I r~

D I•
D I
I
"
'- ~

O·
0"

..------- -
MOBILETTE 61, International's ne to im proved all transistor, crystal con-
trolled converter provides a "quick and easy" way to convert your car
radio for short wave reception. MOBILETTE 6 1, units cover a specific
band of frequencies providing a broad tuning range. Mobilerte units are
miniature size and quick ly interchangeable.

Check these all New features .. . New and improved circuit for increased
gain . . . New internal jumper for positive and negative grounds . . .
New RF amplifier, mixer/osci llator . . . New separate input for broadcast
and short wave antennas . . . Mounting bracket for under dash insta llation.

MOBILETTE 6 1, is available in a wide choice of frequencies covering

the Amateur bands 7') through 6 meters, Citizens band, Civil Air Patrol
 . . with improved circuit
•
for mobile short wave reception

w band frequencies, WWV time and frequency standards. Any frequency

the range 2 MC to 50 MC availab le on special order. *

esigned for 12 VDC, Mobilette 61 units cover these short wave frequencies.
Catalog No. Frequency
:OBILET T E 61 will op- 630 - 110 6 meters (Amateur) 50 - 51 MC
ate on 6 VDC at reduced 630 - 111 10 meters (Amateur) 28.5 - 29.5 MC
·630 - 112 11 meters (Citizens) 26.9 - 27.3 MC
ItpUt. Power connector 630 - 113 15 meters (Amateur) 21 - 21.6 MC
630 - 114 20 meters (Amateur) 14 - 14.4 MC
ugs into cigarette lighter 15MC (WWV)
cket. 630 - 115 40meters (Amateur) 7 - 7.4 MC
630 - 116 75meters (Amateur)
.e the MOBILETTE 61 630 - 117 10MC (WWV)
630 - 118 CAP (Low Band)
Your Dealer Today. 630 - 119 Special Frequencies 2 MC - 50 MC

om p le t e, ready to plug in and operate . . . . only $22.95

* Special frequencies 2 Me -50 MC. only $25.95
lVHARFR 1960 73 MAGAZINE • I
 •• . you get the best of all
in the all-new
•
SSB TRANSMITTER
The result of two solid years of engineering and development
by the best communications engineers in the business - and
now ready for your evaluation . It's the au -new HX·500 SSB
transmitter, loaded with advanced design features and performance.

$695.00 Amateur net.

Uiablb hed 1910

2 • 73 MAGAZIN E NOVEM BER I~

 73 Magazine November, 1960
Vol. I, No.2
1379 East 15th Street
Brooklyn 30, N. Y.

Table of Contents
Transistorized 10 Meter Converter . .. . • • • • • · Tom Sowers W3BUL . . . . .. . ... . 9
Not o nl y tha t, but i t uses a pri n ted c ircuit you c a n m ake.

Four Band Crystal Converter Don Smith W3UZN . . 12

2 0-1 5 -10 -6 Mete r s u s i n g t h e n e w I n t e r n a tio n a l Crysta l convert ers .

FM VFO Exciter Dave Cabaniss WI TUW . . . . . . .. . 14

B u tc he r ed BC-4 59 fo r 6 a nd 2 Me t e r FM o r NFM o p e ration.

Mobile Power . ..... . . . . · Jim Kyle K5JKXj6 . . . . . . . . . . .... 16

H o w t o p u t s o m e beef i nto that m obi le s ig n a l.

Cardboard Ch assis . . Jim Kyle K5JKXj6 . 18

B u ild ing o n t he ki tc h e n ta b le . . . how ea sy ca n we ma ke it ?

Stop That Noise . . . 73 Staff . 20

T his is our technica l ar ticl e o f t h e m o n th : Nois e C li pping, etc.

Measure Yo ur Modulation . . . . . . . . .
. • • • • Kim Kyle K5JKXj6 . 25
O verlay f or y our 'sco p e to get m odu la tio n p ercen tag e .

Some Hard Facts Ab out Echo . • • • • Don Gosh ay W6MMU . . . . . . . . . . 26

The M oon m ake s a bette r reflecto r.

Improving Performance of the Communicator III . Bill Hamlin WIMCA . 28

A new f ro n t e n d tube tha t i m p r o ves t he S I N con s id e rabl y.

