JENNETH ESTAMPA RN, MN A A A

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Start
Consists of the structures used
to acquire O2 and remove CO2
from the blood.
All cells in the body require
O2 to synthesize the chemical
ANATOMY OF THE
energy molecule, ATP. RESPIRATORY
CO2 is a by-product of ATP SYSTEM
production and must be removed
from the blood.
Increased levels of CO2 will
lower the pH of the blood.
Let's go!
 ANATOMY OF THE
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

External nose Nasal cavity

encloses the a cleaning, warming,
and humidifying
chamber for air chamber for inspired
inspiration air

Pharynx Larynx
serves as a
shared passageway the voice box
for food and air
 ANATOMY OF THE
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Trachea Bronchi
an air-cleaning tube to
tubes that direct
funnel inspired air to
air into the lungs.
each lung

Lungs
labyrinths of air tubes
and a complex network of
air sacs, called
alveoli, and capillaries
 FUNCTIONS OF THE
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Upper respiratory Lower respiratory
tract tract
structures from the
structures from the
trachea through the
nose to the larynx alveoli in the lungs

Conducting zone Respiratory zone

structures from the nose
small air tubes in the
to the air tubes within
lungs and the alveoli
the lungs used strictly
where gas exchange occurs
for ventilation
 1. Ventilation
FUNCTIONS OF
2. External
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Respiration
3. Gas Transport
4. Internal
Respiration

Next
 1. Regulation of
ADDITIONAL blood pH
FUNCTIONS OF 2. Production of

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM chemical

mediators
3. Voice production
4. Olfaction
5. Protection

Next
UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT

External nose

Nasal cavity

Pharynx

Larynx
 NOSE

External Nasal
nose cavity
composed of extends from nares
(nostrils) to the
mainly of choana which are the
hyaline openings to pharynx
cartilage hard palate is its
roof
the nasal septum
divides it in half
 NOSE

Paranasal
Conchae
sinuses
bony projections
air filled on each side of
spaces within nasal cavity
bone increase surface
open into nasal area of nasal
cavity cavity
lined with help in cleaning,
mucous humidifying,
warming of air
 NOSE

Nasolacrimal
ducts
carry tears
from eyes
open into
nasal cavity
 FUNCTIONS OF THE
NASAL CAVITY
1. Serves as a
passageway for
air
2. Cleans the air
3. Humidifies and
warms the air
4. Contains the
olfactory
epithelium
5. Helps determine
voice sound
 PHARYNX

Pharynx Nasopharynx
a common passageway
for the respiratory takes in air
and digestive systems

Laryngopharynx
Oropharynx
extends from
extends from uvula to
epiglottis to
epiglottis
esophagus
takes in food, drink,
food and drink pass
and air
through
 PHARYNX

Pharyngeal
Uvula
tonsil
“little
grape” aids in
extension defending
of soft against
palate infections
NASAL CAVITY & PHARYNX
 LARYNX

Thyroid
Larynx
cartilage
Located in the
anterior throat Largest
and extends piece of
from the base
cartilage
of the tongue
Adam’s
to the trachea
Consists of 9 apple
cartilages
 LARYNX

Epiglottis
piece of
cartilage
flap that
prevents
swallowed
materials from
entering
larynx
 LARYNX
Vocal
Vestibular Folds
source of voice
folds production
air moves past
them, they
false vocal vibrate, and sound
cords is produced
force of air
determine loudness
tension determines
pitch
LOWER RESPIRATORY
TRACT

Trachea

Bronchi

Tracheobronchial

Tree in Lungs

Alveoli
 TRACHEA

Windpipe
consists of 16
to 20 C-shaped
pieces of
cartilage called
tracheal rings
Lined with
ciliated
pseudostratified
columnar
epithelium
 BRONCHI

Divides into
right and left
main (primary)
bronchi in the
lungs at the
carina
Lined with cilia
Contain C-shaped
pieces of
cartilage
TRACHEOBRONCHIAL TREE

