DISASTER READINESS AND

RISK REDUCTION
and other negative effects on human, physical,
LESSON 1: CONCEPT OF DISASTER AND DISASTER mental and social well-being, together with
RISK damage to property, destruction of assets, loss of
 The Philippine archipelago lies in a region that is services, Social and economic disruption and
predisposed to natural hazards environmental degradation.1avvphi
 It is located at the western edge of the Pacific  “Hazard” – a dangerous phenomenon,
Ocean where most of the tropical cyclones of the substance, human activity or condition that may
world form
cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts,
 Isa tayo sa mga bansa na sumasalo sa mga property damage, loss of livelihood and services,
namumuong sama ng panahon social and economic disruption, or environmental
 Philippines is also a part of the so called “circum damage
pacific seismic” belt where 80% of the world’s
annual earthquakes occur DISASTER VS HAZARD
 This belt is also the cause of several destructive
earthquakes and volcanic eruptions experienced DISASTER HAZARD
in the country
 The Philippines has experienced all types of  Disrupts normal human  Dangerous
disasters caused by typhoons, floods, storn activities phenomenon
surges, earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic
 Inflicts loss of life,  Substance
eruptions, landslides, etc
injury and bad effects  Human activity
 The biggest number of disasters and economic on health and well-  Condition
losses worldwide are due to floods and
being
windstroms (typhoons)
 Destroys or damages
CONCEPT OF DISASTER private and public
 Republic Act No 10121 (Philippine Disaster properties, critical
Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010) facilities and other
- Section 3, RA. No. 10121 essential services
 “Disaster” – a serious disruption of the  Exceeds the ability of
functioning of a community or a society involving the affected community
widespread human, material, economic or or society to cope with
environmental losses and impacts, which exceeds its own resources
the ability of the affected community or society to  DISASTER is the result of HAZARD if it affects
cope using its own resources. Disasters are often human life, and property
described as a result of the combination of: the
exposure to a hazard; the conditions of LESSON 2: DISASTER RISK
vulnerability that are present; and insufficient  Disaster Risk - The potential loss of life, injury or
capacity or measures to reduce or cope with the destroyed or damaged assests which could occur
potential negative consequences, Disaster to as system, society or a community in a specific
period of time, determined probabilistically as a
impacts may include loss of life, injury, disease

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 DISASTER READINESS AND RISK REDUCTION
function of hazard, exposure, vulnerability and
capacity (UNDRR)
o Expressed as a function of hazard,
exposure, and vulnerability. It seeks not
only to express the chance of the disaster
happening but also to quantify the impact
o The magnitude of the disaster depends
on:
- Severity of the natural event
- The quantity of exposure of the
elements at risk which includes lives
and properties
- Vulnerability level or quality of
exposure
VULNERABILITY
 extent to which a community’s structure, services,
or environment are likely to be damaged or
disrupted by the impact of a hazard
EXPOSURE
 the number of people, property, systems or other
elements present in hazard zones that are
thereby subject to potential loss
NATURE AND EFFECTS OF DISASTER
 Disaster often result from the failure to anticipate
the timing and enormity of natural hazards
1. Medical Effects - include traumatic injuries,
emotional stress, epidemic disease, and
indigenous disease
2. Damage to critical facilities - widespread
disasters can destroy or damage facilities that
may be critical not only in maintaining a safe
environment and public order, but also in
responding to the disaster. (Communication
installation, electrical generating, and
transmission facilities, hospitals etc.
3. Disruption of transportation - During the initial
stages of a disaster, almost all surface means of
transportation within a community are disrupted
by broken bridges and roads and streets that are
rendered impassable by landslides or floods. The
restricted mobility of vehicles makes rescue and
other emergency operations difficult.
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4. Economic Impact - as a result of the destruction
and damage to critical facilities, especially to
transportation and communication facilities,
disasters disrupt economies as normal business
operations and other economic activities are
curtailed
5. Global Environmental Change - There is
increasing evidence of a global climatic change
brought about by both human activity and
disasters. Although the long-range consequences
are hard to predict, more severe cyclonic storms
and increase in both flooding and drought, and a
trend towards desertification cannot be ruled out.
The changes could result in a wide range of more
hazards such as wildfires and mudslides, reduced
productivity in the oceans and weakened immune
systems of people and animals
6. Social and Political Impacts - as a large
segment of the population in developing countries
the poor, who are the most valuable whenever a
disaster strikes, these counties are most affected.
The poor are the most prone to disasters because
of the structures they live in which are
unreinforced and poorly built
EXPOSURE AND VULNERABILITY
 Vulnerabilty - the degree of loss to a given
element at risk
1. Physical Vulnerability - It refers to the buildings,
infrastructure, critical facilities, and agriculture.
o Vulnerability of buildings — affected by
the site, design, shape, materials used,
construction techniques, maintenance
and proximity of building to others.
o Vulnerability of infrastructures —
group into transport system (roads,
railways, bridges, airports, pod facilities),
utilities (water, electricity, sewerage), and
telecommunications.
o Vulnerability of critical facilities — vital
functioning of societies in disaster
situations (hospitals, emergency services,
etc.)