VHF Tri-Mode Receiver John Wonsowicz W9DUT . 30

A M-C W -SS B tuner t o g o wit h las t m ont h 's Ba n ta m Convert ers.

Toroid Coils . • • • • . . Ray Paffenberg . . . 37

Q u ic kie th in k a r ticl e plu s an idea o n moun ting ' e m .

$5 Frequency Counter Jim Kyle K5JKXj 6 . 38

T wo t r ans ist o r s an d it read s 0-:>00 c p s , 1 kc , 3 kc , 10 k e, :~ o kc.

W abbit Ears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . · Bill Rommel W 6EHY . 4\

20 Me t e r d i pole, co m p a cted s lig htl y.

Propagation Forecast . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . Dave Brown K2IGY . . • • . .. ... . 42

W ha t bands w hat ti me t o whe re . p robably .

Equipment Manuals Allie C . Peed K2DHA . 44

S pecial a rticle f o r m a n ufacture r s.

Finding Tru e North .. . .. • • • • • • • • • · C. R. Graf WSLFM .. . . 49

H ow t o zero i n your be am o n t h e N o r t h S t ar.
-------'-------------
Mise.: Staff:
Edit o ria l 4 e d itor-pub lisher Wa yne Gre en W2NS D
New Prod uct s 24 , 43 , 50
pu b lic a t io ns ma nager David Fish
Next Mo nt h 62
Po licie s 27 a sso ci a te e ditor " J im Kyle K5J KX
Letters 50
a sso ciate ed ito r Don Smit h W3 UZN
Sub scriptio ns 63
H a m Bu ll et ins 52 es sc c ie te ed ito r Marv in Li pton VE3 DQX
Ad Ind e x 62
contri b uti ng e d itor J o hn C am p be ll W2ZG U
Te c hnic a l Broad ca sts 58
Tab le of C on t en t s 3 subsc ri pt io ns Virg in ia K2 MNW
T he Cove r : I n the s po t lig ht. t his m o n th is t he new 6 DJ 8! ECC8 8 tube by C BS E l ectr-oni cs, which, w hen app lie d to t h e
f ron t e n d of th e C o n s e t Com mu nica to r ( page 28 ). slash es t he dev i l out o f t he s ig n a l -t o-n o is e r a tio.
7:l (Tit le reet etered L". ~ . Post Office , is pubflshed monthly b)' Atra teur B adi a Puhl tshtng . I nc. E xet'uth'e a mI editoria l otttcea ut
1379 E as t 15th Street , H rooklj-n :10, N ew York. T elephone : I ....zersou 9-6957.
Application for entry as second -cla ss ma tt er Is Pl'IHUng lit ....e rwe tk . Con n.
suusc rto u on ra tes : 1'. S.•-\. ami poos('. slon s, A I' O, F P O. Ca nada and :\Il'xl('o ; one yea r $3.00 ; two vee rs $ ~ . O O ; th ree r ea rs $7.00 .
F oreig n: one yea r $04 .00 ; t\\'o yea rs $1. 00.
I'r lnted In t he U. So A. E nt ire conte nt s ropyr ig ht 1960 by Amateur It atlio I'ubllsht ng, Inc.
Poatma ste r- : ~('n d form 3579 to 13 :\fagazinc, 1319 :[<;ast 15th S tree t , B rooklyn 30, X ew Yor k.