Structures become smaller

and more numerous from
primary bronchi to
alveoli.
1. Primary bronchi
2. Lobar (secondary)
bronchi
3. Segmental (tertiary)
bronchi
4. Bronchioles
5. Terminal bronchioles
6. Respiratory bronchioles
7. Alveolar ducts
8. Alveoli
 CHANGES IN AIR
PASSAGEWAY DIAMETER

Bronchodilation Bronchoconstriction Asthma

Attack
the smooth
muscle contraction of
relaxes, the smooth muscle
terminal
contracts, making
making the bronchioles
the bronchiole
bronchiole diameter smaller.
leads to reduced
diameter air flow.
larger.
 ALVEOLI

The sites of
external respiration
Small air-filled
sacs where air and
blood come into
close contact
Where gas exchange
occurs
Surrounded by
capillaries
300 million in lungs
RESPIRATORY MEMBRANE
Where gas exchange
between air and
blood occurs in the
lungs
Formed by walls of
alveoli and
capillaries
Alveolar ducts and
respiratory
bronchioles also
contribute
Very thin for
diffusion of gases
 1. Thin layer of fluid
LAYERS OF from alveolus
2. Alveolar epithelium
RESPIRATORY (simple squamous)
3. Basement membrane of
MEMBRANE alveolar epithelium
4. Thin interstitial space
5. Basement membrane of
capillary endothelium
6. Capillary endothelium
(simple squamous)

Next
 THORACIC WALL AND
MUSCLES OF RESPIRATION
The thoracic wall
consists of:
thoracic
vertebrae
ribs
costal
cartilages
sternum
associated
muscles
 THORACIC WALL AND
MUSCLES OF RESPIRATION

Thoracic
Diaphragm
cavity
the space a sheet of
enclosed by skeletal muscle
separating the
the thoracic
thoracic cavity
wall and the from the
diaphragm abdominal cavity
 LUNGS
Primary organ of
respiration
Cone shaped
The base rests on the
diaphragm
The apex extends
above the clavicle
Right lung has 3
lobes
Left lung has 2 lobes
Contains many air
passageways
(divisions)
 BLOOD FLOW TO LUNGS

Oxygenated blood has

passed through the lungs
and picked up O2
Deoxygenated blood has
passed through the
tissues and released some
of its O2.
Pulmonary arteries carry
deoxygenated blood to
pulmonary capillaries.
Blood becomes oxygenated
and returns to the heart
through pulmonary veins.
 LYMPHATIC SUPPLY TO
THE LUNGS
Superficial Deep
lymphatic lymphatic
vessels vessels
deep to the
connective tissue follow the bronchi
that surrounds each
drain lymph from
lung
drain lymph from the the bronchi and
superficial lung associated
tissue and the connective tissues
visceral pleura
 PLEURAL MEMBRANES AND
CAVITIES

Pleural Cavity Pleura

space around each double-layered membrane

lung around lungs

Parietal Pleura Visceral Pleura

membrane that lines membrane that covers

thoracic cavity lung’s surface
 VENTILATION

Ventilation Two aspects to

(Breathing) ventilation:

the process of actions of the

muscles of
moving air in
respiration
and out of the
air pressure
lungs
gradients
MUSCLES OF RESPIRATION

Muscles of
inspiration: increase
the volume of the
thoracic cavity.
diaphragm
external
intercostals
pectoralis minor
scalene muscles
MUSCLES OF RESPIRATION

Muscles of expiration:
decrease thoracic
volume by depressing
the ribs and sternum.
internal
intercostals
transverse thoracis
abdominal muscles
 QUIET VS. LABORED
BREATHING

Quiet Labored Labored

breathing inspiration expiration
expiration is a more air moves more air moves out
passive process into the lungs of the lungs due to
due to elastic because all of the forceful
tissue in the the inspiratory contraction of the
thorax wall and muscles are internal
the lungs. active. intercostals and
the abdominal
muscles.
 INSPIRATION
Diaphragm descends
and rib cage expands
Thoracic cavity
volume increases,
pressure decreases
Atmospheric pressure
is greater than
alveolar pressure
Air moves into
alveoli (lungs)
 EXPIRATION
Diaphragm relaxes
and rib cage recoils
Thoracic cavity
volume decreases,
pressure increases
Alveolar pressure is
greater than
atmospheric pressure
Air moves out of
lungs
 EFFECTS OF THE MUSCLES OF
RESPIRATION ON THORACIC VOLUME
 PULMONARY VOLUMES

