Hechos y Numeros de La Seguridad Privada en Europa. CoESS.

PRIVATE SECURITY - FACTS & FIGURES - 2008
Introduction
Earlier this year, CoESS initiated a research project entitled ‘Private security in Europe – CoESS Facts & Figures
2008’, aimed at providing a comprehensive overview of the private security industry throughout Europe
and beyond. The study covers a wide geographical area targeting a total of 34 countries, i.e. the 27 EU
Member States as well as other European countries, mainly located in the South-Eastern part of Europe.
The outcomes of the project allow for an updated and accurate outline of the private security industry in
each individual country focusing on the following accents:
Legal situation: laws and regulations at national and regional level, entrance requirements, and
vocational training provisions
Social situation: representativeness of the social partners, collective bargaining agreements, working
conditions and wages
Economic situation: number of private security companies and personnel, yearly turnover, recruitment
criteria and working hours
This industry overview is the result of an intensive consultation process among CoESS’ national member
federations, both active and associated, CoESS’ candidate members, as well as other European countries.
All information provided was incorporated into individual filing cards consisting of tagged information,
which facilitates the consultation of facts and figures for each country.
The study looks for similarities and differences between the legal and socio-economic realities within the
34 countries, which in turn may serve as focal points in the further development of a European model for
the private security industry.
M ethodology
The information reflected in the filing cards was mainly supplied by CoESS’ national member federations,
both active and associated, CoESS’ candidate members, as well as other European countries. As participa-
tion in this project was entirely voluntary and adjacent to the members’ daily priorities, CoESS would hereby
like to warmly thank all contributors for the time and efforts they were willing to invest in order to achieve
this successful result. Their continued support will help to create a complete and realistic picture of the
private security sector among all stakeholders involved.
Other relevant information was gathered through the assistance of (local) authorities, international organi-
sations, diplomatic and academic bodies and other relevant institutions. CoESS would like to express its
gratitude for their valuable input.
Prior to their participation in the project, CoESS’ national member federations, both active and associated,
CoESS’ candidate members, as well as other European countries received a detailed outline defining the
expected data. This outline is mirrored in the individual country reports.
The filing cards follow a uniform structure, however, as it was decided to include all available data and
given the wide variety of detailed information provided, some filling cards will comprise additional pages
with supplementary information. Where no information was received, tags were omitted from the indi-
vidual filing cards.
S tructure of the report
The report contains 34 filing cards in alphabetical order, each one representing a single country. All filing
cards consist of three main sections reflecting the legal and socio-economic realities within each country.
Legal aspects
Availability of a legal structure (legislation and regulations) as well as the legal conditions applying to the
private security sector.
Social aspects
Availability of recognised social partners, the existence of a social dialogue between them and the results
of their dialogue.
Economic aspects
Statistical summary of the private security industry.
For further information regarding this research project and/or its outcomes, please do not hesitate to
contact the CoESS General Secretariat:
CoESS External consultant and researcher Lilany Morré

Confederation of European Security Services T +32 4 73 54 35 53
Koningin Fabiolalaan 25 lilany.morre@village.uunet.be
B-1780 Wemmel
Belgium
T +32 2 462 07 73
F +32 2 460 14 31
apeg-bvbo@i-b-s.be
www. coess.eu
Explanatory note
Gross domestic product (GDP) in purchasing power standard (PPS) (2007)
GDP (gross domestic product) is an indicator for a nation's economic situation. It reflects the total value of all goods and
services produced less the value of goods and services used for intermediate consumption in their production. Expressing
GDP in PPS (purchasing power standards) eliminates differences in price levels between countries, and calculations on a per
head basis allows for the comparison of economies significantly different in absolute size.
Source: Eurostat
PRIVATE SECURITY - FACTS & FIGURES
Population ± 8 300 000

Police force/ratio ± 20 000 1/415
Security force/ratio ± 10 000 1/830
Gdp ± 262 550,7 Million € (PPS) (2007)
AUSTRIA
Legal aspects
L aw and regulations F irearms

General commercial law Optional use of firearms
Licence required
R esponsible authority Mandatory training
Austrian Chamber of Commerce Permission appointed at individual level
After-hours storage of firearms in secured area or room
R equirement Mandatory register on firearms
Mandatory licence awarded by Province governor No military weapons
(Landeshauptmann)
K9 (D ogs )
C ollective agreements No specific training
At sectoral level
P owers
A reas covered by regulation Limited search and seizure
According to the commercial law for security industry (§ 129): Only with consent of the searched person
Protection of goods
Guarding of persons S ervices to public persons
Guarding of transport of valuables and CIT Government buildings or persons, embassies, military domain,...
E ntrance requirements T raining facilities

At company level Employer organises training
Professional qualifications for company head and management Duration and content decided at company level
At personal level Follow-up training is voluntary
Management obtained professional qualifications No legal provisions for continuous training. VSÖ requires from its
members certified basic training course of three days in the
R estrictions on background of owners and staff first months of employment, based on the EU manual
No criminal record
Reliability and suitability test C ontrol by authorities
Chamber of Commerce
S pecific requirements Police
Professional qualification is mandatory
Minimum age S anctions by authorities
18 years Administrative sanctions
Uniform Withdrawal of licence
Optional Penal sanctions
No resemblance to public police Withdrawal of commercial licence
Social aspects
T rade unions N egotiation

VIDA is member of the ÖGB (Austrian trade union league) Collective Bargaining Agreement (CBA)
L evel of syndication C ategories and salary

100% (mandatory) Regulation in CBA in view of the different professional categories
E mployers ’ organisations W ages

Chamber of Industry and Trade Ranging from 6,30 - 9,00 € / hour depending on the category:
Membership: mandatory Static guarding
Density: 100% Per hour: 6,3 €
VSÖ (Verband der Sicherheitsunternehmen Österreichs) Per month: 1 470 €
Member CoESS Per year: 20 580 €
Beat (mobile) patrol and call out services Min salary Max salary
Per hour: 7,77 € event security 6,30 €/ hr 6,93 €/ hr
Per month: 1 345 € airport security 8,27 €/ hr 8,55 €/ hr
Per year: 18 830 € court services 7,77 €/ hr 8,55 €/ hr
Cash in transit A reas covered

Per hour: 7,77 / 8,55 € Guarding and transport of valuables and CIT
Per month: 1 582 €
Per year: 22 150 € E qual opportunities (EO)
General provisions: yes, commission for complaints
Electronic Specific measures: no
Per hour: 8 €
Per month: 1 450 € S pecial working conditions
Per year: 21 500 € Night: + 0,3 €
Sunday: + 100%
Main salary categories Shift: + 0%
Min salary Max salary Overtime: 50%
static guarding low activity 6,30 €/ hr 6,93 €/ hr Industry’s avg. wages: ± 80%
static guarding high activity 7,77 €/ hr 8,55 €/ hr
supervisor special services 8,30 €/ hr 9,13 €/ hr H ealth and safety on the work floor
mobile services 9,13 €/ hr 10,04 €/ hr Regulations according to the 'employee protection law'
Economic aspects
T otal number of private security companies (2007) U niforms

± 200 Yes, mandatory
S ize D ogs
1-19: ± 165 Occasionally
20-99: ± 20
100-499: ± 8 A rmoured cars
+ 500: ± 7 CIT companies: 3
Dedicated security vehicles: 200
T otal number of personnel
± 10 000 Y early turnover
Breakdown by type of contract: ± 212 000 000 €
Total Women Static guarding: ± 149 000 000 € - 70,0%
Part time contract ± 7 000 20% Beat (mobile) patrol and call-out services: ± 21 200 000 € - 10,0%
Fixed term contract ± 3 000 -- % Market penetration: ± 70,0%
Breakdown by function:
Total Women T ype of contracts
Operational ± 94% ± 20% Private: yes
Sales / administrative ± 5% ± 20% Public: yes
Management ± 1% ± 2% Corporate: yes
Breakdown by age:
Total Women M arket growth
< 25 ± 4 000 ± 20% Averaging 2% to 3% annually
25-45 ± 4 000 ± 20% (information VSÖ)
> 45 ± 2 000 ± 20%
T ype of activities other than security
T urnover rate of staff In concordance with facility management
± 80%
W orking hours
T emporary agency work Avg. number of hours per week:
± 5% Full time: 48 hrs/ week
Part time: 36 hrs/ week
R ecruitment criteria Avg. working hours per week for operational staff:
Reliability, personal qualities 42 hrs/ week
R ecruitment methods E qual opportunities (EO) company policy

Depends on the individual company Yes
C areer opportunities
Yes
AUSTRIA

Gdp ± 314 946,4 Million € (PPS) (2007)
BELGIUM
Legal aspects
L aw and regulations Identification card

10 April 1990 ‘Law regulating the Private Security’ last modified 1 Mandatory
March 2007 providing a legal framework for the security sector and Designed and delivered by Home Office
further detailed in Royal decrees, Ministerial decrees and Circulars Valid for 5 years
Proof of compliance with all legal conditions
R esponsible authority Must be shown upon request
Ministry of the Interior In case the security guard has a permit to carry a weapon the ID
card will mention at the front side: 'permit to carry a weapon as
R equirements granted by the Minister of the Interior' and at the flip side of the
Licence listing the authorised activities ID card will be mentioned 'Function: function code for the armed
Licence is valid for 5 years and is renewable for the same period activity and
Characteristics of the weapon: brand, type, caliber and nature of
C ollective agreements the weapon'
On a sectoral level
F irearms
A reas covered by regulation The company must obtain a special permission which is granted
(L., 1990, A pril 10 th - A rticle 1, §1) by the Minister of the Interior
Supervision and protection of (im-)mobile goods This permission is valid for 5 years and is renewable
Protection of persons (bodyguards) The company must have obtained a licence to possess weapons.
Supervision and protection of transport of valuables This licence is granted by the Minister of the Interior after fulfilling
Management of an alarm control room the necessary requirements
Supervision of and control of persons in view of the assurance A security guard can only carry a weapon after obtaining the nec-
of the security in (non) public places essary permit from the Minister of the Interior
Assistance of groups in view of assuring traffic security This permit is only granted within the framework of his employ-
Establishing material facts concerning the immediate and visible ment and after the candidate has fulfilled all necessary require-
state of goods and upon request of the responsible authority or ments with respect to training, experience, medical aptitude, crimi-
the holder of a public concession on public roads nal record etc.
The permit is valid for 5 years and is renewable under certain conditions
E ntrance requirements The request to obtain a permit must be initiated by the employing
At company level company
Liability insurance Complete mandatory training
Yearly fee based upon size of company Permission appointed at personal level and limited to assignment
Compliance with all rules as stated by law and executing decrees Off-hours firearms are kept in fortified rooms . The organisation
At personal level of fortified rooms and the management of weapons must take
EU citizen and main address in EU place according to strict rules as defined in the Royal Decree
Minimum age 21 (management and Board of Directors) Obligation to keep detailed register of data on firearms in
18 (operational) company
Testimonial of good conduct and good character Number and type of weapons are defined by Royal Decree
dispose of an insurance that covers the use of fire arms
R estrictions on background of owners and staff at least two members of the operational staff who respond to
No prior conviction the necessary requirements
No incompatible activities that might compromise the internal or
external security of the State (private investigator, arms dealer, ...) K9 (D ogs )
Having completed the necessary training, education and Some activities can be executed with the assistance of a guard dog
experience provided the dog passed an anti-aggression test and is a shepherd dog
At least 5 years retirement of public office (i.e. police, secret
service, military…) P owers
Possessing the necessary moral standards Same powers as any citizen + special powers within frame of law
and appointed by the Home Office
S pecific requirements Search and seizure
Uniform Only for certain activities related to identity checks and control
Optional except when prescribed by law of persons
Model is approved by Home Office Allowed upon proof of possession of dangerous items or items
Official insignia ‘V’ (Vigilis) on uniform
Must not create confusion with public police
S ervices to public persons Home Office. Distinction between a one time entrance retribution
Government buildings or persons, embassies, military domain,…. to obtain the necessary licence(s) and a yearly retribution to cover
all licensed activities as well as the necessary administrative tasks
C ontrol by authorities from the responsible public administration
Chamber of Commerce
Police D uration of mandatory legal training
Operational staff: Basic training
S anctions by authorities Complementary training:
Administrative sanctions Protection of persons: 66 hrs
Withdrawal of licence Transport of valuables: 78 hrs
Penal sanctions Mobile guarding and intervention after alarm: 42 hrs
Withdrawal of commercial licence Operator control room: 58 hrs
Store detective: 45 hrs
T raining facilities Access control persons and event security: 58 hrs
Employer organises training Traffic monitoring (new activity): 16 hrs
Duration and content decided on company level Registration of material facts on public domain: 16 hrs
Follow up training is voluntary Hotel security: 40 hrs
No legal provisions for continuous training Recycling: every 5 years minimal 32 hrs
(including 2 hrs updated legislation)
M edical and psycho - technical examination Arms training: 42 hrs
Mandatory for operational personnel (Including 2 hrs updated legislation) + follow-up training every
6 months
S ervices to public institutions
After special permission from the Ministry of the Interior T raining and certification of competency
Permission is limited to specific contract and limited to the duration Training centres: licensed by Home Office
of the contract Examination centre: SELOR
C ontrol S anctions by authorities

Submittal to the Ministry of the Interior of a annual activity report Administrative sanctions
Members of the police and / or specially assigned public servants Fine
are appointed with control function. This control can be a paper Permanent or temporary suspension / Revocation of licence
control or a visit on site and may be unsolicited Penal sanctions
Ministry of the Interior is regulating the sector by law Fine
Imprisonment
R etribution
Mandatory payment of retributions to a dedicated Fund of the
Social aspects
T rade unions the sector) employers’ (all BVBO / APEG members) representatives
CSC – Services et Alimentation and 9 employees' representatives
CGSL
FGTB – Centrale générale et SETCA N umber of collective agreements in force :
21 areas covered
Affiliation to UNI-Europa By the Collective Bargaining Agreements (CBA)
CCAS-CSC / ACV (La Centrale Chrétienne de l'Alimentation et des Job classification
Services / Algemeen Christelijk Vakverbond) Salaries, benefits
CG FGTB / AC ABVV (La Centrale Générale de la FGTB / Algemene Working time (e.g. weekly working hours, overtime, paid annual
Centrale van de Socialistische Vakbond) leave)
SETCA / BBTK (Syndicat des Employés Techniciens et Cadres de Flexibility of working time
Belgique / Bond van Bedienden en Kaders in België) Special working hours (e.g. night, shift, weekend)
Non affiliation to UNI-Europa Limitation of work load
CGSLB / ACLVB (Syndicat Libéral / Liberale Vakbond) Job security, contracts, redundancy notice periods
System used to take over staff following a transfer
L evel of syndication of undertaking
85% End-of-career management (e.g. early retirement)
Vocational training (e.g. sectoral centre, initial and
E mployers ’ organisation ongoing training)
BVBO / APEG (Beroepsvereniging van Health, safety and well-being at work
Bewakingsondernemingen vzw / Association Sectoral social fund
Professionelle des Entreprises de Gardiennage asbl)
Member CoESS C ategories and salary
(Hourly rate) CBA 6 November 2007
N egotiation Workers: 14 categories
At sectoral level Wages paid at hourly rate averaging between
12,1335 € and 14 €
S ectoral social dialogue Wages are subject to automatic indexation
Joint committee 317 consists of 18 full members (93% of Entry level (first 3 months) averaging between
BELGIUM
11,5268 € and 13,9797 € Legal/Public holidays: 3,5687 €

Effective since 1 February 2008 Stand-by: 0,2375 €
Working with dog: 99,16 €/month (maintenance fee) and 0,25 €/hr
Employees: 6 categories (for actual working hours with dog)
Special ARAB remuneration of 0,132 € for every actually executed
working hour Working with weapon: 0,1667 €
CIT guards receive a luncheon voucher of 6,00 € per day Cash-in-transit: 0,10 €
Age CAT I CAT II CAT III CAT IV Termination of labour contract RD.19-11-2007 publication date
16 1 853,27 € 2 034,85 € - - 05-12-2007
55 1 922,82 € 2 163,98 € 2 381,15 2 728,78 €
Working experience Termination period Start termination
Operational staff: 5 categories Employer Employee
Wages paid on a monthly <6 months 7 d 3 d following Monday
basis calculated by age and averaging 6 months -5 years 35 d 14 d «
5-10 years 42 d 14 d «
CAT Op1a (18 yrs) 1 956,95 € 2 088,11 € 10-15 years 63 d 14 d «
CAT OP1b (16 yrs) 2 034,85 € 2 163,98 € 15-20 years 84 d 14 d «
CAT OP2 (18 yrs) 2 002,61 € 2 253,36 € 20 years and over 112 d 28 d «
CAT OP3 (18 yrs) 2 191,35 € 2 486,35 €
CAT OP4 (18 yrs) 2 473,83 € 2 790,01 € H ealth and safety on the work floor
CAT OP2+* (18 yrs) 2 110,84 € 2 361,63 € Based on CBA of 22 February 2000,which focuses mainly on health
and safety in transport of valuables and CIT and general Belgian
S pecial working conditions CBAs and legislation
Additional payment in €/hour
Night work: 2,6765 €
Sunday: 2,3791 €
Economic aspects
T otal number of private security companies (2008) N umber of armed guards

± 196 14 companies employ guards licensed to carry firearms
T otal number of personnel Y early T urnover

± 12 673 By the 17 BVBO / APEG members 556 000 000 € in 2007
A ctivities 2007 T ype of contracts in 2007

81,89% supervision and protection of (im)mobile goods 25,95% industrial
5,59% supervision and protection of transport of valuables 21,47% public
6,15% supervision of and control of persons in view of the 5,59% banking sector
assurance of the security in (public) places 6,77% distribution
66,06% store detectives 36,52% telecommunications & ICT
27,97% event security
15,97% doormen W orking hours
0,10% protection of persons (bodyguarding) 37 hrs / wk (with a maximum of 12 hrs / day of effective labour =
6,27% material observation in public places 60 hrs / wk = 1 990 hrs / year)
Overtime: fringe benefit (supplementary payment or compensating
A verage age / gender free time)
Male: 86,74% Weekends and nights: incentive earnings
Female: 26-45 yrs: 13,26% Holidays: incentive earnings
Stand-by: Incentive earnings + salary
A verage education Max. of consecutive days allowed to work: 6 days
Secondary modern school Min. working hours per monh: 160
Public holidays: 11
T raining Free weekends: 20
All basic training and specialised trainings
E qual opportunities (EO) company policy
U niforms No sector- specific legislation
Over 90% of the security activities is done by uniformed
guards
D ogs
51 companies have obtained a licence to use dogs
during activities
A rmoured cars
352 armoured cars in 2007
BELGIUM