• • • de W2NSD
W ural here we are with the secon d inaug-
ELL,
is sue of 73. W e're only one month
old and you're al ready reading the maga zine
. . . amazmg.
It is probably qu ite improp er for me to take
brand n ew s ub scribers to task a nd it may t end
to create some apathy when I br in g u p the
subject of your getting frien d s t o s ubscr ibe ,
.
but st ill I a m duty-bound (as head adverti s ing
sa les man) t o politely rem ind some readers that
t hey d id n ot sen d letter s of enco uragement to
all of the advertis ers in the fir st issue. Fur-
~ her, and with eve n more serious consequences,
I t seems that a few of the adverti sers have not
yet experienced the su dden up swing in sa les
that I ma y have led them t o expect.
Fortunately, a s you sca n th e adverti sing
index of t hi s iss ue, you will see that t h e
ha rd ier advertisers a re w illing t o let bygo ne s
be b yg on es . . . providing that m y ove r -opt i-
m istic prom ises for t hi s m onth come clo ser to
f ru ition. I r eal ize t hat th is is qu ite a lot of
responsibility f or you, but pos sibly you can
ch a lk u p the su dden expenses t o Ch ri stmas or
som et h in g . I'm su re t hat yo ur tax consultant
will agree with me that it is very poor plan-
ning t o end up the year with extra money
hangi ng around .
N ow, about t h ose subscr i pt ions. \Vhy not flip
back to our su bscri pt ion pe r suader a nd write
in the names of sever a l of YOUI' fr iends? This ,
wit h a s ma ll cash (or check) en clos ure, will
r esu lt in twelve equall y s p a ced rem ind ers of
yo ur kin dnes s and gen erosity. We will a lso
lea ve room for you t o be generou s to yourself,
where it will certainly b e most appreciated.
Feedback
fV e both kcoe a v csted interest in 73 bl'ill!! us
ill te resti"g as possible, YOll can hrlp tII r keep my
/i ll gel' on )'0111' pulse by sendino a postca rd every
m Oll th listing the art icl es in tire or de r of your ill-
tr rcst, I 11'il1 publish. r esults of this monthly sun'ey
as all cvcouraucmevt to t ke autho rs. The top author
each montli 1('ill {l('t. in addition to t ill' compliment.
a cl!l'l'k f ro m us fo r 50% of his ori{/iurU paymcnt.
Thus yowr 1'ote each month. noitl serve to hel p m e ilt
the sctcct ion of f utnrc articles awl 1t'ill encouraoc
good u -ritcrs both 1vith plaudits an d some e.rtra cash !
- W 2N SD
4 • 73 MAGAZINE
Moonbounce Article
Among the items listed a s tentative for our
first iss u e of 73 wa s a f ea t u r e article on the
Moonbounce Project of W 1FZJ. T h is, a s you
may possibly have noticed fa iled to come off
a s sch ed uled.
When I got word from Sam, W1FZJ, that
the contact had fi n a ll y been made I quickly
drove u p to his antenna farm just outside Bos-
to n a nd took some pictures of h is la t est an-
tenna mon strosities. I figured t hat t he event
would be cover ed in the oth er h a m m ag a zi n es
in September and that t here was little p oin t in
r e,h a shi ng it in 73 in October. After talking
WIth Sam for awhile it was obvious t ha t t here
were a lot of interest ing th ings wh ich had
been over looked by t he previou s interv iewers.
I su g gest ed that he reduce these to written
f orm t o go wit h my pi ctures.
T h ir t y -t wo p hone ca lls la t er, with the last
m in ute deadlin e for is sue # 1 at h and , it be-
came obvious that Sam was n't go ing to be a ble
to make it.
W e've got some promises on other 1296 mc
Mechanno that sho u ld be intrigu ing . Ar e you
in t erest ed ?
C ash
Everywhere I go people want to know wh at
sort of articles we're looking for. My yards t ick
is sim ple : if the ar t icle is in teresting a n d a c-
curate I want to p ri nt it. I have f ound dozens
and dozens of interesting p ieces of equ ip ment
that s hou ld be written u p. Ha ven 't you de-
sig n ed someth ing unu sual which yo ur friend s
have been a sk ing about? Drop a card for our
style s heet and g et to it.
Yo ur Mon ey's Worth
An independent survey (by me) of t he actu-
a l number of pages devoted to ham arti cles in
the October iss ues of variou s ham p ublications
wa s quite r evealing,
73 l\lagazi ne 46 pages
B r and X 37 pages
Bra nd Y 26 pages
In looking over the feedback cards it is inter-
esting to note t hat the J oh n Ca mpbell article
" H ow t o b e an Amateur", is, on most cards '
eit her listed first or not li sted at a ll. The ob-
viou s conclusion is t h at the prosaic title a l-
lowed many reader s to mi ss thi s gem. B y a
st r a n g e and gratif y ing circu mstance a feature
article on John Campbell appeared in t he Oc-
tober 8t h is sue of the Saturday Evening P ost .
The Post a rticle was very in teresti ng , and I
su.ggest that you dig back and look it up.
Ditto our article if you mi s sed it. T he fina l
announcement of the feedback results of issue
#1 w ill be made next m onth. If you haven't
voted y et, hop to it.
NOVEM BER 1960
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(Section 19.71 subdivision d). EICO thus gives you the trans-
ceiver in kit form that you can build and put on the a ir without
the supervision of a Commercial Radio.Telephone Licen see!