Inspiratory
Tidal volume
Spirometer reserve volume
(TV) (IRV):
device that volume of air
measures inspired and volume of air that
pulmonary expired during can be inspired
volumes quiet breathing forcefully after a
normal inspiration
INCENTIVE SPIROMETER
PULMONARY VOLUMES
Expiratory Residual
reserve volume
volume (ERV) (RV)

volume of air that volume of air

can be expired remaining in lungs
forcefully after a after a maximal
normal expiration expiration (can’t be
measured with
spirometer)
PULMONARY CAPACITIES

Inspiratory Vital
capacity capacity
(IC) (VC)
the amount of air a maximum amount of
person can inspire air a person can
maximally after a expire after a
normal expiration maximal inspiration
IC = TV + IRV VC = IRV + ERV + TV
PULMONARY CAPACITIES

Functional
Total lung
residual
capacity (TLC)
capacity (FRC)
the amount of air
remaining in the TLC = IRV + ERV + TV
lungs at the end of a + RV
normal expiration
FRC = ERV + RV
ALVEOLAR PRESSURE CHANGES DURING
INSPIRATION AND EXPIRATION
 FACTORS 1. Gender

AFFECTING 2. Age

VENTILATION 3. Body Size

4. Physical

Fitness

Next
PARTIAL PRESSURE

the pressure exerted by a specific

gas in a mixture of gases
the total atmospheric pressure of all
gases at sea level is 760 mm Hg
the atmosphere is 21% O2
the partial pressure for O2 is 160 mm
Hg
the upper case letter P represents
partial pressure of a certain gas
(Po2)
 LUNG RECOIL
the tendency for an
expanded lung to
decrease in size
occurs during quiet
expiration
due to elastic
fibers and thin film
of fluid lining
alveoli
 SURFACTANT

a mixture of lipoproteins
produced by secretory cells of the
alveoli
a fluid layer on the surface lining
the alveoli
reduces surface tension
keeps lungs from collapsing
 PLEURAL PRESSURE

pressure in the pleural cavity

less than alveolar pressure
keeps the alveoli from collapsing

Pneumothorax
if the thoracic wall or lung is
pierced the lungs collapse
DIFFUSION THROUGH THE
RESPIRATORY MEMBRANE
Three factors influence the rate of gas
diffusion through the respiratory
membrane:
1. partial pressure gradients for O2 and
CO2
2. thickness of the respiratory membrane
3. surface area of the respiratory
membrane
 PARTIAL PRESSURE
GRADIENTS
Gas diffuses from a higher partial pressure
on one side of the respiratory membrane to
a lower partial pressure on the other side.
If the partial pressure gradient of a gas
is higher in the alveolus, it will diffuse
across the respiratory membrane into the
blood.
If the partial pressure of a gas is higher
in the blood, it will diffuse across the
respiratory membrane into the alveolus.
GAS EXCHANGE
GAS EXCHANGE IN THE
LUNGS
Blood returning from
tissues and entering
alveoli in the lungs has a
lower partial pressure of
O2 and a higher partial
pressure of CO2 than the
air in the alveoli.
O2 diffuses from the
alveoli into pulmonary
capillaries (blood).
CO2 diffuses from
capillaries into the
alveoli.
GAS EXCHANGE IN THE
TISSUES
Blood traveling from the
lungs and through
capillaries in the tissues
has a higher partial
pressure of O2 and a lower
partial pressure of CO2 than
the interstitial fluid.
Oxygen diffuses from
capillaries into
interstitial fluid.
CO2 diffuses from the
interstitial fluid into the
blood in the capillaries.
RESPIRATORY MEMBRANE
THICKNESS

Increased thickness decreases rate

of diffusion of gases
Pulmonary edema decreases diffusion
Rate of gas exchange is decreased
O2 exchange is affected before CO2
because CO2 diffuse more easily
than O2
RESPIRATORY MEMBRANE
SURFACE AREA

