things, esp. on the grounds of race, age, or sex
(e.g. sex ~, racial ~, age ~);
2. a judgement reached before the evidence is available – (e.g. sex ~, racial ~, age ~) ;
3. a conventional and oversimplified conception, opinion, or image – (e.g. to break old ~s, common ~,
national ~);
4. the characteristic and expected social behavior of an individual – (e.g. perform ~, play ~, traditional ~);
5. unjust or cruel exercise of authority or power – (e.g. suffer ~, ~ of women);
6. an opinion so pronounced, the ability to make considered decisions or come to sensible conclusions –
(e.g. court ~, make ~, ~ against, remarkable ~);
7. the systematic mistreatment of people of colour based on the belief in the inherent superiority of one
race and thereby the right to dominance. (e.g. be a victim of ~, overt ~);
8. systematic economic, sexual, educational, physical, and other oppression of women as a group; the
exploitation and social domination of members of one sex by another. (e.g. blatant ~);
9. systematic attitudes and actions of prejudice, superiority, and self-righteousness of one group (a non-
target group) in relation to another (a target group).(e.g. ~ over the other party, overwhelming ~);
10. stubborn and complete intolerance of any creed, belief, or opinion that differs from one's own;
11. persistent unwelcome behaviour, mostly using ungrounded or invalid criticism, nit-picking, fault-
finding, also exclusion, isolation, being singled out and treated differently, being shouted at, humiliated,
excessive monitoring, having verbal and written warnings imposed, and much more. (e.g. ~ at work);
12. (typically of a woman) in a workplace, or other professional or social situation, involving the making of
unwanted sexual advances or obscene remark (e.g. a victim of ~ , be subject to ~);
13. being biased or having a belief or attitude formed beforehand (e.g. deeply ~ , ~ against women, a ~
judge).

^ Ex. 4b) In pairs, say if you agree or disagree with the statements below. Add two more widely held
stereotypes.
1. The British are usually less friendly than the Americans.
2. The Italians dress better than any other nationality.
3. The rich are always meaner than the poor.
4. The elderly are best looked after in residential homes.
5. The unemployed should not receive state benefits.
6. Small towns are better places to live than big ones.
7. It’s better to buy expensive clothes if you can afford to, because they last longer.

& Ex. 5a) Read the article from an encyclopedia of psychology below. Give Russian equivalents to the
words and expressions in bold. Make a summary of the text, i.e. give the main idea (the message) of the
text, supporting it by facts from the text. Your summary should be concise.

Prejudice literally means prejudgement. It means deciding beforehand what a person will be like instead
of withholding judgement until it can be based on his or her individual qualities. To hold stereotypes about a
group of people is to be prejudiced about/against them. Prejudice is not necessarily negative – whites who are
prejudiced against blacks are often equally prejudiced in favour of whites, for example.
Stereotypes and Roles
Prejudice is strengthened and maintained by the existence of stereotypes and roles. A stereotype is an
oversimplified, hard-to-change way of seeing people who belong to some group or category. Black people,
scientists, women, Mexicans, and the rich, for example, have often been seen in certain rigid ways rather than
as individuals. A role is an oversimplified, hard-to-change way of acting. Stereotypes and roles can act together
in a way that makes them difficult to break down. For example, many whites once had a stereotype of blacks,
believing them to be irresponsible, superstitious, and unintelligent. Whites who believed this expected blacks
to act out a role that was consistent with a stereotype. Blacks were expected to be submissive and respectful
toward whites, who acted out the role of the superior parent. In the past, many blacks and whites accepted
these roles and looked at themselves and each other according to these stereotypes. In the past three decades,
however, many blacks and whites have worked to step out of these roles and drop these stereotypes, and to
some extent they have been successful.
Stereotypes are also preserved in the communications media, which have traditionally portrayed American
Indians as villains, Italians as greasy gangsters, Jews as misers, and teenagers as car-crazy rock fans. Many of
these stereotypes are changing now, but new ones have replaced them. For example, doctors on television are
usually heroes; housewives are charming idiots, and so on. A critical look at television programs and movies
reveals a great deal about what is widely believed in society.
Oppression
Group conflict often involves the oppression of one group by another. It is not hard to see how such
domination gives rise to feelings of hostility on the part of the oppressed group. In addition, the powerful
group stereotypes the oppressed group because it wants to justify its unfair actions and because it wants to stop
the oppressed group from fighting back.
This is called a master-slave relationship, for obvious reasons. The present relationship between blacks
and whites in America is a result of the fact that at one time blacks were literally the slaves and whites were
literally the masters. The oppression of blacks by whites has lessened only gradually. Psychologists are learning
that the master-slave relationship exists between other groups, too. For instance, the freedom of women has
been restricted by men.
Prejudice and discrimination
We can see, then, that there are many possible causes for prejudice. Psychologists have found that people
tend to be prejudiced against those less well-off than themselves – they seem to justify being on top by
assuming that anyone of lower status or income must be inferior. People who have suffered economic
setbacks also tend to be prejudiced – they blame others for their misfortune.
Prejudice also arises from "guilt by association." People who dislike cities and urban living, for example,
tend to distrust people associated with cities, such as Jews and blacks. Also, people tend to be prejudiced
toward those they see as similar to themselves and against those who seem different.
Whatever the original cause, prejudice seems to persist. One reason is that children who grow up in an
atmosphere of prejudice conform to it – at first because their parents do and later with the personal conviction
that it is the right way to be.
Prejudice, which is an attitude, should be distinguished from discrimination, the unequal treatment of
members of certain groups. It is possible for a prejudiced person not to discriminate. He or she may recognize
his or her prejudice and try not to act on it. Similarly, a person may discriminate not out of prejudice, but in
compliance with social pressures. Personal discrimination may take the form of refusing to rent to some people
or allowing only men to frequent a particular club or paying Native American substandard wages.

Ex. 5b) Answer the questions.

1. What are prejudices and stereotypes? What is the difference between them? In what way are they connected
with oppression and discrimination?
2. What prejudices do you hold? Are they similar to those of your friends, parents, neighbours?
3. Do you think prejudices should be broken down, dropped and eliminated? Why? What are the most
dangerous stereotypes/prejudices of the society?
4. What is the difference between discrimination, prejudices and stereotypes?
Ex. 5c) Fill in the following questionnaire on your own and later discuss it with your teacher and group
mates. You may use:

A= I agree;

B= I'm not sure;

C= I disagree.

1. National stereotypes are dangerous because they may provoke racial prejudice.
2. Stereotypes contain a certain amount of truth.
3. There is no such thing as national character and therefore the idea of national stereotypes is rubbish.
4. The reason stereotypes exist is because people are afraid of diversity, change, and what is unknown. They
prefer to stick to simple classifications, which maintain an old, familiar and established order.
5. Stereotypes are simply harmless sorts of jokes we tell about other nationalities or groups of people.

Ex. 5d) Divide into two teams. Find 1-2 synonyms to each of the following words: beforehand, hostility,
misfortune, induce, frequent, suffer, assume, persist, rigid, maintain. Use these words in the statements of
your own. Play the ping-pong game with the other team.

^ Ex 6. Work in small groups. Consider these definitions of a stereotype. Which of the definition do you
like most of all? Why? Give your definition.

1. A simplified and fixed image of all members of a culture or group (based on race, religion, ethnicity, age,
gender, national origins).

2. Generalizations about people that are based on limited, sometimes inaccurate, information (from such
sources as television, cartoons or comic books, minimal contact with one or more members of the group,
second-hand information).

3. Initial predictions about strangers based on incomplete information about their culture, race, religion, or
ethnicity.

4. A single statement or attitude about a group of people that does not recognize the complex, multidimensional
nature of human beings.

5. Broad categories about people that fail to differentiate among individuals, peoples, and societies.

6. Identification of easily observable characteristics of groups of people.

Ex. 7. Think of the following quotes. Find those which are synonymous. Can you find examples to
illustrate their ideas?

 “Prejudices are what fools use for reason.” – Voltaire

 “Many people think they are thinking when they are merely rearranging their prejudices.” – William James
 “Prejudice is a great time saver. You can form opinions without having to get the facts.” – E. B. White

 “Prejudice is the child of ignorance.” – William Hazlitt

 “Great spirits have always found violent opposition from mediocrities. The latter cannot understand it when
a man does not thoughtlessly submit to hereditary prejudices but honestly and courageously uses his
intelligence.” – Albert Einstein

 “Prejudices are the chains forged by ignorance to keep men apart.” – Countess of Blessington

 “Few people are capable of expressing with composure opinions which differ from the prejudices of their
social environment.” – Albert Einstein

 “Prejudices, it is well known, are most difficult to eradicate from the heart whose soil has never been
loosened or fertilized by education; they grow there, firm as weeds among stones. ” – Charlotte Bronte

 “Prejudice, not being founded on reason, cannot be removed by argument.” – Samuel Johnson

Ex. 8a) Read the text and make its summary in English.

Власть стереотипов
1.Стереотипы в восприятии выходцев из иной страны существовали всегда и продолжают
существовать. Во многих случаях они вредят взаимопониманию, а следование им приводит к
печальным последствиям.
Джек Нахбар и Кевин Лаузе, авторы исследования "Введение в Популярную Культуру", отмечают, что
стереотипы являются составной частью массовой культуры. Они могут формироваться на основе
возраста ("Молодежь слушает только рок-н-ролл"), пола ("все мужчины хотят от женщин только
одного"), расы ("японцы неотличимы друг от друга"), религии ("Ислам - религия террора"), профессии
("все адвокаты - жулики") и национальности ("все евреи - жадные"). Существуют также стереотипы
географические (например, "жизнь в небольших городах безопасней, чем в мегаполисах"), вещевые
(например, "германские машины - самые качественные") и пр. Стереотипы в большинстве случаев
носят нейтральный характер, однако при их переносе от конкретного человека на группу людей
(социальную, этническую, религиозную, расовую и пр.) часто приобретают негативный оттенок.
Именно на стереотипах основаны такие явления, как расизм, сексизм, исламофобия и пр.

2. Впервые термин "стереотип" использовал классик американской журналистики Уолтер Липпман,

который в 1922 году опубликовал книгу "Общественное Мнение". Этим словом он пытался описать
метод, с помощью которого общество пытается категоризировать людей. Как правило, общественное
мнение просто ставит "штамп" на основе некоторых характеристик. Липпман выделил четыре аспекта
стереотипов (впоследствии появилось много других градаций, которые, тем не менее, во многом
следовали идеям Липпмана). Во-первых, стереотипы всегда проще, чем реальность - сложнейшие
характеристики стереотипы "укладывают" в два-три предложения. Во-вторых, люди приобретают
стереотипы (от знакомых, средств массовой информации и пр.), а не формулируют их сами на основе
личного опыта. Примером этого может являться представление об идеальной женщине: она должна
быть блондинкой, с голубыми глазами, без лишнего веса, с высокой грудью и длинными ногами. Этому
идеалу в точности соответствует лишь кукла Барби. В-третьих, все стереотипы ложны, в большей или
меньшей степени. Всегда они приписывают конкретному человеку черты, которыми он обязан обладать
лишь из-за своей принадлежности к определенной группе. В-четвертых, стереотипы очень живучи.
Даже если люди убеждаются в том, что стереотип не соответствует действительности, они склонны не
отказаться от него, а утверждать, что исключение лишь подтверждает правило. Например, встреча с
высоким китайцем лишь убеждает жертву стереотипа в том, что все остальные китайцы - маленького
роста. Стереотип может измениться и быть перенесен на иную группу населения. К примеру,
американцы в начале 20 века называли евреев "длинноносыми". Однако впоследствии стало очевидным,
что далеко не все евреи обладают выдающимися украшениями на лицах. Ныне этот эпитет
периодически употребляют по отношению к арабам.

3. Сэра Хан, профессор Университета Сан-Франциско опубликовала статью в журнале Journal of Cross-
Cultural Psychology, в которой утверждает, что доверять стереотипам крайне опасно. Стереотипы имеют
познавательную и мотивационную функции. С познавательной точки зрения, стереотип представляет из
себя обоюдоострое оружие - он дает информацию в легкой и удобоваримой форме. Однако эта
информация весьма далека от реальности и способна дезориентировать человека. С мотивационной
точки зрения, стереотипы еще более ненадежны. Человек, основывающий свои решения на массовых
представлениях, а не на фактах, серьезно рискует. Вероятно, наиболее емко ложность стереотипов
сформулировал звезда баскетбола Чарльз Бакли, который заявил: "Вы понимаете, что мир не такой,
какой вы думали, когда узнаете, что лучший рэпер - белый (имеется в виду певец Эминем), лучший
игрок в гольф - чернокожий (Тайгер Вудс), самый высокий баскетболист - китаец (суперзвезда NBA Яо
Минь, ростом 2 м. 29 см.), а немцы не хотят воевать в Ираке".

4. Фред Джандт, профессор Университета штата Калифорния в Сан-Бернардино, автор книги "Введение
в Межкультурную Коммуникацию, отмечает, что в большинстве случаев стереотипы используют не для
добрых целей. Стереотипы часто являются оружием пропаганды расизма и ксенофобии. К примеру,
антисемитская пропаганда, основанная на стереотипах, активно велась в Германии в 1920-е-1930-е годы
- в  результате, немецкий народ достаточно индифферентно и даже одобрительно отнесся к
уничтожению 6 млн. евреев.
В США долгое время в средствах массовой информации превалировали негативные стереотипы по
отношению к чернокожим. Поэтому борьба афроамериканцев за свои гражданские права
сопровождалась и борьбой с привычными стереотипами: Мартин Лютер Кинг активно выступал против
предубеждений в отношении своей расы, сложившихся в американском обществе. Его тайный
оппонент, директор ФБР Эдгар Гувер, наоборот, пытался усилить негативные стереотипы в отношении
чернокожих.

5. Стереотипы имеют свойство видоизменяться в зависимости от меняющихся условий. Грегори

Тиллетт, автор исследования "Разрешая Конфликт. Практический подход", отмечает, что
предубеждение по отношению к мигрантам и иммигрантам, как правило, базируется на двух разных
стереотипах. В период экономического спада население воспринимает пришельцев как захватчиков,
отбирающих у местных жителей рабочие места. В период экономического подъема, местные жители
обращают внимание прежде всего на обычаи мигрантов, которые противоречат местным традициям. На
каком бы стереотипе не основывалась ненависть, она приводит к тому, что установить доверительные и
продуктивные отношения с ненавидимыми группами населения не представляется возможным.
Наиболее сложно бороться со стереотипами, бытующими в отношениях между двумя этническими
группами, имеющими давнюю историю конфликтов друг с другом.

6. Бенджамин Барбер, автор книги "Джихад Против МакМира", считает, что нынешняя волна
международного терроризма во многом вызвана стереотипами. Исламский мир воспринимает Запад как
мир материализма, потребительства, нарциссизма, безнравственности и пр. Естественно, что подобные
взгляды являются питательной средой для появления террористов.
Стереотипы существуют и в отношениях между народами, которые, в общем, достаточно хорошо знают
друг друга и имеют общее историческое прошлое. Например, подобные предубеждения вновь проявили
свою силу в ситуации, когда Франция не поддержала США в иракском вопросе. В средствах массовой
информации обеих стран немедленно появились публикации, в которых вспоминались старые
предубеждения относительно американцев и французов.

7. Паскаль Бодри, профессор в области делового администрирования и глава консалтинговой фирмы

WDHB Consulting Group, долгое время живущий в США, опубликовал книгу "Французы и Американцы.
Другой Берег", в которой привел перечень качеств, которыми, по мнению французов, обладает
типичный житель США. Американец - дружелюбный и общительный, шумный, грубый,
интеллектуально недоразвитый, трудолюбивый, экстравагантный, самоуверенный, полный
предубеждений, недооценивающий достижения иных культур, богатый, щедрый, неразборчивый и
вечно куда-то спешащий.
В свою очередь, Хэрриет Рошфор, американка, живущая во Франции, в книге "Французский Тост"
привела перечень типичных представлений американцев о французах. Французы пользуются
репутацией лентяев, не говорящих по-английски по идеологическим соображениям. Они самодовольны,
невежливы и непредупредительны, тем не менее, весьма предупредительны к дамам и артистичны. С
ними очень трудно сблизиться. Французы живут в бюрократическом социалистическом государстве и
полностью зависят от чиновников. Они не умеют воевать и американцам дважды приходилось спасать
Францию в 20 веке. Кроме того, французы нечистоплотны, едят улиток и лягушек.

Ex. 8b) Give the English equivalents to the following words and phrases.

1. взаимопонимание
2. на основе
3. обладать чем-либо
4. подтверждать правило
5. оружие пропаганды
6. выступать против
7. тайный оппонент
8. a) чужаки; b) пришельцы
9. приводить к чем-либо
10. описать (метод)
11. убедиться в чем-либо
12. соответствовать (действительности)
13. мир потребительства
14. безнравственность
15. самодовольный
? Ex. 9 Write an essay (up to 2 pages) on one of the following topics.
 How prejudices and stereotypes influence our relationships with other people.
 Should we eliminate stereotypes and how can we do it?