Police force/ratio ± N/A
Security force/ratio ± 2 000 1/2 295
Gdp ± 21 954,12 Million M (PPS) (2007)
BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA
Legal aspects
L aw and regulations To protect the person or property that the guard is protecting
B osnia -H erzegovina from attack
The ‘Law on Agencies of Protection of People and Property’ Article To prevent the escape of a person performing a criminal act
4, Official Gazette in FBiH, Year IX, No 50, 14 October 2002 against a property that the guard is protecting or
If the guard is put in a critical life threatening situation
The ‘Law on Agencies of Protection of People and Property’ Article Must warn before using (deadly) force
4, Official Gazette in FBiH, Year IX, No 50, 14 October 2002
T raining
R esponsible authority Mandatory training of personnel includes training in the appli-
The Ministry of Internal Affairs (MIA) cation of 'minimal use of force' as regulated by 'The Programme
of Training for Acquiring a Certificate for Physical or Technical
R equirements Protection of People or Property’
Be a legal domestic company or a Bosnian national 40 hours of theory and 10 hours of practical work
Those applying to establish a private security company (PSC) must The Federal MIA, Faculty of Criminal Sciences and the Cantonal
fulfill requirements, such as: MIA implement the training
A minimum of five employees possessing valid licences to per- The final oral exam is based on the theoretical part of the training
form security duties (FBiH only) Training covers the handling and use of firearms and restraint
The possession of suitable technical knowledge and equipment; techniques and is based on the UN Basic Principles on the Use of
and possessing business premises suitable for security work Force and Firearms by Law Enforcement Officials
Both founders and employees are barred from this form of work if
they: C ertificate of competency
Are under criminal investigation After examination and training
Are convicted criminals
Are medically unfit C ontrol by authorities
Have been prevented from joining the police force by the MIA on national and cantonal level
Commissar of the IPTF In FBiH internal regulation of PSCs is guided by a rulebook, the ‘Rule
Or have been discharged from military service by COMSFOR/ of Order and Behaviour of staff and workers from the companies
COMEUFOR.35 This rulebook contains:
Working times
F irearms Rules of behaviour
Type of weapon The borrowing and return of weapons
9 mm weapons (use of an automatic weapon is prohibited) Arrival and departure from work
Firearms must have a barrel no longer than 20 cm Shift timetables
Non-lethal weapons sa batons, shock guns and gas-sprays are not The colour of the uniform
permitted The internal set-up and
To carry a concealed firearm is prohibited The structure of personnel
International companies and embassies which engage local PSC
Registration and storage personnel for their protection do not require that the personnel
All weapons have to be registered with the relevant authorities. be trained according to any specific criteria as part of their contract
The PSC is required: tendering process
To keep a record of the exact type of firearm being carried by
each employee In FBiH the responsibility for Private Security Companies (PSC)
Weapons are registered to the company and not the individual resides with the Federal MIA and Cantonal MIA
employee Authorised officials perform duties such as:
When not in use the firearms should be securely stored in fire- Checking: the legality of the each PSC
proof safes on the agency’s premises The implementation of prescribed protection and security measures
Prior to each withdrawal or return of a weapon, the employee is The business premises
required to sign it in or out of a company register Registration and business documentation
Technical equipment and the management and safekeeping of
P owers firearms and ammunition
Use of force
The use of lethal force or firearms against a person by security The Ministry controls the use of firearms:
guards is permitted only under the following circumstances: If a security guard discharges a registered weapon, he is required
For the protection of life to inform the closest police station
For the protection of themselves In addition the guard is required to write and submit a report to
his superior at the agency who submits it to the authorized In the RS the Municipality Centres of Public Security are
prosecutor's office and the MIA responsible for company registration while the MIA is responsible
All contracts between PSCs and their clients have to be submitted for implementation monitoring
to the relevant police bodies that are responsible for compliance
monitoring
Economic aspects
T otal number of private security companies (2005) C ontracts
± 41 Public sa
Local embassies
T otal number personnel Private < 5 %
± 2 000 Commercial sa
Banking
A rmoured cars Manufacturing
Street patrol is not allowed Retail
International NGO's
Entertainment industry
BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA
Population 7 262 675

Police force/ratio 47 000 1/155 (2008)
Security force/ratio 58 700 1/124 (2007)
Gdp 72 832,6 Million € (PPS) (2007)
BULGARIA
Legal aspects

Commercial Law Obligatory
The Private Security Business Act (2004) To be carried while on duty
(At the moment a draft of a new Act for the private security
business is under discussion at the Parliament) F irearms
A Regulation (I-121/2004) of the Ministry of the Interior on Optional use of firearms
the procedure of guard organization when transporting valuable With respect to all activities
shipments and cargo Defined by the risk level
Labour Code Mandatory permit at personal level
Mandatory training
R esponsible authority Registration at the police station
Ministry of the Interior - National Police Type of weapons - no sub-machine gun
Mandatory register for firearms
R equirements Types of weapons used are limited
Registration in the Commercial register
Obtain a licence (without a term) K9 (D ogs )
Prohibited use of dogs and horses
C ollective agreements
No collective agreements in force for the security sector P owers
Search and Seizure
A reas covered by regulation The guards may catch a person within the region of the guarded
Personal guarding of individuals site when:
Guarding of the property of individuals or corporate bodies He has committed a crime within the region of the guarded site
Guarding of events He, by his actions, endangers the life and health of the persons
Guarding of valuables and CIT located in the region of the guarded site, of the personally
The above-mentioned activities may also be carried out through protected person or damages their property
technical security systems and auxiliary devices Every seized person must be put at the disposal of the police
forces
E ntrance requirements
At company level M edical and psycho - technical
Registration by the order of the Commercial Law ( psychological ) examination
Licence (without a term) Mandatory before hiring
At personal level
EU citizen S ervices to public persons
Main address in Bulgaria Is allowed such as Government buildings, embassies, military
Secondary education for the management and elementary domains
education for the guards
No physical illnesses E ducation
Be psychologically fit Secondary school
R estrictions on background of owners and staff T raining centers

( company administrators ) Both company training and professional educational centre / school
No prior conviction / college
Absence of instituted penal proceedings for deliberate crimes of
general nature T raining
Mandatory minimum training programme:
S pecificrequirements Developed by the Academy of Ministry of the Interior
Minimum age Approved of by the Director of National Service "Police"
18 years Minimum training of 40 hours
Uniform Additional mandatory training depending on:
Mandatory The type of activity
Prohibition to use uniforms, symbols and identification signs, The specifics of the guarded site
police lamps, camouflage hoods or signs introduced for structural The level of risk
units of the Ministry of the Interior or for other state bodies and And the requirements of the assignor
referring to them
C ertificate of competency S anctions by authorities

After having succesfully completed an examination Administrative sanctions
According to the Security Business Act
C ontrol by authorities Penal sanctions
Police authorities According to the Penal Code
Social aspects
T rade unions M inimum wage per hour

2 at national level ± 0,7 € / hour
Membership: low level of syndication
H ealth and safety on the work floor
E mployers ' organisations Mandatory use of uniform
National Association of Industrial Security Companies (NAFTSO) Necessary qualification and training
(CoESS member) Permits for firearms and regular firearms training
Membership: 46 companies, no less than 17 900 employees Other requirements according to the legislation of health
Density: companies: 4.5% and safety at work
personnel: 30.5%
S ectoral social dialogue Law on protection against discrimination (2004)
No collective agreements in force
There is an agreement of cooperation between FITUSAO-CITUB
Economic aspects
T otal number of private security companies (2007) Specific training - depending on the activity, but no less than
± 1 029 companies 18-20 hrs twice / year
Organised by company: mandatory
T otal number personnel Organised externally: optional but no less than 60 hrs
± 58 703 (registered at The National Social Security Institute 31.12. Training takes place during the initial period of employment
2007) Support of mentor during min. 1 month
Management: ± 2 100
Operational: ± 56 600 N umber of armed guards
± 40%
T urnover rate
± 40% - 70% Y early T urnover
± 224.5 million € (2007); NAFTSO represents 34.4%
A verage age
Male: ± 40 yrs W orking hours
Female: ± 30 yrs Daily maximum: 8 hrs and 12 hrs for work on shifts
Weekly maximum: 40 hrs and 56 hrs for work on shifts
G ender Overtime: not allowed
Male: ± 56 809 Weekend and nights: not more than 35 hrs per week
Female: ± 1 894
S alary
A verage education Commercial guarding: ± 120 - 300 € / month
Secondary school Cash-handling services: ± 300 - 400 €
Security systems: ± 200 - 400 €
C ommercial guarding
Crowd control: ± 50 W ages
Security systems (production, sales, installation): ± 400 No collective agreement in force
Manned guarding: ± 842 Legal minimum wage: ± 110 €
± 250 € / month, average real wage, including
M arket growth compensation
25 - 30% (by expert estimate) Average wage: ± 160 € / month, depending
on the activity
T raining
Initial training - mandatory min 40 hrs
BULGARIA

Gdp ± 60 735 Million € (PPS) (2007)
CROATIA
Legal aspects

Private Protection Act 22 April 2003 replacing the Protection of Mandatory
Persons and Property Act of 8 October 1996 * Minimum age
* New private security law in negotiation (on agenda in 2009) 18 yrs
Minimal protection measures in operations involving Cash and
Valuables Act, 31 October 2003, Revision 2005 F irearms
Firearms Act, 6 June 2007 Personal permits (at least 18 yrs old, security check, health
Bylaws: conditions)
Education, training and professional examination for guard and Only while on duty
private security officer, 2003. Rev. 2004, 2007, 2008 Specific training: yes
Conditions, ways of examination and program of the professional Applicable to which activities:
examination for technical security personnel, 2005. Rev. 2008 Limited to self-defense or with illegal assault against a person or
Technical protection, 2003 a property being protected by the PSC
PSG and PSA Identity card regulation, 2003. Rev. 2008 To carry a weapon is allowed in following circumstances:
Physical protection regulation, 2005 Protection of financial institutions
Spatial and technical conditions of the private security and the Serving as a body guard
private detective companies’ premises, 2005. Rev. 2008 Protection of objects containing radioactive material or any
Condition for licensing in accordance with minimal protection other harmful substances
measures in operations involving Cash and Valuables Act, 2004. Protection of cash-in-transit
Rev. 2007, 2008 Protection of national defense facilities / objects
Ways of establishing general and specific health ability of guards Permission at which level (company of personal)
and private security officer, 2004. Rev. 2004 Weapon must be private security company (or company internal
security) property, no privately (personally) owned weapons are
A uthority in charge allowed on duty
The Private Protective Sector of the inspectorate of the Ministry of Storing of firearms after hours is regulated
the Interior (M.o.I.) Register on firearms: mandatory by Ministry of the Interior
Including: Limitations concerning the type of weapons and the number
Registration and licensing of companies, guards, agents of weapons (ammunition)
Monitoring conduct of agents and guards Only side arms (semi automatic)
C ollective agreements K9 (D ogs )

Private security sector collective agreement – 30 September 2008 Allowed as a means to use force
Only a few Private Security Company collective agreements Only security agents (not guards) are allowed to use dogs
Allowed to attack or as defense
E ntrance requirements Only when the conditions to use physical force or firearms
At company level are met
All significant events / changes must be communicated within 24 hrs Only to protect premises (not open spaces except in the case of
At personal level protecting natural sites)
Background check (carried out by the police) Specific training for dogs and handlers:
To be in good health For dogs and associate private security officer (only guard dogs)
To live in Croatia
To speak Croatian P owers
Read Latin script Limited search and seizure
Be at least 18 yrs old Search of persons, vehicles and objects entering the premises
Having completed the necessary college education and Limited to clothing and footwear
Fulfill the private security vocational education (40 / 100) and exam Powers of temporary arrest resulting from the protection duties
must be reported to the police immediately and must be executed
R estrictions on background of owners and staff according to police procedures
No criminal record (for crimes that require mandatory prosecution, Reasons for temporary arrest must be reported in writing to the
not be under criminal investigation; or have been sentenced for police in less than 24 hours
petty offences involving violence in the last three yrs)
M edical and psycho - technical examination
S pecific requirements Proof of good health certified by authorized medical institution
Uniform
While on duty
S ervices to public persons C ertificate of competency

Yes Must have completed secondary school
Mandatory exam (MoI) different for security guards and
C ontrol by authorities technicians
Yes Vocational training: duration: 40 hrs for guards and 100 hrs
for agents
T raining facilities Content:
Vocational training (education) only in authorized educational Legal regulation of private security
institutes Essential criminology and standard operational procedures
Ordinary training for employees of private security company in Basic communication skills
their internal training facility Use of physical force
Training for arms only in authorized educational institutes Use of firearms
Social aspects
T rade unions The development of a Social Dialogue is a special task of the

Non affiliated to Uni-Europa: EUROFEDOP Association of the employees in security which operates through
the Croatian employers' Association
L evel of syndication
In the private security field the employees are organized in 7 diffe- N umber of collective agreements in force
rent trade unions, representing 10% of workers in total A general collective agreement
Sectoral collective agreement called 'Collective agreement for
E mployers ' organisations private security industry', is signed and awaits validation by the
Member CoESS: Ministry of Labour for the whole sector
Croatian Security Association is an associated member At company level: two major security companies will have their
CSA members: private security companies are organized in own CBA signed before sectoral collective agreement
societies (Technical Security Society, the Guard Security Society, Negotiations in six companies for new collective agreement
the Security Designers Society, Internal Security Society, the Bank
Security Society) A reas covered
General in nature
Due to Croatian legislation, CSA members are members of Croatian Covers: duties, wages, responsibilities, etc
Chamber of Commerce and Croatian employers' association organi-
zed in Association of Employers in Security Service (responsible for H ealth and safety on the work floor
social dialogue), CSA represents security service employers in CoESS Regulated by Labour law
Density: 66% (±11 000 of 16 000) E qual opportunities (EO) company policy
Regulated by Labour law
S ectoral social dialogue
Signed 30 September 2008 valid for 2 years
Economic aspects
T otal number of licensed private security companies G ender
± 246 Male: ± 14 000
Female: ± 2 000
T otal number per activity
Physical security - commercial guarding: ± 38 T urnover rate personnel
Cash-handling services: ± 59 ± 15 - 20%
Technical security systems (production, sales, installation): ± 89
Physical security and technical security: ± 119 R ecruitment criteria
Minimal education: secondary school
T otal number personnel Physical check
± 16 000 Police background check
A verage age / gender T raining

Male: ± 35 yrs Mandatory
Female: ± 40 yrs
D uration of training
A verage education Organized by company
Secondary school Organized externally by security training institute:
Organized externally (technical schools)
O rigin Before entrance
National activities During initial period of employment
Combination with mentor
CROATIA
E xperience W orking hours

No experience required Daily maximum (hours): 12 (8)*
Weekly maximum (hours): 50 (40)
U niforms Monthly maximum (hours): 200 (173)
Mandatory Yearly maximum (hours): 2 080 (1 886)
Overtime 10 hrs / wk (exceptionally 20 hrs/ wk)
D ogs Weekends, nights and holidays: extra compensation
Allowed. They are viewed as a weapon. The use of dogs is regu- Stand-by: company policy
lated in the bylaw on physical security Yearly maximum: 2 080 hrs (1 886 hrs)
* maximum hours versus regular hours
H orses
Not allowed W ages
Monthly net wages ± 420 €
N umber of armed guards According to the collective agreement ± 350 €
± 300 According to the legal mimimum wage ± 310 €
Average real wages including compensation ± 490 €
T urnover of private security market ( in €) Average real wages including compensation and overtime ± 505 €
± 160 000 000 € Average net salary after personal taxes ± 420 €
Purchasing power parity low, 30% below industry average
M arket growth (%)
± 16% E qual opportunities (EO) company policy
Regulated by Labour law
T ype of activities other than security
Fire protection, cleaning
CROATIA
Population 792 604

Police force/ratio 3 000 1/258
Security force/ratio 1 700 1/466
Gdp 18 233,7 Million € (PPS) (2007)
CYPRUS
Legal aspects
L aw machinery and security systems and alarmsystems, fire detection,

'Private Offices Security Services Law 2003' * fire safety, CCTV circuits and access control against theft and
* Some modifications / additions are to be approved and passed protection of goods
in Parliament before implementation is effective (probably by first Installation and managing central alarm stations (monitoring
quarter of 2009) and managing alarm signals)
Check of passengers and luggage in the areas of airports and
R esponsible authority ports through the use of special machinery
The Chief of Police Preparation of studies and designs of electronic and security
Keeps a Register of Licensed Offices providing security services systems
Keeps a Register of Guards Prevention of illegal trespassing or malicious damage to private
May, for reasons of public interest, refuse to issue a licence that property
allows the establishment and operation of a private security Prevention of illegal activity connected with merchandise goods,
company money, values, bonds, equities or other documents
Decides about the type, the size, the design and the colour of Control or regulation of the movement of the public through
the identity card and of the sign the use of vehicles or other means in a private property with
Approves of the uniform prohibited entry to the broader public or in a restricted area,
for the purpose of the protection of such property or area
R equirements Provision of private detective services
Every person who wishes to operate a security guard company or Provision of facilities of safekeeping of movable property with
who wants to perform guard activities must submit an application the exception of the facilities provided by Banks
to obtain a licence to the Chief of Police Supply or armoured vehicles for the transfer of money or other
The application for a licence under sub-section (1) is submitted valuables
in accordance with the Form defined by the Chief of Police and it Any other service which the Minister may determine by his order
includes: and which is published in the Official Gazette of the Republic
(a) Name, address, qualifications and experience of the applicant The individual guards may provide services referring to any of
(b) Medical certificate about the general state of health of the the following activities:
applicant Supervision, protection or storage of movable or immovable
(c) Whether he will offer his services as self-employed or whether property or installations
he will be employed by a private office which provides security Protection of persons
services and in such case the full details concerning the office in Protection for the purpose of smooth conducts of shows,
which he will be employed exhibitions, conferences, contests or athletic or other events
(d) enumeration of the services he will offer Safe transfer and storage of money, values and valuable items
(e) a declaration that he has no economic interest or involvement Installation, maintenance and supervision of the operation of
in an enterprise to which security services will be provided and that machinery and security systems and alarm systems, fire detection,
he will not undertake to provide such a service to an enterprise or fire safety, CCTV circuits and access control against theft and
organization in which in the future he may acquire interest, as long protection of goods
as the activities of the enterprise or the organization to which the Control or regulation of the movement of the public through
security services shall be provided the use of vehicles or other means in a private property with
(f) Any additional information which the Chief of Police may unauthorized entry to the broader public or in a restricted area,
demand for the purpose of the protection of such property or area
The licence is valid for a period of five years from its issuing and Prevention of illegal trespassing or malicious damage to private
it may be renewed every five years on payment of the prescribed property
fee The private offices providing security services are classified in
two categories:
A reas covered by regulation Private offices providing general security services (including all
The private offices providing security services may provide any the above-mentioned services) and
kind of security services, which are not provided under the Law Private offices providing specialized security services (including
exclusively by State, organizations, departments or services some of the above-mentioned services)
Supervision, protection or custody of removable or immovable
property or installations E ntrance requirements
Protection of persons At company level
Protection for the purpose of smooth conducts of shows, exhibi- Every person who wishes to become a security guard or
tions, conferences, contests or athletic or other events who wishes to provide security guard services must submit an
Safe transfer and storage of money, values and valuable items application to the Chief of Police in order to obtain a security
Installation, maintenance and supervision of the operation of guard licence
The application for a licence is submitted in accordance with the The serial number given to each guard
Form defined by the Chief of Police and it includes: The name of the office or internal security department in which
Name, address, qualifications and experience of the applicant he works
Medical certificate about the general state of health of the A special identification sign
applicant Maximum age
Whether he will offer his services as self-employed or whether he 65 yrs
will be employed by a private office which provides security services
and in such case the full details concerning the office in which he K9 (D ogs )
will be employed: Dogs are regarded as weapons
Enumeration of the services he will offer
A declaration that he has no economic interest or involvement P owers
in an enterprise to which security services will be provided and that Same powers as any citizen
he will not undertake to provide such a service to an enterprise or
organization in which in the future he may acquire interest, as long L icencefor the establishment and operation of
as the activities of the enterprise or the organization to which the a private office providing security services
security services shall be provided Every person who intends to establish a private office for provid-
Any additional information which the Chief of Police may ing security services shall submit to the Chief of Police an applica-
demand tion for the issue of a licence for the establishment and operation
of such an office
At personal level The application for the issue of licence for the establishment and
Min 18 years operation of a private office providing security services is submitted
Not having been sentenced for any offence involving lack of in accordance with the Form prescribed by the Chief of Police and
honesty or immorality and not having been reinstated under the shall contain the information referred to in sub-section (3) and shall
Reinstatement of Condemned Persons Law 1991 be accompanied by supporting documents which the Chief may
Not having been declared bankrupt or facing economic problems require
which make such a person untrustworthy The information which is required to be included in the applica-
Not having been dismissed for disciplinary offences from the tion is:
Public or Education Service from the Police, the Cyprus Army, the (a) The full name of the person or persons responsible for the man-
National Guard or a legal person of public law agement of the office, address, academic qualifications and previ-
Not being a state official or employee in a legal person of public ous occupations and activities
law or any other public organization (b) In case the application is submitted by a partnership, the names,
Not being a user of any narcotics or other addictive substances addresses, academic qualifications and previous occupations or
Not being a manufacturer or trader of arms and ammunition activities of all partners shall be stated. In case the application is
or explosives submitted by a company, the above-mentioned information shall
The Chief of Police may, prior to the issue of the licence, demand be stated regarding the managers, the board of directors, secretary,
from the applicant to succeed in a written or oral examination to other executives and the shareholder of the company
which he may subject him (c) The name and address of the company
(d) Whether the office will provide all the activities mentioned in
R estrictions on background of owners and staff section 4 or, in case it will provide only part of them, which these
Must have a clean record activities will be
Certificate is issued by the Police (e) Statement of the applicant that he has no economic interest or
involvement in an enterprise to which security services will be pro-
S pecific requirements vided and that he will not undertake to provide such services to an
Uniform enterprise or organization in which he may acquire future interest,
Which must be approved by the Chief of Police as long as the provision of such services will clash with the activities
Will differ from the uniforms of the Police and the Army, both of the enterprise or the organization to which the security services
in design, in colour and in other special characteristics will be provided
Identity card (f) Any other information which the Chief of Police may require.
The photo of the licencee The licence is valid for a period of one year from its issuing and it
The surname and the father’s name may be renewed annually on payment of the prescribed fee
The date of birth
Social aspects
E mployers ’ organisation
Cyprus Association of Security Companies
Member CoESS
Implementation of the wages directive for all guards as

of July 2008
CYPRUS
Economic aspects
T otal number of private security companies (2008) T raining