- Kit
# 76 1: 117 VAC & 6 VDC
$69.95
# 762 : 117 VAC & 12 vee Wired
incl. mtg. bracket (Pat. Pend .) $99.95
NEW! 60·WATT CW
TRANSMITTER # 723 COLOR & MONO DC-5MC LAB &
TV 5" OSCILLOSCOPE # 460
Kit $49 .95 Wi re d $79.95 Kit $79.95 Wi red $129.50
Ideal f or nov ice or advanced ha m
needing l ow-power, stand-by rig.
GOWCW,50W eliernaJ plate mod ·
ulation. 80 through 10 meters.
.-.
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# 425 Kit $44.95 Wired $19.95

gO-WATT CW TRANSMITTER · PEAK-TO-PEAK

# 720 Kit $79.95 Wi red $119.95
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" Top ouauty'' - ELECTRONI C Kit $29.95 Wired $49.95
KITS GU IDE . Idea l f or vete ran or * U. S. Pat. No. 2,790,051
novice. 90W CW, 65W exte rna l VACUUM TUBE VOLTMETER # 221
plate mod ulatio n. 80 t hro ug h 10 Kit $25.95 Wired $39.95
meters.

HIGH-LEVEL UNIVERSAL
MODULATOR·DRIVER # 730 RF SIGNAL GENERATOR # 324
Kit $49.95 Wired $19.95 (150kc-435mc)
Delive rs SOW undistorted audio. Ki t $26 .95 Wi re d $39.95
Modulates tran smitte rs having TV·FM SWEEP GENERATOR
RF i nput s up to lOOW. Unique & MARKER # 368
ove r-modula ti on i ndi cat or . Cover Kit $69.95 Wired $119.95
[ -5 $4.50.

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GRID DIP METER # 11 0

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Kit $29.95 Wired $49.95 DYNAMIC CONDUCTANCE TUBE
In cludes complet e set of coil s .~;~,
, -
& TRANSISTOR TESTER # 666
f or fu ll band coverage. c cntt nu- Kit $69.95 Wi re d $109.95
~~C: ous cove rage 400 kc to 250 me. • ff~~.J, · TUBE TESTER # 625
: 500 ua mete r . I Kit $34 .95 Wired $49.95

EICO, 33·00 N,. BlVd., L.I.C. 1, N.Y . 73 - 11 ti

~hood~li eo~o ~J~q~~my~O ~ o~:~ Name - ~ I
~ie O ~e::~~~~sJ~~~e~~~r~ rd; Add ress _ ~ I
~O~vl~~du~:~see. 0~e~~i:~1~r~~~ad City Zone St ate ~ I
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EICO disl ributo r . Sen d 36·page sterea- HI-Fi Guidebook: 25t enclosed for postage & handling oc
--------------------~~
. ... . .. ~ .. ." U '" r-. A 7 11...11: • c
 .. . de W2 NSD can't

Moo n Trim

Sam H ar r is 'V I F Z.J. chances debeardizati on

STRENGTH a t t he business end of th e Ru be Goldberg con-
traption set up t o cut th e ta pe to open the
Hud son Divis ion Co nven t ion. I'm a li ttle con-
fu sed about the s et u p, but it went somet h ing
o like t h is : a sig n a l wa s to be sent f ro m WIFZJ
on 1296 me v ia the moon to W8 LIO out in
z THR EE REASONS WHY
Dorset, Ohi o. From the r e wha t wa s left of the
YOUR BEST BUY IS ...
imp ulse wa s to he sen t to K2l\IGE out on Long
I sla n d. It wa s t he n to be r elayed to a waiting
E-Z WAY receiver on to p of t he Stat ler-Hilton Hot el in