Self Check Questions

1. Give a definition of stereotypes. Include in your definition their most important characteristics. How do you
differentiate between a stereotype and an opinion of something or somebody?
2. Why do you think people stereotype?
3. Differentiate between prejudice, stereotypes and discrimination. Do you observe most often in your life?
4. How can prejudice and stereotypes be damaging?
5. Give examples of stereotypes and explain how they appeared, why they still exist. Say if they are being
strengthened or reduced. Explain how.
6. How is your country stereotyped? Is it a positive or a negative image?
7. Do you tend to stereotype people? Does it help you in some way? Are stereotypes usually proved?
8. How can being stereotyped hurt your job opportunities?
9. Are stereotypes always offensive? Can they be funny, realistic?
10. What are some forms of discrimination? What impact do they have? (Analyze a real life example).
11. What should be done to stop discrimination by the government?
12. How do people fight discrimination?
13. What do you know and what do think about the following groups of people: Punks / Goths / Emos /Skaters/
Skinheads / Furries / Nerds?
14. How do you feel when you hear people say that all young people are irresponsible, uncaring, unintelligent,
and/or lazy?
15. Choose the right answer to the question “What is discrimination?”: a) biased thoughts against an individual
or group b) biased actions against an individual or group c) belief that a race different from yours is inferior
d) another word for stereotyping. Explain your choice.
16. Which of the following is the best explanation of racism as a social fact?
a) It needs to be eradicated by laws.
b) It is like a magic pill.
c) It does not need the actions of individuals to continue.
d) None of the above. Explain your choice.
17. From what age can people hold a stereotype? Why?
18. Do you think information technology has reduced or increased racial stereotyping? Give your reasons.

Self Check Situations

1. Explain to a nine-year-old child what discrimination is. Use examples and show how discrimination is
manifested and developed.
2. Imagine that you are a teacher and there is a person in your class who is bullied by his/her class mates on
the grounds of nationality. How would you persuade the children to change their attitude?
3. Dissuade a foreigner from the widely held stereotypes about your country.

Vocabulary Bank
Ex. 1. Fill the sentences with the appropriate noun from the box below.
bias bigotry conviction creed evidence
exclusion isolation setback spirit villain

1. "______ tries to keep truth safe in its hand with a grip that kills it." – Rabindranath Tagore
2. Economic _________ are often accompanied by public unrest.
20
3. People of all colours and __________s are welcome here.
4. Employers must consider all candidates impartially and without ______.
5. There is no _________ for these claims. They cannot be proved.
6. Many unemployed people experience feelings of ________ and depression.
7. Parenting is presented as frightening and difficult; staying at home is treated as a symbol of social
_________.
8. She was motivated by deep religious _________.
9. There must be a law forbidding Mass Media to portray some groups of people as ______.
10. They took away his freedom and broke his ________.

Ex. 2. Paraphrase the sentences using the derivatives of the words in bold.
1. Some institutions still have a strong bias against women.
2. The newspapers have biased people against her.
3. Their peers do not comply with their stereotyped expectations.

Ex. 3a) Match the words from the two groups to make collocations
1. acknowledge a) forces
2. intensified b) opinions
3. to put c) information
4. to challenge d) conscience
5. to justify e) stereotypes
6. to express f) the violence
7. to withhold g) mistake
8. second-hand h) oppression
9. to encounter i) the blame
10. guilty j) judgement

Ex. 3b) Complete the sentences with the collocations you have made.
1. Among the _________ that we _________ and that make us conform to the established opinions and
practices, those of our parents and friends are the strongest.
2. His bigoted statements _________ ___ _________ in the streets.
3. I had a _________ _________ and could not sleep.
4. I never rely on the _________ _________and tend to find out everything myself.
5. I prefer __ _________ _________ until I get to know the situation.
6. Not many people can _________ their _________openly.
7. Only after one _________ their _________ can they correct it.
8. She stole the money but she's trying __ ______ ____ ______on me.
9. Stereotyping and, consequently, scapegoating can easily be used __ ______ the ________ of
minorities.
10. The best way __ ________ _________ and prejudices is to travel and to have first-hand experiences.

Ex. 4. Match the words with their synonyms and opposites.

Word Synonym Opposite
1. beforehand a) aggression, intimidation a) cowardly
2. bullying b) aggressive, unfriendly b) friendliness
3. courageous c) blameworthy c) friendly
4. guilty d) brave d) innocent
5. hostile e) illiteracy e) knowledge
6. ignorance f) in advance, ahead f) post factum
7. inferior g) lesser g) superior
21
8. to assume h) to create h) to destroy
9. to forge i) to disclose i) to have no idea of
10. to increase j) to intensify j) to hide, to conceal
11. to reveal k) to suppose k) to reduce

Ex. 5. Complete the sentences using derivatives of the words in the right-hand column.
1 The parents of that era pass their __________ views on. bigotry
2 I hope people will be _________ enough to speak out against this injustice. courage
3 She suffered the __________ of being criticized in public. humiliate
4 "__________ is the religion of feeble minds." Edmund Burke superstitious
5 She was openly _______ towards everyone who opposed her point of view. hostility
6 He changed his name to Lee in 1815 in _________ with his uncle's will. comply
7 It's no use trying to shift the _______ onto other people. blame
8 A _____ is a person who uses their strength or power to frighten or hurt weaker people, bullying
for instance, the school _____
9 Few people know about the real life of the ______ minorities. oppression
10 Don’t take close to your heart his comments – he is such a ______ man and will never bigotry
listen to the opinions different from his own.
11 "_______, the stem and root of all evil." Plato ignorant
12 It was such an ugly outbreak of _______. race

Ex. 6. Complete the sentences with the appropriate prepositions and mark them as true or false. Explain
your choice.
1. I have never been prejudiced ____ or ____ anyone – I maintained unbiased views.
2. If you scapegoat a person or a group of people, you blame them ____ the trouble and problems you have in
your life.
3. Stereotypes should be distinguished ____ prejudices.
4. A double standard is the application of different sets of principles for similar situations, in other words, it is
being not consistent ____ applying the rules.
5. If something or somebody complies ____ your rigid image of them, it strengthens your stereotypes.
6. Only weak personalities and mediocrities laughed ___ the deficiencies of others.
7. Sharing working or living space is likely to bring people _____.
8. Only if you dislike someone, you will try to find fault ____ them.

Ex. 7. Use prefixes to make derivatives of the following words. Which of the derivatives are the opposites
of the initial words? Explain their meaning to your partners. Use sentences of your own to illustrate their
meanings.
accurate consistent equal fair tolerance treatment leading literate
fortune judgement place just welcome
simplified

Ex. 8. Give all the synonyms and synonymous expressions that you can find in the unit to the following
words: prejudice, to preserve (a stereotype), to destroy (a stereotype).

Active Vocabulary
to account for smth beforehand / in advance
accurate / inaccurate bias / biased / unbiased
to acknowledge / acknowledgement bigotry / bigoted
to ascribe smth to smb / attribute to blame smb for smth
to assume / assumption challenge
22
in compliance with / to comply with obscene / indecent
to conform to smth oppression / oppressive / oppressed
consistent with smth oversimplified
conventional / unconventional to persist / persistence
to discriminate against / in favour of / to prejudge / prejudgement
discrimination prejudice / be / feel prejudiced against / about / in
to distinguish smth from smth favour of smb
diversity / diverse to provoke racial prejudice
to drop / eliminate / break down stereotypes race / racism
ethnicity / ethnic to replace
fault-finding / to find fault with smb to restrict / restriction
to fit a stereotype to reveal
first-hand / second-hand information scapegoat / scapegoating
to give rise to smth sexism
hatred / to hate to stereotype on smth / stereotype
to hold / maintain / preserve stereotypes to stick to smth
hostility / hostile to strengthen
to induce to submit / submissive
inferior / superior / inferiority/ superiority to suffer economic setbacks
initial superstition
intolerance / intolerant to tend to do smth
judgement / judgemental villain
to justify / justification to withhold judgement
misfortune to some extend
misleading for obvious reasons
to object to smth / objection to smth

23
 UNIT 3
IDENTITY
Ex. 1a) Lead-in: Look at the photographs below and say what the documents below say about their
bearers. What do we call these documents?
^ Ex. 1b) Work with a partner and discuss the following questions.
1. What documents do you usually use to identify yourself?
2. Do you always carry ID? Is this required by law in your country?
3. When are you usually asked to show your ID?
4. What information does you ID give about you?
5. Do you have any ID on you at the moment?
6. Do you like the photo? When was it taken?

Ex. 2. Identity Map. How do you identify yourself? Fill in the map with ten words, phrases, symbols or
pictures that describe you. It is very important not to think much about this, just put down what come
into your mind first. Rank these ideas, number one being the most important and number ten being the
least important. Share and compare your identity maps in the group.

Which parts of your identity map make you unique, different from others?
Which parts of the identity map show your belonging to some group of people?

& Ex. 3a) This text will help you to get a better idea what personal identity is and how it correlates with
self-esteem. Look through the words in bold in the text and predict its ideas. Read the text to see whether
you were right.
Personal Identity

25
 Your personal identity is the way that you see yourself and how others see and define you. It is very
important to you because it is closely related to your self-image and affects the way you feel about yourself.
The basis for our identity begins with our family of origin and any family history that is known to us. Personal
identity is also formed through the communication and the influence of the educational system and the mass
media. It is very important as it is only through establishing your own identity and learning about the identities
of other individuals that we come to know what makes us similar to some people and different from others. It
affects the friends you have, who you will marry or live with, the groups to which you relate and belong, as
well as the way you behave in challenging situations. In other words, identity ‘fits’ you into the society in
which you live. Nevertheless, we are not free to adopt any identity we like, and it is also influenced by such
factors as our social class, ethnic group, and sex.
Mostly we identify with outward expressions of ourselves – our career, our family, our looks, our clothes,
our home and possessions, our class, our education – all of these things reveal some aspects of our identity to a
certain extent. Our personal identity includes: Who are you? What makes you unique? What are your values?
Your physical identity (what you think you look like to others) also known as body-image. Your internal
identity (who you think you are in terms of your personality and character, values etc.). How you see yourself
in relation to others. How you identify yourself in terms of your job. Your personal goals.
The most important thing to realize about your personal identity is that it can be close to how other people
see you in which case you will be in harmony with the world and others around you or it can be very different
from how others see you and so you may feel you are misunderstood and you feel life is battle to make others
appreciate who you are.
One of the biggest problems people have with their personal identity is that they may not accept or may be
blind to who they are and what they believe. Most of us today suffer from this to a certain extent because
society seems to want us to behave and live in ways which may not be exactly what we want. Unfortunately, we
lose ourselves in the sheer energy of living - in activity, in people, in beliefs, in shoulds and oughts and
expectations. Ignoring who you are is a recipe for pain and misery.
Understanding your personal identity means to be clear about who you are and what you believe and it is a
first step towards self-acceptance and higher self-esteem that will change your life positively. Lack of self-
acceptance creates a number of problems in your life that affect you personally and how others treat you. If
you manage to develop self-acceptance your life will be free of self-criticism and you can begin to face the
challenges in your life and succeed. Everyone holds opinions about the type of person that they are. These
opinions are at the heart of self-esteem and they affect how you feel about and value yourself. Self-esteem is
not static and fixed; your beliefs about yourself can change throughout your life as a result of circumstances
and experience. The impact of low esteem on your day-to-day life can be dramatic, as it affects your
personal relations, social life, work, behaviour and so on.
You should make your own decisions in order to live as you want to, not as others want or how you feel
you should. You should remember that nobody on this planet is or was ever exactly like you. If you want to feel
good about yourself then you need to understand what your values are and start living them out. Your internal
identity, your personality and character, make you unique and you should value them. Follow your personal
identity and let it guide you to a better place.
It should be pointed out that our identity changes often over the years. The sense of identity appears early
on in life as the infant begins to differentiate themselves from their mother. Later on we identify with our
career orientation, then we go into relationships, maybe parenthood, then on through those busy years towards
midlife and then the empty nest, forward to our senior years.

Ex. 3b) Match the words from the left column with their equivalents from the text in the right one.
1. distinct a) senior years
2. to think of b) dramatic

26
 3. an emotional letdown c) midlife
4. to have regard for d) challenging situation
5. everyday life e) similar to
6. elderly years f) communication
7. considerable g) to value
8. resembling h) to hold opinions
9. interaction i) fixed
10. middle age j) unique
11. inflexible k) empty nest
12.difficult circumstances l) day-to-day life

Ex. 3c) Answer the following questions using the words and word combinations in bold from the text
above.
1. What makes up one’s personal identity?
2. How is personal identity built?
3. In what way does personal identity make you different from others?
4. Are there any limits for picking up any identity you like?
5. What does it mean to live in harmony with the world?
6. Could you agree that the key to happiness is appreciating yourself?
7. What can prevent you from living out your values?
8. What does it mean to feel good about yourself?
9. Is personal identity static or dynamic?

^ Ex. 4. Discuss with your patner: what is the irony of this cartoon?

‘Look, don’t identify me by the size and shape of my body, my social

class, my job, my gender, my ethnicity, my sexuality, my nationality,
my age, my religion, my education, my friends, my lifestyle, how much
money I earn, the clothes I wear, the books I read, where I go shopping,
the way I decorate my house, the television programmes and movies I
watch, my leisure and sports activities, the car I drive, the music I listen
to, the drinks I like, the food I eat, the clubs I go to, where I go on
holiday, the way I speak or my accent, the things I say, the things I do,
or what I believe in. I’m just me. OK?’

$ Ex. 5. Here below you will find definitions of some basic forms of identity. Match them with the correct
term from the box. Compare with your partner’s results. Find Russian equivalents to the words and
expressions in bold. How do you understand the meaning of the underlined words and expressions?
national identity on-line identity self identity religious identity
gender identity family identity cultural identity

1. Refers to a sense of where we came from, our values, our sense of humour, our history and sense
of belonging to something comfortable, unique and bigger than ourselves; it is transferred to us by
other, usually older, family members, and is important to us as we carve out our place in the big
world.
2. Refers to as a personal conception of oneself as male or female (or rarely, both or neither); it is

27
 self-identified, as a result of a combination of inherent and extrinsic or environmental factors.
3. Refers to a shared culture, a sort of collective 'one true self', hiding inside the many other, more
superficial or artificially imposed 'selves', which people with a shared history and ancestry hold in
common; it reflects common historical experiences and shared cultural codes.
4. Refers to the global understanding a person has of themselves; it is composed of relatively
permanent self-assessments, such as personality attributes, knowledge of one's skills and abilities,
one's occupation and hobbies, and awareness of one's physical attributes (body image), and it is not
restricted to the present: it includes past selves and future selves or "possible selves" that represent
individuals' hopes, fears, standards, goals, and threats.
5. Refers to a social identity that an Internet user establishes in online communities and websites by
means of pseudonyms, which reveal varying amounts of personally identifiable information; users
can represent themselves visually by choosing an avatar, an icon-sized graphic image.
6. Refers to a sense of group membership to a religion and the importance of this group membership
regardless of religious activity or participation; it generally provides a perspective from which to
view the world, opportunities to socialize with a spectrum of individuals from different generations,
and a set of basic principles to live out.
7. Refers to a sense of belonging to one state or to one nation, a feeling one shares with a group of
people, regardless of one's citizenship status; is not inborn trait as various studies have shown that
it is a direct result of the presence of elements from the "common points" in people's daily lives:
national symbols, language, national colours, the nation's history, national consciousness, blood ties,
culture, music, cuisine, radio, television, etc.

Describe your identity in terms of these forms.

¯Ex. 6. Correct mistakes in the statements in the third column (cross out all unnecessary words). Listen
to the young people describing their ideas about identity and complete the table. Check your corrections.
Name Country Cross out all unnecessary words Form of the identity
(consult ex. 5)
Yessica The only thing I’m sure of is who I am, and nobody can
criticize me or change my the way of thinking.
Bosnia My parents have same different religions and I just feel
proud to be Bosnian!
Ayesha There’s England, there’s a Great Britain (that’s England,
Scotland and Wales), and then there’s the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. It’s so
confusing!
Austria When I’m older I want to move to America – that is
already part of my identity.
Sakiko I think suppose art is one of the best ways to express
myself.

$ ^ Ex. 7. Complete the questions with the phrases from the box. Discuss them in pairs.
personal identity mistaken identity ‘identity theft’ true identity identity card
corporate identity cultural identity national identity discover one’s identity
1. What does ______ mean for a company? Who should have it?
2. What helps to preserve your ______ when you go to live in a foreign country? Do you think it is
necessary?
3. How does the way other people see us affect our _______?
4. Why do you think some people hide their ______? What helps ________?
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5. Can leaving in a global village help to maintain __________?
6. What information do you think must be given on an ________?
7. Recollect any films or stories that make use of ________ cases? (cases when people were taken for
somebody else)
8. Why do you think such crime as __________ is so common in the 21st century?