> 60 Training programmes are organised at company level due to the
absence of formal and minimum training standards
S ize
1-4 employees: ± 4 U niforms
5-19 employees: ± 12 Mandatory
20-99 employees: ± 43
100-499 employees: ± 1 A rmoured cars
Yes
Commercial guarding (including crowd control, door supervision,
reception services): ± 1 300 C areer opportunities
Cash-handling services: ± 90 Yes
Security systems (production, sales, installation): ± 310 Career opportunities are noted mainly in the technical sector
T otal number personnel Y early turnover

± 1 700 ± 25 000 000 € (2007)
Management: ± 200
Operational: ± 1 300 T ype of activities
( combined with other than security )
A verage education Cleaning, GPS Monitoring
Secondary school
W orking hours
G ender Daily maximum: 12 hrs
Male: ± 75%
Female: ± 25% W ages
4,08 € per hr (Gross salary excluding Social Insurance, holidays etc)
T raining for 42 hours per week
Basic compulsory education: 56% After 6 months of service increasing to 4,34 € per hr. By 1/4/2011
Professional training: 17% the number of hours will be gradually reduced to 40 hrs per week.
Secondary education: 19% In the meantime, every April the Government will adjust the mini-
Graduated: 8% mum wage accordingly, therefore significant cost increases will
be noted for the next two years. This directive applies to security
R ecruitment criteria guards
Clean police record
R ecruitment methods By law
Advertisements
Publicity
CYPRUS

Gdp ± 208 157,6 Million € (PPS) (2007)
CZECH REPUBLIC
Legal aspects

No specific legislation Mandatory
Small business law applies generally Minimum age
18 yrs (owners only)
R esponsible authority
Ministry of Industry F irearms
Mandatory permit
C ollective agreements Permission appointed at personal level
At company level Storing of firearms after hours: on site or at home
Register for firearms
E ntrance requirements Usually handguns
At company level
Compliance to the trade regulations (e.g. establishing a business) P owers
Owners must be over 18 yrs of age Limited search and seizure
At personal level Same powers as any citizen
No requirements
T raining facilities
R estrictions on background of owners and staff In-company training
Owners: no criminal record
T raining
S pecific requirements At company level
Uniform
Mandatory use S ervices to public persons
Police Force Presidium must be informed about the form of Allowed
uniform used by a private security company
Social aspects
T rade unions S ectoral social dialogue

At company level At company level
L evel of syndication S afety and health on the work floor

± 8% to 10% at national level Governed by general rules
E mployers ' organisations

UPSS CZ
Member CoESS
± 14 companies
Economic aspects
T otal number of private security companies (2007) Y early turnover

± 5 629 ± 16 500 000 000 czk or ± 692 307 692 €
T otal number personnel

± 51 542
CZECH REPUBLIC

Gdp ± 166 328,8 Million € (PPS) (2007)
DENMARK
Legal aspects
L aw and regulations Either completed or in process of completing 111 hrs training

Law of 16 March 1999 on security services
Act n° 963 of 23 December 1986 (implementing law) modified by R estrictions on background of owners and staff
Act n° 611 of 22 June 2000 on the legal ground of private security No criminal record
Indirectly this sector is also covered by penal code, laws on the S pecific requirements
administration of justice, weapons, discrimination, restaurants Uniform
and public order and the Privacy Act Mandatory
No resemblance to uniforms from public police
R esponsible authority Insignia ‘security’ in a visible place
The local police authorities can carry out a control of the activities Uniform needs to be approved by police commissioner
at any time Identification card
Mandatory
R equirements Issued by police authorities
Licence required, valid for 5 yrs To be carried while on duty
Renewable
Awarded by police authorities F irearms
Prohibited
At sectoral level K9 (D ogs )
Optional
A reas covered by regulation Approved by police commissioner
Covers all security activities carried out in private areas and Mandatory training for dog handlers of at least 16 hrs
private areas accessible to the public
Job classification S ervices to public persons
Salaries, benefits Are allowed
Working time (e.g. weekly working hours, overtime, paid
annual leave) C ontrol by authorities
Special working hours (e.g. night, shift, weekend) Local police authorities
Job security, contracts, redundancy notice periods
E ntrance requirements State schools
At company level
Mandatory licence valid for 5 yrs T raining
At personal level Average training: 3 days or 21 hrs
Mandatory individual licence issued by the local police
Management: C ertificate of competency
Mandatory vocational training After examination financed by companies and public institutions
Financial means to run the business
No criminal record S anctions by authorities
Never have been in a state of insolvency Administrative sanctions
No debts exceeding 6 732,5 € Withdrawal of licence by the police authorities
Possess the Danish nationality Penal sanctions
Operational staff: According to the penal code
No criminal record
Social aspects
T rade unions E mployers ’ organisation
Affiliated to UNI-Europa VÄBA/HTS-A (Federation of Employers for Security Appliances and
DFF-S Dansk Funktionaerforbund Serviceforbundet Services in Denmark) - Member CoESS
L evel of syndication N egotiation

85% Yes
S ectoral social dialogue E qual opportunities (EO) company policy

Number of collective agreements in force: ± 40 General provisions Law N° 459 of June 12th 1996 prohibition
95% of the entire turnover is agreement-related to discriminate on race, colour of skin, gender, belief, political
conviction or sexual disposition
A reas covered Specific measures sometimes promote positive discrimination
Covering salaries, holidays, working time, uniforms and work based on gender (female)
clothes, termination of contract
C ategories and salary ( hourly rate )

C ba january 1 st 2004
Minimum salary: 17,87 €
Two categories: Group A and Group B
Economic aspects
T otal number of private security companies (2006) W orking hours

± 338 37 hrs / wk
35,5 hrs/wk fixed by collective agreement
B reakdown by size of staff ( number and %) 33,5 hrs / wk average working hours
10 to 49: 11% Monthly: 154 hrs
50 to 499: 3% When evening, night or holiday shifts are included, monthly
500 to 3000: 2% working hours are reduced to 140 and 2/3 hrs
Daily maximum: 1 hr lunch break when shift > 4 hrs
T otal number employees Overtime: + 50% of basic allowance
± 5 250 (2006) Stand-by: an additional contract is negotiated for the extra time
that the employee needs to be available on stand-by. In that case
A verage age the employee receives an availability bonus. In case he is actually
Male: 37 yrs called in, he receives his normal allowance
Female: 32 yrs Legal holidays: 25
Additional days granted: 5
G ender
Male: ± 85% W ages
Female: ± 15% Gross base salary: 2 952 € / yr
Beat: 3 850 €
T raining Electronic: 3 850 €
Duration of training: 111 hrs basic training
Organised by company: only internal training S pecial working conditions
Organised externally by AMU security training institute for the Additional payment in € / hr
theoretical training or by technical school Night work: 3,00 € / hr
Before obtaining a licence (requirement to qualify for a licence) Saturday: 3,60 € / hr
or during the initial period of hiring Sunday: 5,50 € / hr
Legal/Public holidays: 5,50 € / hr
T urnover rate Overtime: 50 € / hr
Estimated to be between 40% and 50%
Y early T urnover
± 250 Million € (2007)
T ype of contract
Full time
Part time
Long term contract
Temporary contract
DENMARK

Gdp ± 23 578,8 Million € (PPS) (2007)
ESTONIA
Legal aspects
L aw and regulations 21 yrs for CIT and for those who maintain order at an event
Security Act of 8 October 2003 entered into force on 1 May 2004 held at a public place
Gov. Decree on CIT
Gov. Decree on Security Installations F irearms
Mandatory permit
G eneral laws Mandatory training
Corporate Law, Law on Vocational Qualifications, Arm Law etc. Permission appointed at personal level
(määrus - turvatöötaja tervisenõuded) Storing of firearms after hours: on the companies' premises
Health demand ordinance of 10 December 2007 entered into force Mandatory register for firearms
on 1 June 2009 Limitations concerning the type of weapon and the number
of weapons
R esponsible authority No shotguns and automatic machineguns
National Police Department No limitation on number
C ollective agreements K9 (D ogs )

2 Basic training for dogs (obedience to its handler)
A reas covered by regulation P owers

Security consulting Limited search and seizure
Guarding and protection of movable and immovable property To apprehend any person who enters or has entered a guarded
(incl. CIT) object, stays there without appropriate permission or without
Personal protection other legal grounds, endangers the guarded object or other
Maintaining order at an event or over a guarded object persons within the guarded object, or hinders the security guard
Operation of a monitoring centre from performing his or her duties
Planning, installation and maintenance of security equipment When apprehending a person: to carry out a security check on
the person and the objects held by him or her in order to verify
E ntrance requirements that the apprehended person is not in possession of objects or
At company level substances with which he or she could endanger himself / herself
Licence for security services specified in Security Law or others
At personal level
At least one security manager per company with a specified M edical and psycho - technical
qualification (the same requirement for self-employed persons) ( psychological ) examination
Security personnel complies to the legal requirements Good general physical and mental fitness
Physical examination
R estrictions on background of owners and staff
( company administrators) S ervices to public persons
The government may limit the number of individual private Government buildings or persons, embassies, military domain,…
capital in security firms
The government may also limit the number of legal persons com- C ontrol by authorities
ing from outside the European Economic Area Police inspections
It is prohibited for a person to work as a private security agent if
the person: T raining facilities
Has restricted active legal capacity The training of security agents is based on a specific training
Is serving a sentence for a criminal offence or licence issued by the state authority
His criminal record has not been cleared
Is a private detective T raining
Is bankrupt Initial training: 16 hrs
Pre-qualifying basic training for security guard: 50 hrs
S pecific requirements Security managers: 80 hrs
Uniform Obligatory yearly in-service training: 16 hrs for every security
Mandatory agent
Identification card
Mandatory C ertificate of competency
Minimum age Vocational Qualification standards:
19 yrs Security guard level I
Security guard level II A legal person who:

Managing Security Officer Obstructs state supervision
Refuses to submit documents or information necessary for
S anctions by authorities supervision or
Administrative sanctions Fails to submit such documents or information on time, submits
Refusal to issue extension, amendment of the licence false information or
Suspension of the licence Submits documents or information in a manner which does not
Revocation of the licence permit supervision to be exercised shall be punished by a fine of up
These decisions are taken by the national police commissioner to 20 000 kroons (1 278 €)
Penal sanctions
A fine between 10 000 kroons (640 €)
Social aspects
T rade unions N umber of collective agreements in force

Non Afflitiation to Uni-Europa 2
1
health and safety on the work floor
E mployers ' organisations Regulated by law and other legal acts
Confederation of Estonian Employers Organisations
Member CoESS E qual opportunities (EO) company policy
Members: ± 19 / Density: 85% General provisions: yes
Economic aspects
T otal number of private security companies (2007) Organised by company: mandatory

± 242 Organised externally: optional
Training takes place during the initial period of employment
S ize Support of mentor during min. 1 month
1-4 employees: n/a
5-19 employees: n/a U niforms
20-99 employees: ± 30 Yes
>500 employees : ± 2 D ogs
Yes
T otal number personnel (2007)
± 6 000 Y early T urnover
Management: (and other personnel) ± 440 ± 128 205 128 € (2007))
Operational: ± 4 900 security agents holding a qualification
licence M arket G rowth
Guarding
T urnover rate of staff 2004: ± 7,2%
40% 2005: ± 9,2%
2006: ± 9,5%
R ecruitment criteria 2007: ± 19,6%
Compliance with the requirements as prescribed in the regulations
with respect to: W orking hours
Training 40 hrs / week (with a maximum of 12 hrs / day equals 48 hrs /week)
Certification of qualification Daily maximum: 12 hrs
General physical fitness Weekly maximum: 40 hrs
Clean criminal record Overtime: 8 hrs per week (200 hrs a year)
Weekends and nights: not affecting shift schedules
T raining Stand-by: 30 hrs per month (paid)
Initial training - mandatory min 40 hrs
Specific training - depending on the activity, but no
less than 18-20 hrs twice / year
ESTONIA

Gdp ± 153 176,3 Million € (PPS) (2007)
FINLAND
Legal aspects
L aw and regulations Uniforms need to be kept with care to prevent theft or

Private Security: guarding and security systems unauthorised use
Public order/crowd control Must be distinct from uniform of public police or any other
Security screening and checking at airports, court houses and public authority
seaports On the left breast side an insignia ‘Vartija’, ‘väktare (or VÄKTARE)
Vartija’ + name, abbreviated name or established logo of the
R esponsible authority security guard supplier
Security Sector Supervisory Unit - Ministry of the Interior Identification card
Person certified as guard, security officer and order supervision
R equirements officer is issued with a plastic ID card by the licensing authority
Mandatory licensing for security companies and employees Minimum age
18 yrs at both levels
C ollective agreements Maximum age
At sectoral level 65 yrs at personnel level
Industry-specific and supported by national legislation on holidays,
working hours, employment protection, rights for part time and F irearms
temporary workers Optional when necessary (body guarding, CIT or exceptionally
valuable or significant in terms of public interest and when the
A reas covered by regulation circumstances render it necessary to carry firearms)
Manned guarding Temporary guards are not allowed to carry a weapon
Crowd control and door supervision Mandatory permit
Private investigation Mandatory training (special forcible means training approved by
Body guarding the Minister of the Interior), evidence of sufficient skill in handling
Monitoring and carrying a weapon + annual test of proficiency
Security systems installations Special forcible means training consists of two parts: a general
Cash-in-transit part (min. 5 hrs.) for all forcible means and a special part (min. 24
hrs. incl. practical training) for each type (firearm, telescopic baton,
E ntrance requirements gas spray)
At company level The training is certified after successful completion
Financial viability check eg no state of bankruptcy, sufficient assets Applicable to specific jobs, after prior notification by the
No limitations on capacity to act company to the local police of date and time of armed service
Assessment of all companies by police authorities Register for firearms: registered by the police
Maintenance of daily report sheets Limitations concerning the type of weapon and the number
Necessary licence may be granted to natural persons as well as of weapons: no limitations but in general use of pistols
legal persons
At personal level K9 (D ogs )
Minimum 18 yrs maximum 65 yrs (both management and Dog handlers and dogs need to be licensed and have mandatory
employees) training according to a special decree (782/2002)
No criminal convictions
Honest and dependable H orses
Dispose of the necessary characteristics that make them suitable No special legislation:
for the job In public areas a public order act defining the rules on the use
100 hrs of basic training (40 hrs for temporary guards) of horses
In private areas upon agreement with owner / contractor
R estrictions on background of owners and staff
No criminal convictions P owers
Search and seizures
S pecific requirements Public order and public security duties are the monopoly of police
Uniform authorities
Optional, no prior approval by authorities Private security guards and attendants may operate on private
Choice of uniform is made by manager in function of assignment property and on property where special restrictions apply
or contract Guards have extra powers for removal of unauthorised persons from
Each uniform displays name of the guard services supplier guarded area and a right to security check apprehension situations
Uniforms must be the same on one site Crowd controllers and attendants have limited police powers
Uniforms need to be clean and presentable according to special laws
T raining facilities Guard training under the same Act (100 hrs of 45 min/hr)
Compulsory training is carried out mainly by licensed institutions All courses are mainly ex cathedra but include practical
on their premises instructions as well
Training officers are vetted by a special board No provisions for follow-up training
Training certificates are submitted by a special board
C ertificate of competency
T raining Guard and temporary guard certification after successful
Mandatory completion of exam awarded a guard card, renewable every 5 yrs
Content approved by Ministry of the Interior Security officers certification
Certification prior to active employment Order supervision officer certification
Examination after completion training and with regular partici-
pation of training program A dministrative sanctions
Managers under the Vocational Adult Education Act (631/1998): Fine
specialist vocational qualification for security supervisor (three Cancellation by local police of:
sections i.e. guarding services, criminal and process law and Guarding service licence
1 optional section in provided security certification package) Manager certification
Temporary guard introductory security course under the same Guard and security officer certification
Act (40 hrs of 45 min/hr)
Training paid by the employing company, the trainee or a
government grant
Social aspects
T rade unions A reas covered

PAM (The Service Union United) All security occupations
Members active in sector: ± 3 000 / 201 000 total members
Level of syndication: density 60% C ategories and salary
Collective Bargaining / Agreement: yes 5 different levels
Average salary ± 1 950 € / month
E mployers ' organisations
ASSI (The Association of Support Services Industries) Member CoESS H ealth and safety in the workplace
Labour market policy matters are handled by Association of Comprehensive national legislation on occupational health
Support Services Industries (ASSI) including collective agreement and safety
negotiations
N egotiation General national provisions
Collective agreement at sectoral level General EU legislation
N umber of collective agreements in force

1 Guarding
1 Cash-in-transit
Economic aspects
T otal number of private security companies (2007) T urnover of staff

Licensed companies: ± 200 Annual employee turnover 40%
Active in business: ± 60
W orking hours
D uration and training Daily maximum: 12 hrs
Temporary guarding licence (4 months): 40 hrs Overtime: annual maximum 250 hrs
Guarding licence (5 years): 60 hrs Minimum: 10 hrs rest between continuous shifts
Crowd handling: 32 hrs Minimum one weekly 30 hrs continuous break in
When armed with non-lethal weapons: general shifts
theory 4 hrs, supplemented by: 30 days paid annual leave
Baton and handcuffs, handgun: +24 hrs
ASP (telescope) baton: +5 hrs
Gas: +5 hrs
Yearly re-training: 4 hrs/year + hand gun yearly
shooting tests
Crowd handling is carried out as an in-house com-
pany training
Training mainly organized externally by state con-
trolled institutons
FINLAND

Gdp ± 1 754 186,8 Million € (PPS) (2007)
FRANCE
Legal aspects
L aw and regulations n° 83-629 of 12 July 1983 as prescribed above Order of 2 May 2005
Law 2003-239 concerning in-house security and the protection of concerning the missions, the employment and the qualification of
people and goods (completing and modifying the founding Act of permanent staff with respect to fire security services in areas
1983) Law 95-73 of January 1995 concerning the nature and the accessible to the public and in tall (high-rise) buildings
direction of security Order of 18 May 1998 concerning the qualification of permanent
Decree 86-1058 of 26 September 1986 concerning the staff of fire security services in tall (high-rise) buildings
administrative authorisation and the recruitment of personnel Law n° 2003-239 of 19 March 2003 adjusting law n° 83- 629 of
for private security companies July 12th 1983 regulating the activities of private surveillance,
Decree 86-1099 of 10 October 1986 concerning the use of guarding and transport of valuables
equipment, documents, uniforms and badges by surveillance and Law n° 2001-1062 of 15 November 2001 on daily security
guarding companies, CIT companies and for protection of persons Decree of November 20th 2002 adjusting the decree of April 28th
Decree 2002-539 of 17 April 2002 concerning distant surveillance 2000 regarding the transport of valuables
activities Specifics are stipulated in various Decrees, Orders and Circulars
Law concerning the prevention of crime of 7 March 2007
(establishing the professional card, Art. 75 -78) C ollective agreements
At national branch level
E ntrance requirements National collective agreement
Law 2003 Pre-employment requirements
Specifics are stipulated in various Decrees, Orders and Circulars A reas covered by regulation
Law N° 2008-582 of 29 June 2008 reinforcing the measures Guarding
intended to prevent and protect people against dangerous dogs Transport of valuables
Decree 2005-307 of 24 March 2005 in execution of art. 3-2 of the Electronic security
law n° 83-629 of 12 July 1983, concerning the approval of security Airport security (Appendix VIII of July 31st 2002)
agents and guarding companies and the members of public order
maintenance services with respect to sports, recreational or R estrictions on background of owners and staff
cultural events of over 1 500 spectators At company level
Decree 92-158 of 20 February 1992 supplementing the labour Exclusion from all other activities i.e. private investigation
code At personal level
and defining the specific conditions of hygiene and safety on the Background investigation carried out by police authorities
work floor executed by an external company without prior consent of subject
Decree 96-926 of 17 October 1996 concerning video surveillance No criminal record
and in execution of articles 10 and 10-1 of the law n° 95-73 of Successfully completed mandatory training
21 January 1995 Not have been a member of the public police since at least
Decree 97-46 of 15 January 1997 concerning the obligations of 5 years
surveillance and guarding with respect to certain owners, managers
or partners of professional or commercial entreprises / settings S pecific requirements
Decree 97-47 of 15 January 1997 regarding the obligations of No restrictions on cumulating with other activities
surveillance with respect to certain owners or managers of garages All guarding companies are assessed annually by regional authorities
or parking areas Uniform
Decree 2002-329 of 8 March 2008 in application of articles 3-1 Mandatory
and 3-2 of the law n° 83-6239 of 12 July 1983 concerning the No confusion with public police alllowed
authorisation and approval of surveillance and guarding personnel Identification card
Decree 2001-1361 of 28 December 2001 concerning the Only at company level
obligations of guarding and the surveillance of certain Minimum age
residential buildings and modifying the construction and 18 yrs old
housing code
Law 2001-1062 of 15 November 2001 concerning daily security F irearms
No, except for transport of valuables
P rofessional aptitude Special permission needs to be granted
Order of 19 June 2008 concerning the approval of a certificate Training mandatory
of professional qualification as an application of Article 1 of the
decree n° 2005-1122 of 6 September 2005 regarding the profes- K9 (D ogs )
sional aptitude of those people executing an activity such as sur- Dogs must be licensed
veillance and guarding, transport of valuables and bodyguarding Handlers must be qualified
Decree 2005-1122 of 6 September 2005 in application of the law
H orses C ertificate of competency