I S~tte;\60!l Man hattan and down to the Conve nt ion Floor

....... E- Z WAY AERO-DYNA MIC
where it would be used to operate solen oid
dr ive n sh ea rs .
design de c reases wind lo o d
and. er evid es te lesc o ping Th e sh ea rs were sn a p pin g a ngr- ily a t anyone
ac tion t h ot permits r a i s i n g who dar ed to nea r them when I looked in on
and lowering of tower sections . t h e set u p the ni g h t before t he Conven tio n, be-
CRA NK UP TO 60 FEET,
DOWN T O 25 FEET an d ing ene rgized by ran do m n oises r ea ch ing the
TIL TS OVER FOR ACCESS r ecei ver. I m issed t h e Big E ven t t he n ext
TO ROT OR OR BEAM,
... STRENGTH is bui lt- in t o
e e t y E -Z Way Towe r •. •Heavy
morning, but it obviously m ust have come off
because eag er amat eurs began pouring into th e
<t wolf steel ttbi ng legs, con - exhib it area at \) A .M. and qu eu ing' up for
ti n u o u s diagona l br a c in g o f s ubscri ptio ns to n . No t e "7:r button on Sam.
s olid s tee l rod a nd e le c t ric -
c o l ly w e lded t hr o u gh o ut. . .. no

:e lo ose baits or n uts here . E -Z

Way des ign and s t re ng th are
DEPEND-
Sam Harris, WI FZJ
<t your assu rance of
ABILIT Y thot yo u c an c oun t
au o n yeor ofter y ec r , See y o ur
1IQ nearest di s tributor t od a y or
w rite for fr e e l iterature .

Q The SATelLITE
Model RB X·60-3P ( Pa ;nt ed) 5335.00
Z Model RB X-60-3G (Ga lva n iz ed ) $4 10.00
<t MOUNTING KITS,
1IQ GP K X60-3 (Ground Post) 5 125.00
- BAK X (Wall Bracket) 517.00
Fre igh t Pr e pa id anywhere in (48) U.S.A.

WAY
® III
P.O. BOX 5767 • TAMPA 5, FLORIDA

• -_ . .. _._...-
 '?~--
/ 4 BANDS .•••• Small size . ..
J::t'-'I'.... Light e n o u g h for any
TV Rotor .. ...

• For the ha m with limite d space and those d e siring ma x im um

efficiency in the smallest size , Mini- Prod ucts takes p ride in intro-
ducing the first truly Miniaturized multiband an tenna, us in g the
Model 8-24
ne w Mu1t ip le ~ Ha t princlple ] a ne w conce pt in Multiband anten-
.~ elements na s whic h p rovides coverage o f an y numb e r of b a nds within a
iA m ate ur Net two octave ra nge with a sing le ante nna.
$54.9 5* End loa ding e mp loyed on all b a nd s- universall y a cce pte d b y
antenna designe rs a s the mo st efficien t metho d of miniaturizing .
i?~
• Fo ur Bo nds -6, 10, 15, 20 and ma in taining the high radiation resistance and ra d iator cu rrent
• Mo ximum e le me nt lengt h ne cessary fo r effective radia tion .
1 . '. 6" , boom 6'.1 0 "
• Turning radius 7 '
• We lght - 11 lb •.
• Ga in-comparabl e to an y
ant enna o f e q uiva le n t she
Model M-4 MOBILE
• 5WR -Less tha n 2 : 1 on
all ba nd s Amateur Net $16.95*
• 6061 .T6 alum inum
,-
e le me nts and boom • Four Ba n d s - 6,10,15,20 •
• 1" diameter e le me nts • O v erall .h e ig ht - 5'-S" >

for ma ximum band width • Up to 5 db. ga in o ver bas e load ed ontenna' s of

e q u iva le nt h eight
• Con b e ass embled in
• SWR - Le ss t han 2 :1 on all bands
s m a lles t gara g e
.1 " diam ete r Radia to r fo r ma ximum bond widt h
t Pa te nt Pe nd in g • ~ _ 2 4 ba s e s t u d - Fits all sta ndo rd mobile mou nts

* NO TE- Pe nn lylvon io 'esid en ts odd 4 ":; So le s To ..