Self Check Questions

1. Where is your home town? Were you born there? If yes, were your parents born there too?
2. When someone asks you where you come from what do you say? If that person was a foreigner and
obviously didn’t know your country very well, would you answer be the same?
3. Which is the most important to you in defining who you are: your town, your country, your language,
your job or something else? Why?
4. What can you say about your national identity?
5. Does your name reflect anything about your social identities such as your gender, race/ethnicity, sexual
orientation, socioeconomic class, or religion?
6. How are your personal identities connected to your social identities?
7. What parts is identity composed of?
8. Is there a core to your self-identity independent of how others define you?
9. How well do you really know yourself?
10. What springs to mind when you hear the term ‘identity theft’?
11. Do you think fingerprints or retina scans are better than ID cards?
12. In one word, how would you describe your personality?
13. In the news story of your life, what would the headline say?
14. Do you choose your identity or is it chosen for you?

Self Check Situations

1. Design a new ID for space tourists. What information would you include and why?
2. Imagine that at the job interview in a foreign based company you are asked to identify yourself. Give the
most important information for the interviewer to get the understanding of who you are. Would your answer
be the same if you were interviewed in your home country?

Vocabulary Bank
Ex. 1. Complete the sentences by translating the words in the brackets. Use your active vocabulary.
1. The term (самоприятие; адекватная самооценка) seems not to be well explained and well
understood.
2. Happy people are (отличаются от) everyone else.
3. When you (столкнуться с трудностями) you should remember that you must head on and start
working to feel better.
4. Your (чувство юмора) is one of the most powerful tools you have to make certain that your daily mood
and emotional state support good health.
5. Our only child just moved into her first apartment, so we have an (пустое гнездо).
6. (Относись к) people the way you want (относились к тебе).

Ex. 2. Choose the right word. Use an English-English or a collocations dictionary.

1. Police believe that the shooting was a case of (mistaken, shared, inherited, forged) identity.
2. He had a strong (concept, sense, feeling, consideration) of personal identity.
3. Many people moving abroad feel it is important to (construct, disclose, verify, retain) their own cultural
identity.
29
4. In her striving for becoming better she felt she had (forged, developed, lost, carved out) some of her
identity.
5. They have tried to (assert, preserve, underlie, impose) their own regional identity.
6. I am moving house and I am worried about the next occupants using my mail for identity (check, theft,
verification, stealing).
7. If a caller asks to come in, request to see their identity (passport, paper, card, file).
8. Scotland has a (national, identifiable, typical, distinct) identity.

Ex. 3. Complete the text using the word from the box. You need to use one word twice.
get make put look bring fall grow
Personality
Some of us seem to be infinitely kind, while others seem to (1) __ down on everyone around them. Some of us
never forget an argument, while others (2) __ up and forgive easily. As we (3) __ up, our personality develops
and we find that we (4) __ on with certain people more than others. Who we are seems to have a large genetic
element, bus is also influenced by those who (5) __ us up. If we (6) __ up to our parents or other family
members, we may want to be like them. On the other hand, if our parents seem to (7) __ us down all the time
and we (8) __ out with them a lot, then perhaps we will develop quite different personalities.

Ex. 4. Complete the text by inserting suitable prepositions. Think of a headline to the text.
Hiding one's true social identity, race and ethnicity, gender, age, religion, sexual orientation or a disability
… work can result … decreased job satisfaction and increased turnover, a new study has suggested.
The study, … Rice University, the University …Houston and George Mason University, examined the
behaviour … 211 working adults … an online survey and measured factors such as identity, perceived
discrimination, job satisfaction and turnover intentions.
"The workplace is becoming a much more diverse place, but there are still some individuals who have
difficulty embracing what makes them different, especially while …the job," Michelle Hebl, co-author of the
study, said.
"Previous research suggests that employees who perceive discrimination or are afraid … receiving
discrimination are more likely to fall … this category of individuals who feel the need …suppress or conceal
their identity," Hebl said.
The study also showed that suppressing one's true identity might result … exposure to co-workers'
discriminatory behaviour, as people are less likely to care … appearing prejudiced when they are not … the
presence of an "out" group member.
"This research highlights the fact that people make decisions every day about whether it is safe to be
themselves … work, and that there are real consequences of these decisions," Rice alumna Eden King, study
co-author, said.
… the contrary, the research finds that expression of one's true identity in a workplace can have positive
impact … their interpersonal relationships.
"When individuals embrace their social identity… the workplace, other co-workers might be more sensitive
to their behaviour and treatment of individuals like them," Juan Madera, lead author … the study, said.
"And quite often, what's good for the worker is good … the workplace. The employees feel accepted and
have better experiences… co-workers, which creates a positive working environment that may lead …
decreased turnover and greater profits," Madera said.
The authors hope their research will encourage the general public to be accepting of people … diverse
backgrounds and become allies … them and encourage employers to implement policies that foster a positive
organizational culture.
The study has been published … the Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology journal.

30
 Active Vocabulary
General vocabulary: personality / physical attributes
ability perspective
to adopt an identity to point out
to affect pseudonym
ancestry recipe for smth
to appreciate / appreciation regardless of smth
artificially imposed to represent
to be aware of smth / awareness of smth sense of belonging
be in harmony with the world sense of humour
blood ties senior years
body image shared culture
by means of smth similar to smb / smth
challenging skill(s)
circumstances to suffer from smth
citizenship status superficial
(to be) composed of smth to socialize with smb
cuisine to treat / treatment
daily / day-to-day life unique / uniqueness
to define to value / value(s)
to differentiate from smb / different from smb to view / view(s)
dignity
dramatic
Identity phrases:
empty nest
corporate identity
environmental factors
cultural identity
ethnic group
to discover one’s identity
extrinsic
false identity
to face the challenge
family identity
to feel good about onerself
gender identity
to form through one’s life
identity cards
global understanding
identity theft
to guide
mistaken identity
to hold an opinion
national identity
to identify with smb
on-line identity
impact on smb
personal identity
inborn trait
religious identity
inherent
self identity
in terms of smth
sexual identity
lack of smth
true identity
to live out one’s principles / dreams / ideas
to manage
Self phrases:
midlife
self-acceptance
misery
self-assessment
to misunderstand / misunderstanding
self-criticism
national consciousness
self-esteem
personal relations

UNIT 4
INTERPERSONAL SKILLS

Ex. 1. Lead-in: 1. What is the most important in human relations? Discuss in groups.

31
 2. What do you think of the following saying: "When you GIVE more than you TAKE,
you'll always RECEIVE more than you GIVE."

& Ex. 2a) Read the text. Answer the questions below using the words in bold. Give Russian equivalents to
these words / expressions.
What are interpersonal skills? They are characteristic traits that a person uses to interact with other
people. They include body language such as behavior and posture and a knack for listening and
understanding. Communicating with a constructive and respectful tone of voice is an interpersonal skill critical
to making a favourable impression.
What are interpersonal skills? They are the means of how we interact and respond with others throughout
our day, using what some refer to as communication or people skills. Mastering the use of interpersonal skills
can influence both professional and personal lives for some people.
Accomplished users of interpersonal skills, use them to achieve certain effects or results in formal and
informal social circumstances. For business environments these skills may increase productivity with an
encouraging approach of communications, which should be clearly administered with specific objectives. In
personal settings where emotions are generally involved, the tone used can manage and control the sensitivity
that is usually involved with feelings. Interpersonal skills are also sometimes referred to as soft skills or people
skills.

1. How can interpersonal skills be defined? What do they include?

2. Why are interpersonal skills important?
3. Why do you think one of the names for these skills is ‘soft skills’?

Ex. 2b) Decide on 3-5 examples of interpersonal skills you think are the most important in people’s lives
and that you would like to acquire.
For instance: I believe that for successful human interaction it is essential to be able to ……………. .

Ex. 2c) Which of your ideas are mentioned below? Range the skills according to their importance. Is
there anything you would add to this list or delete from it?
Interpersonal skills are particular types of communication skills and include (five only required):
1. Building a rapport or a sense of ‘being in tune with’ another person, which draws them into a
relationship.
2. Building trust and respect, so that the relationship is maintained and co-operation facilitated.
3. Managing conflict in such a way that the relationship is preserved.
4. Persuading or influencing another person to do what you want them to do or to share your beliefs.
5. Negotiating or bargaining in order to reach mutually acceptable or compromise solutions to problems.
6. Communicating assertively, so that you uphold your rights and get your needs met – without violating the
rights or ignoring the needs of others.
7. Communicating informally, so that you give (and receive) relevant and timely information.
8. Communicating supportively, so that you encourage the other person and gain their commitment.

 Ex. 2d) Write down the verbs that collocate with the word ‘relation(s)’. Use them to describe the way
you build your relations with others. Share your ideas with your partner.

Ex. 2e) Match the definitions to the words in bold from ex. 2a, 2c.
1. during the whole period of time of smth;
2. to discuss prices, conditions, etc. with smb in order to reach an agreement that is acceptable;
3. a tendency to be easily offended or upset by smth;
32
 4. very good at a particular thing; having a lot of skills;
5. expressing opinions or desires strongly and with confidence, so that people take notice;
6. a special skill or ability that you have naturally or can learn;
7. happening at exactly the right time;
8. the ability to understand other people’s feelings;
9. a friendly relationship in which people understand each other very well;
10. giving a lot of time or attention to smb/smth.

Ex. 2f) Match the words from the two columns to make collocations. Translate them into Russian.
1.body a) acceptable
2.compromise b) approach
3.encouraging c) impression
4.favourable d) language
5.mutually e) one’s beliefs
6.to share f) solutions
7.violating g) the rights
8.communicate h) supportively

Ex. 2g) Find synonyms to the following words from the words in bold from ex. 2a, 2c.
to communicate quality to handle essential ways answer be in harmony with

^ Ex. 3a) How to tell if a relationship is good for you? What do the following notions mean to you?
empathy boundaries one’s own space abuse (n, v)
What role do they play in your relationships with people? Discuss in pairs and share your opinions with
the group.

$ Ex. 3b) You are going to read and interview with a psychologist. First, read the questions and answer
them by yourselves:
1. What makes a relationship healthy?
2. How do you find your real self?
3. What questions should you ask yourself about a new relationship?
4. If you’ve been abused, how do you know who to trust?
5. How can you get help to begin healing and work toward healthy relationships in the future?

Now match the questions to the answers. Read the interview.

Q: 1) ____________________?
A: When you are connecting with someone who brings out the best in you and the relationship is not based on
“What can you do for me?” Both people share ideas, feelings, respect. Both people listen and talk, and they do
things to help each other.
Empathy, really trying to feel what the other person feels, is a huge piece of a healthy relationship. It’s not
trying to fix their problem, but just listening to them.
Often adults tell young people what they should be feeling or how to fix the problem. Everybody, including
teens, needs someone to hear what they are feeling, because it helps us figure it out. We
make better decisions when we know what we are feeling.
In a healthy relationship, you can be your real self. You don’t have to act like somebody
else to be loved or accepted.
Q: 2) _________________?

33
A: By thinking and talking about your own feelings. If you act from your own feelings, you’ll be true to your
own values. You’re not worrying about what other people want you to be or what the media tells you to be.
Q: 3) ___________________?
A: Here are a few:
Is the person able to give and take?
Do you feel valued for who you are rather than what you can do for them?
Can you be yourself? Can the other person?
Can you have boundaries? Do they respect them? Can you say, “I can’t talk now, I have to do my homework
(assignment)/to do stay at home,” or, “I’m not comfortable telling you that yet”? Or, “I don’t want to have sex
yet”? You deserve your own space: intellectual space, sexual space, actual physical space, emotional space.
And stick to it! Boundaries only work when we enforce them and follow through.
Q: 4) _____________________?
A: The first thing to realize is that you are going to have trust issues, and you’re probably going to have them
forever. You need to recognize that. Take it slow with people you don’t know. Give them a chance to prove to
you that they can be trusted. Don’t tell them your whole life story the first time you meet them. You can have
your own space around the pain in your life and you get to choose who you share it with.
The more that you learn to trust yourself, the more comfortable you will be in trusting others because your
boundaries protect you from people who make you uncomfortable. If we’re listening to our inner voice, we will
pick up the red flags of another abuser or any other danger.
Q: 5) ________________________?
A: Getting treatment is very important, because abuse can have long-term effects on your other relationships,
including repeating the cycle (being abused again and/or becoming abusive yourself). Because healing (and
therapy if needed) is so important for working through trauma, ask, ask, ask, until you find the resources you
need.

Ex. 3c) Summarize the interview using the words / expressions in bold. Make use of the following words
and expressions:
In this interview…
This article reports/sets out/argues…
The main/principal topic of this talk is...
The purpose/intention/emphasis of the discussion/interview is…
Which pieces of advice do you find extremely useful?

& Ex. 4. Read the article and make its plan. Add key words to your plan. Share your plan with a partner
and use each other’s plans to reproduce the article.
Social Networks: Are they destroying our interpersonal skills?
The blockbuster movie Avatar conveyed the heart warming message that we are all connected to each other
and to mother Earth. And it seems we are; maybe not in the romantic slash holistic sense I got from the movie,
but in a scarily futuristic and cybernaut kind of way. It seems we flew mother Earth's nest to move in with our
lover, the Mac Book.
55.6 million adults in the United States alone have a social networking account with sites like Facebook,
MySpace or Twitter. The average number of new Facebook registrations per day is 250,000! More and more of
us choose to stay in more of the time. We talk and play with our cyber friends, or do business via our
computers, rather than venture outside in the real world and do it "the old way".
And why would we, when we can do pretty much everything and anything at the touch of a button and
without shifting our bottoms?

34
 We can browse, search and join networks of all sorts, we can set up profiles, connect with family, co-
workers and friends, we can even run our own cyber farms, without the hard work or the smells. We can
upload our best ever pictures and fun videos, share our innermost thoughts with the world, make
controversial and bold statements, comment freely on other peoples' posts. We can request friends, accept,
reject or ignore them, just because... we can peek, stalk and poke at will. We can even set up our own fan pages
and instantly create an air of celebrity around us. Many of us find ourselves laughing at the computer, getting
angry at things, and even crying. We flirt, start relationships and end them by simply clicking Block or Delete.
But when we need a hug and a kiss, not of the cyber kind, of the kind that involves someone else enveloping
you with their arms and sharing the warmth of their body and their energy with yours, or putting cheek to
cheek... well, computers don't have arms, and if you have ever tried to kiss your computer, apart from running
the risk of being a weirdo, you'll find it doesn't tend to kiss you back. And forget about those four thousand
friends from all over the world that you haven't and will never meet in person. You can look, but you can't
touch. And, I don't know about you, but when someone sends me a virtual gift, I can't but feel kind of cheated.
Social networking has given way to a new social dynamic where we get to make friends from across the
globe, but know nothing of our next-door neighbour. We are creating alternate realities made of superficial
and sometimes false networks of strangers, and sometimes I wonder if this is an unavoidable result of a
rapidly growing world, or if we are just plain lazy.
Is this hyper connectedness destroying our social skills? What does this preference for text relationships
over face to face interaction say about us? Are we unlearning how to naturally interact with other humans?
While we are gaining a whole new set of social skills, we may be at risk of losing many of the interpersonal
skills that can only be learnt via face to face interaction, and which are the building blocks of a healthy, strong,
and lasting self-esteem.

^ Ex. 5a) Discuss in pairs: Does social networking have an impact on the interpersonal skills? Share your
ideas with the group.

$ Ex. 5b) Read the answers to the same question from other people. Complete the sentences with the
same-root words of those given in the right-hand column:
a) The short answer is yes. The long answer is as follows: Social skills - e.g being able to converse
hold a 1) ___________, influence others, build rapport are skills which we develop from
childhood. If these are not used, then like any athlete who stops 2) ________, we will see a train
deterioration in 3) ______________. perform
We are seeing a big gap in the emotional 4)_____________ (of which social skills is a major intelligent
part) in the 5) __________ facebook generation. Generation x and previous generations had youth
letter, phone or face to face conversations as our only channels of 6) __________. community
Consequently, the ability to maintain real time conversations was a key skill to develop and
one which business and society needs as a whole.
If you think about the average 20 year old today, the 7) ________ of which communication choose
medium to chat to their mates is huge. Text, facebook, SMS based chat, skype, phone, twitter, unreal
letter, e-mail. 8) _________ time conversations is just one of many options. 9) __________, consequence
this generation hasn't spent as much time in their teenage years developing much needed
social skills for later life.
However, Social networking does have some positive impacts on interpersonal skills. It can identify
help foster a sense of community and 10) _________ on a group of people. Without realising
it, social networking sites helps like minded people 11) _________ together. Usage of these joint
sites helps break the ice in first real time conversations. In summary, use your interpersonal
skills or lose them.