Occasionally Refusal of licence
Penal sanctions
T raining facilities Yes (Law n° 2003-239 of March 19th 2003)
150 certified training centres
T raining
Initial training of 32 hrs (CBA) (Theory: 20 hrs and Practice: 12 hrs)
Social aspects
T rade unions Membership: 24 companies

Affiliation to UNI-Europa Collective Bargaining: no
CFDT-Services Collective Agreement: no
Members: general: 865 528 and in sector: n/a
Density: n/a USP (guarding and consultant)
Collective Bargaining / Agreement: yes Membership: 50 comp. / +/- 85 000 empl.
FETS-FO Collective Bargaining: yes
CGT-com Collective Agreement: yes
Non affiliation to UNI-Europa Member CoESS
CFTC
Members general: ± 130 000 S ectoral social dialogue
Collective Bargaining: yes Social benefits
Collective Agreement: no Rehiring personnel
CFE-CGC Undertaking
Members general: ± 250 000 Outsourcing
Collective Bargaining: yes Working conditions
Collective Agreement: yes
A reas covered
L evel of syndication Guarding
< 10% Airport security
Transport of valuables
E mployers ’ organisations Electronic surveillance
FEDESFI (CIT) Maritime security
Membership: ± 9 comp. / 9 000 empl. Professional training
Collective Bargaining: yes
Collective Agreement: yes C ategories and salary
(related to both “Transport” and “Private security” collective Salary / hr: ± 7,91 €
agreements) Salary / month: ± 1 200, 51 €
Member CoESS Security agent level 1 Qualified security guard
Security guard assisted by dog
GPMSE (Electronic surveillance) Security guard head of site
Membership: 95 comp. / 7 000 empl. Mobile security guard
Collective Bargaining: no Store detective
Collective Agreement: yes (related to other collective agreements Security guard store video surveillance
as “Metallurgy”, “Syntec”, “Retail trade”) Security guard store cash till
Security guard frisking
SESA (Syndicat professionnel des entreprises de sécurité exerçant Security guard operator detector
des activités de sûreté aérienne et aéroportuaire) (Airport security), Agent fire security
ex SPESSA Chief equipment fire security
Membership: 17 comp. / 10 000 empl.
Collective Bargaining: yes Proposal (not applicable yet):
Collective Agreement: yes Security agent with dog: ± 8,02 € (1 216, 80 €)
Non-member CoESS Security agent for theft prevention: ± 8,02 € (1 216, 80 €)
Fire security agent level I (IGH I and ERP I): 8,14 €
SNES (guarding) (1 234, 68 €)
Membership: 150 comp. / +/- 50 000 empl. Fire security agent level 2 (IGH 2 and ERP 2): 9,13 €
Collective Bargaining: yes (1 385,08 €)
Collective Agreement: yes
Member: CoESS O verview salary as of 1 D ecember 2008
Monthl y base: 151,67 hrs
SNOFOPS (Training) Categories
Membership: 22 companies Qualified Security Agent
Collective Bargaining: yes Confirmed Security Agent
Collective Agreement: yes Security Agent Supervisor
Security Agent Canine
UNAFOS (Training) Security Agent Mobile
FRANCE
Security Agent store detective Level 4

Security Agent video warehousing Cat 1 160 1 543,20 1 550,64
Security Agent warehouse store cash back Cat 2 175 1 668,81 1 676,71
Security Agent filtering (off airport security) Cat 3 190 1 794,40 1 802,80
Security Agent filtering operator (off airport security ) Level 5
Fire Security Agent Cat 1 210 1 962,26 1 971,36
Team chief fire safety services Cat 2 230 2 129,81 2 139,52
Security Agent operator SCT1 Cat 3 250 2 297,37 2 307,69
Security Agent operator SCT2
Firefighter Aerodrome II. Expert guards
Firefighter Aerodrome Chief operations Level 1
Responsable SSLIA Cat 1 150 1 609,89 1 609,89
Cat 2 160 1 698,85 1 698,85
I. Operational administrative Technicians Cat 3 170 1 787,59 1 787,59
Administrative Level 2
Technicians COEF Monthly basis 151,67 hrs Cat 1 185 1 921,15 1 921,15
Cat 2 200 2 054,38 2 054,38
1 July 2008 1 December 2008 Cat 3 215 2 187,64 2 187,64
Level 1 Level 3
Cat 1 Cat 1 235 2 365,42 2 365,42
Cat 2 Cat 2 255 2 543,18 2 543,18
Level 2 Cat 3 275 2 720,94 2 720,94
Cat 1
Cat 2 120 1 337,57 1 337,57 III. Engineers and management
Level 3 Position I 300 2 138,88 2 138,88
Cat 1 130 1 355,71 1 375,16 Position II - A 400 2 706,76 2 706,76
Cat 2 140 1 375,63 1 416,41 Position II - B 470 3 103,99 3 103,99
Cat 3 150 1 459,30 1 469,38 Position III - A 530 3 444,77 3 444,77
Position III - B 620 3 955,68 3 955,68
Position III - C 800 4 977,78 4 977,78
Economic aspects
T otal number of private security companies (2007) S ize (2007)

± 4 800 Category-based Absolute Relative
on salaries number number
T otal number of personnel (in % )
± 159 000 > 500 employees ± 29 54,5%
Management: ± 5% 100 to 499 employees ± 140 22,5%
Supervisor: ± 6% 20 to 99 employees ± 420 12,5%
Operating agent: ± 89% 1 to 19 employees ± 2 100 10,5%
A verage age T urnover rate of staff

± 35 yrs 66%
G ender T raining
Male: ± 90,5% Organised by company: initial training
Female: ±9,5% Organised externally (security training school, technical school):
other training, 150 certified training centres (2008)
T urnover in function of professional segments Before entrance, into effect since 2003:
(2007) Training cost > 40 000 000 € or 1,6% of yearly turnover
Activity Turnover >77 900 employees (or 49% of the employees at the end of
Surveillance ± 3 290 mio € 2007) have accomplished a training
Electronic Surveillance (monitoring) ± 480 mio € Average duration training: 19 hrs
Airport and airline security ± 390 mio €
Intervention ± 160 mio € D uration of training
Installation of systems ± 130 mio € Guarding and electronic surveillance: 32 hrs
Training ± 40 mio € Transport of valuables: 70 hrs
Transport of valuables ± 10 mio € Airport security: 70 hrs
Body guarding ± 70 mio €
Others* ± 70 mio € D ogs
Total ± 4 640 mio € 400
* Renting, leasing security systems, maintenance, docu- A rmoured cars

ment transport, audit, security consulting,... 4 CIT companies
2 096 armoured vehicles
FRANCE
Y early T urnover A verage working hours

± 4 380 000 000 € (2006) 35 hrs / week
Daily maximum: 12 hrs
M arket growth Weekly maximum: 48 hrs (but never more than an average
2007: ± 6% of 44 hrs on a 12-week period)
2006: ± 5,5% Overtime and stand-by: maximum overtime: 180 hrs / year
Fringe benefits (supplementary payment or additional time off)
C ontract type Sundays and nights: incentive earnings
Private: 77%
Public: 23% E qual opportunities (EO) company policy
Representation working time (2006) Yes
Week: ± 78%
Sundays: ± 16%
Holidays: ± 6%
Nightwork: ± 34%
FRANCE

Gdp ± 2 308 953,2 Million € (PPS) (2007)
GERMANY
Legal aspects
L aw and regulations Logo mentioning the company name in a visible place

Law of February 7th 1927 amended June 16th 1998 on Minimum age
professional activities 18 yrs
Law of December 14th 1995 on private security enterprises
Law of July 23rd 2002 on private security enterprises F irearms
Optional
C ollective agreements Mandatory permit for possession
70 Mandatory training
No specific training except for the guarding of military
A reas covered by regulation installations with examination by armed forces authorities
Guarding of buildings and industrial sites Permission appointed at both company and personal level
Guarding of persons Company stores weapons after hours according to
Guarding of transport corresponding laws
Public order at events
Guarding of nuclear power plants K9 (D ogs )
Airport security Optional use
Receptionists According to the rules of the Accident Insurance of the State
Patrolling
Cash-in-transit P owers
Limited search and seizure
R esponsible authority In general no other powers than any other citizen
Department of Commerce
R equirement Training provided by the Chamber of Commerce and Industry
Concession according to § 34a Gewerbeordnung (Industrial Code) and by professional organisations representing the sector
No specific selection and screening
At company level T raining centres
Reliability check (background screening): 80 hrs of instruction Both company training and professional educational centre/school/college
(Chamber of Commerce), evidence of solvency
At personal level T raining
Reliability check (background screening): 40 hrs of instruction Training provided by the Chamber of Commerce and Industry
(Chamber of Commerce); special examination for guarding in Professional organizations representing the sector
public areas (Sachkundeprüfung) No specific selection and screening
R estrictions on background of owners and staff C ertificate of competency

Checks are carried out by local authorities Certification to all attending courses
No provisions for follow-up training
S pecific requirements
No specific exclusion criteria C ontrol by authorities
May not be active as public servants Controlled by local authorities
Uniform
The uniform must not create confusion with uniforms of armed S anctions by authorities
or police forces Administrative sanctions
Identification card Withdrawal of permission to operate a business
Operational staff has to carry ID-ca Penal sanctions
rd containing company name, photo Fine up to 5 000 €
Staff working for public sector accounts must carry identification
Social aspects
Verdi (United Services Unions)
T rade unions
GÖD (Trade Union for Public Services and Services)
Affiliated to UNI-Europa
E mployers ' organisations A reas covered

Member CoESS: All federal states, collective agreements vary in different states
BDWS (Federal Association of German Guard and Security Companies)
Membership: ± 778 companies / Density: 20% C ategories and salary
Non-member CoESS: All important areas of work are listed such as Guarding of buildings
BDGW (Association of German Cash Service Industry) and industrial sites, Receptionists, Patrolling, Guarding of military
Membership: ± 170 companies / Density: 90% installations, Public order at events, Guarding of nuclear power
plants, Airport Security, cash-in-transit
N egotiation
BDWS and BDGW (for cash-in-transit) H ealth and safety on the work floor
According to the rules of the Accident Insurance of the State
S ectoral social dialogue
BDWS E qual opportunities (EO) company policy
General provisions: both genders have equal rights in terms of
N umber of collective agreements in force payment, working conditions etc.
± 70
Economic aspects
T otal number of private security companies Y early turnover
± 3 500 (2007) ± 4 350 000 000 € (2007)
S ize M arket growth

1-20 employees: 32% 2007: 4%
20-200 employees: 55%
200-500 employees: 10% T ype of contracts
500-1000 employees: 2% Private: 1%
>1000 employees: 1% Public: 24%
Corporate: 75%
T otal number personnel
± 177 000 T ype of activities
Management: ± 8 550 ( combined with other than security )
Operational: ± 162 450 Receptionist services, facility management, cleaning, catering
Commercial guarding: ± 63 500
Crowd control: ± 12 000 W orking hours
Door supervision: ± 1 500 48 hrs / week (with a maximum of 12 hrs / day equals
Cash-handling services: ± 8 500 72 hrs / week)
Reception services: ± 34 000 Daily maximum: 12 hrs
Weekly maximum: 72 hrs
A verage age Overtime
± 45 yrs old Surcharged (25%)
Weekends and nights
G ender Surcharged (25-50%/Sundays, 5-25%/nights and vary in
Male: 80% the different states)
Female: 20%
W ages
C ontract type Average wages vary from 4,18 € to 18 € per hour
Full time: ± 70% According to the collective agreement
Part time: ± 80% Wages vary depending on state
Long term contact: ± 80% Static guarding: 4,40 € - 8,12 €
Temporary contract: ± 20% Patrolling: 4,96 € - 9,74 €
Qualified guarding: 5,31 € - 12,08 €
R ecruitment criteria Crowd control: 4,18 € - 8,12 €
Reliability Cash-in-transit 6,55 € - 12,53 €
Cash-handling: 5,40 € - 10,51 €
T raining
Varies depending on factors such as the organising body According to the collective agreement all wages
eg the company, externally,... are paid at an hourly rate
D ogs
± 300
A rmoured cars
± 2 500
N umber of armed guards

± 10 000
GERMANY

Gdp ± 271 206,8 Million € (PPS) (2007)
GREECE
Legal aspects
Law and regulations Specific requirements

Law 3707/2008 operation requirements for private security Uniform
companies Optional
General trans-sectoral labour legislation Must be approved by Department of Defence
Identification card
Responsible authority No
Ministry of Public Order Minimum age
Ministry of Labour 18 yrs
Police
Firearms
Collective agreements Prohibited except in exceptional cases such as CIT
2007 - 2008 on minimum wage, (expertise, seniority, marital status, The permit is issued by the Police at company level or
children, etc.) bonuses/allowances at the client level
Training minimum every 3 yrs
At sectoral level Applicable to following activities: guarding of selected
Two national sectoral agreements (2004): targets, CIT
National sectoral collective agreement signed in 2002 (3 - year Permission is appointed to the clients (in guarding) and
period) signed by OIYE (Greek Federation of Private Employees) to the company (in CIT)
and ENEA (the Association of Security Companies) and HSIA After-hours storing of firearms by the organisation that holds
(the Hellenic Federation of Security) the permit
National agreement signed in 2003 (2 years) by OMYPAE
(Federation of Employees Personnel Security of Greece – split Powers
of OIYE) with EOA (Employers' Association) Observation and report to police
Both agreements set minimum wages for guards, CIT and Limited search and seizure
drivers personnel and some additional wage conditions outside Only in airports
the sector
Medical and psychotechnical examination
Areas covered by regulation Mandatory
Guarding
Patrol Services to public persons
Central Alarm (ARC) operators Yes
Guarding of persons
CIT Training facilities
In-company training
Entrance requirements
At company level Certificate of competency
Mandatory operating licences and Permit issued by Greek Ministry Required by the new law
of Public Order Yet to be specified by the dpt. of Education
At personal level
Permit issued by Greek Chief of Police after fulfilling following Control by authorities
requirements: By the police authorities
Greek citizen, Greek living abroad or member of EU
Minimum 18 yrs old Sanctions by authorities
No criminal record Administrative sanctions
Not having been sentenced for a crime with imprisonment Withdrawal or suspension of licence 1-3 months; 6 months or
for at least 6 months permanently
Never lost political right Penal sanctions
Not ever having been fired from a public function for reasons Imprisonment and fines (e.g. operating without a licence for com-
of disobedience pany or personnel) for non compliance with the law
Permit valid for 5 yrs and is renewable
Social aspects
T rade unions C ategories and salary

Affiliated to UNI-Europa Salaries are based on experience
OMYPAE
Non-affiliated to UNI-Europa health and S afety on the work floor
OIYE Health and safety issues are covered by the General legislation
Density: high level with senior personnel Each company has the obligation to draw up a study / plan for
professional hazards and to submit it for approval to the Labour
E mployers ’organisation Inspection Authorities (Ministry of Labour)
ENEA Member CoESS
Top 5 companies with ± 6 000 employees E qual opportunities (EO) company policy
General provisions as well as specific measures
Sectoral Collective Labour Agreement 2007 - 2008
A reas covered
Categories and salaries
Fringe benefits
Economic aspects

± 1 000 Mandatory
Approved by Department of Defence
S ize
20-99 employees: ± 123 T urnover personnel
100-499 employees: ± 680 ± 40%
>500 employees: ± 27
Y early T urnover
T otal number personnel ± 275 Million € (2007)
± 30 000
M arket growth
A ctivities ± 27,5%
Electronic security 2006: ± 255 Million €
Static guarding 2005: ± 232 Million €
Cash in transit 2004: ± 208 Million €
Aviation security 2003: ± 190 Million €
Protection of persons (VIP, …)
Patrol W orking hours
40 hrs / week: 8 hrs x 5 days = 40 / week
A verage A ge or 6 hrs and 40 min x 6 days = 40 / week
Male: ± 25 yrs Daily maximum: 9 hrs
Female: ± 25 yrs Weekly maximum: 43 hrs
Overtime: (41st - 43rd hr is called specific overtime 3 hrs / wk
G ender Employee has to stay on when asked and is paid 25% extra)
Male: ± 80% From 44th and up overtime is reimbursed + 50%
Female: ± 20% Weekends and nights
Nights: between 0.00 and 6.00 am: additional 25% of working hour
A verage E ducation Sundays and official holidays: + 75%
High school
R ecruitment methods
Paper ads, employment agencies
T ype of contract
Private: Annual renewal
Public: Tender
Corporate: Annual renewal
T raining
Duration of training: 1 week
Organised by company: On the Job Training as
required
During initial period of employment: yes
GREECE

Gdp ± 157 590,1 Million € (PPS) (2007)
IRELAND
Legal aspects
L aw and regulations Minimum age

Private Security Services Act 2004 18 yrs
R esponsible authority F irearms

The Private Security Authority Prohibited
R equirements K9 (D ogs )
Private Security Service Contractors licence required for areas Control of Dogs Act 1998
covered by regulation. Private Security Service Employee licence Not specified by regulation
required for personnel in manned guarding, alarm receiving cen-
tres and door security P owers
Limited search and seizure
C ollective agreements Criminal Law Act 1997
Guarding Services covered by Joint Labour Committee Agreement Powers clearly defined in law
A reas covered by regulation T raining facilities

Guarding services In-house and outsourced through PSA approved training
Alarm installation organisations
Alarm receiving centres
Door security personnel T raining
Minimum of 28 hours training
E ntrance requirements Guarding services - Door Security: 21 hours
At company level 2 days in classroom, 3 days on site
Must meet the requirements of PSA licensing Must attain FETAC Level 4 certificate
At personal level
Minimum 18 yrs, educated to Leaving Certificate standard C ertificate of competence
Restrictions on the background of owners and staff FETAC Level 4
All company directors must have their background history cleared
by An Garda Siochana (National Police Force) C ontrol by authorities
The Private Security Authority (PSA)
Uniform S anctions by authorities
Mandatory Administrator sanctions
Identification card Private Security Authority
Must be displayed Penal sanctions
Fines up to 3 000 € and imprisonment up to 5 years
Social aspects
T rade unions C ategories and salary

Affiliated to UNI-Europa Security guard:
Siptu (main union for security guards) 9.27 € per hour at start
9.49 € after 1 year
E mployers ’ organisation 10.14 € after 4 years
Membership through Security Congress of Ireland which Pay rates and conditions of employment in the Irish Security Industry
represents the six security trade associations in Ireland are also determined by individual Security Company/ SIPTU Collective
Agreements. These Company-based collective agreements provide for
N umber of C ollective A greements in force pay rates in excess of the minimum legally enforceable rates quoted above
Manned Guarding services
G eneral provisions
A reas covered Outlaws discrimination in employment on nine distinct grounds
Manned Guarding services covering: gender, family status, marital status, age, disability, sexual
orientation, religion, race, membership of the traveller community
S pecific measures H ealth and safety on the work floor

Covers discrimination in relation to: Covered by Health, Safety and Welfare at Work Act 2005
Access to employment
Advertising E qual opportunities (EO) company policy
Conditions of employment Covered by:
Equal pay for work of equal value Employment Equality Act 1998
Promotion Equal Status Act 2000
Collective agreements
Training
Economic aspects
T otal number of private security companies (2007) T otal number personnel

