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Christianity and Nursing in India: A Remarkable Impact
Christianity and Nursing in India: A Remarkable Impact
Christianity and Nursing in India: A Remarkable Impact
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Article in Journal of Christian nursing: a quarterly publication of Nurses Christian Fellowship · April 2009
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According to Indian author Meera Guild and the Christian Nurses
CHRISTIANITY Abraham (1996),“The link between League has continued to elevate the
has greatly influenced churches and missions and the standard of the profession alongside
modern education in India, especially profession of nursing in modern the Trained Nurses Association of
nursing education. In India, although times is not found anywhere else India (Harnar, 1975).
Christians represent only 3% of the in the world” (p. 19). Early medical The evolution of modern nursing
population, 30% of nursing graduates missionary activities were an impor- and its link to Christianity is a fasci-
are from traditional Christian families. tant influence, paving the way for the nating study. It is inspiring to reflect
It is interesting to explore the reasons nursing profession to be influenced on the move of missionary nurses to
behind the overwhelming Christian by Christianity.The professional India and their long-lasting influence
presence in nursing. influence of the Catholic Nurses on Indian-educated nurses.
JCN/April-June 2009 89
women spend most of Muller of St. Stephen’s hospital in
the daytime.The Zenana Delhi stated,“In India the call for
Mission had a vision nurses is much louder than the call
focused on the welfare for women doctors” (Rafferty, 1997,
of Indian women.As early p. 75).The missionary nurses were well
as 1872, medical education educated to fulfill their call of duty.
for women was encour- In 1908, to differentiate missionary
aged, but Indian women nurses from missionaries who had some
physicians were few and nursing skills, the British Missionary
all were trained abroad. Directory for Nurses published quali-
The first class of female fications for “missionary nurses”—a
physicians, started in 1875, 3-year course of training in nursing
brother, his body, his soul, for time, for comprised women of European or plus midwifery, drug dispensing, and
eternity”—in 1871 encouraged more Anglo-Indian descent. By 1890, there tropical diseases.
Westerners to set sail to India. were many female medical students in
The American medical missionary, different parts of India, increasing the NURSING AND
Dr. Samuel Green, who worked in need and desire for helpers “who would THE BRITISH MILITARY
India during the mid-1800s, echoed commend Christianity to the patients The influence of Christianity in
the same vision by stating that his by the example of their lives and by Indian nursing started with modern
“growing hope” was to spread the helping the missionaries in teaching nursing and Florence Nightingale
“Gospel” and “Science” at the same and preaching” (Balfour & Young, (1820–1910).Although military
time (Abraham, 1996).This new vision 1929, p. 112). hospitals and nursing services (mostly
of the medical missionary movement Another productive work of performed by military men) had existed
overpowered the initial work and Christianity was the Arcott Mission earlier, in 1857 the British government
influence of evangelical missionaries in southern India.This was the work of India consulted with Nightingale. She
focused only on religious work. of the Scudder family for three gener- never visited India but provided strong
The first female medical missionary ations. Dr. John Scudder, the son of a leadership to reform the Indian nursing
to any non-Christian country was pioneer missionary to south India, service (Wilkinson, 1958).
Clara Swain, an American physician became a physician and minister at Nightingale sent questionnaires to
connected with the Women’s Foreign Arcott. His daughter, Dr. Ida Scudder, more than 200 large military stations
Missionary Society of the Methodist moved by the death of two women controlled by the British government,
Episcopal Church. Swain landed in in childbirth, one Brahmin and one inquiring about rules and regulations
India on January 2, 1870 and began Muslim, was drawn to train female pertaining to health and sanitation.