35
b) Takes away the talent of using one's vocal chords to communicate face to face... extension
c) It can make it better as
boundless
1- It 12) _____________ to an audience that you would have never reached otherwise and
you communicate with them through cross-cultural communication that you learn by
loss
practicing it
2- You learn to be short and concise as sometimes you are 13) bound by the number of
characters in your messages
3- You learn not to push; if not you will 14) _________ these connections
d) Depends on the person. Some might rely too heavily on their ability to connect with others
online and forego face-to-face interaction. 15)___________ to say, this sort of respond
16)__________ is unlikely to benefit real-life interpersonal skills. However, the mere functional
availability/use of social networking media does not always result in a loss of the ability to
function otherwise. Many people (I would hope to include myself within this group) remain
perfectly capable of maintaining face-to-face relationships.
I think there are some 17) _________ to both face-to-face and online communication. But, as beneficial
with most things, the key is 18) ___________. Too much of either and one is bound to forfeit moderate
some capacity to interact well with others.
e) It must do. However what effect it has depends on the 19) __________ and the use they personality
make of it. Some use it beneficially to extend their network without losing the ability to deal
face-to-face, others use it as an escape from reality.
f) Definitely. People have become less personable1 and some even don't understand how to
interact in a business deal no matter what the 20) _________. We can start, initially meet, and serious
greet on social media. But we must meet in person, speak on the phone, and handle a
contract in person or after a meeting be it in person or on skype. Social skills are 21) high
_______. important and should not be ignored. Social media is only an avenue to reach our
goals, it is not the destination.
g) Yes, I do believe social networking impacts our ability to communicate 22) _________ effect
face to face. We have begun to expect 23) ___________ responses and answers that are immediately
basically status updates. In 24) ___________, our ability to communicate effectively online add
has suffered as well. The English language has been transformed in to a net language that not
everyone is trained in therefore our spelling and grammar suffers. If we are trying to make an impress
23) _________ online I believe it is often 24) __________ hampered by one's severe
25)__________ to portray themselves honestly and effectively online. able

? Ex. 5c) Enumerate in writing the ways in which social networking affects real life communication.
Range them into positive, negative, and neutral.

Ex. 5d) Find English equivalents to the following words: межкультурный, достичь взаимопонимания,
описывать, справляться, лишиться, лично, вариант, препятствовать, обновлять, побег.

^ Ex 6. Tips for improving your interpersonal skills. Work in pairs and discuss how you understand these
tips. In pairs formulate three tips how to improve one’s interpersonal skills, compare with other pairs.
1. Don’t criticize, condemn, or complain about people.
2. Appreciate people.
3. Solve your own problems by solving other people’s problems.
4. Be genuinely interested in others.
5. Smile.
6. Be a good listener.

1
Personable adjective - (of a person) attractive to other people because of having a pleasant appearance and character.
36
7. Make others feel important
8. Avoid arguing, and understand that you really aren’t always right.
9. If you’re wrong, admit it.

Self Check Questions

1. How can interpersonal skills be defined?
2. Do you think that the way we communicate with others can be learned or it is an inborn ability?
3. Which skill among social skills is of primary importance? Explain using examples from life, books or films.
4. Explain the notion of empathy.
5. Why do you think the person’s ability to interact with others is tested in job interviews?
6. Why is it vital to have personal space? How would you explain the idea of it to a child of 7?
7. Have you ever been in a traumatic situation? How can you avoid it? Why is it difficult to deal with?
8. Why is it important to deal with it?
9. Describe a conflict you were involved in. How did you resolve it? What happened next with that coworker
or team?
10. Speak on human values that help to maintain relations between people.
11. How do social networks affect people skills?
12. What can people use the internet for? How do social networks copy or imitate face-to-face communication?
13. Who might be the best boss? Why?
14. Who might be the group boss? Why?
15. Do you prefer to work independently or in a team? Explain why.
16. If you know your teacher is 100% wrong about something how would you handle it?
17. What do people most often criticize about you?
18. When was the last time you were angry? What happened?

Self Check Situations

1. Imagine that you are filling in a form of application for a university course in interpersonal skills and
conflict management. You need to support the idea of such a course. What arguments would you give?
2. The university authorities consider the question of limiting the access to some social networks in students
dormitories as it hampers studies. You have decided to write an open letter to the university newspaper
explaining why it is not the best decision. Say what the potential benefits of social networks are.

Active Vocabulary
to abuse / abusive critical
to accept cross-cultural communication
accomplished to deal face-to-face
to admit disparate
at the touch of a button to do business via a computer
to be in tune with smb encouraging approach
benefit / beneficial / to benefit to empathize / empathy
to be trained in smth to enforce
body language escape from reality
to break the ice face-to-face interaction
to bring out (the best in smb) to facilitate
to build / establish a rapport to feel valued for smth
capable of something to figure out
circumstances to fix a problem
compromise to forfeit smth
to communicate assertively / supportively to foster a sense of community
concise / precise genuinely interested
to condemn to hamper smb
37
to handle smth option
healing personable
to hug to portray
to ignore smth posture
in person to preserve / maintain
to interact with smb to push
knack for something rapidly
like-minded people to reach an audience
long-term effects real self
to maintain face-to-face relationships / a real time relevant
conversation to repeat the cycle
to make a favourable impression on smb to result in / from smth
to make use of smth to search networks
to manage sensitivity to set up a profile / a page
to master to share one’s beliefs / ideas / innermost thoughts
moderation soft skills / people skills
mutually acceptable

UNIT 5
ARE YOU PUTTING YOUR LIFE ON THE LINE?

Ex. 1a) Lead-in: Answer the following questions.

1. Do you have an Internet profile? How many? Where are your profiles?
2. How private is the information that you post on the Internet? Who might see it?

Ex. 1b) What do you think of this picture? What situation is shown?

38
 Ex. 1c) Which of the following points do you like most? Rank these and share your rankings with a
partner. Change partners and share your rankings again.
 e-mail  finding out information
 shopping  chatting
 social networking (Facebook, etc.)  watching videos
 reading news  games

Ex. 2a) Listen to a psychologist talking about such a growing problem of our society as the Internet
addiction and do the tasks that follow.

Ex. 2b) Say if the statements below are true (T) or false (F).
1. Most people know about the problem of being addicted to the Internet. T/F
2. A reporter said there are thousands of online addicts. T/F
3. A cyber-psychologist said life is getting to become like a chat room. T/F
4. A researcher found 10% of youngsters are addicted to the Web. T/F
5. The reporter found seven giveaway signs of Internet addiction. T/F
6. One sign is asking for an extra few hours online. T/F
7. Lying about how much time you spend online suggests you’re addicted. T/F
8. Another sign is when you feel the need to lift up your laptop. T/F

Ex. 2c) Match the following synonyms from the recording.

1. addiction a) different
2 forgetful b) to expect
3. various c) impacting
4. resembling d) immersed
5. affecting e) obsession
6. quizzed f) communication
7. absorbed g) lookinglike
8. to anticipate h) absent-minded
9. interaction i) to moan
1 to complain j) questioned
0.

Ex. 2d) Listen again and put the words into the gaps in the text.
The New York Times has ____________ on a problem that many of us have but
are not aware of – Internet addiction. According to reporter Tara Parker-Pope, millions
39
of us are ____________ to being online. She says this is a growing problem that is
making us more forgetful and ____________. Ms Parker-Pope writes about various
reports highlighting how technology is ____________ people. In one, she quotes cyber-
psychologist Dr. Elias Aboujaode who says: “More and more, life is ____________ the
chat room.” He said we are living in “virtual lifestyles” which is ____________
affecting our real-life relationships. Nicki Dowling, a clinical psychologist from
Melbourne University in Australia, ____________ in a recent study that ten per cent of
young people had what she ____________ “Internet dependence”.
Tara Parker-Pope ____________ experts in this field on what the signs are of
being overly ____________ in technology. She came up with seven indicators of
“tech overload”. The first is whether you check your e-mail before doing other things.
Another ____________ sign is if you always anticipate and look forward to your next
online visit – a ____________ sign of dependence and addiction. The third point is if
you say, "just a few more minutes" when someone wants you. Parker-Pope found your
____________ with others also says a lot about how important the Internet is
____________ with family and friends; do you lie about how much time you spend
online or choose to surf the Net ____________ of go out with others? Other giveaways
include the “online lift” that stops you being unhappy, and when others ____________
about you always being online.

 Ex. 2e) Are you dependent on the Internet? Complete this table and show what
you wrote to your partner(s). How much similar are you?
How often do you… Answer Is this a problem?
1. check your e-mail before doing other things?
2. really want to get online?
3. say “just a few more minutes” when online?
4. lie about how long you spend online?
5. choose the Net to going out with friends?
6. feel much happier after logging on?

 Ex. 2f) Discuss the following questions.

1. Is Internet addiction such a bad thing?
2. Why are so many people addicted to the Internet?
3. What do you do that might suggest you’re addicted to the Internet?
4. What do you most enjoy about the Internet and why?
5. Are you always itching to get online?
6. How would you feel about having no Internet access for a month?
7. Does using the Internet make you feel happier?
8. How might the Internet affect our real-life relationships?
9. Do you think the Internet affects your relationships with others?
10. What would life be like without the Internet?
11. What questions would you like to ask a cyber-psychologist?

Ex. 3a) Word Search: use dictionaries / the Internet to find out the meanings, collocates, synonyms for
the words ‘social’ and ‘network’.
social network

40
 Share your findings with your partners.
 Make questions using the words you found.
 Ask your partner / group mates your questions.
 Discuss in pairs how you understand the term ‘social networking’.

 Ex. 3b) Read the text on Social Networking and compare the opportunities provided by social
networks discussed in the text with those you take advantage of.
What Is Social Networking?
Social Networking. . . It's the way the 21st century communicates today.  Want to know what it really
means?
Social networking is the grouping of individuals into specific groups, like small rural communities or a
neighborhood subdivision, if you will. Although social networking is possible in person, especially in the
workplace, universities, and high schools, it is most popular online.
This is because unlike most high schools, colleges, or workplaces, the internet is filled with millions of
individuals who are looking to meet other people, to gather and share first-hand information and experiences
about cooking, golfing, gardening, developing friendships or professional alliances, finding employment,
business-to-business marketing and even groups sharing information about the end of the Mayan calendar and
the Great Shift to arrive December 21, 2012. The topics and interests are as varied and rich as the story of our
universe.
When it comes to online social networking, websites are commonly used. These websites are known as
social sites. Social networking websites function like an online community of internet users. Depending on the
website in question, many of these online community members share common interests in hobbies, religion, or
politics. Once you are granted access to a social networking website you can begin to socialize. This
socialization may include reading the profile pages of other members and possibly even contacting them. 
The friends that you can make are just one of the many benefits to social networking online. Another one
of those benefits includes diversity, because the internet gives individuals from all around the world access to
social networking sites. This means that although you are in the United States, you could develop an online
friendship with someone in Denmark or India. Not only will you make new friends, but you just might learn a
thing or two about new cultures or new languages and learning is always a good thing.
As mentioned, social networking often involves grouping specific individuals or organizations together.
While there are a number of social networking websites that focus on particular interests, there are others that
do not. The websites without a main focus are often referred to as "traditional" social networking websites and
usually have open memberships. This means that anyone can become a member, no matter what their hobbies,
beliefs, or views are. However, once you are inside this online community, you can begin to create your own
network of friends and eliminate members that do not share common interests or goals.
You're probably well aware, there are dangers associated with social networking including data theft and
viruses, which are on the rise. The most prevalent danger though often involves online predators or
individuals who claim to be someone that they are not. Although danger does exist with networking online, it
also exists in the real world, too. Just like you're advised when meeting strangers at clubs and bars, school, or
work -- you are also advised to proceed with caution online.
By being aware of your cyber-surroundings and who you are talking to, you should be able to safely
enjoy social networking online. It will take many phone conversations to get to know someone, but you really
won't be able to make a clear judgement until you can meet each other in person.  Just use common sense and
listen to your inner voice; it will tell you when something doesn't feel right about the online conversations
taking place.

41
 Once you are well informed and comfortable with your findings, you can begin your search from hundreds
of networking communities to join. This can easily be done by performing a standard internet search. Your
search will likely return a number of results, including MySpace, FriendWise, FriendFinder, Yahoo! 360,
Facebook, Orkut, and Classmates. 

Ex. 3c) Make sure that you know the translation of the words in bold. Make up sentences / situations
with these words.
Ex. 3d) Give 1-2 synonyms to the following words: first-hand, judgement, prevalent, eliminate, access to,
diversity, to be granted.
Ex. 3e) Make up sentences in Russian using the words from the previous exercise. Exchange your
sentences with your partner and translate them.

 Ex. 3f) Discuss the following questions.

1. Do you agree that social networking is the way people communicate in the 21st century? Why? / Why not?
2. Why do you think it is so popular? What benefits do they provide?
3. What kind of social networks do you use? What new features would you like to see on these social
networking sites?
4. Are social networking sites for people who aren’t good at meeting people face to face? Why? / Why not?
5. Are social networking sites changing our daily behaviour? If so, how?
6. Do you think communicating with people you don’t know off-line is safe? Why? / Why not? Have you ever
been contacted by a stranger on the Internet? How did you respond?

 Ex. 4. Tell your group mates about your media consumption habits. How much time do you spend
using electronic devices, and what are you doing when you use them? How do you think your habits
affect you? Do your parents impose any rules or limits around your media consumption? If so, what are
they and how do you feel about them?

 Ex. 5. Facebook: Good or bad for kids? With your partner(s) complete this table. Change partners
and share what you wrote.
Good Bad
1. Social interaction
2. Self-expression
3. Networking
4. Privacy
5. Digital footprint
6. Friends

 Ex. 6. Discuss the following questions.

1. What do you think of ‘Facebook depression’?
2. What do you think of the way social interaction is changing, from face-to-face to websites?
3. Does it matter if kids spend a long time online or on their cell phones? Why? / Why not?
4. How can parents deal with ‘Facebook depression’?
5. How to overcome Social networking addiction?

 Ex. 7. Write an article for newspaper on one of the topics (up to 1,5 pages).
1. How to overcome social network addiction?
2. Why people choose Internet communication?
3. Social networking: is it harm or treat of the 21st century?

42
  Ex. 8. Read the text and define its key notions (words and expressions). Render them into English.
Make a summary of the text in English.
Компьютерная зависимость
Одним из важных факторов формирования компьютерной зависимости являются свойства характера
– повышенная обидчивость, ранимость, тревожность, склонность к депрессии, низкая самооценка,
плохая стрессоустойчивость, неспособность разрешать конфликты, уход от проблем. Молодые люди,
страдающие компьютерной зависимостью, как правило, не умеют строить отношения со сверстниками и
противоположным полом, плохо адаптируются в коллективе, что способствует уходу от жизненных
трудностей в виртуальный мир компьютера и постепенному формированию компьютерной зависимости.
Уход в Интернет-среду является одним из способов приспособления к этому жестокому миру.
Испытывая сложности в выражении своих эмоций, контактах с близкими и сверстниками молодой
человек старается избегать ситуаций, где он может чувствовать дискомфорт и искать более безопасный,
опосредованный способ взаимодействия со средой, например, через Интернет. Интернет-среда служит
также средством самозащиты от плохого настроения, чувства боли и унижения.
Страдающие компьютерной зависимостью часто испытывают чувство одиночества, недостаток
внимания и взаимопонимания со стороны близких людей, связанную с этим постоянную
эмоциональную напряженность и тревогу. «Я настолько плох, что даже близкие меня не понимают».
Такой молодой человек больше всего нуждается в поддержке близких, психологическом сопровождении
его в преодолении различных жизненных ситуаций. Характерно, что начало проявления компьютерной
зависимости происходит в школьные годы, а ее разгар на первых курсах вуза, когда особенно
необходима самостоятельность в принятии решений и стрессоустойчивость.
Удивительным является тот факт, что компьютерная зависимость формируется намного быстрее,
чем любая другая традиционная зависимость: курение, наркотики, алкоголь, игра на деньги. В среднем
требуется не более полугода-года для становления компьютерной зависимости.

Self Check Questions

1. How has the Internet changed society?
2. Do you use the Internet for fun or education?
3. Do you think Internet addiction is a real disease?
4. How useful are social networks? What are the pros and cons of social networking?
5. Do you like chatting on social networks? Why? / Why not? Do you prefer to chat, speak or both when
online with your friends?
6. Give some reasons why you think that email is a good way for people to communicate.
7. What's the best thing about Facebook?
8. Do you know any stories about a problem because of Facebook / a love story with a happy end? Tell your
group mates.
9. What kind of information are you comfortable releasing to the public?
10. Should children be allowed to access social networking sites? Give your reasons. Do your parents use social
networking sites?
11. Some people "collect" friends in social networks. Is it possible to have 500 friends in real life? What
fraction of your friends in social networks are real life friends?Have you managed to contact many of your
old friends using social networks?
12. Is it possible that social networking sites make people lonelier?
13. Do you think you can be more authentic when you are online or do you think people like to be somebody
else and play around with their identity?
14. Teasing, lying, gossiping, threatening, spreading rumours are all forms of bullying. If these things occur
online, are they perceived as less “harming”? Why do you think so?

43
15. How do you maintain your privacy at home? On the Internet? When using Facebook? When talking on the
phone?
16. What business benefit is there for companies using social networks?
17. Should companies ban their employees from using social networking sites at work? Why? / Why not?

Self Check Situations

1. Your younger sister or brother spends practically all her/his time at the computer. Explain why it is bad.
Suggest the alternatives.
2. Imagine you are a psychologist who should tell a group of teenagers about such a growing problem as the
Internet addiction. What are the telltale signs of it? Give advice on how to overcome the problem and what
to substitute social networking with.
3. Your friend has got acquainted with a foreigner on the Internet. They have been socializing online for some
months and she is sure that his intentions are serious. Warn her about possible dangers associated with such
online acquaintance.