± 840 Management: ± 500
Operational: ± 17 000
Commercial guarding: ± 278 (including Reception services)
Door supervision: ± 58 G ender
Security systems (production, sales, installation): ± 490 Male: 98%
Prison services: ± 1 Female: 2%
Locksmith services: ± 63 not licensed as yet
IRELAND

Gdp ± 1 491 887,7 Million € (PPS) (2007)
ITALY
Legal aspects
L aw and regulations Standards are set at provincial level

RD 773 of June 18th 1931 on public security Minimum age
RD 1952 of September 26th 1935 18 yrs
RD 635 of May 6th 1940
DL n.49 of 1 April 2008, art.4 F irearms
DPR amending regulation for the execution of TULPS of 4 August Mandatory permit issued by provincial police commissioner
2008, actually under supervision of “Corte dei Conti” No national provisions on firearms training. Every Provincia
(109 in the country) requires specific training (“Regolamento del
R esponsible authority Questore”)
Ministry of the Interior The use of firearms is limited to certain tasks (i.e. CIT, …)
Provincial prefect Permission appointed at personal level
Firearms are personal and stored after hours by the guards at
R equirements home. It is prohibited to keep the weapons within the company
Licence required Mandatory register on firearms
No provisions Limitations concerning the type of weapon and the number of
weapons
Collective agreement at national level 1 May 2004 to 31 K9 (D ogs )
December 2008 Depends on the rules of the Questore (local police Authority)
A reas covered by regulation T raining

Guarding of goods Mandatory training prior to recruitment
Private investigation (two types of licences) After recruitment training, depending on specific tasks:
Apprenticeship training
E ntrance requirements Tutor
At company level Standardisation is done at provincial level
Technical organisational document No continuous training required
At personal level
The licence is awarded at personal level C ontrol by authorities
Ministry of the Interior
R estrictions on background of owners and staff Provincial prefect
No criminal convictions Quaestor
Checks are carried out by Provincial Prefect
Do not require prior consent S anctions by authorities
Administrative sanctions
S pecific requirements Suspension or revocation of licence
Uniform Penal sanctions
Mandatory Yes
Social aspects
T rade unions Members in sector: ± 9151 / Density: ± 17,8%

Affiliated to UNI-Europa Collective Bargaining / Agreement: yes
FILCAMS (Italian Federation of Workers of Commerce, Services
and Tourism Sectors) Non affiliation to UNI-Europa
Members in sector: ± 12 274 / Density: ± 23,8% SAVIP (Private Security Autonomous Trade Union – guards)
Collective Bargaining / Agreement: yes Members in sector: ± 1 300 / Density: ± 2,5%
FISASCAT (Italian Federation of Workers of Commerce, Services Collective Bargaining / Agreement: no
and Tourism Sectors) UGL Sicurezza Civile (UGL Civil Guards
Members in sector: ± 10 000 / Density: ± 19,4% Security Federation of Workers of Security and private investiga-
Collective Bargaining / Agreement: yes tions)
UILTuCS (Italian Union of Workers in Tourism, Commerce and Members in sector: ± 5 596 / Density: ± 10,9%
Services Sectors) Collective Bargaining / Agreement: yes
E mployers ' organisations Federlavoro e Servizi (Work Services Federation)

ASSIV Membership: ± 50 companies / Density: 4,4%
Membership: ± 71 companies / Density: 6,0% ± 1300 employees / Density 2,5%
± 7500 employees / Density: 12,5% Collective Bargaining / Agreement: yes
Collective Bargaining / Agreement: yes FederSicurezza
UNIV (Italian Union of Private Security Institutes) Density: ± 70%
Membership: ± 100 companies / Density: 8,8% Member CoESS
± 9200 employees / Density: 9,9%
Collective Bargaining / Agreement: yes S ectoral social dialogue
ANST (National Association of Services and Tourism Co-operative) Yes
Membership: ± 50 companies / Density: 4,25%
Collective Bargaining / Agreement: yes N umber of collective agreements in force
ANCST (National Association of Work Services Cooperatives) 1 national agreement and (± 45% of agreements “provinciali”)
Membership: ± 13 companies / Density: 4,4% No company agreements
± 975 employees / Density 1,9%
Collective Bargaining / Agreement: yes
Economic aspects
T otal number of private security companies (2006) A rmoured cars

± 965 ± 1 500
S ize Y early T urnover

< 15 employees: ± 52% ± 2 400 000 000 €
16 - 50 employees: ± 24% Turnover per employee: ± 48 814 €
51 - 250 employees: ± 21% Turnover per type of service:
251 - 1 000 employees: ± 3% Static guard: ± 48%
Transport of valuables: ± 18%
A ctivities Area guarding and electronic surveillance: ± 30%
Guarding: ± 48% Other: ± 4%
Surveillance (incl. electronic): ± 30%
CIT: ± 18% T ype of contract
Other: ± 4% Full time: ± 80%
Part time: ± 10%
T otal number personnel Temporary contract: ± 10%
± 49 166
Management: 5% W orking hours
Operational: 95% No limits
A verage age / gender T urnover rate of staff

Male: ± 40 yrs / 75% An average of 6% nationwide but indicates significant fluctuations
Female: ± 30 yrs / 25% between North, South and Central Italy where North Italy is suffer-
ing highest turnover rate
T raining
No national provisions, every Provincia (105 in the Country)
requires own specific training (“Regolamento del Questore”)
ITALY

Gdp ± 50 510,5 Million € (PPS) (2007)
LITHUANIA
Legal aspects
L aw and regulations R estrictions on background of owners and staff

Government of the Republic of Lithuania – Resolution 160 3 Exclusion criteria:
December 1993 - Individuals and property safety regulations into Being on police’s preventive or operational records
force since 5 May1994 Being on the institutional record for mental disorder, alcoholism,
Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania – Law IX- 2327 7 August 2004 narcotics addiction
Republic of Lithuania Law - Individuals and property safety. Unable to meet the prescribed health conditions (except for
Entered into force 1 January 2005 owners)
Having a limited legal capacity
R esponsible authority Being under a criminal investigation
Ministry of the Interior of the Republic of Lithuania Serving a sentence or being deprived by court of the right to
Police department under the MOI - Territorial police commissari- practice guarding activities
ats (to be determined by the new implementing regulations) Being previously convicted
Working in civil service
A reas covered by regulation Previously active as a guard, within 3 years from the withdrawal
The Law regulates the activities of private legal persons, as of the identification card for the violation of this Law or other
well as foreign state branches, state and municipal enterprises of related laws
Lithuania working in the range of armed / unarmed individuals and Being dismissed from work (staff of private security) for breach
property safety of work ethic, within 2 years from the dismissal
Protection of persons and property using firearms and special Being a lawyer or a notary
equipment or physical constraint, for the purposes of: Having been member of the executive board of state security
Guarding of client’s home structures of the USSR (NKVD, NKGB, MGB, KGB)
Guarding of client’s or own company’s movable or immovable Previously an owner, within 3 years from the withdrawal of the
property, commercial or technological know-how company’s licence for the violation of licensed activities
Guarding of client’s health and life against criminal assaults
Providing Cash-in-transit services S pecificrequirements
Minimum age
E ntrance requirements At present: 18 yrs
At company level
Licence issued by the Ministry of the Interior Identification card
Valid for 3 years Issued by the Police department under the MOI or territorial
Companies from the Republic of Lithuania as well as foreign police commissariats
countries Valid for 3 years (to be determined by the new implementing
Members of the EU, the EEC or NATO; two types of licences regulations)
For armed and unarmed protection; no licence is required for
those foreign companies who hold a licence from their country F irearms
Members of the EU or the EEC who remain in the Republic of Subject to provisions of the Law on the control of firearms and
Lithuania for a limited period only (from 3 months up to a year) to ammunition)
perform bodyguarding services Mandatory permit issued by the Minister of the Interior
At personal level Specific training embedded in basic professional training
Citizen of the Republic of Lithuania Can only be carried while on duty and used for:
Members of the EU, the EEC or NATO 1) Withstanding an attempt to an armed attack on a guarded
18 years old object threatening own life
Mandatory licence 2) Guarding of client against attack threatening his life
Meet the prescribed health, training and insurance conditions 3) Guarding of objects (list of objects is determined by the General
Additionally, a person who intends to guard commercial or tech- commissioner) during an armed attack
nological know-how is required to have a prior experience of at 4) Detaining a person suspected of committing a crime if he
least 5 years of legal work actively resists detention
Guards intending to work with firearms need to meet the condi- 5) The use of firearms against animals is allowed
tions set by the Law on the control of firearms and ammunition The use of firearms is prohibited in crowded areas and against
Under the circumstances set by law, staff may be required to persons with preteens, women, minors or persons with clear signs
speak Lithuanian of disability, except in cases when they attack with firearms and in
Cash-in-transit services are allowed only when guard has a special cases an attack takes place by a group of agressors
identification card Permission appointed at company and at personal level
Mandatory qualification exam Storing of firearms afterhours: are required to be stored in spe-
cially regulated arsenals
Register of firearms M edical and psycho - technical examination

Limitations concerning the type of weapon and the number of Required: basic and routine
weapons: pistols and smooth-bores are allowed, except for guard-
ing of banks and providing transit of cash, where automatic rifles S ervices to public persons
are also allowed. Other types of firearms are also allowed for To certain extent
guarding of exceptionally important objects
T raining
K9 (D ogs ) Mandatory course of basic professional training
No specific provisions concerning training Prepared by the Ministry of the Interior
Can only be used for guarding of objects Mandatory exam
By the new Law: also for guarding of persons within the guarded Qualification exam every three years (to be determined by
objects the new implementing regulations)
P owers C ertificate of competency

Carry and use firearms Based on the exam (basic or qualification)
Carry and use special equipment, use physical constraint
Request a person, suspected of committing an administrative or C ontrol by authorities
criminal offence, to stop illegal actions Authorities have the right to inquire about information needed
Detain suspected offender caught in the act or right after and to evaluate compliance with licence conditions
transfer him to the police
The right to request the personal ID, to check items carried by S anctions by authorities
persons, to check cargo in vehicles and to check related docu- Administrative sanctions
ments, as long as these actions take place on the premisses of the Notice of warning, pecuniary penalty
guarded object and as long as they stay within the scope of the Withdrawal of licence
legal powers Penal sanctions
Request a person, suspected of committing an administrative or General provisions apply
criminal offence, to show carried items and, with verbal or written
consent of that person, to inspect carried items or that person;
Prevent other persons from entering into a guarded object by
the written order of a client
Use vehicle with orange flashing light while responding to an
alarm
Prevent persons suspected of carrying forbidden objects or diso-
beying the rules from entering into mass or other events taking
place in a guarded object, or against persons breaching the public
order or other requirements
Social aspects
T rade unions L evel of syndication
Affiliated to UNI-Europa Low
LTUCCE
E mployers ’ organisations
Few
Economic aspects
T otal number of private security companies T otal number personnel
(2003) ± 10 000
± 67
S ize
> 500 employees: ± 4
LITHUANIA

Police force/ratio n/a
Gdp ± 14 892,6 Million € (PPS) (2007)
MACEDONIA
Legal aspects
L aw and regulations T ype of weapons

The ‘Law on the Personal and Property Security Activities’ pub- As described by the 'law on Arms' and approved by the MIA but it
lished in the Official Gazette of the Republic of Macedonia No concerns mainly:
80/99, dated 17 December 1999 Pistols
The ‘Law on Arms’ published in the Official Gazette of the Revolvers
Republic of Macedonia No 07/05, January 2005 Semi-automatic rifles (in certain circumstances)
R esponsible authority P owers

The Ministry of Internal Affairs (MIA) The application of physical force is allowed only when it is
The Chamber for Security necessary for the performance of the job, after a verbal warning
and until the arrival of the police
R equirements The use of firearms is prohibited when it endangers the lives of
Former members of the security forces cannot be employed other citizens
by PSCs for a minimum of two years after the termination of their Inappropriate use of force, misuse of firearms and failure to
employment report the use of force will be penally sanctioned
Background checks are required by law on weapons (not by the
law on security) T raining
Mandatory licence Mandatory for managers not for operational personnel
Duration
E ntrance requirements 40 hrs
At company level Organised by
To register as a business under the law on commercial entities Chamber for Private Security
To be registered for the provision of security for property Content:
and people Laws on private security
To be approved by the MIA Criminal law
At personal level Criminology
Registration with the police The ‘Law on procurement, possession and carrying of weapons’
To be a Macedonian citizen will be updated in accordance with the new ‘Law on Arms’ (which
To have a residence in the country replaced this legislation)
To pass a state examination administered by the Chamber Authorisation and tactics in use of authorisations
for Security in order to receive a licence Organisation of security matters
To take an oath promising to abide by the Code of Ethics Tactics in performing security measures
Firing and handling of firearms (6 hrs) (practical exam)
R estrictions on background of owners and staff Practical shooting test for all personnel with a firearms licence
Clean criminal record Self-defence
Fire prevention and safety
S pecific requirements Use of means and devices for technical protection
Identification card First aid
Mandatory for all private security officers as a legal ground for Examination:
their authority and powers The examination is held before a commission of 4 people (2 MIA
Issued by the Chamber of Security to the individual officer, after representatives and 2 Chamber for Security representatives)
application from the private security company MIA organises an annual shooting practice for security workers
F irearms T raining facilities

Allowed Sometimes organised by the companies
Issued to the company The Chamber for security publishes:
Mandatory licence (for possession and carrying a firearm) on the The manuals covering the mandatory subjects to prepare
condition that applicant has a clean criminal record for the examination
Registration of the weapon by the company Code of ethics
Personnel must be trained in weapon handling and use
personnel must be: C ertificate of competence
A licensed guard and Fee of 6 000 MKD (± 100 €)
In possession of ID card Mandatory examination
Must receive approval from the responsible Ministry to carry a To pass 7 out of 12 subjects
firearm
Permit is only valid during working hours
C ontrol by authorities S anctions by authorities

MIA is responsible for: Administrative sanctions
The implementation of the law on security As defined by law
The work of the Chamber Penal sanctions
Overseeing the private security companies As defined by law
Social aspects
T rade unions Density: 67% (35 / 52)*

None Member CoESS
E mployers ' organisation

Chamber of the Republic of Macedonia for private security
Members: 35 companies
Economic aspects
T otal number of private security companies (2007) Electronic article surveillance and access control
± 152 (total number of licences issued by the Ministry of the Transport of valuables and cash-handling services
Interior) Consulting
65 companies: not active in the field yet Security assessment and security planning
*35 companies are active but do not meet the legal conditions yet Bodyguard services
*52 companies meet all the legal reguirements Transport and protection of tourists or groups throughout
country
S ize
10-50 employees: 27 D ogs
50-100 employees: 20 Allowed
100-500 employees : 5
T raining
T otal number personnel External
± 5 600
T ype of contract
A ctivities Foreign embassies & delegations
Guarding UN Agencies
Commercial security Manufacturing industries
Industrial / manufacturing security Financial sector
Healthcare security Residential
VIP services
Local security and reception services S alary
Monitoring and alarm services Average salary: 200-300 € /month
Mobile patrols
Alarm systems
Fire alarm/protection
CCTV/video monitoring
MACEDONIA

Gdp ± 538 616,3 Million € (PPS) (2007)
NETHERLANDS
Legal aspects

Law of October 24th 1997 on private security and private Issued by the regional police
investigation companies
Regulation of March 3rd 1999 and December 2nd 2002 F irearms
Use of firearms is prohibited
Department of Justice K9 (D ogs )
Mandatory licence
R equirements Special obedience training for dog and dog handler
Licence required for company as well as staff
P owers
C ollective agreements Same powers as any citizen
At sectoral level
Collective Labour Agreement 2007 - 2008 S ervices to public persons
Public servant at municipal level (for instance: parking officer)
A reas covered by regulation or police level (detention)
Protection of goods
Protection of persons T raining facilities
Cash-in-transit Regulated by law (Department of Justice)
Private detective agencies
Installation of alarm systems T raining
Mandatory training depending on the nature of the activity
E ntrance requirements starting 2 weeks prior to employment
At company level Certification is basic diploma for security employees
Mandatory licence No continuous training provided
At personal level Optional training courses are:
Certificate of good conduct Maritime security
Mandatory education: Security Guard level 2 (MBO, Dutch Aviation security
secondary vocational education) Transport of Valuables
The operational manager(s) of the candidate security company First Aid
must be "screened" by police prior to obtaining a permit Driving Proficiency
When an operational manager has a criminal history, the Customer Relations
company will not obtain a permit Dealing with aggression

No criminal convictions for the past 4 yrs Either at national or at company level (Security level 2)
Any criminal conviction in the past 8 yrs which is subject
to imprisonment C ontrol by authorities
Background checks are carried out by the company The police and the Department of Justice
S pecificrequirements S anctions by authorities

Minimum age Administrative sanctions
18 years Yes
Uniform Penal sanctions
Mandatory According to the penal code
Outfit needs to have visible and recognizable identification
The whole outfit needs to be clearly distinct including ID’s
and badges from the uniforms of officers and employees of
public services
Social aspects
T rade unions E mployers ' organisations

Affiliated to UNI-Europa VPB (Association for Private Security)
Unie MHP (Trade union for middle and senior personnel) Member CoESS
Collective Bargaining / Agreement: yes
FNV Bondgenoten (FNV Confederation) H ealth and safety on the work floor
Collective Bargaining / Agreement: yes Collective Labour agreement and general law on health and safety
at work (‘Arbowet’)
Non affiliated to UNI-Europa
CNV (Christian National Trade Union Federation) E qual opportunities (EO) company policy
General provisions: law on equal treatment of May 2004
Economic aspects
T otal number of private security companies (2007) Y early turnover
± 320 ± 1 300 000 000 € (2007)
Composition of yearly turnover:
T otal number emlpoyees (2007) Guarding: 73%
± 33 158 Surveillance: 18%
Cash in Transit: 6%
A verage age Other: 3%
< 25 yrs: 14%
25-35 yrs: 26% T ype of contract
35-45 yrs: 29% Private: mostly
45-55 yrs: 22% Public: limited
>55 yrs: 9%
T ype of activities
G ender ( combined with other than security )
Male: 77 % Airport, harbour, fire watch, local parking employee, detention
Female: 23 % (± 6 719)
W orking hours
R ecruitment criteria and methods Avg. 35 hrs / week (factual 38 hrs, with a maximum of 10 hrs / day
No criteria in general including overtime)
Depends on policy of the individual company Daily maximum
8 hrs (excluding overtime) 10 hrs (including overtime)
T raining Weekly maximum
Duration of training: between 2 - 3 weeks 40 hrs
Organised by company, external security institute (mainly) or Overtime
technical schools such as ECABO (Centre of Expertise on Vocational 16 hrs for a period of 4 weeks
Education, Training and Labour Market) or the ROC (Public Weekends and nights
Education Centre) Yes
In combination with mentor for a 1-year period Stand-by
Social Fund projects: more education and training Yes
E xperience W ages (2006)

Mandatory 1 year experience in the security field ± 593 000 000 €
84% for immediate security personnel
C areer opportunities 5% outsourcing
(Assistant) security guard, security coordinator, managerial staff 11% supporting staff
U niform E qual opportunities (EO) company policy

Mandatory for everyone except managerial staff Public law on general treatment
There are arrangements with the department of
K9 (D ogs ) Social Affairs and employability in order to stimulate
Optional use of dogs certain groups to work in the private security sector
(foreigners, women, disabled, long-term unemployed
S urveillance cars (2007) persons, long-term ill persons etc.)
± 1 287
A rmoured cars
For cash-in-transit only
NETHERLANDS

Police force/ratio ± 8 185* 1/567
Security force/ratio ± 12 000** 1/387
Gdp ± 214 975 Million € (PPS) (2007)
* skilled policemen and women
NORWAY ** private security guards (including part time employees)
Legal aspects
L aw and regulations Be 21 years of age

