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New 3-Level Topology For Efficient Solar Applications: Power Converters
New 3-Level Topology For Efficient Solar Applications: Power Converters
New 3-Level Topology For Efficient Solar Applications: Power Converters
Solar inverters must generate sinusoidal The energy injected into the grid results to: turned on and off during the
output current to be fed into the public EOut = EExication - Eregeneration = UDC * IOutput * tON - corresponding half-wave.
power grid. The simplest way of producing UDC * IOutput * toff (2)
sinusoidal current is to use an H-bridge EOut = UDC * IOutput * (ton - toff) (3) Pros - low static losses in third-level
inverter with pulse width modulation mode:
(PWM) of DC voltage and an output filter. The regenerated energy has to pass the 䡲 Voltage drop at real power during ON - 2
The three-level topology serves to reduce inverter twice without value (excitation and IGBTs
switching losses and the output filter’s regeneration) and it will each time cause 䡲 Voltage drop at real power during OFF
effort. With two-level modulation, the additional power dissipation. and freewheeling - 2 IGBTs + 2 diodes
power semiconductor has to switch at With 3-level operation the voltage at a 䡲 Voltage drop at reactive power during
higher voltages, e.g. 400 V. In a single- symmetrical output filter is changing OFF and freewheeling - 2 diodes
phase, three-level system the filter’s between VDC (e.g. +400 V) and half of
primary output is shorted during the actual output voltage (e.g. 0..160 V at Cons - complex structure:
freewheeling, this will reduce the switched 230 V AC grid). The switching losses and 䡲 Requires 6 IGBTs (four of the ultrafast
voltage. the size of the output filter may be switching variety) and 6 fast diodes
This reduces switching losses and the minimized using still the same PWM
size of the output filter by half, albeit frequency. The excitation works like in The H5-topology (Figure 2) offers a
while still using the same PWM standard 2-level H-bridge with bipolar different solution for the same approach.
frequency. Excitation is the same as in switching, but during freewheeling the H- The additional IGBT is switched via PWM
the standard two-level H-bridge with bridge is turned off and the output together with the low-side IGBTs, while the
bipolar switching, but the output of the shorted. high-side IGBTs are turned on and off
H-bridge is shorted during freewheeling. during the corresponding half-wave at real
In a single phase 3 level system is the HERIC-and H5-topology power.
output primary of the filter shorted The HERIC-based inverter circuit (Figure 1)
(Figure 1 right), this will reduce the implements a dynamic short connection at Pros - fewer components:
switched voltage. the output using two sets of IGBTs and 䡲 Requires 5 IGBTs and 5 fast diodes
diodes in serial array. The sets are 䡲 Just three of the five IGBTs have to be of
Advantages of 3-level operation connected in an anti-parallel circuit at the the ultrafast switching variety (if the
In 2-level operation energy will be H-bridge’s output. For every half-wave, two focus is on real power efficiency)
regenerated during freewheeling back different IGBTs of the H-bridge are
to the DC-ling capacitor according to switched with PWM during real power Cons - high static losses:
equation 1 (where the current and voltage have the 䡲 Voltage drop at real power during ON - 3
Eregeneration = UDC * IOutput * t(off) (1) same polarity). The IGBTs at the output are IGBTs
䡲 Voltage drop at real power during the HERIC topology, but it requires just five Pros - low static losses at real power
OFF and freewheeling - 1 IGBT + 1 diodes (Figure 3). operation:
diode The new topology achieves the same 䡲 Voltage drop at real power during ON - 2
䡲 Voltage drop at reactive power during real power performance as the HERIC IGBTs
OFF and freewheeling - 3 diodes topology. There is a price to pay for 䡲 Voltage drop at real power during OFF
䡲 5th switch requires an extra power reducing the number of diodes from six to and freewheeling - 2 IGBTs + 2 diodes
supply for its gate drive five, namely one additional junction at
freewheeling during reactive power. Cons - complex structure:
New H6.5-topology However, this is of negligible importance in 䡲 Requires 6 IGBTs (four of the ultrafast
The new topology also uses six IGBTs like solar applications. switching variety) and 5 fast diodes
䡲 Voltage drop at reactive power during with the high-side IGBTs of the H-bridge. Conclusion
OFF and freewheeling - 3 diodes This input provides the underpinning for An unprecedented three-level topology for
two new modules. single-phase solar inverters provides a new
Power modules designed to support The 2x Boost + H6.5 Inverter (Figure 5) alternative to legacy solutions such as
the new topology uses a standard 2x booster module and HERIC and H5 topologies. This new
To integrate the semiconductors, the implements the new topology in a second topology may be used in real power and
power module will have to module based on the flow 1 housing. This reactive power modes. Two different
structure also supports designs where the power module designs are available with
䡲 provide two independent boost stages MPP tracker and inverter are sited at this new topology.
for MPP (maximum power point) different locations on the PCB.
tracking The 2x Boost + Halfwave Inverter
䡲 incorporate the new H6.5 topology (Figure 6) combines one boost stage and
2X MORE
www.PioneerMagnetics.com
䡲 handle a high switching frequency, e.g. the inverter components for one half-wave
47.7mm
POWER
1-800-269-6426
AC-DC
2" or
path. The advantage of using a common between two modules, the inductance of
collector for the IGBTs in the freewheeling both modules’ electrical interfaces causes
path is that no additional power supply will over-voltage at turn-off, which limits
be required because the emitter is shared options for using fast components.