44
account to hurt social interaction
to affect (real-life relationships) inner voice
alliance to innovate changes
to anticipate to interfere with real life
aptitude Internet addiction
awkward Internet browsing
to be adept at social interaction to include
to be on the rise to involve / involvement
to be/get addicted to smth to isolate
to be on the lookout for smth to log in
to be overly absorbed in smth to lose a sense of reality
chat room to make a clear judgement
to check e-mails mental health
to come up with smth personal / social interaction
common sense predator
cyber-surroundings prevalent
to demonstrate poor social skills privacy
to detract from daily activities to proceed with caution
to deteriorate / deterioration pursuit
to develop an online friendship to relate to smb
diversion to surf the Net
diversity social networking site
to eliminate  social entity
emotional development to socialize / socialization
to evolve technologically telltale sign
a friend request to upload
to gain skills to urge
to grant access to smth (in the) workplace
household

45
 UNIT 6
MODERN TOURISM

Ex. 1a) Lead-in: Skim the following texts. What unites them? What question is answered?
►“A few years ago I was going through the process of splitting up with my first serious girlfriend… I realized
that I was dangerously close to losing my head. I biked over to my dad’s flat and emotionally blackmailed him
into lending me enough cash to leave the country. On that trip I learned something very important. Escape
through travel works. Almost from the moment I boarded my flight, life in England became meaningless. Seat-
belt signs lit up, problems switched off. Broken armrests took precedence over broken hearts”. – A. Garland
“The Beach.”
►“I grew up pretty sheltered so wanted to see more of the world after I graduated from college. After my first
backpacking adventure I was hooked! Now I try to go on at least one big trip every year.” – Michael
►“To re-evaluate direction in life, make a career break, learn about the world and become better global
citizens, bond as a family & “roadschool” the kids, and experience a stripped-down nomadic life to greater
appreciate our regular non-travelling lives.” – Sara Lavender Smith
►“I have an insatiable appetite for new experiences – aka, I’m easily bored and have a short attention span. It
is not enough for me to see pictures of monuments, natural wonders and new landscapes. I want to touch,
breathe, smell, feel everything there is to experience in the world. I love how it opens my mind and how nothing
is ever quite as it looked in the picture. I love new people too, and their stories.” – Penny
Render the meaning of the words and expressions in bold from the context. Use dictionaries to check.
Explain the meaning of the underlined expressions.

 Ex. 1b) How would you answer the same question? Work with a partner: have you ever travelled for
any of these reasons?
 to escape boredom  to live out your dreams
 to heal a broken heart  to take a break from your career/study
 to broaden your experience of the world  to visit historical sites or travel along the
 to learn languages historical routes
 to get a suntan  to raise money for charity

$ Ex. 2a) Study the meaning of the words a-n. Use a dictionary. Complete the following questions with
the words and expressions below.
a) ancestry
b) appeals
c) avoid
d) driven
e) exposed
f) gain
g) hectic
h) insatiable
i) recharge
j) rewarding
k) rigid
l) seek
m) serene
n) surroundings
1. What type of traveller do you think you are (adventure traveller, authentic traveller, cultural heritage
traveller, rejuvenator, luxury traveller, etc.)? What do you ______ from your trips?
46
2. What _______ to you in travelling abroad?
3. Have you ever felt an ________ need to go to some place? Did you live out your dream?
4. While travelling do you try to _______ the unknown or you are lured by things you’ve never seen before?
5. Some people _______ comfort in travelling, others believe that even a short journey is not ________
without adventure and some risk. What ‘party’ do you support and why?
6. Do you tend to make ________ plans for your trips and stick to them?
7. Do you happen to know anyone who needs to _______, or, in other words, to rejuvenate?
8. Do you dream to travel to _______ places to enjoy the natural beauty and peacefulness or ______ places
appeal to you more?
9. Do you know anyone who is interested in their _______ and travels to the places connected with their
family’s history?
10. How do you think your understanding of life can change after a trip when you’ve been ________ to the
beauty, either natural or cultural?
11. What do you think backpackers are ________ by when they set out on a journey?
12. How do you feel when you return to familiar _________?

 Ex. 2b) Ask and answer the questions in pairs. Compare your ideas with the group.

Ex. 3a) Look at the pictures of different tourist destinations below. Do you know these famous tourist
attractions? Where are they situated (in what country, part of the world)?
a. b. c. d.

e. f. g. h.

i.
Ex. 3b) What type of attraction is each one –
choose from the list:
historical monument theme park
temple castle
palace festival
beach cathedral
ski resort
natural geographical feature

Ex. 3c) Think about tourist destinations. Give examples of:

towns and cities natural attractions and features
historical and cultural attractions purpose-built attractions

47
& Ex. 3d) Read about 7 of the most visited places. Which of them have you been to? Which of them do
you hear about for the first time? As you read write down all the attributes that describe them.
Top tourist hot spots worth the crowds
The hordes come to these places for a reason. Don’t hate them just because they’re popular or you’ll miss out!
This excerpt from Lonely Planet’s 1000 Ultimate Experiences gives you the places worth the queues.
1. Angkor Wat, Cambodia
Tourists crawl over Angkor like ants over a picnic blanket. But it’s worth joining them to register your first
glimpse of this shrine-city’s awesome main temple, the world’s biggest religious structure, Angkor Wat, with
its lotus-shaped towers and extraordinary bas-reliefs. Angkor was sculpted from sandstone between the 9th and
13th centuries to satisfy the egos of a succession of Khmer devaraja (god-kings), providing the ancient empire
with the grandest capital imaginable. The site contains hundreds of temples besides Angkor Wat, and is still
being reclaimed from the jungle that overgrew it when it was abandoned in the 15th century. Capitol temple is
a must-see during the early evening; escape the crowds by taking a mototaxi to the newly opened ruins at
Banteay Srei, 25km from the main site.

2. Eiffel Tower, France

Men love to build towers and Gustave Eiffel was no exception. Commissioned to build an eye-catching
entryway for Paris’ upcoming Exposition Universelle, he finally unveiled his 300-m high iron icon in 1889.
The structure was only meant to stand for 20 years but won global admiration for its beautiful architectural
form and has stood its ground. Put it on your ‘must-visit’ list – after all, 6 million people a year can’t be wrong.
Visiting hours from July to September are 9–12.30am; miss the rush by arriving first thing or catch the last
entry at midnight.

3. Florence, Italy
The capital of bella Tuscany can test the endurance of the most hardened traveller. Its piazzas are filled with
the whir of digital cameras, the leather and jewellery shops lure you in, and money belts can disappear faster
than kisses. But Florence is also Italy’s Renaissance jewel and few cities can match its classic beauty. Swoon
over Michelangelo’s David in the Academy of Design Gallery, the gorgeous headpiece of the Brunelleschi-
built Duomo, and the stunning sculptural landscape of the Borboli Gardens, or just sit in a cafe and swoon over
handsome passers-by. The city is virtually tourist free (and cheaper!) in winter; many restaurants and
attractions are closed Sunday and Monday, so plan accordingly.

4. Taj Mahal, India

The Taj Mahal was completed at Agra in 1653 by Mughal emperor Shah Jahan to glorify the beauty of his
favourite (but dead) wife. So, is this minaret-ringed marvel with its domed mausoleum, white-marble
calligraphy and bejewelled inner chambers a romantic dream come true, or is it a lavish folly to which the
labours of 20,000 people over 22 years should not have been devoted? You be the judge.

5. Machu Picchu, Peru

The fabulous stonework of the ruined Inca city of Machu Picchu is nestled high in the Peruvian Andes. It was
built in the mid-15th century but abandoned only a century later, around the time some Spanish visitors arrived
bearing malice and smallpox. Archaeologist Hiram Bingham rediscovered the site on behalf of the outside
world in 1911 and Peru’s tourism bureaucrats are still thanking him. The ruins and the Inca Trail connecting
them with Cuzco were becoming buried under tourist numbers and waste until several years ago, when toilets
were installed and visitors limited to a mere 500 per day. Solo visitors are now banned. Organised treks must
be booked 30 days in advance, plus a nonrefundable entrance fee of US $50.

48
6. Uluru, Australia
Massive, monolithic Uluru is embedded in the remote Australian outback and draws hundreds of visitors at
dawn and dusk to watch the rock’s colours magically change with the rising and setting of the sun. Some people
choose to scale this sandstone giant even though the rock’s custodians, the Anangu people, ask visitors to keep
their feet on the ground out of respect for Aboriginal spiritual beliefs. A more respectful way of exploring
enigmatic Uluru is to circumnavigate it via the Base Walk, a 9.5km trail that often allows you a little solitude.
Rise above the masses with a 15-minute helicopter ride over Uluru. It costs AU$120 per person; details are at
www.uluru.com.

7. Prague’s Old Town, Czech Republic

Prague’s Staré Město (Old Town) is wildly crowded day and night. Note that restaurants and bars around Old
Town Square are notorious for criminally overcharging visitors. Wandering the district’s tight lanes on rainy
days means constantly ducking to avoid being impaled on umbrella tips. All of which is forgotten once you see
Týn Church’s delirious baroque trimmings, the art-nouveau brilliance of Municipal House and the magnificent
bulk of Prague Castle across the Vltava. Daily four-hour walking tours run all year 11am–2pm, revealing the
secrets of Old Town.

^ Ex. 4a) How do you choose destinations for your trips? What things do you take into account? Are you
likely to visit places which are:
affordable remote underrated overrated tourist hot spot
expensive middle of nowhere offbeat kitschy overcrowded
Explain why.

 Ex.4b) Using the active vocabulary from exercises above describe your dream destination. Read it to
your partner and listen to their descriptions. Do your dream destinations have anything in common?

Ex. 5a) Tours to Belarus. Complete the advertisements of tours to Belarus with appropriate words.
Classic Belarus Group Tour
Trip Code: Classic Belarus Price from: £1,359 pp
Belarus is a hidden gem right in 1)____ heart of Europe, crisscrossed by ancient trade routes from west
2)_____ east and north 2)_____ south. Over the centuries it has suffered from numerous invasions; 3)_____ has
added 4)______ its rich history and culture, not to mention the heroism of 5)_______ people. 6)_______ other
countries turned eagerly to the west following the fall of communism, Belarus remains in a Soviet time warp 1,
which makes 7)____ the more interesting.
Sightseeing is varied from medieval towns 8)_____ their preserved fortresses and churches to the stark
architecture 9)_____ the Soviet times. 10)______ will be time 11)_____ reflect on the great sacrifice of the
Belarusian people during World War II at the Stalin Line, Khatyn and the Glory Mound. This group tour will
12)______ limited to 15 persons and will 12)_______ escorted by a Tours Manager from Regent Holidays.

Belarus Explorer
Trip Code: MI Price from: £799.00
Join us to explore the villages, forests and historic cities of Belarus and eastern Poland. We walk and canoe
in Berezinsky National Biosphere Reserve and visit the town 13)_____ Vitebsk – home to the artist Marc
Chagall. We also tour the country’s 14)________ Minsk and visit the 19th century Russian fortress at Brest.

1
To be (stuck) in a ‘time warp’ - not having changed at all from a time in the past although everything else has.
49
Wanderlust recommends:
1. Marvel at the grandeur of Minsk - Its impressive boulevards and expansive green areas a result of post-war
Soviet planning.
2. Step back 15)___ time - In the museum towns of Mir and Nesvizh, both UNESCO World Heritage sites.
3. Take your paints and pencils to Vitebsk - The birthplace of Marc Chagall and home to numerous summer
arts 16)_______.
4. Trek through - the ancient forests of Belavezhskaya Puscha National Reserve, home to 212 species of birds.
5. Venture to the frontier town of Brest - sitting on the border between Poland and Ukraine, the symbolic
gateway to the old Soviet Union.
6. Delve1 into folk history - In the small village of Dudutki and shop for traditional wares.

Ex. 5b) What do you think of the adverts? Would you be lured by them? What sights would you add to
those mentioned in the advertisements? Prepare you own advertisement of a tour to Belarus. Decide
what sights you would include, how you would travel, what your accommodation would be.

& Ex. 6a) Modern types of tourism. Read the article. What are the modern trends in tourism? What can
their popularity be attributed to?
Adventure Travel: What's Hot
Adventure travel, increasingly popular among baby boomers, covers a wide range of activities from
camping to mountain biking, wildlife viewings to archaeological expeditions. But it’s as much a mindset,
opening yourself up to new experiences and destinations, says Mariel Clayton, an adventure travel specialist
with the Flight Centre in Oakville, Ontario.
“For me, ‘adventure’ means anything that challenges you, that you’ve never done before,” says Clayton.
“It’s not about hiking Kilimanjaro, but about the intensity of the experience – doing something you’ll remember
for the rest of your life.” Already in 2008, Clayton has seen a 30-40% increase in inquiries about adventure
travel.
There are some adventure travel hot spots out there, with good reason:
Ecotourism: This type of travel – which appeals to the ecologically-conscious – has risen in popularity.
Here, travellers look for locations, such as Costa Rica, where flora, fauna and natural highlights are the prime
attractions. There, the Monteverde  Cloud Forest Preserve features over 100 species of mammals, 400 species
of birds and 2,500 species of plants.
Hiking Adventures: With people practicing more active lifestyles and desiring more “visceral2” experiences,
it’s no surprise that hiking excursions have grown, says Clayton. She points to Peru’s Inca Trail, with its mix of
ruins, mountain scenery, lush forests, and subtropical jungle – all leading to Machu Picchu, known as “the lost
city of the Incas”. “It's like visiting a “living museum,” says Clayton,
Authentic Travel: Travellers who are looking to nurture their mind, body and spirit find that Thailand offers
the best of all worlds. Tour operators cite the country’s natural beauty, enticing culture (“a spiritual and
historical adventure”, says Clayton) and affordability. In areas like Phuket and Koh Samui, the beaches are
gorgeous, plentiful and unspoiled – more like “Paradise Lost”, says Clayton, than the typical “packaged”
beach vacation. Here, out-of-the-way beach bungalows (for $25 a night) are shacks with no amenities that
appeal to those looking for a more authentic experience. With easy access to surrounding countries like
Vietnam, Cambodia and Singapore, Thailand is also a great starting point to explore Asia.
Voluntourism: This category that’s rising in popularity. Volunteer travel, at it’s otherwise known, incorporates
a community volunteer project with travel to a foreign country, notes Kira Zack of G.A.P Adventures in
Toronto.  Last year, G.A.P. doubled its number of such “voluntourism” trips, examples of which include
1
To delve - to inquire or research deeply or intensively.
2
Visceral - (literary) resulting from strong feelings rather than careful thought.
50
assembling wheelchairs for landmine victims in Cambodia or volunteering in a rural village in South Africa to
help develop a pre-school. If you're thinking of holiday plans and you fancy the idea of a holiday not just, 'with
a difference', but which, 'makes a difference', then the new trend of voluntourism could be just the thing for
you.
Ex. 6b) Describe the modern types of tourism using the words in bold. Which of the types of tourism /
travelling are interesting for you? Explain why. What is / are the difference(s) between them and
package tours?

¯ Ex. 7a) Match the words and expressions from the recording to their definitions.
a) basic d) fair price h) handicrafts k) recycle
b) benefit e) flexible i) natural resources l) sustainable
c) carbon dioxide g) footprints j) nature reserve m)wildlife
1. _____ means forming the part of smth that is most necessary; of the simplest kind or at the simplest level.
2. ____ are skilled activities in which things are made in a traditional way with the hands rather than being
produced by machines in a factory, or the objects made by such activities.
3. ____ is used to refer to a way of using natural products so that no damage is caused to the environment.
4. ____ means animals and plants that grow independently of people, usually in natural conditions.
5. To _____ means to receive or give a helpful or good effect.
6. A ______ is an area of land which is protected in order to keep safe the animals and plants that live there,
often because they are rare.
7. _____ are materials such as coal and wood which exist or are produced in nature and can be used by people.
8. _____ are the marks made by a person's or animal's feet.
9. ___ (symbol CO2) a gas breathed out by people and animals from the lungs or produced by burning carbon
10. _____ means able to change or be changed easily according to the situation.
11. A ______ is one which is reasonable and is what you expect or deserve.
12. To _____ means to treat things that have already been used so that they can be used again.

Ex. 7b) Listen to the recording. What is the main idea of ecotourism? Does it differ from the one you
used to have about it?

Ex. 7c) Listen to the recording again. Answer the questions.

1. How does a typical holiday often look like? Why do many people look for a different type of holiday?
2. What alternative forms of tourism have been mentioned? Can you explain the names?
3. What ideas does a definition of ecotourism usually include?
4. Give an example of a project which would correspond to such a definition (either of your own or from the
recording).
5. Is ecotourism a large-scale type of tourism?
6. What are the main rules of ecotourism? Can you apply them to other types of travelling? Which of them do
you already stick to/are going to implement?
7. How important is it to create and maintain the harmony between tourists and the locals? Is it possible at all?