Act of 1 May 2001 relating to the security guard services in Have a satisfactory character
Norway Member of European Union or party to an eea agreement
Not be regarded as unfit to perform security guard services in
R esponsible authorities a proper manner in accordance with proper usage in the trade
Ministry of Justice Staff
Police authority in area where guard has established Have a satisfactory character
headquarters of company Be 18 years old
Satisfy the requirements of the act and its regulations
C ollective agreements Training:
At sectoral level 15 hrs theoretical
30 hrs practical
A reas covered by regulation 50 hrs theoretical and exam
Protection of goods / real estate
Security escort services (bodyguard services are police business) R estrictions on the background of owners and staff
CIT or cash handling None
Electronic surveillance
F irearms
E ntrance requirements No
At company level
Licence K9 (D ogs )
Licence fee = 2 150 € + additional 322,5 € for each police Less than 10 trained dogs are actively used in the whole country
district in which company is located with branch office
At personal level T raining
Management Basic operational: ± 80 hrs
Be registered in register of business enterprises before licence Airport staff: ± 80 hrs + 22 days of practical study
is granted Training centres are owned by the trade unions and the
Must have permanent place in Norway employers
One-man companies must be registered in central
coordination register of legal entities before owner is granted S anctions by authorities
a licence Administrative as well as penal sanctions
Social aspects
T rade unions N egotiation

Membership ± 6 000 employees No
density ± 50%
C ompanies covered by sectoral social agreement
E mployers ' organisations 90%
Sikkerhetsbransfeni NHO-Service
Member CoESS
Density: 179 / 257 or ± 10 000 employees
Economic aspects
T otal number of private security companies (2007)

10-49 ± 100 39%
± 257
50-499 ± 20 7.5%
500-3000 ± 3 1%
S ize
>3000 ± 1 0.5%
s.e. ± 80 31%
2-9 ± 54 21%
T otal number of private security companies (2007) W orking hours

± 257 Daily maximum: 12 hrs
Weekly maximum: 60 hrs
S ize 5 days /week
s.e. ± 80 31% Year: ± 1 846 hrs
2-9 ± 54 21%
10-49 ± 100 39% T ype of contract
50-499 ± 20 7.5% Private
500-3000 ± 3 1% Public
>3000 ± 1 0.5% Corporate
Full time: 35,5 hrs /w (also by ca)
T otal number personnel Part time: 26 hrs /w
± 12 000 Avg: 37,5 hrs /w
Management: ± 160 Overtime: max n° overtime ± 200 hrs
Sales and administration: ± 1 040 Weekend: max n° we /yr ± 26 hrs
Operations: ±10 800 Max n° consecutive days /yr ± 10
Max n° consecutive nights /yr
A verage age Stand by
<25: ± 35 male
25-45: ± 50 male W ages
>45: ± 15 male Static guarding
± 30 000 € per yr
A verage education ± 15.00 € per hr
Basic operational staff: avg of 80 hrs ± 2 500.00 per month
Airport staff: 80 hrs + 22 days of practical study Beat patrol and call out services
Financed by: companies, workers and public institutions ± 34 000.00 € per yr
Full salary during training ± 17.00 € per hr
± 2 800.00 € per month
T emporary employment Cash-handling services
± 30% ± 34 000.00 € per yr
± 17.00 € per hr
C ontract type ± 2 800.00 € per month
With licensing requirements Security systems (production, sales installation)
By specific security company ± 34 000.00 € per yr
Full time / part time ± 17.00 € per hr
Long-term contract ± 2 800.00 € per month
Temporary contract
Holiday substitution Night: + 2.5 € or 16.67%
Subcontracting Saturday (after 1800 hrs): + 5 € or 33.34%
Undeclared work Sunday: + 5 € or 33.34%
Legal or public holidays: + 15 € - 100%
D ogs Overtime: + 7.5 € - 15 € 50 – 100%
Less then 10 trained dogs in active service Stand by: 0%
A rmoured cars According to the legal mimimum wage:

Dedicated security vehicles: ± 270 Basic guarding: from ± 30.000 € - 31 500 € per yr
Mobile: from ± 34 000 € - 36 000 € per yr
Y early turnover in € (2007) CIT: from ± 34 000 € - 36 000 € per yr
± 913 510 960 € Airport: from ± 34 000 € - 36 000 € per yr
M arket penetration
2007: 98% (share of all security activities outsourced by private
and public customers)
Breakdown of the turnover by market segment by value and /
or % (share of total turnover)
Static guarding: 282 888 125 € - 31%
Beat (mobile) patrol and call-out services: 69 173 625
€ - 7.6%
Cash in transit (cash handling): ± 125 000 000 € -
13.7%
Electronic surveillance: ± 121 875 000 € - 13.3 %
Other: ± 314 574 210 € - 34.3%
NORWAY

Gdp ± 508 657 Million € (PPS) (2007)
POLAND
Legal aspects
Law and regulations Limitation concerning the type of weapon and the number of
Act of August 22nd 1997 on protection of persons and property weapons
with specific executive regulations and amendments
Act of August 22nd 1997 on mass events' security with specific K9 (Dogs)
executive regulations and amendments Defensive dog, by means of direct force
Act of July 6th 2001 on detective services with specific executive By a licensed employee
regulations and amendments May be used in following situations:
Other general/national economic and social regulations To defend against a direct assault on life or health of a security
employee or other person
Responsible authority To apprehend persons who obviously create a direct hazard to
Ministry of Internal Affairs and Administration after having human life or health as well as property
received an opinion from an appropriate Voivodship Police Chief Not allowed in CIT
Entrance requirements Powers

At company level Limited search and seizure
Concession required - issued by the Ministry of Internal Affairs Only for licensed workers
and Administration, after receiving opinion from an appropriate
Voivodship Police Chief Medical and psycho-technical (psychological)
At personal level examination
Owner Yes
Second degree licence of an employee of physical security
Second degree licence of technical security Training
Minimum age: 21 Non licensed employees
Staff General training, work safety training, work stand training
Settled obligation to military service (licensed employees only) (not obligatory)
Minimum age: 18 without licence, 21 with a licence of first or Licensed employees
second degree of an employee of physical security First degree licence requirements:
149 hrs of theoretical training
Restrictions on background of owners and staff 102 hrs of practical training
No criminal convictions (both owners and staff) Second degree licence requirements:
236 hrs of theoretical training
Specific requirements 104 hrs of practical training
Uniform
Mandatory use Certificate of competency
Outfit needs to have visible and recognisable identification Yes
The whole outfit needs to be clearly distinct including IDs and
badges from the uniforms of officers and employees of public serv- Control by authorities
ices The Minister of Interior and Administration may authorise the
Identification card Chief Commander of Police
Yes The Chief Commander of Police may delegate the conduct of
Minimum age control to Voivodoship Police Chiefs
18 years without licence
21 years with licence or first or second degree of an employee of Sanctions by authorities
physical security Temporary or permanent withdrawal of licence for all or some
security activities
Firearms
A security employee carries firearms, with reservation of art. 41
of The Act, only when he / she is in uniform or suit used by the spe-
cialised armed security formation
Mandatory permit
Mandatory training
Applicable to activities of CIT, static guarding, body guarding
Permission appointed at company level
Storing of firearms after hours
Register of firearms
Social aspects
T rade unions S ectoral social dialogue

Affiliated to UNI-Europa Yes
Independent Self-Governing Trade Union Solidarnosc
Non affiliated to UNI-Europa N umber of collective agreements in force
National Sectoral Union of Security Guards Several
Banks Security Employees Trade Union
All-Poland Trade Union Labour Confederation A reas covered
Categories and salaries
E mployers ’ organisations General provisions
Polish Security Employers Association” PZP OCHRONA” C ategories and wages

Polish Chamber of Persons and Property Security “PIOOiM” min. 0,85 €/ hr (net)
Polish Chamber of Security Alarm Systems “PISA”
National Association of Manufactures, Designers and Installers of H ealth and safety on the work floor
Security Systems Regulated by Labour Code
Alarm Systems “POLALARM”
Membership ” PZP OCHRONA” - 160 companies E qual opportunities (EO) company policy
General provisions
N egotiation Regulated by Labour Code
Yes
Economic aspects
T otal number of private security companies (2007) 8/12 (1 shift equivalent)
± 3 600
E xperience
S ize Not required
5-19 employees: ± 155 C areer opportunities
20-99 employees: ± 900 Yes
100-499 employees: ± 2 400cf>500 employees: ± 65
U niforms
A ctivities Yes
Static guarding, monitoring, CIT, protection of person
Electronic security / Origin: 90% D ogs
(Inter) national activities: 10% No regulations considering certification of dogs nor handlers
The Act only specifies that defensive dogs can be used as a means
T otal number personnel of direct force by licensed employees (cf K9 above)
± 165 000
Management: ± 15 000 A rmoured cars
Operational: ± 150 000 ± 4 100
A verage age N umber of armed guards

Male: ± 35 yrs The number of permits is not equal to the number of armed guards
Female: ± 38 yrs – weapon permits are issued to companies, not to employees, then
companies assign employees (with appropriate qualifications) to
G ender work with weapons
Male: ± 95%
Female: ± 5% Y early T urnover (2007)
± 1 000 000 000 €
A verage education
Vocational education T ype of contracts
Private: 67%
T urnover rate of staff Public: 25%
± 60-70% Corporate: 8%
T ype of contract T ype of activities

Full: 90% ( combined with other than security )
Part time: 10% Cleaning
Long-term contract: 65%
Temporary contract: 45% W orking hours
Daily maximum: 24
T raining Weekends and nights: no specific regulations
Organised by company Stand-by: no specific regulations
During initial period of employment: duration 3 hrs +
POLAND
W ages E qual opportunities (EO) company policy

In general: 2,00 € /hr (net) Labour Code
Crowd control: 3,00 € / hr (net)
Cash-handling services: 3,50 € / hr (net)
Security systems (installation) 3,00 €/ hr (net)
POLAND

Gdp ± 196 863 Million € (PPS) (2007)
PORTUGAL
Legal aspects
L aw and regulations R estrictions on background of owners and staff

Law nº 35, dated 21.02.2004 Not having performed functions / duties of public control in
Ordinance (Portaria) nº 1325 / 2001 - duration and contents of private security since 3 years
initial basic training for guards and body guards No previous conviction for the last three years for serious
Decree (Despacho) nº 6159 / 2002 - content of specific training transgressions with respect to private security legislation
module for body guards, basically the use of defensive weapons Not having been dismissed from the army, information services
Ordinance (Portaria) nº 1522-B / 2002 - functions and specific or public security forces
training for stewards
R esponsible authority Uniform
Ministry of the Internal Administration (MAI – Ministério da Mandatory
Administração Interna) Model approved by Home Office
Must not create confusion with public police
R equirement Identification card
Licence defining authorised activities Mandatory
Issued by Ministry of the Interior
C ollective agreements Valid for 5 years and renewable after refreshment training
Annual negotiation Minimum age
18 yrs at both levels
A reas covered by regulation Maximum age
Surveillance (guards) of locations and goods and access control 65 yrs at personnel level
Individual protection (body guards)
Exploitation / monitoring of alarms centres F irearms
CIT, including treasury treatment of banks and other important Common law concerning the possession, carrying and use of
customers weapons
For professional security purposes an additional authorisation
E ntrance requirements from the employing company is required
At company level
Adequate premises and human resources M edical and psycho - technical examination
Guarantee up to 45 000 €, to Ministry of Internal Affairs Mandatory
At least 15 contracted employees Supports issuance of identification cards by Ministry of Interior
Liability insurance of 250 000 €, minimum, for CIT
Theft insurance of 2 000 000 € minimum C ertificate of competency
To have headquarters or delegation in Portugal Issued before the start of activities by the Ministry of Interior
A minimum share capital (except for companies licensed and who is the responsible administrative body
operating in EU with subsidiary in Portugal) The certificate is specific for each area of activity
50 000 € for exploitation / monitoring of alarms centres
125 000 € for surveillance (guards) S anctions
250 000 € for cash in transit Listed in the Decree Law nº 35 / 2004
This is not required for companies licensed and active in the EEU Fines from 100 up to 40 000 €
when they have a delegation in Portugal Temporary or definite suspension or revocation of licence
At personal level depending on infraction (light, serious, very serious)
18 yrs old
Minimum mandatory education (9 yrs)
Show proof of physical and mental aptitude.
Social aspects
T rade unions Portaria,Vigilância,Limpezas,Domésticas e Actividades Diversas)

SITESE ( Sindicato dos Trabalhadores e Técnicos de Serviços); FETESE - Federação dos Sindicatos dos Trabalhadores de Escritório e
Serviço e Novas Tecnologias) Serviços
STAD (Sindicato dos Trabalhadores de Serviços de
L evel of syndication A reas covered by cba

Estimated 8% to 10% at national level Overtime
Vacations
E mployers ’ organisation Shifts
AES (Associação de Empresas de Segurança) including 7 members, Wages
and representing 60% of total sales and employees of the sector Other social benefits
Member CoESS
AESIRF (Associação de Empresas de Segurança, Roubo e Fogo) C ategories and wages
Membership: 14 / Density: ± 20% 26 levels of professional categories
N egotiation Mainly focussing on the social and economic conditions of those

At sectoral level employed in the sector
Negotiated on a yearly basis
Economic aspects
T otal number of private security companies (2007) Y early T urnover (2007)

± 113 ± 677 milion € (= + 8.5% / 2007)
Licensed for surveillance (guards): ± 95
Licensed for electronic systems: ± 57 M arket growth
Licensed for CIT: ± 7 2006: ± 5,2%
2005: ± 4,4%
T otal number personnel (2007) 2004: ± 9,4%
± 38 874 2003: ± 7%
A verage age W orking hours

Male: ± 42 8hrs / day = 40 hrs / week
Female: ± 38 The new Labour Code (December 1st 2004) establishes the
possibility of a limit until 12hrs / day and a minimum of 4 hrs / day,
G ender in order to get an average of 8 hrs / day, during a reference period
Male: ± 80% of 6 months. This regime is not yet introduced in the Collective
Female: ± 20% Agreement
Overtime
T urnover rate of staff First hour is paid with plus 50% of the normal hour cost
± 22% Other extra hours an additional 75%
During nights a plus of 100%
T raining centres During holidays a plus of 200%
Approved by Home Office and the Labour Department Nights
Licensed training centers Between 20h and 07h a plus of 25% of the hour cost
Stand by
T raining Discretionary
Duration of basic training (before entry into the profession) 100 hrs
Body guards additional 72 hrs prior to employment
PORTUGAL
Population 22 246 862

Police force/ratio 55 000 1/393
Security force/ratio 92 000 1/235
Gdp 217 012,5 Million € (PPS) (2007)
ROMANIA
Legal aspects
L aw and regulations Moral probity checked and attested by the police

Law no 333/2003 regarding the safety and security of sites, Minimum 18 years old
persons and goods
Government Decision no 1010/2004 regarding the approval of R estrictions on the background of owners and staff
the Methodological Norms of application of Law no 333/2003 No criminal record
No activities incompatible with State security (shall not be a part
R esponsible authority of foreign informational structures, secret multinational organisations
Ministry of the Interior and Administrative reorganisation and shall not have collaborated with any of these organisations)
through General Romanian Police Department To have specific qualifications unless they have a military or
police background
R equirements To possess the required moral standards
Licence for authorised activities Moral probity checked and attested by the police
Licence is valid for 3 years and can be renewed for the same period
S pecificrequirements
C ollective agreements Minimum age
The labour contracts, which must be in conformity with the annu- 18 years old
ally renegotiated national collective agreement, apply to those Uniform
sectors without collective agreements at organisation or at branch Two types of uniforms: the duty uniform and the protection
level uniform, differ for each organisation
The uniform must be approved by National Police
A reas covered by regulation The uniform must only be worn during working hours
Protection of sites, goods and assets The uniforms must not create confusion with those of the public
Protection of cash in transit and imported goods authorities
Personal specialised protection (body guarding) Identification card
Electronic and physical security The identification card contains the name and the surname
Expert consultancy in the domains mentioned above of the agent as well as the employing organisation’s name
Minimum age
E ntrance requirements 18 years
At company level
To be legally established F irearms
To have actual contracts According to the law on carrying and using firearms
To have a formal personnel structure Mandatory firearms training
To be licensed for guarding and/or technical security Private security companies are allowed to use firearms. This is
The general managers receive the licence as soon as they have subject to a firearm authorisation issued by the Police
obtained an authorisation by the police and the Romanian intel- Personnel employed by private security companies are all
ligence services individually licenced to carry and use firearms while on duty
Owners, management and their close family mustn't have a crimi- The type of weapons and ammunitions is indicated in a “Security
nal record Plan” which is subject to Police approval
Owners must prove that they are financially capable to provide Storing of firearms after hours
all necessary logistics In specially equipped areas and authorised by the Police
In case of licence renewal, the company must provide a certificate Police Department can provide firearms storage for security
from the tax authority attesting taxes were paid timely companies on a contractual basis
Owners and management and their close family have to be Register on firearms
checked and endorsed by the Romanian Intelligence Service Special registry approved by the Police
Owners and managers must have appropriate qualifications, Limitations concerning the type of weapons and the number of
except those with a military or police background weapons (ammunition)
Owners and managers must prove their physical and mental fit- Security Companies could be authorised to use firearms only for
ness certain categories of objects such as banks, military, nuclear
At personal level facilities and for protecting transports of money, weapons and
EU citizenship ammunitions, hazardous materials and other goods of high value
Certified qualification except for those with a military or police Security Companies are not allowed to own their own firearms
background but they must lease firearms only from Police Dpt. or from
Medical and psychological fitness prescribed by the occupied authorised firearm providers
position and validated by an authorised medical centre Authorised companies are not allowed to have larger firearms
No record of felonious acts departments than those of the Police
K9 (D ogs ) S pecific training

Specific training needed No legal requirements except with respect to the firearms
The dog and the dog handler must be certified training
They must be trained in authorised centres during a period of Operational personnel: 4 hours per month
1-2 months (as mentioned in the provision L. 60/2003 regarding Management personnel: 4 hours per quarter
possession of dangerous dogs) Personnel with firearms:
Organisations which use dogs shall present these facts in the 15 minutes per day
Organisational and functional Regulation (ROF) which must be Shooting in the shooting range twice per year
approved by the Police Applicable to which activities
Watch Dogs must be registered with Police and K9 associations In relation to the importance of sites, goods and values secured,
with the authorisation of Police or County Police
P owers
Limited search and seizure T raining facilities
The security officer should not allow unauthorised persons in the Qualification courses can only be provided by authorised profes-
secured site sional qualification centres
The security officer should stop and identify suspicious-looking The qualification centres need to be approved by the Police and
persons or persons recognised as delinquents or criminals the Ministry of Labour and Employment
In case of flagrant delinquency, the security officer should hand They need to provide for appropriate training facilities as well as
the criminal and the confiscated goods over to the police qualified trainers
The security officer should only use those firearms allowed by the
Firearms law P ermits
Mandatory to operate a security business
M edical and psycho - technical examination Certificate for the security officers and personal protection
Medical and psychological examination prior to employment as officers (bodyguards)
well as a periodical check-up (annually and every time when it is
necessary) C ertificate of competency
Qualification certificate issued by the police
S ervices to public persons
No specific requirements S anctions by authorities
Administrative sanctions
T raining Fines
Certifying courses of 360 hrs (120 hrs of theory and 240 hrs of Suspension of the licence
practice) Revocation of the licence
Entrance exam takes place in front of a commission that con- Penal sanctions
sists of a representative of the police and a representative of the Banned from exercising this security profession or any other
Ministry of Employment and Labour activity that requires an authorisation
Social aspects
T rade unions C ategories and S alaries

No branch level trade unions Security Officer: ± 250 €
Armed Security Officer: ± 300 €
E mployment ' organisations Chief Supervisor: ± 300 €
The Romanian Employ of Security Companies Site Supervisor: ± 600 €
The Romanian Security Industry Association Head of Security: ± 700 -1 500 €
both members of CoESS
Romanian Association of Technical Security E qual opportunities (EO) company policy
Are enforced through the Labour Code
L evel of syndication
Poor
S ocial dialogue
Non existent
ROMANIA
Economic aspects
T otal number of private security companies (2007) Door supervision: ± 147 €
Guarding: ± 1 099 guarding, CIT transport Cash-handling services: ± 147 €
Cash-handling services: ± 970 are authorised, but only 10% are active Reception services: ± 160 €
Reception services: ± 345 burglary alarm surveillance centres Security systems (production, sales & installation): ± 175 €
Security systems (production, sales, installation): ± 1 224 Cash in Transit: ± 192 €
Monthly wages
S ize Full time / Part time: ± 70% / 30%
1-9 employees: ± 716 66% Long-term contract: ± 90%
10-49 employees: ± 104 10% Temporary contract: ± 10%
50-499 employees: ± 237 21,9% Holiday substitution: 1 employee for 11 employees
500-3000 employees: ± 22 2% Holiday: 21 days minimum
over 3000 employees: ± 1 Substitution: 1 employee for 11 employees
A ctivities W orking hours