 DISASTER READINESS AND RISK REDUCTION
o Vulnerability of agriculture — this
includes major crops, trees, livestock and
fisheries.
2. Social Vulnerability - Focuses on special
categories of vulnerable groups, livelihoods,
perception of risk. local institutions, poverty, etc.
Key variables explaining variations of impact are the
following:
 Class (differences in wealth)
 Occupation
 Caste (system of hierarchical social classes, or a
specific social class of people)
 Ethnicity
 Gender
 Disability and health status
 Age
 Nature and extend of social netwoks
Poverty levels - The poorer you are, the higher the
exposure to everyday risks and the less concerned you
are with infrequent hazards.
- As a rule, the poor suffer more from hazards than
the rich.
- Poorer population groups do not always have a
choice of where to locate, thus they might have to
live in risky areas. for example, on a muddy
hillside or a flood plain.(Blaikie et al.. 1994)
3. Economic Vulnerability - Measures the risk of
hazards causing losses to economic assets and
processes.
It focuses on evaluating the following:
 Direct Loss potential — production of goods and
services, cost of damage or destruction of
physical and social infrastructure and its repair or
replacement.
 Indirect Loss potential — impact on lost
production, employment, vital services and
income-earning activities.
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 Economic damage potential — anything
concrete that affects the economy of a region and
can be damaged by a hazard.
 Environmental Vulnerability - also knwon as
ecosystem vulnerability or fragility
- It can be seen as “the inability of an
ecosystem to tolerate stressor over
time and space.” (William and
Kaputska, 2000)
LESSON 3: BASIC CONCEPT OF HAZARD
HAZARD
 a dangerous phenomenon, substance, human
activity, or condition that may cause loss of life,
injury or other healt impacts, property damage,
loss of livelihood, and services, social and
economic disruption or environmental damage
(RA. No 10121)
TYPES OF HAZARD
1. Natural Hazards - hazards that results from
Earth’s natural processes (eg. Volcanic eruption,
earthquakes
2. Secondary Hazards - are hazards that resulted
or consequence of other hazards (Eg. landslides,
tsunamis)
3. Technological Hazards - man made hazards
(eg. radiation leaks, toxicity of land due to
pesticides )
4. Quasi-natural Hazards - hazards that results
from the interaction of natural processes and
human activities (smog, desertification)
CLASSIFICATIONS OF HAZARD
1. GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS
 Earthquakes
 Vibration
 Ground Rupture
 Liquefaction
 Earthquake-induced landslides
 Tsunami
 DISASTER READINESS AND RISK REDUCTION
 Volcanic Eruption  Accidental release of toxic chemicals,
 Lava Flow radiological material, biological material,
 Volcanic Gas oil etc
 Pyroclastic Flow  Nuclear accidents
 Tephra Fall  Collapse of public buildings
 Lahar  Weapons of mass destructions
 Volcanic Debris  Computer viruses
 Avalanache IMPACTS OF HAZARD
 Rainfall induced landslides o The impacts of hazards are the likely outcome of
 Rapid sediment movement disaster, the exposed elements will initianlly
 Subsidence receive all the negative impacts. In some cases,
 Sinkhole formation however, not all the impacts of hazards are
 Impacts with space objects adverse
2. HYDROLOGIC HAZARDS o Some natural hazards result in changes that may
 Floods be beneficial or supportive of the other existing
 Wave action elements:
 Drought - Physical Elements
 Rapid glacier avalanche - Socioeconomic Elements
3. ATMOSPHERIC HAZARDS - Environmental elements
 Typhoons or Hurricanes LESSON 4: EARTHQUAKE
 Thuderstorms
 Excessive rainfalls
EARTHQUAKE
 Tornadoes
 It is a vibration of the ground produced by a
 Heavy snowfalls
sudden release of energy due to the disturbance
 Hail
of the stability of the rock masses beneath the
 Blizzards Earth's surface.
 Glaze storm
 Freezing rain TYPES OF EARTHQUAKE
 High wind speeds 1. Tectonic - Earthquake produces by sudden
 Extreme temperature movement along faults and plate boundaries
2. Volcanic - Earthquakes produces by movement
 Lightnings
of magma beneath volcanoes.
4. BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
3. Explosion — Man — made (technological)
 Epidemic in humans
earthquakes produced by detonation of high
 Epidemic in plants
explosives like nuclear bomb.
 Epidemic in animals
 Locusts WAYS OF DESCRIBING THE STRENGTH OF AN
EARTHQUAKE
5. MAN-MADE HAZARDS 1. Intensity - perceived strength of an earthquake
 Transportation accidents based on relative effect to people and structures;
generally higher near the epicenter.
 Industrial explosions and fires
2. Magnitude - based on instrumentally derived
information and correlated strength with the

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 DISASTER READINESS AND RISK REDUCTION
amount of total energy released at the
earthquake's point of origin.
EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS
1. Ground shaking or Ground motion
2. Ground surface rapture
3. Liquefaction
4. Tsunami
5. Earthquake induced landslide
GROUND SHAKING (VIBRATION)
 It refers to what we feel when energy built up by
the application of stress to the lithosphere is
released by faulting during earthquake.
 Technically, it refers to the disruptive up and
down and sideways motion experienced during an
earthquake.
HOW GROUND SHAKING IS MEASURED
The strength of ground shaking is measured in terms of:
1. Velocity
2. Acceleration
3. Frequency content of shaking
4. Duration (How long the shaking continues)
GROUND RAPTURE
 The creation of new or the renewed movement of
old fractures, oftentimes with two blocks on both
side moving in opposite direction.
LIQUEFACTION
 takes place when loosely packed, water-logged
sediments at or near the ground surface lose their
strength in response to strong ground shaking
EARTHQUAKE-INDUCED LANDSLIDE
Why Landslide Occur?
- A change in the stability of a slope can be caused
by a number of factors acting together or alone.
1. Removal of Support — at the based of a
slope which may be due to erosion at the toe of
a slope by rivers or ocean waves.
2. Groundwater (pore water) pressure — during
sudden changes in he water level of bodies of
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water adjacent to a slope also acts to
destabilize it.
3. Volcanic Eruption - Bulging of slopes and the
force of volcanic material ejection or emission
may also contribute to slope instability.
4. Intense rainfall
5. Snowmelt
6. Human Intervention
7. Earthquakes
8. Tsunamis
TSUNAMI
 A term which originated from the Japanese "tsu",
which means harbor. and "name", which means
wave.
 It is a series of waves generated when an oceanic
body of water is rapidly disturbed because of an
underwater earthquake. volcanic eruption,
landslide or underwater explosion.
SIGNS OF IMPENDING TSUNAMI
 Drawback - when the ocean recedes drastically or
the water level falls unusually along the shoreline.
 Change in Animal Behavior
 Sound similar to incoming train
LESSON 5: VOLCANIC HAZARDS
VOLCANO
 The term volcano, signifies a mountain, hill or
simply a vent, through which molten or hot pieces
of rocks and gaseous materials are ejected from a
reservoir below the surface of the earth.
 Formed over weak spots or breaks in the Earth’s
crust through which molten materials and gases
move up to the surface when the pressure of gas
and magma becomes too great to be contained
by the magma chamber or reservoir. Thus,
volcano eruption may be defined as a process
during which volcanic materials such as molten or
hot fragmented rock and gas are ejected, usually
violently, from a volcano.
 DISASTER READINESS AND RISK REDUCTION
VOLCANIC HAZARDS to face whatever circumstances the eruption may
1. Lahar – Lahar is an Indonesian term that bring
describes a hot or cold mixture of water and rock 2. Prepare all necessary things such as food, water,
fragments flowing down the slopes of a volcano light sources, masks and batteries so bring once
and river valleys evacuation is needed
2. Ash Fall – a rain or airborne ash resulting from a 3. Prioritize safety of kids before other things
volcanic eruption. It ca have serious detrimental
effects on agricultural crops and livestock DURING:
depending mainly on ash thickness, the type of 1. Avoid all low-lying place
growing condition of a crop, the presence of 2. Seek cover in case of ash falls and rock falls
soluble fluoride on the ash, and timing and 3. Use masks and cover your mouth
intensity of subsequent rainfall 4. ]close all doors and windows
3. Pyroclastic Flow – are heavier than air gas 5. Always stay indoors/evacuation center
particle emulsions that across the ground at 6. Keep watchful eye on the kids
velocities ranging from 10m/sec to 300 m/sec.
Then can attain temperature of over 1000 c. AFTER:
4. Ballistic Projectiles – are rocks that an erupting 1. Go back to your house but leave the kids
volcano may hurl into the air. These blocks and 2. Clean everything around and check all the
bombs travel like cannon balls and usually land damages incurred
within 2km of the vent (but can travel as far as 3. Use masks while cleaning ash and other debris
5km, or even further, if the eruption is very 4. Wait for further announcements
explosive) 5. Make sure that your house is still safe for all of
5. Volcanic Gases – sulfur compounds, chlorine you
and fluorine react with water to form poisonous
acids damaging to the eyes, skin and respiratory
systems of animals even in very small
concentration
6. Lava Flow – it rarely threaten human life because
kava usually moves slowly- a few centimeters a
few centimeters per hour
SIGNS OF IMPENDING VOLCANIC ERUPTION
1. Increase of seismic activity
2. Deformation of volcano
3. Gases that come out of fumaroles
4. If plants nearby die suddenly, if the color of any
lakes or ponds nearby changes
5. Changes in thermal images of volcanic areas
APPROPRIATE MEASURES/INTERVENTIONS
BEFORE, DURING, AND AFTER A VOLCANIC
ERUPTION
BEFORE:
1. Each one should be aware of the dangers that
volcanic eruptions pose to lives and be prepared

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