Ex. 8. ‘Ordinary’ and special types of tourism. Work in groups. Look through the list. Can you guess the
essence of the following types of tourism? Which of them are modern ‘inventions’? Which are “your
types”?
Agrotourism Disaster tourism Heritage tourism
Ancestry tourism Drug tourism Health tourism
Cultural tourism Educational tourism Hobby tourism
Dark tourism Gambling tourism Inclusive tourism

51
 Medical tourism
Pop-culture tourism
Pilgrimage
Sport travel
Space tourism
Wine tourism

 Ex. 9a) Divide into three groups A, B, C. Read the article assigned to you. Answer the following
questions:
 How does this type of travelling work?
 What are the rewards of this type?
 What are the risks you face?
Get ready to discuss these points in new groups. Now unite in groups ABC. Tell the members of your
group about the type of travelling you have learned about. Compare them, find what they have in
common.

A. Home Exchange (Home Swap or House Swap) is the vacation alternative where you stay in my house and
I stay in yours. There are two types of exchanges: home exchange and hospitality exchange. Home exchangers
trade their homes or apartments at a time that is convenient to both parties, but these are not the only types of
accommodations that one gets to choose from. For example, one exchanger traded his home for a yacht.
Another couple swapped their villa in Italy for a RV in Oregon because they had always wanted to tour the U.S.
in true nomadic style. Often, home exchangers will include their automobiles as part of the package. If the idea
of home exchange is unfamiliar to you, or even a bit frightening, rest assured – there are 250,000+ successful
home exchanges every year. Swapping homes can bring many unexpected rewards.
Every exchange is unique and the whole concept of home exchange relies on building a relationship of
mutual trust and goodwill. As with all things, there are risks involved. It's natural to have reservations about
giving up your home to strangers. What if they're not as tidy as you are? Will they be able to work your home
appliances without breaking them? How can you be sure you're not getting a bungalow instead of the villa they
described? Most of these risks can be minimized to relieve your worry and fears. And don't forget, the people
you're exchanging with face the same risks.
Who are home exchangers? Home exchangers come from all walks of life. Most are fairly well educated,
adventurous, reliable, and have an interest in learning more about different places and cultures. Singles as well
as couples and families are getting into home exchange.
Exchanges have been around for some time. In the past, they've been done through word-of-mouth or
paper-based catalogue listings. Now, however, exchanges through HomeExchange.com™, or other Internet
sites, are at your fingertips, literally. Each year, more and more people are getting into home exchange as a
way to travel.

B. Couch surfing is travelling on a budget, using a broad network of contacts in order to get overnight
accommodation for free, or at as little cost as possible. Participants, called couch surfers, join dedicated
websites, providing as much information about themselves as possible in order to make others feel comfortable
hosting them, or using them as a host. Various safety features are generally available in such online networks,
like verification of names and addresses, personal references, and ‘vouching for’ a particular member as a
reliable host or guest. Couch surfers are of different nationalities and even ages, though the majority are
younger people originating from the USA, Britain, France, Germany or Italy.
As well as the financial advantages of couch surfing, participants also claim that the practice gives them a
lot of benefits, allowing them to experience culture and cuisine through the locals, rather than from the
sanitized tourist accommodation. Among the most popular couch surfing destinations are New York,
52
Melbourne, Montreal, London and other large European cities such as Paris, Berlin, Vienna, Barcelona and
Istanbul.
Background: the term couch surfing (and related forms couch surf, couch surfer, etc) first appeared in
2004 with the launch of website www.CouchSurfing.org, the brainchild of American web consultant, Casey
Fenton. Fenton's inspiration for couch surfing came from the experience of finding a cheap flight from Boston
to Iceland, and then randomly emailing about 1,500 Reykjavik students to ask if they'd put him up on their
sofas. The result was more than 50 offers of accommodation.
The practice of finding accommodation through a community of like-minded travellers – usually referred
to as hospitality networks – dates right back to the late 1940s. Web-based hospitality networks have brought
the terms couch surfer and couch surf into the public eye, though another popular interpretation of these
expressions is in the context of homelessness. People who have unstable, temporary living arrangements are
often described as couch surfers.

C. Hitchhiking (also known as thumbing, tramping, hitching, autostop or thumbing up a ride) is a means
of transportation that is gained by asking people, usually strangers, for a ride in their automobile or other road
vehicle to travel a distance that may either be short or long. The latter may require many rides from different
people; a ride is usually, but not always, free. If the hitchhiker wishes to indicate that they need a ride, they may
simply make a hand gesture (signs are also used). In North America and the UK, the gesture involves extending
the hitchhiker's arm toward the road and sticking the thumb of their outstretched hand upward with the hand
closed. In other parts of the world, it is more common to use a gesture where the index finger is pointed at the
road. This cultural difference stems partly from an alternate offensive1 meaning for the thumbs up gesture in
parts of Europe and Asia.
Hitchhiking became a common method of travelling during the Great Depression years when many people
looked for work and had little money, much less their own automobile. Large number of unemployed persons
were migrating to other areas of the country to find employment. They were promised a room and a hot meal at
camps set up by the Government Bureau around the country as long as they could get to them. The Bureau
operated such camps until it closed its doors in 1936. During those years, thumbing rides around the country
was an accepted fact of life.

Ex. 9b) Complete the following questions with the words from the articles above. In pairs take turns to
ask and answer them.
1. What are the rewards all of these types of travelling _______? (What do all of them have in common?)
2. How can you minimize the _________ you face?
3. What time do these ways of travelling date _______ to? (How old are they?)
4. What do you think brought them ______ the _____ eye?
5. What do you trust more: the Internet or the word-of-_______?
6. Do you think it’s sensible to rely on ________ trust and goodwill while travelling?
7. Do you think you could _______ (put smb up for a night or two) a person you don’t know?
8. Have you ever asked _____ a ride ____ free on the road?

& Ex. 10a) The industry of tourism. Read the passage and answer these general questions on it before
studying it in detail.
1. The title of the passage is part of an English proverb. What does it mean’?
2. Which of the following would also be an appropriate title?
a) Tourism destroys the environment and local tradition.
b) Bad planning drives tourists away from Third World countries.
c) Tourism can destroy the very things that sustain it.
1
Offensive - causing anger or annoyance; insulting.
53
 Killing the Goose…
Tourism has grown so quickly during the last quarter of a century that it has become a problem in both
industrialized and developing nations. And it is only during the 1980s that the problems of poor or non-existent
planning have been seen and tackled. In short, the problem is this: tourism as it developed in the sixties and
seventies is self-destructive. It destroys the very things tourists come for. It is a classic case of killing the
goose that lays the golden egg.
In Europe the damage is largely environmental: polluted beaches and lakes, erosion of mountain paths,
traffic jams, air pollution and unsympathetic architecture. But there has also been a negative impact on, the
cultural and social life of communities. Some of the best-known and obviously visible examples are certain
Mediterranean resorts. Previously quiet fishing villages have been overrun with poorly planned and shoddily
built hotels and apartment blocks, which are now- just twenty years later- no longer acceptable or fashionable.
The lifestyle of the locals has changed beyond recognition, and although many are richer, they are not
necessarily happier as a result.
Environmental damage caused by tourism manifests itself in many different ways. Skiing now a major
winter sport in Europe is causing now many problems in the Alps. Hundreds of square kilometers of forest have
been destroyed to make way for ski pistes, cable cars, buildings and access roads. Pollution of the
Mediterranean caused at least partly by untreated sewage from tourist developments makes it a potential
health hazard in some areas. This undermines the very notion of a beach holiday. And in Hungary tourism
and industrial development around the shores of lake Balaton have rendered the lake biologically dead. Fishing
is one activity not longer on the tourist agenda.
The potential for damage in the Third World is infinitely greater than that in the industrialized nations.
Environmental issues are rarely high on the priority lists of Third World governments, many of which have
viewed tourism as a panacea for economic ills - often with disastrous results.
Tourism seems on the face of it to be big earner of foreign currency, but the effective economic gains by
the host nations are usually rather less than might be expected. This is particularly true of mass package tours
organized from industrialized countries. Valuable foreign exchange is lost by importing foreign foods, drinks
and other luxury goods. This ‘leakage’ of foreign exchange is very difficult to quantify, but can mean that the
host nation ends up worth practically no gain. An analysis of 1980 data by the World Bank showed that on
average only 9,1% of all gross foreign exchange earnings were retained in the host country when typical
‘leakage’ was taken into account.
It is the change in traditional lifestyles that alarms many anthropologists. Even small-scale development of
tourism in some societies can have an adverse effect on the local population. The young are keen to adopt the
‘Coca-cola culture’ and leave behind their rural homes and traditional lifestyle. Yet, it is often these traditional
life-styles, arts, crafts and culture which tourists come to see.
In some cases tourism can help a country rediscover and focus on its own heritage, and can revitalize
indigenous arts and crafts by providing new markets. But ‘culture’ in this sense becomes divorced from its
true role as part of everyday life. At its worst, it can become fossilized and adapted to suit the needs of tourists.
As one ex-president of the Hawaiian Visitor’s Bureau confessed: ‘Since real culture events do not always occur
on schedule, we invent pseudo-events for the tour operators who must have a dance of the vestal virgins
precisely at 10 a.m. every Wednesday.’ The same sort of thing can be seen on tours to more off-beat
destinations like Borneo and Papua New Guinea. Tourists generally learn very little about what real everyday
life is like.

Ex. 10b) Match the following words and phrases with their synonyms from the text. Choose from the
words and phrases in bold.
dealt with destroys from its base questions for discussion
to show itself list of things to do opposite
54
universal cure separate kept
to count up cultural past fixed in a traditional form
at first sight give new life to at a previously agreed time
eager artificial, not genuine, fake

 Ex. 10c) Read the text again and make a plan of this article. Add key words / phrases to each point of
your plan. In class exchange your plan with your partner. Use each other’s plans to help you summarize
the text. Write down the main idea of each of its paragraphs.

Ex. 11. Accommodation. What do you look for in accommodation? Mark the following points as
essential, preferable or unimportant:
good food a sauna a private bathroom
access to a telephone / a car park a central location
the internet room service proximity to a railway station /
friendly stuff / host cleanliness airway
a double bed sports facilities natural environment
a bar a fridge

Describe the differences between the following types of accommodation:

caravan guesthouse youth hostel
chalet bed and breakfast tent
luxurious hotel self-catering flat/villa

 Discuss with a partner which of the alternatives can be suitable for you. Use the expressions below:
I’d prefer to … Given the choice, I’d …
I’d (much) rather … (than)… If it was up to me …I would
I definitely wouldn’t …

Ex. 12a) Read the following quotations. What side of travelling do you think they characterize?
Comment on the quotations. Render them into Russian.
1. “The world is a book and those who do not travel read only one page.” – St. Augustine
2. “The use of travelling is to regulate imagination by reality, and instead of thinking how things may be, to
see them as they are.” –  Samuel Johnson
3. “No one realizes how beautiful it is to travel until he comes home and rests his head on his old, familiar
pillow.” –   Lin Yutang
4. “Travel and change of place impart new vigor to the mind.” – Seneca
5. “Wandering re-establishes the original harmony which once existed between man and the universe.” –
Anatole France
6. “Before the BBC, I joined the Navy in order to travel.” – David Attenborough
7. “Travel makes a wise man better, and a fool worse.” – Thomas Fuller
8. “Travel becomes a strategy for accumulating photographs.” – Susan Sontag
9. “Don’t tell me how educated you are, tell me how much you travelled.” – Mohammed

? Ex. 12b) Choose a quotation to your liking and discuss it in a 1-1,5 – page essay.

Self Check Questions

1. Are you planning on going anywhere for your next vacation? If so, where? Who with? How long will you
stay? How are going to find accommodation?
55
2. What are some countries that you would never visit? Why would you not visit them?
3. Are you afraid of going abroad alone? Why? / Why not? Do you like meeting new people? Describe the
most interesting person / people you met on one of your travels.
4. What was your best / worst trip? Why?
5. Do you think it is a good idea to travel with friends, or alone? How about with your family? Do you like to
travel with your parents? Why? / Why not?
6. Do you prefer to travel alone or in a group on a package tour? Why?
7. What is your favorite mode of travel? Do you prefer to travel by train, bus, plane or ship? Why?
8. Have you ever been in a difficult situation while travelling? Share your experience.
9. Have you ever got lost while travelling? If so, tell your group mates about it.
10. Have you ever taken a package tour? Share your experience.
11. How do you spend your time when you are on holiday and the weather is bad?
12. Do you travel with a lot of baggage or do you like to travel light? How much luggage do you usually carry?
What are some things that you always take with you on a trip?
13. If you were going on a camping trip for a week, what 10 things would you bring? Explain why.
14. Would you rather visit another country or travel within your own country? Why?
15. Would you rather go to a place where there are a lot of people or to a place where there are few people?
Why?
16. Do you think the type of vacation one takes reflects one's social status? If so, how?
17. Do you prefer active or relaxing holidays? Why?
18. Which is better, package tour or a tour you organize and book yourself? Why?
19. Would you like to go back to the same place? Why? / Why not?
20. What are some benefits of travel?
21. Do you prefer a budget or first class hotel? Why?
22. What is the best kind of holiday for different ages of people? Children? Teenagers? Adults? Elderly people?
23. What do you do before going on a trip to avoid health problems?
24. Do you think tourism will harm the earth? If so, how?

Self Check Situations

1. Imagine that at a job interview you are asked about your experience of travelling. Say where you have been,
how many countries you have visited. How did this trip contributed to your personal development? What do
you look for while travelling?
2. Compare staying off the beaten track with visiting a tourist hot spot. What are the advantages and
disadvantages of each?
3. You are a student and you can afford only a budget travel. What type of travelling and accommodation
would you opt for?
4. Look at the pictures below and say what made these people ‘hit the road’. Compare their holidays.
Speculate on how these people prepare for their holidays? Which of the pictures could describe your trips?
a) b) c)

d) e) f)

56
 Vocabulary Bank
Ex. 1. Air Travel. Complete the text with appropriate words (or their forms) or expressions from the box.
There is an example at the beginning (0).
bill customs sightseeing to check in
boarding card departure lounge suitcase to check out
brochures duty free sunbathing to land
cabin crew gate tickets to take off
cheques passport to board *travel agent’s
currency safety belt to book
Going on holiday is great fun, and it’s so easy! First of all go to the ( 0) travel agent’s and collect some
(1)__________. Pick the holiday you want and go back to the travel agent’s to (2)__________ it. You’ll receive
your (3)_________ a week or so before you depart make sure that you have a valid (4)__________, some
foreign (5)__________, some traveller’s (6)________ and some insurance. Pack your (7)__________ and then
you’re ready to go!
Go to the airport and (8)__________. The person at the desk will take your luggage and give you a
(9)__________. This shows you your seat allocation. You then go through a security check and wait in the
(10)___________. If you like, you can browse around the (11)_________ shop. When your flight is called, go
to the appropriate (12)___________ for your flight and (13)___________ your plane. The (14)__________ will
help you find your seat. Don’t forget to fasten your (15)__________ before the plane (16)___________.
When you get to your destination and the plane (17)__________, you disembark and pass through
(18)__________, where you will have to show your passport. Collect your luggage and leave the airport. If you
are on a package tour, there will probably be a coach to take you to your hotel. From then on, you can take this
easy, (19)_________ on the beach and (20)________.
At the end of your holiday, you will need to (21)_________ of the hotel – make sure you return your key
and settle any outstanding (22)__________.

Ex. 2. Complete these sentences with the appropriate word or expression from a, b, c, or d.
1. If I had enough money, I would like to go on a round-the-world ___________.
a) trip b) travel c) excursion d) sightseeing
2. Make sure the train has stopped completely before you _____________.
a) get down b) get off c) get away d) get into
3. I enjoyed my holiday, but couldn’t _____________ the heat.
a) put up with b) put down c) put up d) put away
4. We couldn’t _________ our minds where to go for a holiday, so we stayed at home.
a) make out b) make do c) make up d) make over
5. When I go on holiday, I like to ___________.
a) take it simple b) take it easy c) take it relaxing d) take it relaxed
6. Last year, we went on a two-week __________ around the Mediterranean.
a) cruising b) cruiser c) cruise d) crew
7. The accommodation on my last holiday was a bit ________.
a) basic b) base c) basically d) bass
57
8. Don’t forget to make a ___________ for a room at least two weeks in advance.
a) reserve b) reserved c) reserving d) reservation
9. The _____________ from London to Athens takes about three hours.
a) flying b) fly c) flight d) flies
10. We can’t stay at the hotel because there aren’t any _________.
a) vacant b) vacancy c) vacate d) vacancies
11. I ____________ some brochures from the travel agent’s.
a) picked off b) picked up c) picked on d) picked out
12. It takes twenty hours for the ship to get from England to Spain, so it might be a good idea to book a
__________ on board.
a) resort b) cabin c) chalet d) hostel

Ex. 3. Match the different types of holiday with the appropriate description 1 – 9 below. Be ready to
define the words in bold and give their Russian equivalents.
all-inclusive holiday skiing holiday safari cruise adventure holiday
package holiday sightseeing holiday camping holiday
sailing holiday hiking holiday
1. We had a great time. I went white-water rafting, bungee-jumping, gliding, and I even learnt how to
parachute!
2. This is a very popular kind of holiday. Basically, you pay for your flight, hotel, accommodation and airport
transfers before you leave, and then all you need to worry about when you get to your chosen destination are
day-to-day expenses.
3. We found a sheltered spot in the corner of the site and started to set up our tent. Unfortunately, we
discovered that we had left the pegs at home!
4. Our cabin was very cramped, but we didn’t mind too much as we spent most of our time on the deck and
taking advantage of the ship’s restaurant’s, bars and other facilities.
5. We had a beautiful chalet at the foot of the slopes, and it was only a fifteen-minute cable-car journey to the
top of the piste.
6. At dusk we came to a watering hole where the animals had gathered to drink. The guide told us to stay in
the jeep for our own safety, and also to prevent us frightening off animals.
7. The youth hostel was basic but clean, as everybody had to take off their boots before going inside. Of
course, after a long day marching over muddy fields, these were absolutely filthy.
8. We put on some warm clothes and a lifejacket and got onto the yacht. Unfortunately, we didn’t get any
further than the harbour as there was no wind.
9. We spent a week in London and tried to see as much of it as possible; Buckingham Palace, the Tower of
London, Trafalgar Square, you name it, we saw it. I must have taken hundreds of pictures.
10. We paid ₤850 for the holiday. That price included flights, transfers, accommodation at a resort,
entertainment and all our food and drinks.