Guarding of sites, goods and assets 6 days x 8 hours = 48 hours
Electronic security Daily maximum: 8 hrs
Physical security Weekly maximum: 48 hrs
Overtime: 8 hrs
T otal number of personnel Weekend and nights: 4 days of week-end/month
± 92 000 5 days/month
Management: ± 1 840 of which 2% women Stand-by: 2 days per week
Sales and administrative staff: 5 520 of which 55% women
Operational: ± 84 640 of which 55% women R ecruitment criteria
EU citizenship with certified training
T urnover rate of private security personnel Minimum 18 years old
± 40 - 45 % Adequate social behaviour
Commercial guarding: 90% Medical and psychological aptitude
Reception services: 10% No record of felonious acts
Security systems (production, sales, installation): ± 6 000
Physical security (production, sales, installation): 2% R ecruitment methods
Mass-media advertising
Average Internet
total % of women Selection based on interviews
< 25 ± 18 400 ± 10%
25 to 45 ± 41 400 ± 75% T raining
> 45 ± 32 200 ± 15% Professional qualification courses of at least 360 hrs
(not requested by law)
G ender
Male: ± 82 000 Y early turnover
Female: ± 10 000 ± 6,75%
A verage education M arket growth

Elementary school ± 10%
Y early turnover (2007) T ype of contract

± 40 322 530 € Public: ± 10%
Market penetration: 80% Corporate: ± 90%
W ages E qual opportunities (EO) company policy

Average 147 € - 230 € per month Yes
Commercial guarding: ± 147 €
In-house guarding: ± 147 €
Crowd control: ± 147 €
ROMANIA

Gdp ± n/a
SERBIA
Legal aspects
L aw and regulations Minimum age

No 18 yrs
A uthority in charge F irearms

Ministry of Internal Affairs Only while on duty
Mandatory permit
C ollective agreements Drivers licence
Yes Licence for safe use of firearms
A reas covered by regulation S pecific training

Terms of use of firearms, CIT Training in safe handling of firearms
Fire-fighting activities Applicable to:
Limitations when performing guarding activities CIT
Man guarding in open areas
E ntrance requirements Close protection
At company level Permission:
Company has to be registered by Serbian laws issued at personal level
At personal level The after-hours storage of firearms:
Clear criminal record in special containers and within protected areas on the company’s
premises
R estrictions on the background of owners and staff Mandatory register of firearms
Clear criminal record only pistols and shotguns, up to 9 mm are allowed
S pecific requirements M edicaland psycho - technical (psychological)

Uniform examination
Yes Yes
Identification card
Yes
Social aspects
E mployers ' organisations A reas covered

Serbian Association of Private Security Companies (SAPSC) Categories and salaries
Member CoESS Health and safety in the workplace
S ectoral social dialogue E qual opportunities (EO) company policy

Number of collective agreements in force: 1 General provisions
Economic aspects
T otal number of private security companies (2007) Weekly maximum: 60 hrs

± 158 Stand-by: 12 hrs
N umber personnel W ages

± 28 000 Basic salary: ± 172 € / month
W orking time
Daily maximum: 12 hrs
SERBIA

Police force/ratio ± 7500 1/267
Security force/ratio ± 4500 1/444
Gdp ± 45 659,7 Million € (PPS) (2007)
SLOVENIA
Legal aspects
L aw and regulations With respect to the performance of technical security services

Private Security Act (Official Gazete No. 126/2003) following conditions must be fulfilled:
Detective Activities Act (Official Gazete No. 7/2003) To be a citizen of Republic of Slovenia or an EU citizen
To have at least a technical education
R esponsible authority To have passed the qualification test
Ministry of the Interior - Parliament Never have been convicted for an intentional criminal act
C ollective agreements R estrictions on background of owners and staff

Between private security companies and Chamber of private Must not perform services or tasks that are incompatible with
security companies the security function (such as persecution of a person committing
a crime, enforcement of debts and so on…) nor work for national
A reas covered by regulation and foreign defence, security or counterintelligence services
Private investigation – detectives Not use police powers
Protection of persons – bodyguarding
Protection of property S pecificrequirements
Cash-in-transit Minimum age
Protection at events Minimal 18 yrs
Managing remote alarm centres Uniform
Yes
E ntrance requirements Identification card
At company level Yes
Requirements depend on type of licence
The general conditions are: F irearms
To dispose of the personnel responsible for the performance Permit required
of physical and technical security Specific training required
At managerial level Permission appointed both at company and at personal level
Members of the administrative board of a private security Obligatory storage of firearms afterhours
company must never have been previously convicted for an Mandatory register on firearms
intentional criminal act Limitations imposed on the type of weapon and the number
To employ at least five private security officers of weapons used
To own or rent a remote alarm centre
To have a professional liability insurance K9 (D ogs )
At personal level Possession of dogs is restricted
A natural or legal person employed, as an independent individual
businessman or as an independent craftsman and responsible for H orses
performing services of physical and technical security (security Possession of horses is strictly regulated
manager), must in addition to the conditions defined by labour
law, fulfil the following conditions: P owers
To be a citizen of Republic of Slovenia or an EU citizen Limited search and seizure
To have at least a higher education
To have at least 5 years of working experience Medical and psycho-technical (psychological)
To have passed the mandatory exam examination
Never have been convicted for an intentional criminal act Is required
He / she directly performing physical security services (security S ervices to public persons
guard – security officer) must, in addition to the conditions defined Is allowed
by labour relations law, fulfil the following conditions:
To be a citizen of Republic of Slovenia or an EU citizen T raining
To follow the mandatory professional education General training for all candidate private security officers
To have passed the mandatory exam 100 hrs training
To be physically and mentally fit for the job of security guard Content
Never have been convicted for intentional criminal acts and never The role, duties and responsibilities of a security officer
have been convicted for disturbing public peace and order with Communication skills and code of practice
signs of aggression National legislation
Methodology and tactics of guarding (patrolling, access
control, use of technology, etc.) C ertificate of competency

Basics of fire protection After qualification
Basics of labour protection
Special training for private security officers who perform body- C ontrol by authorities
guarding activities, protection during public events, internal super- Inspectorate of the Republic of Slovenia for Interior
vision
Control in private security companies and officers who perform S anctions by authorities
intervention Administrative sanctions as well as penal sanctions
Social aspects
L abour unions At company level

SKVNS Joint Committee
Commission for Inferences of Collective Agreements in Private
L evel of syndication Security in the Republic of Slovenia
Internal/national
N umber of collective agreements in force
E mployers ’ organisations 2
Chamber of private security companies (ZRZSV), member CoESS
Number of personnel: ± 6 183 A reas covered
Private security activities
N egotiation
Social Dialogue
At sectoral level and
Economic aspects
T otal number of private security companies (2007) T otal turnover of private security personnel
± 100 ± 25 %
S ize A verage education

Self-employed or very small companies: ± 52 Professional qualification – III.
Small companies: ± 30
Medium-sized companies: ± 39 V ocational training
Large companies: ±3 Fees paid by company ± 200 €
Operational: 40 hrs - 110 hrs
E mployees Security manager: 60 hrs
Total employees: ± 6 211 - Women: ± 5,0% Guard control: 24 hrs
Management: ± 120 Security technician: 40 hrs
Operational: ± 6 364
W orking hours
T ype of activities Day: 8 hrs
Commercial guarding Week: 40 hrs
In-house guarding Year: 2 080 hrs
Crowd control Weekend: 52 WE per year
Door supervision Number of consecutive working days: 12 days
Cash-handling services Part time: 20 hrs
Reception services Overtime: 20 hrs / month
Security systems (production, sales installation) Annual leave: 22 days / year
Locksmith services Legal / Public holidays: 11 days / year
Physical security (production, sales, installation) Additional days off: 2 days / year
F unctional distribution C ontract type

Staff Total Women Long term contract
Operational ± 95,0% ± 10,0%
Sales / administrative ± 39,0% ± 4,0% E xperience
Management ± 1,0% ± 1,0% No experience required
Age Total Women C areer opportunities

< 25 yrs ± 20,0% ± 10,0% Are available
25 -45 yrs ± 60,0% ± 5,0 %
> 45 yrs ± 20,0% ± 0,0% W ages
Basic salary (monthly)
SLOVENIA
Guards ± 550 € Stand-by + 10%

Beat (mobile) patrol and call out ± 620 € Overtime + 30%
CIT ± 620 €
Electronic ± 1 000 € U niforms
Obligatory
Avg wages (monthly)
Static guards ± 520 € - ± 1 000 € A rmoured cars
Security technician ± 800 € - ± 2 000 € Yes
Security manager ± 1 200 € - ± 2 500 €
S pecial categories ± 1000 private security officers
Basic salary
Night + 30% M arket penetration
Saturday -- ±7%
Sunday + 50%
Shift + 10% Y early turnover (2007)
Legal and public holidays + 100% ± 1,3 mio €
SLOVENIA

Gdp ± 1 190 020,1 Million M (PPS) (2007)
SPAIN
Legal aspects
L aw and regulations Guards must also wear the company's logo and official ID as
Act 23/1992, 30 July 1992, modified by Royal Decree 2/1999, security guards
29 January 1999 Identification card
Royal Decree 8/2007 14 September 2007 Obtained in the context of ad-hoc authorisation
R esponsible authority F irearms

Ministry of Home Affairs Mandatory permit
Specific bi-annual training l
R equirement Limited to certain activities such as CIT, Ministry of Defence
Licence obtained through Police forces, both at company and at premises, protection of high-risk installations and other specific
individual level places under police-specific authorisation
Permission appointed at personal level (guards)
C ollective agreements Gunsmiths either on working place or on company premises
Collective Agreement 2005-2008, published in Official Journal Mandatory register of firearms
10 June 2005 Type of weapons are specified by Ministry of Home Affairs. In
general Revolver 38 calibre, special 4 inches
A reas covered by regulation
Assets protection K9 (D ogs )
Protection of goods Mandatory training, identification and documentation of dogs
Transport of valuables and CIT Accomplishment of health legislation
Central alarm systems Guards must have expertise in dogs training
Planning, installation and maintenance of alarm systems
Rural areas guarding activities E ducation
Private investigators Minimum certificate of elementary school
E ntrance requirements M edicaland psycho - technical ( psychological )

At company level examination
Legal persons' nationality of European Union or EEE Psycho-technical aptitude test must be passed when getting the
Coverage of civil liability or alternative monetary guarantee ad-hoc authorisation
To pay a security to a European Union entity If arms are used, every five years (every two years, when older
At personal level than 55 years), a psycho-technical analysis must be passed
Ad hoc authorisation from Home Office
18 years old S ervices to public persons
National of EU or EEE Authorised by law
Community residence regime
Clean criminal record T raining centres
No sanctions in the last 5 years regarding privacy, secret postal To be approved by Secretary of State for Home Affairs
ballot or remaining fundamental rights Strict guidelines regarding facilities and staffing
No incompatible activities (private investigator, public service, etc) May be organised by security companies
No public functions two years prior to request to obtain licence
T raining
R estrictions on background of owners and staff 180 hours + official exam (the whole process takes about 5 months)
( company administrators ) Compulsory permanent training: 20 hours / year
Exclusion clause (private investigators, public service) in the
previous 2 years C ertificate of competency
No criminal record Examination and certification (guard, security responsible or
Never having been expelled of army, security forces or any other force director)
Exams passed before the police
Official licence plus specific company priorities C ontrol by authorities
Minimum age Intensive and permanent control of activities, company premises,
18 years contracts must be provided to police forces, register books must be kept
Uniform Specific requirements for CIT operations
Mandatory. Use restricted to working time. Uniform must be Annual report submitted to police authorities detailing activities
clearly differentiated from public security forces uniforms. and change in staff (management)
S anctions by authorities suspension or even withdrawal of licence

Administrative sanctions Penal sanctions
Defined in Private Security Act. Depends on the degree of the vio- According to Criminal Code provisions
lation (extremely serious, serious, not serious). Ranging from fines,
Social aspects
T rade unions C ategory

Negotiators of collective agreement Fes-UGT, AADD-CCOO, FTSP- Management personnel
USO, CIG-Servizos Administrative personnel
Low level of syndication Supervisory personnel
Operational personnel
E mployers ’ organization Electronic and mechanic
Aproser Miscellaneous
Member CoESS Operative employees
Density : 80%
Negotiation: company level S alary
Collective Bargaining / Agreement: yes Basic salary: 15 000 €/year (not- including night / weekend /
seniority / overtime / use of arms and / or additional payments)
G eneral provisions Social security paid by company not included in cost: + 32%
Work organisation Regulated by collective agreement
Work provision On the basis of estimation of additional compensations (including
Groups of workers overtime / extra time), and specific tax regime applicable: ± 1 275
Entry into the company €/month (12 payments / year)
Career opportunities
Place and changes of work position upper and lower category Industry’s avg. wages: ± 80%
Activities extinction of labour contract
Working time and holidays M inimum wage per hour
Work permissions ± 8.6 € / hr not including extras
Health and safety, sanction awards
Social benefits H ealth and safety on the work floor
Trade union rights Specific provisions
Remuneration
Economic aspects
T otal number of private security companies Y early T urnover R ate of private security personnel
(Q1 2008) (Q1 2008)
± 1 219 40% operational people
13% structure
B reakdown by size of staff (Q1 2008)
10 to 10 ± 868 T ype of employment
20 to 49 ± 145 With licensing requirements: 90%
50 to 100 ± 77 Full time: 85%
100 to 200 ± 63 Temporary contract: 15%
200 to 500 ± 39
500 to 1 000 ±7 C ontract type
1 000 to 5 000 ± 15 With licensing requirements: 90% licensed (operational workers)
Over 5 000 ±4 Full time / Part time
Contracted: 85%
B reakdown by activity Fixed contract arrangements: 15% temporary
Commercial guarding (including crowd control, door
supervision, reception services): ± 375 A verage age (Q1 2008)
Cash handling services: ± 19 (deposit and transport ) ± 38 yrs
Explosives handling: ± 64
Consulting and planning: ± 108 G ender (Q1 2008)
Central station alarm: ± 184 Male: ± 87%
Guarding: ± 375 Female: ± 13%
Security systems (production, sales, installation): ± 931
T raining
T otal number personnel Basic mandatory education: 56%
± 9 200 Professional training: 17%
Management: ± 9 000 Secondary education: 19%
Operational: ± 83 000 (Q1 2008) Bachelor: 4%
Masters: 4%
SPAIN
N umber of armed guards S alary

± 20 000 Average yearly payment
it is estimated that a gross average of 16 500 € for non armed and
A rmoured cars 18 000 € for armed personnel is paid per year
Compulsory for CIT operations Average monthly payment
Specific technical requirements deducting an average of 10% (social security, taxes, ...) leads to
± 1 250 € net / month (12 payments) for non armed and around
T ype of contract 1 350 € net / month (12 payments) for armed personnel, not
Public: 30% including overtime
Private: 70% Regulated by collective agreement
Domestic: 12% Estimation: 10 €/hour
Public administrations: 16% On the basis of estimation of additional compensations (including
Commerce: 17% overtime / extra time), and specific tax regime applicable:
Transport infrastructures: 18% ± 1 275 € / month (12 payments / year)
Financial entities: 18%
Industry: 19% Industry’s avg. wages: ± 80%
Y early T urnover (2007) E qual opportunities (EO) company policy

3 579 million € According to legal provisions
W orking hours
Overtime
Fringe benefit (supplementary payment or compensating free-
time)
Up to 80 hrs/year
SPAIN

Gdp ± 286 230,1 Million € (PPS) (2007)
SWEDEN
Legal aspects
L aw and regulations premisses in special safety boxes with alarm

Law and Decree of April 26th 1974 on private security industry Limitations concerning the type of weapon and the number
Law and Decree of 1980 (/578 and /579) maintaining order of weapons: only pistols and revolvers, no rifles
Law and Decree of 1990 (/217 and /1334) on the protection of
institutions of national interest K9 (D ogs )
Law and Decree of 1983 (/1097 and /1099) on the installation of 39 hrs special training with licensed instructor
alarm systems Monthly training of 8 hrs
Dog and guard tested annually by the police
County administrative board (Länsstyrelsen) P owers
The National Police Board (Rikspolisstyrelsen) Limited search and seizure
Special type of guards - the "Ordningsvakt and Skyddsvakt" have
R equirement limited police powers such as handcuffs and arrest while waiting
Authorisation required for the police to arrive to the scene
C ollective agreements T raining facilities

Almega and Swedish Transport Worker´s Union (Svenska National Institute for Guard Training, owned and run by security
Transportarbetareförbundet). Almega and The Union (Unionen) companies and union together
and the Swedish association for managerial and professional staff
(Ledarna) T raining
Mandatory training: 288 hrs
A reas covered by regulation Refreshment training: 34 hrs every 4 yrs
Most, but not CIT, alarm stations and in-house security Note:
According to collective agreements:
E ntrance requirements Mandatory training: 302 hrs
At company level Special training for CIT: 50 hrs
Authorisation required Personal protection: 92 hrs
At personal level Store detective: 40 hrs
Licence required Firearms: 43 hrs

No criminal convictions Examination after mandatory training
Check updated annually
Medical and psycho-technical (psychological)
S pecific requirements examination
No restrictions on cumulating with other activities Mandatory if working nights
All guarding companies assessed annually by regional authorities
Minimum age S ervices to public persons
18 yrs old ± 8% to the public authorities
Some assignments require a minimum age of 20 or 25 yrs
Uniform C ontrol by authorities
Yes (with exception of store control and personal protection County administrative board
guards)
Model regulated by legislation S anctions by authorities
Identification card Administrative sanctions
Yes, according to law Withdrawal of licence
Penal sanctions
F irearms Fine or imprisonment
Yes, with special permit from police authorities
Mandatory licence
Mandatory training of 43 hrs
Minimum age is 23 yrs
Applicable to certain tasks such as protection of institutions of
national interest and personal protection guards
Storing of firearms after hours at the companies'
Social aspects
T rade unions
Affiliated to UNI Europa S ectoral social dialogue
Swedish Transport Workers Union (Svenska - Yes
Transportarbetareförbundet) The Union (Unionen)
Non affiliated to UNI Europa N umber of collective agreements in force
The Swedish association for managerial and professional staff One for each union
(Ledarna)
A reas covered
L evel of syndication All
± 65% (fulltime workers 85%)
C ategories and salary
E mployers ’ organisations ± 2 120 € / month (static guarding, mobile patrol)
Member CoESS Working night is 2 € -10 € extra per hour
Almega Business service associations
More than 90% are members of ALMEGA E qual opportunities (EO) company policy
According to law and EU directives
N egotiation
Yes
Economic aspects
T otal number of private security companies (2008) 302 hrs
± 250 D ogs
± 400
> 500 employees: ± 3
100 - 500 employees: ± 5 A rmoured cars
0 - 100 employees: ± 240 ± 200
Cash-handling services: ± 3 N umber of armed guards

± 300
A ctivities
Static guarding: ± 50% Y early T urnover
Monitoring: ± 5% ± 700 Million € (2007)
Cash in transit: ± 15%
Airport security: ± 5% M arket growth
Mobile patrol: ± 25% ± 5%
T otal number personnel T ype of contracts

Management: ± 1500 Private: 80%
Operational / guards: ± 12 000 Public: 20%
A verage age / gender W orking hours

Male: ± 70% Daily maximum
Female: ± 30% 12/13 hrs
Weekly maximum
A verage education 52 hrs
Compulsory school (9 yrs): 14% Overtime
Upper secondary school (2-3 yrs): 64% 200 + 150 hrs extra after agreement with union
University: 22% Nights
157,6 hrs / month after agreement with union
T urnover rate of staff (starting from 2010)
Fulltime workers: 7% Stand-by
Part time workers: 20% Yes, if agreed with individual/union
C ontract type W ages

± 10 000 full time 2 200 € per month (static guarding, mobile patrol)
± 15 000 long-term Working night: ± 2 – 11 € extra per hour
± 7 000 part time No minimum wage according to the law
± 2 000 temporary Avg. real wage with compensation: ± 2 400 €
T raining E qual opportunities (EO) policy

Mandatory training: 288 hrs Mandatory by law
Refreshment training: 34 hrs every 4 yrs
Note: According to collective agreements, mandatory training is
SWEDEN

Security force/ratio ± 8 617 (FTE only)* 1/879
Gdp ± 260 762,2 Million € (PPS) (2007)
SWITZERLAND
Legal aspects
L aw and regulations S ocial dialogue