Ask for them o t your fa vo rite d istribut or or orde r direct from :

1001 WEST 18th ST., ERIE, PENNSYLVANIA

. ....... ... . ... .. n , ... ....

 A PRE-ENGINEERED HAM EQUIPMENT
CENTER WITH BUILT-IN POWER &
o COMMUNICATION FACILITIES
Bring the hom center up out of the cellar-let the whole fam ily share In t he
fascinatin g w o rld opened up by global communications. The handsome styling of this
functional unit fits w ell in any d ecor-neatly organizes eq uipment ond cables.
(j)
/ OUTSTANDI NG FEATU RES-
1. UNIQUE power channel s a f e ly encloses all inter
connect.ing- wir-ing', relays . e t c. Elim inates "rat's
nest" behind e q u ip me n t. Room f o r built-in powc
s u p p ly, fi lte r network, etc .
2. CONVEN IENT " b ig s w itc h " with indicatine fU Sl
holder and neon pi lo t He ht -c-addlt.io n a l individr
ally controlled and fu sed circuit s wi tc h es may h
a d ded .
3 . T HREE w ire d e tach able line cord bri ngs i n a
power-ins ures proper g r oun d fna.
4. P O W E R c ha nnel has eig h t 110-vo lt outlet s-
above top and 4 be low top-with eroundlng eont u r
--eliminates makeshift outlet s tr ips or a d a pt e r:
5. CO MFORT ABLE onerat.inz p osition- le g s are ac
j ua t.a ble to su it yo u r individual needs-c-oaster
may be a d d ed for po r t a bil it y .
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DelUXE STATION FACILITY . . . comp lete w ith form ica to p, room for tran smitter , rece iver, VFO . am p lifier, et.
viny l trimmed ends, shelf and all electrica l o nd mecha nical D e lu xe ton is wh ite form ica - standard is musonit,
fea tu res list e d above. Approx . shipping weig ht 19 0 Ibs. 7. ADJUSTABLE s h e lf, s t a n d a r d 011 d e luxe mode
F.e. B. BROCK TON , MASS . holds t e st, monitori ng or o t he r equi pment, C O l
Port number 5203 ·2DS FA AMA TEU R NET o nly $ 139.95. venlent to operator.
STANDARD STATION FACILITY OR WORK BENCH . 8. END panel covers removable-c-m-ovlrls, acldit.io ru
complete with stondord steel end s, masonite top, and a ll s to ra z e area f or tools . tu bes, etc.
app licable features CIS described ebeve. Ap pro x . shipping 9. DELUXE mod el equ ipped with 3 80-239 HI" nr
weight 160 lbs. F.e . B. BROCK TON, MASS. terma le a d connectors .
Port numbe r 5203-2SSFA AMA TE UR NET o n ly $99.95. 10 . EASILY assemb led with %" wrench and sc r e v
Order direc t from factory or w rite to customer d epartm ent d r i ver- a ll sc re ws r emova ble w ith co in .
fo r additional informat ion . 11. P L E A SI N G appearance w ill ap pea l to XYL. D.
~ - l uxe-two tone gray-gleaming w hite formica tc
-c-v i n v l t ri m m ed ends. Stan dard- gray with b ro w
A L D E N- PRODUCTS COMPANY masonite top .
12. H E A V Y J,!"auge bo nder faed s t eel constructton wit
BROCKTON , MASS. baked e n a m e l fin ish . will ,last a l ifetime .

Additional a cce ssorie s will be availoble soon-wotch for ad v erti sement. Specs . and prices su b ject to chonge w ithout not ic
•

8 • 7] MAGAZINE
 \ -

The me s C . Sowers W 3 BUL

47 Bet hlehe m Pike
C olmar, Pen nsvlve nle
) ADIO amateurs who have hesitated going
" m obile beca use of the necessity of making
rt et-na l connections to the auto rad io will find
lis x-sistor converter the answer to their long-
waited dreams. It is also adaptable to the
rdi o of the n ewer cars having the 12 volt bat-
~r y syste m. The only necessary connection to
Transistor
.
Printed Cire U It
10 Meter
Converter
the a u t o radio is through the antenna, and
t h is is s im p ly a matter of plugging the antenna
into the converter and running a sh or t piece
of coa xi a l cable to the antenna jack of the
rad io. The normal auto antenna may be u sed
s a t isf a ctor il y if it is ex t end ed t o its full length,
bu t a m obile whip of the proper length will