Ex. 4. Packing a bag is a kind of art, they say. Do you agree with that? In groups discuss what you should
put into your travel bag (or backpack). Limit your choice by 10 things. Be ready to explain why you take
this or that thing. Compare with the other groups’ ideas.

Now complete the article written by an experienced traveller with the words and expressions provided.
What do your lists have in common?

Are there any requirements travel items must meet? What are they?
What intangible items do you think are indispensable (essential) for one’s trip? Explain why.

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a) Sarong or Travel Towel
b) Sewing Supplies
c) Thermal Underwear
d) Money Belt
e) Swiss Army Knife
f) Day Pack
g) Small Flashlight
h) Digital Camera
i) Waterproof Bags
j) Headscarf or Large Bandanna
k) Sleeping Bag Liner or Sheet Sack
l) Flip flops
m) Hat/Cap
n) Rain Poncho
o) Bank Card
p) Fleece and Jacket

Essential Items for a Trip Around The World

Packing for a long term trip around the world can be a challenge. The contents of your backpack should get
you through a variety of climates, be culturally sensitive, and should support a variety of activities without
weighing you down.
Here are some items I’ve found to be indispensable during my travels.
1. _______________
A __________ and a wind/waterproof shell worn together or separately give you options which provide
protection from a variety of weather.
2. _______________
ATMs are becoming more available globally, making it easier than ever to get money in local currency while
on the road. Try to have a couple _______ for different bank accounts (in case one doesn’t work). Be sure to
investigate how much you will be charged by your bank for international withdrawals.
3. ________________
A compact yet strong ____________ not only keeps you dry, but can also protect your day pack from
moisture. It makes a useful waterproof mat for sitting on wet surfaces.
4. _______________
A soft ___________ made from foldable fabric protects you from the sun and is easy to store. It may include a
concealable mosquito net.
5. _______________
Wear them in grungy hotel showers or during tropical rainstorms when the streets are flooded. Use them as
beach wear or for killing bugs. Flip flops work indoors when you are visiting countries where people remove
outdoor shoes before entering homes.
6. _______________
Even if you don’t carry a ___________, bring a ______. This can be a lightweight silk __________ or an old
bed sheet, folded and sewn into a sack. Use as a blanket on cold bus rides, a layer between your body and beds
of dubious cleanliness, or for its original purpose (since it is easier to clean than a sleeping bag.)
7. ________________
Choose a _________ made of durable lightweight material. For women, this may be necessary when visiting
places like mosques, Russian Orthodox churches, and more conservative Middle Eastern countries. It also can

59
be used as a bag (tie the corners together), a neck scarf, a way to keep hair out of your face, protection from
sand and dust (wrapped around nose and mouth), a window shade (for sunny car rides), and as a halter top.
8. _______________
Useful for protecting important documents that you are not carrying on you. They can also protect electronic
equipment, keep small pieces of clothing dry, or keep potentially leaky items (shampoo, lotion) from getting all
over your luggage.
9. _______________
If you’re travelling around the world, chances are you want to document your travels. Be sure to pack extra
memory, and a memory reader so you can occasionally burn photos onto CD/DVD and send an extra copy back
home. You can also use a ____________ to store information, such as maps, documents, and other files.
10. ______________
I carry a Maglite in my day pack because one never knows when the electricity will go out or you’ll find
yourself walking down a dark, potholed1 street.
11. ______________
You are going to be carrying a ____________ with you most of the time so make sure it has plenty of pockets
(both internal and external), is strong, and provides comfortable straps. Consider getting one that can be folded
up and stuffed into your regular backpack.
12. ______________
The Spartan model includes 2 knives, a pair of scissors, a can opener, a bottle opener, toothpick, tweezers 2,
awl3, and corkscrew – sufficient tools while travelling.
13. _____________
A ______________ keeps cash, cards, and passports safely concealed. You may want a second storage belt to
keep smaller amounts of cash for daily purchases.
14. _____________
Long ________________ provides much needed warmth when travelling in colder climates.
15. _____________
Sure you can buy these anywhere but ______________ are good to have on hand. Make sure your pack
includes needles, thread, and some dental floss. Repair heavier items (leather, backpacks) with dental floss. A
needle can be used to remove splinters4, as well.
16. ______________
On my round-the-world trip, I took a regular towel and deeply regret it. An absorbent, fast drying
____________ will suit your needs. A ________ has the advantage of drying quickly while doubling up as
clothing.
Choose quality items that will last your whole trip and don’t underestimate the importance of light-weight
items. Backpacks get heavier as you travel so you will be happy that you spent a little extra upfront investing in
lightweight, multipurpose gear.
Active Vocabulary
General Vocabulary: to charge / overcharge smb
to abandon community’
access / accessible to conceal
to admire / admiration cuisine
to appeal to smb / appealing to date back to smth
to appreciate / appreciation to gain
at one’s fingertips to draw people / attention to smth
to ask for a ride to glimpse at smth / glimpse of smth
1
Pothole - a large rough hole in the surface of a road that is formed by traffic and bad weather.
2
Tweezers - a small tool with two long thin parts joined together at one end, used for picking up very small things or for pulling out
hairs.
3
Awl - a small pointed tool used for making holes, especially in leather.
4
Splinter - a small thin sharp piece of wood, metal, glass, etc. that has broken off a larger piece.
60
goodwill pseudo / artificial / not genuine / fake
handicrafts to revitalize / give new life to smth
hooked on smth self-destructive
to host / host (country) shoddily built hotel
to fancy smth ski piste
for free traffic jam
lightweight to undermine
to weigh smb down untreated sewage
to lure / lure visible
like-minded wildlife
new wave in (tourism)
multipurpose gear Reasons:
on a budget career break
on hand to escape boredom
on the tourist agenda gap year
passer-by to get a suntan
to rediscover / discover to heal a broken heart
to reward / reward insatiable appetite for smth
rush / to miss the rush to live out one’s dreams
to set out on a journey to rejuvenate
shade to take a break from your career / studies
to shelter / shelter / sheltered wanderlust / to have itchy feet / a travel bug
solitude to wander / wandering
to split up with smb
to stem from smth Process:
surroundings to board a flight
to suit one’s needs to check in / out
to sustain to land
to swoon over to take off
to tackle / solve / fix a problem to book (a room)
through word-of-mouth customs
tour operator boarding card
to underestimate to depart / departure lounge
walk of life
Adjectives:
Ecology: acceptable
adverse effect / opposite effect affordable
to have effect on smth ancient
to alarm available
to be keen to do smth / on smth / be eager awesome
to bring into the public eye crowded
carbon dioxide expensive
carbon footprint eye-catching
to change beyond recognition fabulous
custodian gorgeous
endangered hardened (traveller)
entrance fee hectic
erosion (of mountains) indispensable
health hazard kitschy
indigenous (arts, crafts) magnificent
leakage / to leak middle of nowhere
to manifest oneself / show oneself nomadic / nomad
to minimize risks notorious for smth
on the face of it / at first sight offbeat
panacea for economic ills / universal cure overcrowded
61
overrated / underrated to hike / hiking
remote to hitchhike / hitchhiking
rewarding couch surfing / couch surfer
rigid ecotourism
rural home exchange / swap
serene journey
stunning package tour
sufficient safari
sightseeing / to go sightseeing
Places: tour
castle trip
cathedral / church / temple / shrine voluntourism
destination voyage
fortress
gateway to smth Accommodation:
gem bed and breakfast
hot spot caravan
historical route chalet
landscape guesthouse
marvel / to marvel at smth luxurious hotel
must-see self-catering flat / villa
nature reserve tent
natural wonder youth hostel
outback
palace Facilities:
paradise access to a telephone / the Internet
sight / attraction amenities
theme park car park
world heritage site / cultural heritage double bed
natural environment
Types of Travelling: proximity to a railway station / airway
to backpack / backpacking tour / backpacker sauna

62
 UNIT 7
MONEY MATTERS

Ex. 1. Lead-in: Explain the following proverbs: what do they mean? Give their Russian equivalents if
there are any.
 The best things in life are free.
 Time is money.
 Save your pennies for a rainy day.
 Money talks.
 You can't take it with you when you go.
 Money doesn't grow on trees.

♫ Ex. 2a) Work in pairs. How many questions in the quiz can you answer without using a dictionary?
Ex. 2b) Listen and check your answers. For each question you answered correctly, you win the figure
stated. Who won the most?
QUIZ
1. What were first minted in ancient Lydia (part of what is now Turkey) about 2,600 years ago?
£10
a) automatic cash machines b) coins
c) one-armed bandits d) credit cards
2. Someone who has no money at all is often described as £25
a) broke b) broken
c) bust d) shattered
3. Which of these might a child receive from his/her parents? £50
a) a fee b) a pension
c) pocket money d) a subsidy
4. Something so valuable it cannot be bought can be described as £100
a) valuables b) priceless
c) worthless d) pricey
5. If a company goes out of business because it cannot pay its debts, it … £ 250
a) is in the black b) breaks even
c) in the red d) goes bankrupt
6. Which of these is money given to someone in authority to get them to do something dishonest?
£ 500
a) a tip b) a bribe
c) a deposit d) a ransom
7. Which of these is not a way of describing someone who hates spending money? £ 1,000
a) flashy b) stingy
c) tight-fisted d) miserly

Ex. 2c) How much can you remember from the recording? Answer as many questions as you can
individually, then compare answers in groups of three.
In what circumstances might someone:
charge a fee? receive royalties?
pay a deposit? expect a tip?
demand a ransom? go bankrupt?

Have you ever:

63
won money from a one-armed bandit?
paid or been offered a bribe?
received a subsidy?
been completely broke?
bought something “valuable” that turned out to be worthless?

Do you know anyone who is:

… really stingy?
… always in the red?
… really flashy with their money?

^ Ex. 3a) Work in groups. Read the well-known sayings about money. How do you understand them?
Think of as many arguments as you can for and against each idea.
 Money makes the world go round.
 Neither a borrower nor a lender be.
 Money is the root of all evil.
 In life, the rich get richer and the poor get poorer.
 Money can’t buy happiness.

Ex. 3b) Discuss in pairs the following questions / points.

 What are you saving your money for?
 What's the average salary in your country?
 If you won the lottery, or some other type competition, and won lots of money, what would you do with it?
 How much money have you spent today? What did you spend it on?
 Is it possible to be rich, even if you do not have lots of money?
 Have you ever given money to a beggar?
 Have you ever been in debt?
 Do banks pay a higher percent of interest here or in your country?
 Do you give tips at a restaurant in your country? How about to taxi drivers?
 Do you haggle when you shop?
 Do you have a credit card? If so, do you have more than one?
 Do you sometimes buy things that you don't need? If so, give some examples.
 Have you ever found any money? If so, what did you do with it?
 Have you ever had any money stolen from you?
 How much do you have to spend to eat a good meal at a restaurant in your country?
 How much money do you think you will make on your first job?
 What way of making your living would you never think of?

& Ex. 4a) Read the stories about four people from different walks of life. What are their relationships
with money? Do the vocabulary exercises after the texts.
People and Their Money
A. The Aristocrat
LADY CHRYSSIE COBBOLD, 58, lives in Knebworth House, Hertfordshire, the family home of her husband
David, 60, a financier. They have four grown-up children.
'Knebworth House is run as a business but it doesn't make enough money to pay us. I have no regular
salary. I never really spend money because I don't have it and I'm not bothered about clothes. I spend about

64
£2,000 a year on them. There have been moments when we thought we might have to sell the house, but now I
think there'll be enough money for the next generation to keep the house, but they won't inherit much more
than that.
Money is the only thing my husband and I row about. I'm always worrying about money. I don't believe
one should spend what one hasn't got. My husband likes having parties, going to restaurants, having guests for
the weekend. In summer we'll have up to 16 people at weekends. They're usually quite good and they'll bring a
bottle of wine, but they still have to be fed.
We always do our own repairs to the house or we'll put a bucket out to catch the leaks if we can't. I'll go to
any lengths to save money. I'll put up wallpaper, do all the painting, make curtains and upholstery. As a child I
used to get only 5p a week pocket money and I'd do anything to get more money. I'd even pick bunches of
flowers from our garden and sell them to the local funeral parlour.
If you have a big house, people think you must be well off, but it just isn't true.'

Give synonyms to the following words and expressions from the text: run a business, make money, row,
well off, pocket money, inherit.

B. The Divorced Mum

ANGIE CROSS, 27, has four children, aged from 5 to 10. She lives in Frinton-on-Sea in Essex. She gets £585 a
month state benefit and also works as a part-time barmaid for £21 a week.
'Money's been tight since I split up from my husband four years ago. The kids always come first, but
special occasions for them are rare. They're lucky if we go to McDonald's once a month. All their school
uniforms are second-hand. When I was a kid I used to get lots of treats. I'd go riding and I used to have piano
lessons. I feel dreadful not being able to give my kids the things I had. Every month I work out exactly what
has to be paid and what can wait. I have to be very careful with money, and that doesn't come easily because by
nature I'm very extravagant. My biggest extravagance now is a packet of ten cigarettes.
My monthly food bill comes to about £350, and towards the end of the month we have beans on toast three
nights out of seven. I usually make the kids a packed lunch for school, but occasionally I don't have enough
food to make one, so I tell the kids to have a school dinner and say they've forgotten their dinner money. It's not
really telling lies because I'll always pay as soon as I can.
I get very depressed and I frequently sit down and cry. Some- times I'll go wild and buy something just to
cheer myself up, but I always regret it. I once spent £30 on some clothes but I felt really guilty. What I want
more than anything else is a holiday and new shoes for the kids. Who knows? I might win the lottery!'

Figure out the words by their definitions.

1. spending or costing a lot of money, especially more than is reasonable;
2. to end a marriage or romantic relationship;
3. very unpleasant;
4. ashamed and sorry because you have done something wrong;
5. owned or used by someone else before you;
6. something special that you do or buy for yourself or someone else;
7. to become less sad, or to make someone feel less sad;
8. to feel sorry or sad that something has happened;
9. to solve a problem by doing a calculation.

C. The Taxman
BOB WILDEN, 24, is a tax inspector. He earns £23,558 per annum. His wife, Denise, 20, earns £7,500 as a
part-time secretary. They live in Maidenhead, Berkshire. They have no children.

65
 'I'm mean in some ways, generous in others. I'll be first at the bar to buy a round of drinks, but I'd baulk at
buying a couple of packets of crisps as well. I'll go hungry rather than stop for a snack at a motor- way service
station. We always buy food in bulk so it's cheaper. We frequently cook in bulk, too, and put it in the freezer.
Denise and I never row about money. We both indulge ourselves now and then. She'll spend £40 at the
hairdresser's and I won't penny-pinch on the kind of malt whisky I get. I never spend much on clothes though,
probably about £95 at the most. I don't need to look smart to be a taxman.
Denise generally gives £20 a month to animal charities, but she won't donate to beggars wearing £100
trainers. I'll give the real down- and-outs a quid sometimes. My widowed mum is a pensioner and lives alone,
so I always make sure that she has enough to eat.
I have four credit cards, but one is never used. A bill for £700 arrived this morning for one of them. It
frightened us to death. Occasionally we have to get loans to clear our credit card debts. In my job it's possible
to become a bit of a social leper. Some friends are always boasting to me about how they dodge paying tax. I
don't like that. I don't like paying tax either, but I'd never dodge it.'

Provide antonyms from the text to the following words and expressions: full time, rare, behave truthfully,
pay out loans, underrate.