Ordinance concerning the engagement of a private security Yes
company by the Swiss Confederation
Different cantonal laws concerning the engagement of a private F irearms
security company and security guards Proof of necessity necessary
Collective Labour Agreement for the Security Sector by the Swiss Conformity with arms law of 20 June 1997 applicable since
Confederation January 1999
Ordinance of the Joint Supervisory Committee concerning Mandatory licence at individual level
the control of the Collective Labour Agreement by the Swiss Decided at cantonal level (26 cantons)
Confederation
K9 (D ogs )
R esponsible authority Animal protection ordinance
Federal department of Justice and the Police Mandatory examination
Federal department of Foreign Affairs
26 Cantonal Departments of Justice and Police P owers
Joint Supervisory Committee (JSC) Same as any citizen
Exceptions possible for specific tasks (additional trainings, oathtaking)
R equirement
Decided at cantonal level (26 cantons) T raining
Decided at cantonal level
Collective agreement on the minimum wages of 4 September 2003 U niform
and valid as of January 2004 No resemblance with police uniforms
A reas covered by regulation ID badge

Surveillance of (im)mobile good Mandatory and worn in a visible place
Protection of persons
CIT transport M inimum age
18 years
At company level M edicaland psychotechnical ( physilogical )
Decided at cantonal level examination
At personal level By company
S ervices to public persons
R estrictions on background of owners and staff Yes
C ontrolled by authorities
S pecific requirements Decided at cantonal level (26 cantons)
S anctions by authorities
Decided at cantonal level (26 cantons)
Social aspects
T rade unions N umber of collective agreements
UNIA Trade Union 1 on minimum wages (at federal level)
Level of syndication: 4% Applicable to all companies (domestic and foreign) providing
security services in Switzerland
E mployers ’ organisation Applicable to all employees engaged in operational work
Association of Swiss Security Service Companies (VSSU) Member CoESS Two categories:
Category A: for employees who work mainly in the sectors of
S ectoral social dialogue surveillance, protection of property or persons, alarm centre duties
vssu-unia and airport security (checking persons or luggage) or the transport
of valuables (without money processing) days within 900 days

Category B: for employees who work mainly in the sectors of Dog handlers recompensation of CHF 150 / month (97,75 €)
public events (admission checks and cash office services), security or CHF 1,50 (0,98 €) per effective hour with dog
assistance services (so-called steward services), traffic services Recompensation dog handler licence and liability insurance
(surveillance of parked vehicles and traffic regulation) and money covering the working time with dog only
processing
W orking time
M inimum wages Annual working time: between 1 800 and 2 300 hrs per yr
Two categories Night shift (23.00 – 06.00 hr)
Category A: 3 subcategories: Sunday and official holidays (06.00- 23.00) an additional 10% of
A1 > 150 hrs / month working time is included (+ 6 min) in hourly wage
A2 75 hrs - 150 hrs month Working exceeding maximum working time is recompensated by
A3 < 75 hrs month extra holidays or otherwise by overtime rates
Annual minimum wages depend on active years with company Training time is included in working time
(from 1 yr - > 11 yrs) minimum annual wages vary between CHF 48 Trial period: 3 months during which the employee receives a basic
855 and CHF 56 785 (or 32 046,08 € - 37 622,4 €) training organised by employer
Holidays: from 1 day until 30 working days depending on the
Category B: 2 subcategories duration of employment
CAT B1: working time > 150 hrs / month Absence between 1 and 3 days depending on reason of absence
CAT B2: ≤ 150 hrs / month Purchase of uniforms and equipment are at the expense of
Minimum wages are defined at cantonal level: employer
Minimum hourly wages without holiday pay vary between CHF 20,55 Maintenance and small repairs at the expense of employee
(13,39 €)– 22,00 (14,34 €)(1st year employment) and between CHF Mandatory military service: insurance of salary
20,80 (13,55 €) and CHF 22,30 (14,53 €) (from 2nd year on) Initial military training and advanced military training: the
military compensation is supplemented by 50% for singles and
Actual working time per year: avg. 2 000 hrs 90% for married employees
Actual working time per month: avg. 150 hrs Leave of absence starting from 2nd day off
Employees with < 25 yrs experience receive salary no less than avg. Illness: salary of 80% during 720 days within 900 days
150 hrs / month Maternity leave: salary of 80% during 98 days following birth
Employees who obtained their certificate receive a monthly bonus
of CHF 200 (130,34 €) H ealth and safety on the workplace
Insurance for sick leave = 80% starting the 2nd day of leave for 720 Federal regulation
Economic aspects
T otal number of private security companies (2005) A verage education

± 464 Secondary School
Professional Certificate of Capacity
S ize
Guarding: ± 78% T raining
Alarm Centres: ± 6% Depends on the Canton
CIT: ± 9% Mainly organised by the company
Aviation und Airport Security: ± 6% Seldom organised by external security training institute
Protection of Persons (Body Guarding): ± 1% Never organised by external technical schools
Training mostly organised during initial period of employment
T otal number of personnel Sometimes in combination with mentor
± 13 075
Management: ± 849 C areer opportunities
Operational: ± 12 226 * Yes
* Difference in numbers:
8 617: FTE (= Full Time Equivalent) due to the U niforms
comparison to the police personnel (only employ FTE-personnel) Yes
12 226: includes all operational personnel, full time and
part-time employees D ogs
13 075: operational and managerial personnel Yes
T urnover rate of staff Y early turnover

Depending on sector and economy between 5 and 50% ± 686 Mio CHF (447,05 Mio €)
A verage age M arket growth

± 38 years ± 3 - 5%
G ender T ype of contracts

Male: ± 82% Public: ± 30%
Female: ± 18% Corporate: ± 69%
Private: ± 1%
SWITZERLAND
W orking hours
Daily maximum: ± 14
Weekly maximum: ± 50
Overtime: ± 4
Weekend and nights: ± 13 (nights)
Stand by: N/a
SWITZERLAND

Active Security ± 158 839 1/453
Gdp ± 776 225,9 Million € (PPS) (2007)
TURKEY
Legal aspects
18 for unarmed
L aw and regulations
Law no. 5188 date of enactment 10 June 2004 F irearms
Mandatory permit
R esponsible authority Specific training is available
Ministry of the Interior Applicable in all cases except for the security of schools, hospi-
tals, casinos, restaurants
R equirements At company level
Mandatory licence Storing of firearms after-hours at the work place within the
guarded company
C ollective agreements An application to be granted permission must be filed (by the
No collective agreements for the private security sector customer of the security service) with the local government's
private security branch office before arms can be used. This
A reas covered by regulation application must mention the reason for armed protection,
Cash and valuables in transit the number of guards required, the type and the quantities of
Close protection firearms to be kept
Door supervision The weapons are property of the customer, but they can be
Security guard used by the security guards on duty
Security consultants Types of weapons:
pistols
E ntrance requirements mp5
At company level 9 mm submachine gun
An institution or an enterprise that wants to organise an g3 rifle (oil refineries, oil wells, power plants only)
in-house security service or any private security company must At personal level
obtain an authorisation from the Ministry of the Interior prior Storing of firearms after-hours in special containers within
to starting the security activities protected areas on the company’s property
At personal level Mandatory register of firearms
A private security guards' identity card is issued by the local Limitations concerning the type of weapons and the number
government of weapons (ammunition). Pistols and shotguns are allowed, up
to 9 mm
R estrictions on the background of owners and staff
Not having been sentenced to severe imprisonment or K9 (D ogs )
imprisonment for more than a year Specific training is required
Not having received amnesty:
For crimes committed against the state M edicaland psycho - technical ( psychological )
Misappropriation official corruption, bribery, theft, examination
swindling, abuse of confidence, forgery, fraudulent bankruptcy Yes
or smuggling other than usage or consumption smuggling
Corrupting official bids and purchases T raining
Betraying the secrets of the government 90 hours of training (30 additional hours for armed guards)
Making an improper innuendo to a woman, sexual Certificate of competence after examination by the police
harassment, molestation, rape, kidnapping and detaining a girl,
woman or child, solicitation, acting as an intermediary for C ontrol by authorities
prostitution, drug abuse, drug smuggling The Ministry of the Interior and the local government's private
security office
Identification card S anctions by authorities
Is issued by the local government's private security branch office Administrator sanctions
It is also a private security guard work permit None
Is worn visibly on the uniform of the security guard, and serves Penal sanctions
as prove that the person is an authorised private security guard None
It looks like a badge
Is issued in limited numbers, only 218 660 people nationwide
have this card
Minimum age
21 years old for armed security guards
Social aspects
employers ' organisations C ollective agreements in force
Gusod No
Member CoESS
Economic aspects
T otal number of private security companies (2007) Y early turnover (2007)

± 937 ± 2 billion €
A ctivities W orking hours

Cash and valuables in transit Daily maximum: 11 hrs
Close protection Weekly maximum: 45 hrs
Door supervision Overtime: 3 hrs / day
Security guards
Security consultants W ages
Average between: ± 700 -1 200 € / month
O rigin Commercial guarding: ± 750 € / month
Turkish companies as well as international multinationals In-house guarding: ± 1 200 €/ month
Door supervision: ± 750 €/ month
(I nter ) national activities Cash-handling services: ± 750 € / month
Total number of personnel: ± 218 660 Reception services: ± 750 € / month
Operational: ± 158 839 Security systems (production, sales, installation): ± 1200 € /
month
A verage education Physical security (production, sales, installation): ± 750 € /
High school month
According to the legal minimum wage: ±300 € / month
T raining Average real wages including compensation: ± 450 € / month
The duration of training: 90 hours of training (30 additional Average real wages including compensation and overtime:
hours for armed guards) ± 500 € / month
Before entry into the sector Average net salary after personal taxes: ±400 € / month
Organised externally by a security training institute
Frequent auditing and controls by the police
Examination by the police

± 35 263
TURKEY

Gdp ± 1 746 623,2 Million € (PPS) (2007)
UK
Legal aspects
L aw and regulations P owers

Private Security Act, May 2001 (in force since January 2003) Powers of ordinary citizens of arrest and detention
R esponsible authority T raining

The Security Industry Authority (SIA) (1st quarter 2005) The specifications for door supervision, security guarding,
The cost of a licence application: £ 245 (284,830 €) cash-in-transit and CCTV training and qualifications for licensing
have been published and a number of Awarding Bodies are now
R equirements offering approved qualifications
Licence at individual level not at company level Skills for Security, a new industry-wide sector skills body
Licensing of security officers since 1st quarter 2005
Security contractors, directors of security companies and M edical and psycho - technical examination
partners in security firms, employees of security contractors, In conformity with working time directive
security companies and security firms, agency workers performing
the designated duties, persons who manage or supervise security S ervices to public persons
operatives supplied under contract by a security contractor Under contract to sponsoring Governmental organisations
(but not in-house supervisors of contractors), agency-supplied
managers or supervisors of security operatives supplied under C ontrol by authorities
contract, directors of security companies and partners in security Provide a designated security service without a licence
firms who do not themselves carry out the designated activities, Employ an unlicensed person in an activity for which a licence
in-house door supervisors and wheel-clampers and their would be required
employers, managers and supervisors, others who wheel-clamp Contravene licence conditions by claiming approved contractor
vehicles on private land against a release fee status when no such approval exists
The cost of the licence application is £245 (284,830 €) Misrepresent the terms of the approval
This covers the licence holder for a three-year period Violate the terms of the approved contractor scheme if the
scheme were to become compulsory in future
A reas covered by regulation Obstruct a person, authorised by the SIA, who has powers of
Security guarding - under contract entry
Cash-in-transit – under contract Fail to comply with the requirements of a person, authorised by
CCTV Operation – under contract the SIA
Close Protection – under contract and in-house Make an unauthorised disclosure of information obtained when
Door supervisors - under contract and in-house working under the SIA's authority
Vehicle immobilisation - under contract and in-house Make false statements to the SIA
Keyholders - under contract
S anctions by authorities
E ntrance requirements Sanctioning authority will be SIA
At company level Sanctions
Voluntary recognition is possible by SIA under Approved Revocation of licences appeal within 21 days to the appropriate
Contractors Scheme Magistrate's Court
At personal level Prosecution of offences through the criminal courts
Be a holder of a valid licence valid for 3 years Penalties
Meeting mandatory competency requirements Penalties for committing an offence can be either:
Summary conviction at a Magistrate's Court - the maximum
R estrictions on background of owners and staff penalty is six months imprisonment and/or a fine of up to £5 000 (5
A full criminal record check by the Criminal Records Bureau 815,56 €) or
Trial on indictment at the Crown Court, whereby an unlimited
S pecific requirements fine and/or five years imprisonment could be imposed
Identification card
Licence card to be displayed on duty
F irearms
Prohibited by criminal law
K9 (D ogs )
Heaviliy regulated by a range of domestic criminal and civil laws
Social aspects
T rade unions bargaining
Affiliated to UNI-Europa 600 members in 14 sections of the industry with 126 in the
GMB (General Union) interprofessional trade union and main Guarding sector
trade union for security industry JSIC (Joint Security Industry Council): loose confederation
TGWU (Transport and General Workers Union): interprofessional of professional associations, clients and others
and main trade union for transport and most importantly for
employees in areas such as airports N egotiation
Non affiliated to UNI-Europa At company level
PCS (Public and Commercial Services Union)
L evel of syndication Cash-in-transit
GMB: ± 20 000 security members / 650 000 all sectors Aviation Security
PSC: ± 7000 security members / 200 000 all sectors Manned Guarding
TGWU: ± n/a / 900 000 all sectors
W orking hours
E mployers ’ organisations 60+ hrs / week
BSIA (British Security Industry Association)
Member CoESS C ategories and salary
Members: All members must be registered to ISO 9000 with a UKAS Minimum wage: £ 5.72 / hour (6,65 €)
accredited inspectorate; 9 members transport section; no collective
Economic aspects

± 1 500 Yes
No requirements, no standards
T otal number of employees (2007)
± 250 000 licensable guards D ogs
± 79 100 employees BSIA members (2006) The Dangerous Dogs Act 1991 (as amended)
± 122 369 licensed guards by SIA The Town Police Clauses Act 1847
The Metropolitan Police Act 1839
A verage age Animals Act 1975
Male: 34 years
Female: 33,5 years A rmoured cars
± 3 200
G ender
Male: 85% N umber of armed guards
Female: 15% Use of weapons is prohibited
A verage education Y early T urnover (2007)

National Vocational Qualifications (NVQ) average < level 2 ± £ 3 000 000 000 (3 489 349 774,55 €)
T ype of contract W orking hours

Full: 90% Average working hours in the industry are in excess of 60 per week
Part time: 7% Overtime: regular overtime worked across all sectors of the security
Temporary contract: 3% industry
Weekends and nights: worked regularly
T raining
To BS7499: 4 days basic job training E qual opportunities (EO) company policy
At company level
UNITED KINGDOM
Observations
General
Total police < 2 000 000

Total security guards > 1 700 000
Police > security guards ± 63 %
Security guards > police ± 37 %
Security guards versus population ± 1/357
Legal aspects
Legislation
Specific _ _________________________________ ± 90 %
Responsible authority
Ministry of the Interior ______________________ ± 50%
Ministry of Justice __________________________ ± 17%
Police ____________________________________ ± 11%
Other ____________________________________ ± 22%
Licensing
Mandatory ________________________________ ± 90%
At company level _ _________________________ < 75%
At personal level ___________________________ > 90%
Testimonial of good moral character

Mandatory ________________________________ ± 90%
Clean criminal record

Mandatory ________________________________ ± 90%
Training
Mandatory ________________________________ ± 90%
Minimum training ± 90%
Average training between 1 day and > 300 hrs
Certificate of competency____________________ ± 80%
Mainly at both levels (managerial and operational)
Content defined by law
Mixture of theoretical and practical training
Often with mentor
Rarely follow-up training
Training centres
Mandatory certificate _______________________ ± 80%
Qualified staff______________________________ ± 80%
Either in-company or external training
Usually supervised by regulating authority
Uniform
Mandatory________________________________ > 90 %
Identification card
Mandatory___ > 90 %
Firearms
Allowed _____ ± 76% often conditional
Prohibited_ __ ± 24% sometimes exceptions based on situation
Permit almost always mandatory (company level, personnel level,
customer level or combination)
Training almost always required
initial mixture theoretical and practical training
regular practical shooting sessions ranging from 1 to 2 days a year
Restrictions type of weapon mainly small weapons
Restrictions storage mainly on site of company, in armoured and /
or secure environment
Restrictions situations: occasionally limited to tasks such as CIT, bodyguarding
Powers
Mainly citizens' powers
Occasionally limited search and seizure
Dogs
> 80%
Occasionally mandatory and specific training for dog and dog handler alike

Medical and psychological examination
> 80% available
Mainly prior to employment
Services to public persons

> 80% allowed
Sanctions
Administrative (withdrawal licence, fine) _ _______> 90%
Penal (fine, imprisonment) ____________________> 90%
Social Aspects
Trade unions
Available_____ ± 90%
Mainly at sectoral level or at company level
Employers' organisations
Available: ____ 100%
Social dialogue
Active_______ < 90%
Effective_____ < 90%
Content: _____ wages, working time, general working conditions
Minimum wages
± 60%
Maximum working time

± 60%
Health & Safety on the work floor

Available in < 70% of the States
Mainly general provisions embedded in labour law
Equal Opportunities (EO) company policy

Available in < 70% of the States
Effective < 90%
Content: wages, working time, general working conditions
Minimum wages
± 60%
Maximum working time

± 60%
Health & Safety on the work floor

Available in < 70% of the countries
Equal Opportunities (EO) company policy

Available in < 70% of the countries
Economic aspects
Wages
Hourly wages
Min_ _________± 0,7 €
Max __________± 18 €
Avg __________± 8 €
Working time
Daily _________ Weekly
Min_ _________± 8 _ _________ ± 32
Max __________± 14+ ________ ± 60+
Avg __________± 8 _ _________ ± 40+
Age
Average age ± 25- 45 yrs
Gender
Male:_________ ± 80%
Female:_______ ± 20% (depends on task)
Uniforms
Mostly mandatory on the work floor
Average education
Middle school
Market growth
< 5% - > 30%

Hechos y Numeros de La Seguridad Privada en Europa. CoESS.

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Hechos y Numeros de La Seguridad Privada en Europa. CoESS.

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PRIVATE SECURITY - FACTS & FIGURES - 2008

S tructure of the report

CoESS External consultant and researcher Lilany Morré

Population ± 8 300 000

L aw and regulations F irearms

E ntrance requirements T raining facilities

T rade unions N egotiation

L evel of syndication C ategories and salary

E mployers ’ organisations W ages

Cash in transit A reas covered

T otal number of private security companies (2007) U niforms

R ecruitment methods E qual opportunities (EO) company policy

Population ± 10 403 951

L aw and regulations Identification card

C ontrol S anctions by authorities

11,5268 € and 13,9797 € Legal/Public holidays: 3,5687 €

T otal number of private security companies (2008) N umber of armed guards

T otal number of personnel Y early T urnover

A ctivities 2007 T ype of contracts in 2007

Population ± 4 590 310

Population 7 262 675

L aw and regulations Identification card

R estrictions on background of owners and staff T raining centers

C ertificate of competency S anctions by authorities

T rade unions M inimum wage per hour

Population ± 4 491 543

L aw and regulations Identification card

C ollective agreements K9 (D ogs )

S ervices to public persons C ertificate of competency

T rade unions The development of a Social Dialogue is a special task of the

A verage age / gender T raining

E xperience W orking hours

Population 792 604

L aw machinery and security systems and alarmsystems, fire detection,

Implementation of the wages directive for all guards as

T otal number of private security companies (2008) T raining

T otal number personnel Y early turnover

Population ± 10 220 911

L aw and regulations Identification card

T rade unions S ectoral social dialogue

L evel of syndication S afety and health on the work floor

E mployers ' organisations

T otal number of private security companies (2007) Y early turnover

T otal number personnel

Population ± 5 400 000

L aw and regulations Either completed or in process of completing 111 hrs training

L evel of syndication N egotiation

S ectoral social dialogue E qual opportunities (EO) company policy

C ategories and salary ( hourly rate )

T otal number of private security companies (2006) W orking hours

Population ± 1 400 000

C ollective agreements K9 (D ogs )

A reas covered by regulation P owers

Security guard level II A legal person who:

T rade unions N umber of collective agreements in force

T otal number of private security companies (2007) Organised by company: mandatory

Population ± 5 244 749

L aw and regulations Uniforms need to be kept with care to prevent theft or

T rade unions A reas covered

N umber of collective agreements in force

T otal number of private security companies (2007) T urnover of staff

Population ± 64 057 790

H orses C ertificate of competency