Total surface area is about 70

square meters
May be decreased due to removal of
lung tissue, destruction from
cancer, emphysema, tuberculosis
O2 & CO2 TRANSPORT IN
THE BLOOD
Once O2 and CO2 enter the blood they
interact with components that
increase their solubility.
Both O2 and CO2 are transported by
the protein, hemoglobin.
CO2 is also transported in other
ways.
CO2 can have a dangerous impact on
the blood pH.
 HEMOGLOBIN
Hemoglobin is a complex protein
occupying about the one-third of the
total volume of the cytoplasm of red
blood cells.
Hemoglobin consists of four subunits,
each containing one iron-based heme
group which binds O2.
CO2 can bind to the protein portion
of hemoglobin.
 OXYGEN TRANSPORT IN
BLOOD
O2 diffuses through the respiratory
membrane into the blood and is
transported to all the cells of the
body.
98.5% is transported reversibly
bound to hemoglobin within red blood
cells
1.5% is dissolved in the plasma
 CARBON DIOXIDE
TRANSPORT AND BLOOD PH
- CO2 diffuses from cells into
capillaries
- CO2 enters blood and is transported in
three ways:
7% is dissolved in blood plasma
93% enters red blood cells where
23% is bound to hemoglobin
70% is transported as bicarbonate ions
 CARBON DIOXIDE
TRANSPORT AND BLOOD PH
CO2 reacts with water to form carbonic
acid
CO2 + H2O↔ H2CO3
Carbonic acid dissociates into a hydrogen
ion and a bicarbonate ion
H2CO3↔ H+ + HCO3-
Carbonic anhydrase (RBC) increases rate of
CO2 reacting with water
As CO2 levels increase, blood pH decreases
 REGULATION OF
VENTILATION
Respiratory rate is regulated to maintain
gas concentrations in the blood within
normal limits.
The body is particularly sensitive to
changes in CO2 levels and blood pH.
Neurons in the medulla oblongata control
the rate of ventilation through
stimulation of the muscles of
respiration.
 REGULATION OF
VENTILATION
The Medullary respiratory
center in the medulla
oblongata consists of:
Dorsal respiratory
group (DRG) - most
active during
inspiration
Ventral respiratory
group (VRG) - active
during inspiration and
expiration
 REGULATION OF
VENTILATION
Pontine respiratory
group is a collection
of neurons in the pons
that helps regulate
respiration rate.
Some neurons are active
during inspiration,
some during expiration,
and others during both
inspiration and
expiration
 GENERATION OF RHYTMIC
VENTILATION

Starting Increasing Stopping

inspiration inspiration inspiration
medullary once inspiration
neurons stimulating
respiratory begins, more and
more neurons are muscles of
center activated resulting respiration also
establishes the in progressively stimulate neurons
basic rhythm of stronger responsible for
ventilation stimulation of the
stopping
respiratory
muscles. inspiration
 FACTORS AFFECTING
RESPIRATORY RATE
1 2
Decrease in Po2 Increase in Pco2
(hypoxia) causes an (hypercapnia) causes an
increase in increase in rate and
respiratory rate. depth of ventilation.

3 4
Decrease in Pco2 Chemoreceptors in the
medulla oblongata and
(hypocapnia ) causes
blood vessels near the
a decrease in rate of heart respond to changes
ventilation. in Pco2 and pH.
 FACTORS AFFECTING
RESPIRATORY RATE
5 6
Increases in Central chemoreceptors
CO2 cause in the medulla
decreases in oblongata detect
pH. changes in CO2.

7 8
Decreases in pH cause
Carotid and aortic increases in the rate
bodies in blood and depth of breathing
vessels detect which restores CO2 and
changes in pH. pH to normal levels.
FACTORS AFFECTING
RESPIRATORY RATE

The Hering-
Breuer reflex Depends on
limits the stretch
depth of receptors in
inspiration the bronchi
preventing and
overinflation bronchioles.
of the lungs.
REGULATION OF BLOOD
PH
 NERVOUS & CHEMICAL
MECHANISMS OF BREATHING
THANK YOU!