D. The Miser
MALCOLM STACEY, 38, is a part-time BBC journalist and author of two books about money. He earns
£50,000 per annum. He lives in York with his wife Jo, 32. They have two young children.
I never buy luxuries and I never buy a round of drinks. When colleagues go out to the pub, I'll stay in the
office and say I'm expecting a phone call. I'll never invite people to dinner, but I never feel guilty about
accepting their invitations. I know they invite me to have someone interesting to talk to. The meanest thing I've
ever done was to go to a wedding without a present. I just took some wrapping paper and a tag saying 'Love
from Malcolm' and put it onto the table with the other presents. I got a thank-you letter from the bride. She
obviously thought she'd mislaid the present.
People don't believe I can be so stingy. I'll organize an office collection for earthquake victims but I won't
give anything myself. I’ve put a wishing well in the front garden. I would never ask passers-by to throw money
in, but I collect it when they do. I hardly ever use my car; we grow our own vegetables and we recycle
everything. We never buy new clothes, we get them second-hand from charity shops for about £2 a garment.
We can live on £5 a week.
I've always been mean. When I was a child I would never buy flowers for Mum, but I'd give her a bouquet
from her own garden. My wife gets embarrassed by my meanness, but we never row about money. People
think I've got a fortune stashed away somewhere. I don’t care what they think.'

Figure out the words by their definitions.

1. to use something again, often for a different purpose;
2. a piece of clothing;
3. a lot of money;
4. ashamed of something and worried about what other people will think of you;
5. a well into which one drops a coin and makes a wish;
6. unwilling to spend, give, or use a lot of money.

Ex. 4b) Which people do these words describe? Why?

thrifty skinflint well off hard up privileged underprivileged

— Ex. 4c) Compare these people’s attitude with money. Using the words in bold from the texts describe
your relations with money. Discuss how money (or the lack of it!) affects your life.
66
Ex. 5a) Read the newspaper article for gist. What is its main idea?
Why Wealth Doesn’t Always Buy Happiness
If the purpose of the market economy is to increase national or average income, it does a pretty job –
better the most known alternatives. If the purpose is to increase people’s satisfaction with their lives, the market
economy does much less well.
Studies in economies show that for every 1,000 pound increase in income there is, indeed, an increased
sense of well-being – but only for the poorest fifth of the population. Beyond that, there is almost no increase in
people’s satisfaction with their lives as income levels increase. The rich are no happier than the middle classes
and the upper middle class is no happier than the lower middle class. Beyond poverty or near-poverty levels of
income, if money buys happiness, it buys very little and often it buys none at all.
This is strange, because market economists report that the purpose of the market is to maximize the
satisfaction of human wants, but they measure that in a circular manner: satisfaction with something is
revealed by the very fact that it was bought.
Yet studies show that the things that contribute most to a sense of well-being cannot be bought, such as a
good family life, friendship, work satisfaction, and satisfaction with the users of one’s leisure. There is little
relation between these things and people’s incomes. For many people security of income actually contributes
more to measured well-being than does level of income.
Most people believe that if they had 25 per cent more income they would be much more satisfied with their
lives, but those whose incomes are now at that higher level are not more satisfied with their lives. Why are we
so easily deceived about something that is central to our happiness? One reason is that changes in income do
briefly influence our sense of well-being – and decreases make us more miserable than increases make us
happy. But even the happiness that comes with an increase in income does not last long, for very soon the new
level of income becomes the standard against which we measure our achievements.
Many studies show that people are not good at explaining why that feel good or bad, for people use
conventional explanations of the sources of well-being. And the market ideology says that source is money.
According to a recent study at the University of Michigan, when people were asked what activities they enjoyed
most, they ranked their actual work activities higher than anything except playing with their children and
talking to friends – and much higher than watching TV. Work is a major source of life satisfaction. Of all the
sources of well-being, a satisfying family life is the most important and this form of satisfaction does not vary
with income except at the bottom; poverty is associated with family misery. To promote “family values”,
policy should be directed to the relief of poverty.
Because satisfaction with the work one does is central to a sense of well-being, full employment should be
the primary objective of economic policy.

Ex. 5b) Make a plan of the article. Decide upon the idea and key words of each paragraph. Compare
your plans with a partner and make a final plan together. Summerize the article according to your fine-
tuned plan.

^ Ex. 5c) Answer the following questions:

 What kind of studies were carried out? What were their results and what do these result mean
(what conclusion do they suggest)?
 How is your sense of well-being connected with money?

Ex. 6a) Answer the questions about your attitude to charity.

1. Have you given money to anybody on the street recently?
2. If not, do you ever give money?
3. Is begging prohibited in your country?
67
4. Do you often see people asking for money on the streets in your town or in other towns in your country?
5. What do you think is the best way to help people who ask for money on the streets?

^ Ex. 6b) Work with another student and discuss these points.
1. Do voluntary organizations collecting money exist in your country? If so, which groups of people are
they trying to help? Tick the categories below.
Sufferers from cancer ____ The aged ____ Animals ____
The blind ____ Children ____ Religious groups ____
Other medical causes ____ The environment ____ Poverty, general welfare __
The homeless ____ The Third World ____ Others ____

2. How do they collect the money? Tick the items.

By calling at the house ____ Street collection ____
Selling second-hand goods ____ Lotteries ____
Letters of appeal ____ TV programmes ____
Advertisements in newspapers ____ Other methods _____
3. Which causes are you most likely to give to?
4. Which method of collecting money do you prefer? Is it the most effective?

Ex. 6c) Read this text about charities and answer the questions below.
Charity once meant love or affection, but in late twentieth- century in Britain its meaning has been
transformed. Today charity stands for big business. Charities employ 200,000 people, account for as much as
four per cent of Britain's gross domestic product, and exceed in scale that most ancient and widespread of all
industries, farming.
The influence of charities reaches everywhere. Their massive spectaculars get privileged time on the
nation's television screens. Spokespersons lobby for every imaginable good cause, from the environment to the
Third World, poverty to disease, religion to education, childhood to old age.
Charities run our lifeboats and provide other vital emergency services through the Red Cross and St John
Ambulance Brigade. They are, too, the human guardians of the animal world, caring especially for those great
British favourites, donkeys, dogs and birds.
Without charities a great many unfortunate people would be even worse off: old soldiers, battered women,
the deaf, the dying, the blind, the homeless, the suicidal, sufferers from every rare and common disability.
Britain raises more money for medical research through charities than it does through the Government's
Medical Research Council. One charity, the National Trust, dominates the endless task of preserving the
nation’s heritage. Others are rebuilding the finances of our universities, and in a few years have raised more
than £350 million for Oxford and Cambridge alone.
Charity benevolence seems to have had its origins when warrior tramped off to the Crusades, leaving their
possessions in the care of a trusted friend. Trust, at any rate, remains the basis on which charities rest. Charities
today raise and spend money as any business does. But there is one important difference. Unlike company
directors, charity trustees must not make any profit for themselves.
Giant fund-raising events of the eighties cast charity in the limelight of publicity. People began to ask
questions: were the fund-raising methods legitimate? Was the money raised well spent? And why, this age of
universal welfare, did we need charities at all? The questions remain to be answered.

Ex. 6d) Answer the questions. Choose the right option.

1. Where do you think the text comes from:
a) a novel b) a charity's publicity leaflet c) a newspaper.
2. What title would you give to the piece:
68
a) Where charity is, there love is b) The changing face of charity
c) Charities? We can do without them.
3. Which charities/charitable causes does the text refer to?

Ex. 6e) Read the text again and decide whether the statements below are true or false. Correct those that
are false, and underline the sections in the text which show the others are true. Note that one part of a
sentence may be true and the other false.
1. Charity is like big business nowadays because it involves large sums of money…
2. ... and charities make a profit for the employees.
3. TV companies provide time for appeals on behalf of all kinds f causes.
4. Charities improve the position of many unfortunate people.
5. There are charities to help women who have been beaten by their husbands and people who think of killing
themselves.
6. The Government provides most of the money for medical research.
7. Big charity events in recent years have brought charities to public notice ...
8. ... although people wondered whether the methods employed o raise money were the right ones.

Self Check Questions

1. What role does money have in your life? What is the contribution of money to people’s sense of well-
being?
2. Describe your budget: your income and your expenditures.
3. How would you describe yourself in terms of your attitude to money: extravagant, stingy, generous, mean,
negligent, irresponsible?
4. What charity organization would you give money to? Why?
5. If someone gave you a lot of money, what would you do with it?
6. Do you think money is more important than love?
7. How much money do you want to earn each month?
8. What qualities must a person have to make BIG money? Does big money change a person? in what way?
9. Should children get an allowance (pocket money) from their parents?
10. Do you ever give money to beggars on the street? Why or why not?
11. Do you ever give money to charity? Why or why not?
12. Why do people often want more money, no matter how much they have got?
13. Why are poor people in many cases more generous than rich people?
14. What are some reasons for people being poor? Can poverty be avoided?
15. Who wouldn't you lend money to?
16. Do you play the lottery / gamble? Why?
17. Do you sometimes buy things that you don't need? Can you explain why you do?
18. How much money would you have to win to be happy?
19. What are the easiest ways of getting much money?
20. What problems may arise if you suddenly went into money?

Self Check Situations

1. You are going to save up for a trip. Describe your monthly budget. What expenditures could you cut down
on?
2. You work for a charity organization. You need to raise money for a charitable cause. How would you
persuade people to donate?

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3. Imagine you are a parent of a ten year old child and he or she has mentioned several times recently that a
person is nothing without money. How do you react? What arguments would you put forward to support
your reasoning?

Vocabulary Bank
Ex. 1. All the verbs in the first column collocate with the word money. Match the collocation with the
correct definition.
1. earn a) receive money from somebody who has died
2. raise b) take money out of a bank account
3. donate c) use money on something you don’t need
4. steal d) buy e.g. shares in a company
5. win e) give smb money that they must return
6. find f) get money from people for a purpose
7. lose g) give money to an organization
8. spend h) keep money for future use
9. save i) give money back to smb you borrowed from
10. lend j) give/pay money for something
11. borrow k) not have any longer; not gain
12. invest l) have to pay smb the money they gave you
13. withdraw m) get money by working
14. waste n) take money from smb without permission
15. inherit o) get money in the lottery, quiz show etc.
16. pay back p) get money from smb that you must return
17. owe q) discover by chance

Ex. 2. Choose the most suitable word or phrase underlined in each sentence.
1. I haven't got enough money, I'm afraid. Could you borrow / lend me some?
2. It's a good school, but the fares / fees are rather high.
3. This car is too expensive. We can't afford / pay it.
4. It was a very good meal. Can we have the account / bill please?
5. There's a small flat to hire / let in Bridge Street.
6. How much do you earn / gain in your new job?
7. She's a good dentist, but she doesn't charge / spend too much.
8. I bought this coat in the sales. It was decreased / reduced a lot.
9. Jack made his fortune / treasure buying and selling property.
10. How much do you reckon / value that house would cost?

Ex. 3. Replace each word or phrase underlined with a word or phrase from the list which has the
opposite meaning.
a) cash e) well off i) take out
b) generous f) expensive j) worthless
c) profit g) poverty
d) save h) purchase
1. I was surprised by how mean Charles was...........
2. Janet says that she is very hard up at the moment……….
3. Last year their business made a huge loss.............
4. I'd like to pay in £100 please................
5. That part of Spain always seems very cheap to me………….
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6. Most people in the city live in great prosperity………………
7. The manager insisted that I paid by cheque. ………………..
8. Some people manage to spend most of their money. ……….
9. Jean was able to make only one sale during the morning...…..
10. The old painting I found in the loft turned out to be valuable.

Ex. 4. Complete each sentence with a word from the list. Use each word once only.
a) coin
b) guarantee
c) pension
d) rent
e) tip
f) credit card
g) loan
h) receipt
i) safe
j) wealth

1. The old couple had only a small.....................to live on.

2. My uncle Sam acquired his considerable.....................selling cars.
3. David never carries cash with him and pays for everything by....……
4. I wouldn't have been able to buy my boat without a bank........
5. The shop won't change any goods without the original............
6. Keith didn't like the waiter so he didn't leave a......................
7. The house is not in very good condition so the..............is low.
8. The food mixer has a twelve month......................
9. We keep all our money and valuables in this.....................in the floor.
10. The five pence...................is so small that everyone dislikes it.

Ex. 5. Choose the most suitable response to each sentence a)
response once only.
a) Who do I make the cheque out to? .......
b) We seem to be spending a lot of money lately.
c) The house has burnt down! What are we going to do? .......
d) How much do you want for this drawing? .......
e) Did you inherit this house? .......
f) Your dog must have cost a lot of money........
g) Do we still owe the bank any money? .......
h) How much do you make a year? .......
i) Can we change money at the hotel to pay the bill?
j) Why are you putting so much money in the bank?
to j) from the sentences 1) to 10). Use each
1) Sorry, but it's not for sale.
2) I'm saving up to buy a new motorbike.
3) Perhaps we should try to economise a bit.
4) Yes, my Aunt Clara left it to me.
5) Well, we've nearly paid it all back.
6) To JB Woolbury PLC.
7) Actually I got it for nothing.
8) I think they accept traveller’s cheques
anyway.
9) I've got quite a good salary actually.
10) Don't worry, we're insured.

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Ex. 6. Choose the most suitable word or phrase to complete each sentence.
1. I bought these shoes in the sales. They were a real..........
a) cheap b) economy c) bargain d) purchase

2. If you put your money in the bank, it will earn ten percent..........
a) interest b) profit c) deposit d) investment

3. John asked his parents if they would pay off his...........

a) rents b) debts c) accounts d) credits

4. Adults have to pay £2.50 to get in, but children under 14 get in..........
a) free b) nothing c) penniless d) open

5. I'm interested in this old car. Is it..........?

a) selling b) a sale c) to sell d) for sale

6. I'm trying to save for my holidays so I'm.........some money each week.

a) putting in b) putting behind c) putting aside d) putting up

7. Just a minute! You've forgotten to...........your cheque!

a) mark b) make c) place d) sign

8. I like your typewriter. How much did it..........exactly?

a) pay b) cost c) afford d) spend

9. The blackmailer asked for the money in used............

a) notes b) cheques c) paper d) cash

10. I gave the assistant £10 and she gave me four pounds......
a) rest b) money c) coins d) change

Ex. 7. Choose the most suitable word or phrase to complete each sentence.
Money Matters
Are you always (1).....up? Do you often have to (2).....money from friends, or from your parents, whenever
you need a little extra (3).....? If you (4).....too much, and save too little, you will end up with more (5).....than
friends. You know the solution, of course: just save a small (6).....every month. Most banks will pay (7).....on
your savings, and you will soon be able to (8).....all those things which seemed to cost too much before. The
trouble is, you're a university student, and many banks treat you like a child. But not us. If you open a/an
(9).....with Smith Fulton Bank before October 31st, we'll not only send you your own (10).....book and credit
(11)....., but you'll also receive a copy of our booklet 'Putting Money (12).....for Your Future'. Smith Fulton can
pay your (13)....., help you with special student (14)....., and your friendly branch (15).....can give you advice
for the future. We believe in you. Why not believe in us and open an account?

1. a) shut b) hard c) debt d) money

2. a) borrow b) lend c) save d) pay
3. a) cheque b) pension c) wealth d) cash
4. a) sign b) spend c) cost d) cheat
5. a) owe b) loans c) debts d) profits
6. a) amount b) number c) note d) rest
7. a) receipts b) credits c) rents d) interest
8. a) lend b) economise c) afford d) spend
9. a) cheque b) customer c) bill d) account
10. a) loan b) cheque c) cash d) money
11. a) plastic b) tip c) card d) cheque
12. a) aside b) up c) inside d) work
13. a) sales b) bets c) bargains d) bills
14. a) coins b) loans c) fortunes d) pensions
15. a) miser b) swindler c) manager d) cashier

Active vocabulary
allowance garment security
automatic cash machine (ATM) to get a loan / a scholarship source (of income)
/ the hole in the wall to go bankrupt / bust / broke stingy / tight-fisted / miserly /
average salary / income to go on a spending spree mean / penny-pinching /
beggar income skinflint
to be in debt / get into debt to indulge oneself thrifty / economical
benevolence influence of smth to spend on smth
build up / develop to inherit /inheritance /heir(ess) to split (the bill) / to go halves
to buy on credit in the black / in the red state benefits / social benefits
beyond poverty level in the care of smb subsidy / to subsidize
bottom / at the bottom in the limelight of publicity tip
to bribe / bribe / briber to be satisfied with smth to treat smb to smth / treat
to come into money to make ends meet unemployment benefit
to contribute to make money / a fortune uptight / hard up / down-and-
to clear a credit market economy out / underprivileged
credit card to measure privileged / well off / wealthy
to deceive /deception/ deceptive miserable / misery value / to value / valuable /
to decrease / decrease in / objective / purpose / on purpose valuables
ant. to increase / increase in to pay in / by installments to vary / differ / change
deposit pension / pensioner vital
emergency service pocket money wants
employment / full employment priceless / pricey wealth
expenditure to promote well-being
expense / at the expense of smth to rank waster / squanderer / spendthrift
extravagant ransom to win the lottery
fee to refund to withdraw money
flashy (with money) relief to work out
fund-raising to run a business worthless
generous second-hand