teaching classes to 14 women with physicians. She introduced Western This vast survey, together with indi-
regard to nursing, compounding drugs, midwifery in India, and sent candidates vidual communications to medical and
and medicine. In 1877 these ladies were for nurse training. Dr. Edith Mary military officers, provided Nightingale
examined by a board of three physicians Brown, pioneered similar work in with information about the health
and pronounced competent (Balfour & northern India at the only medical and sanitation practices of the previous
Young, 1929). school for women taught by women 10 years. She wrote a paper suggesting
In 1880, after her graduation, Fanny (Balfour & Young, 1929). that Hindu religious teachers could
Butler, the first female student at the In 1905, missionary nurses came to be used in the community as “health
London School of Medicine, left India as members of the Missionary missioners,” liaisons between the
Britain for the Zenana Mission in Medical Association and laid the villagers and the sanitation officer,
India. Zenana is an Urdu word that foundation for formalized nursing because the Hindu religion emphasized
stands for an exclusive place where education in India. In 1910, Dr. Jenny purity and cleanliness (Nightingale,
JCN/April-June 2009 91
CHRISTIAN colonial rule ended in India and programs, 88 Master of Science
NURSING EDUCATION Pakistan in 1947, restricted access to programs, and 76 post-basic Bachelor
Service and devotion were the foreigners for medical missions (Singh, of Science programs in India. In addi-
dictum of missions, influencing nursing 2005). Most of the pioneer missions tion, 57 students are attending a PhD
education more than medical education. still exist today, flourishing as degree- program in nursing under the INC.
At the time of World War II, 90% of granting institutions managed by Among the names listed on the INC
Indian nurses came from the Indian Indian Christians. Web site, 475 programs carry distinctive
Christian community, and 80% of Many prominent women in India Christian names. It is impossible to iden-
these were trained in mission hospi- were influenced by the Christian reli- tify individual nurses’ religious affiliation
tals. Nursing as a profession was not gion and committed their service to from government publications, but an
restricted to women. Miss Schafer came nursing. Pandita Ramabai (1858-1922) estimated 30% or more of the nursing
to Miraj Mission Hospital at Bombay in was one well-known social reformer graduates are Christians from Kerala.
1921 and devoted her service to training who converted to Christianity. She Indeed, the demographics of participants
men in nursing. In 1927, the Missionary advanced women’s education, starting in studies conducted in the United
Nursing Association allowed men to Seva Sadan nursing (an Indian version States and the United Kingdom indicate
take its examinations. In 1930, male of modern nursing), the Hindu Ladies’ that the percentage of Christian nurses
nurses took the Bombay Presidency Social and Religious Club, and Arya is much higher (DiCicco-Bloom, 2004;
Examinations. Until 1940, all male Mahila Samaj (Women’s Club).Along George, 2005a; Jose, 2006).
nurses were Christians. From 1944, with her friend Ramabai Ranade (wife
men were admitted to other reputable of then Judge Ranade), she promoted THE KERALA PHENOMENON
schools, such as the nursing program at nursing as a service-oriented profession The southern state of Kerala has
Christian Medical College,Vellore. among high-caste Hindus.Thousands had a unique influence on Christianity
By 1940, the predominance of of medical and nursing students were and nursing in India. Kerala is the seat
European and Anglo-Indian nurses housed in Ranade’s dormitory, where of ancient Christianity, dating back
had declined, and Indian Christians she influenced them in their education to A.D. 52.Traditions and historians
from Kerala dominated the nursing and value systems (MacNicol & support that St.Thomas, Christ’s
profession. Compared with the other Mangalwadi, 1996). disciple, came to the region. Conse-
states in India, this southern state with Another prominent reformer, Raj quently, the descendants of the
its powerful Christian political clout Kumari Amrit Kaur, despite the Sikh Christians from those days are called
gave nursing its needed recognition and sound of her name, was a Christian, a the St.Thomas Christians or Syrian
support. In 1950, the state of Kerala follower of Gandhi’s principles, and Christians.They belong to Orthodox,
encouraged nurses to get a bachelor’s the first female cabinet minister. She Catholic, and Protestant traditions. In
degree in nursing, and the Keralite headed the Ministry of Health in India addition, 400 people migrated from
nurses were encouraged to return to in 1947 and became the president of Syria in A.D. 345 and joined this
their home state to become leaders in the World Health Assembly in 1960. Kerala Church. Later, Portuguese
their profession. Since then, in Kerala She gave nursing enviable social status traders in 1498 converted coastal
and other parts of India and abroad, through her influence. She started a residents and connected them to
Christian nurses from Kerala mark reputable college of nursing in New Rome.They were therefore called
their presence in clinical and adminis- Delhi, which is named after her in Latin Catholics. Most of the British
trative settings. recognition of her valuable contribu- mass converts were from the lower
Christian missions have played a tions elevating the status of the castes, with the exception of the high-
major role in shaping nursing as a profession during her political tenure. caste elite in major cities.They form
modern profession in Kerala (Abraham, The Indian Nursing Council (INC) the majority of the Protestant group.
1996; George, 2005b).The missions, reports that India has 1,570 diploma Despite their minority status in India,
facing major challenges after British programs, 808 Bachelor of Science Kerala Christians constitute prosperous
JCN/April-June 2009 93
single goal in life:“for
Abraham, M. (1996). Religion, caste and gender:
to me, to live is Christ Missionaries and nursing history in south India. Madras,
India: B.I. Publications.
and to die is gain”
Balfour, M., & Young, M. (1929). The work of medical
(Philippians 1:21). women in India. Bombay: Oxford University Press.
The Macedonian call Catholic Health Association of India. (2008). The Catholic
to the missionary nurses Health Association of India. Retrieved October 14, 2008 at
http://www.chai-india.org/index.htm.
from India (Acts 16:9) Christian Medical Association of India. (2008). Christian
was so strong that most Medical Association of India. Retrieved October 20, 2008
at http://www.cmai.org/index.html.
spent their entire life
Copley,A. (1997). Ideology, cultural contact, and conversion
on Indian soil. Such in late colonial India. Delhi: Oxford University.
p. 18).Women of other immigrant dedication and altruism in nursing DiCicco-Bloom, B. (2004).The racial and gendered
experiences of immigrant nurses from Kerala, India.
groups (Hindus, Muslims, Jains, Sikhs) may not be visible currently at the Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 15(1), 26–33.
follow men. It is interesting to note bedside. However, the opportunity George, G. (2005a). The gender-specific labour market needs
that 85% of the Kerala immigrants to minister to the spirit is multiplied of migrant women. Retrieved October 20, 2008 at www.
surrey.ac.uk/Arts/CRONEM/Conference-2005-papers/
in the United States are Christians, when the body is in need of healing. GijuGeorge.doc.
although Christians are only 20% of Jesus dealt with spiritual problems George, S. M. (2005b). When women come first. Berkeley:
University of California.
Kerala’s population.This discrepancy through physical healing.
Harnar, M. H. (1975). The place of church-related schools in
is related to the disproportionate Currently, missionary nursing in the health care systems of India. Ed.D. dissertation,Teachers
presence of Christian nurses. India is restricted by government poli- College, Columbia University.
Jeffrey, R. (1992). Politics, women, and well-being:
cies.Yet there are opportunities for How Kerala became a model. London: Macmillan.
REACHING THE short-term missions in both local and Jose, J. (2006). Demands of immigration of Indian
ENDS OF THE EARTH global communities. Missions encourage nurses. Doctor of nursing practice thesis, Frances
Payne Bolton School of Nursing, Case Western
Indian nurses remember with grati- new nursing graduates to spend the first Reserve University. Cleveland, OH.
tude the contributions and sacrifices year of their professional life in a medical Lowe, J. (1887). Medical missions: their place and power.
London: Fisher Unwin.
of missionary and indigenous nurses mission field.This strategy of bringing
MacNicol, N., & Mangalwadi,V. (1996). What liberates a
who paved the way for them to enjoy the first fruit of labor (Deuteronomy woman? The story of Pandita Ramabai, a builder of modern
the expansion of their professional 18:4; Leviticus 2:12) for healthcare India. New York: Good Book.
McKibben, B. (2006). Kerala, India. Retrieved October 20,
services and goals.The current missions is workable for most young 2008 at http://www.nationalgeographic.com/traveler/
migration of Indian nurses to other people in India. Before entering married articles/1028kerala.html.
countries parallels the earlier exodus life, traditional nursing graduates in their Nair, S. (2007). Rethinking citizenship, community, and
rights:The case of nurses from Kerala in Delhi. Indian
of nurses from Western nations to early twenties may be able to work for Journal of Gender Studies, 14, 137–156.
India.Western nurses undertook this the low pay that missions offer. Nightingale, F. (1896). Health missioners for rural India.
Adelaide Nutting Special Collections,Teachers College
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in search of an opportunity to serve Christian medical center, I spent the Rafferty,A. M. (1997). Nursing history and politics of welfare.
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