PARTS LIST
V-I -SPST Slid. Switch
- Amp he no l 50-239 eeexlcl conneclor
-(RCA Type ) Phono Connector
Itt. 9 " M Qllory No . TR-146R
Clnsistor Sockets (3) ElCO 3301
01 -28 m e (o v e r t o ne )

COil DATA
- 18 turns, # 2 6 E. wire tapped at 3 turns from bottom
end.
-18 turns, # 26 E. wire tgpped ot 3 turns and 9 turns
from botlom e nd .
·- 18 turns . .::26 E. wi re t o!l'ped at 3 turns from bottom
e nd . The seco nd a ry is one turn of :26 E. wire o ...e r
the primary with a p iece of plastic tope between.
.- Va r,.l o o pstic k Lofo yet' e MS· l l or e q ui...alent. The sec-

H-~~.~
o nd a ry is 48 turns of =:;::26 E. w ire scra mb le wound
e"
o...e r t he primary w ith a p ;ece of plast ic tope b etween.
, l2 ,,"d l1 " re wo u nd on Cambridge Iron s lug -t uned
LSS co il form s. Space w ind the coils to co...e r one
.0'T·"
!.~
'K
inch f o r wide tuning range .
Capacitors C7, C8 and C9 may ha.... to be altered
sl ightly for t h. 15 m.ter bonet
- -
r-we .... OcD IO.Lft
 o
TRANSISTOR CONVERTER
Fig . 2-B ottom View
give m uch better r esults a nd bring in the weak
signa ls.
The early exp er iments were made us ing the
PHI LCO MADT 2N502A and 2N 1l58A Mil i-
tary t ype tra n si stor. Th ese transistor s will
osc illate well over 500 me but prove to be t oo
expensive for the a ver a g e am at eur and al so
a re m uch m or e val uable for f r equencies above
t he te n meter ba n d. T he availability of the
P HILCO MA DT T1832 a nd the T1 833 at $2 .93
at t he t ime of t his writing m ak es the x -aist or
converter almost a s inex pensiv e to const r uct a s
it wou ld to construct a converter u s ing the
old fashio ned, power consuming tubes wh ich
t hey replace.
T he fi r st m odel u si ng t he Military t r a n sist or
was constructed on a brass cha ssis a n d wa s not
crystal controlled . T ran sistors a r e s en sitive to
te mperatu re changes and there wa s con si der-
able chasi ng on t he auto r adio di al in order
to keep a s ignal a u dible. T h e fi nal des ig n is a
pri nt ed circu it board, a crystal controlled osc il-
la tor circuit a nd a self-con t a in ed power su p -
ply. Th e completed circuit board is mounted on
a 6 x 4 x 2 in ch Bud alu minu m cha s sis. T h e
power su p ply is a Ma llor y No. T R-146R mer -
cury battery a n d is mou nted under t he ch a ssis.
Th e tota l current dra in f or the x-sisto I' con -
verter is 2.5 to 3 rna so the ba t t er y shou ld last
f or 3 or 4 month s. The m ea s u r ed overall ga in
wa s 28 db at 29 mc with a los s of 2-3 db at
28 .5 and 29.5 m c. T h e ga in m ay be increased at
eit her end of the ban d by peaking t he coils at
the des ired s ect ion.
10 • 73 MAG AZI NE
000 0 I 1111111 0
T. C. SOWERS, W3BUL
CHARLFONT, PENNA.
The wri ter has been u sing t h e x-sistor COIl
verter for sever a l m ont h s on te n m et er mobil
wor k with exc ellent results. A test ha s a ls
been con du ct ed side by s ide to a crystal COTI
trolled and a well known commerc ial u nit wit
comparabl e re sults. S everal am ateur fri end
ha ve const ructed th e converter a nd claim sat is
f a ct or y performa nce and f eel that the cor
struction was a re a lly worthwhile p roject.
The Circuit
If we fo llow t he circu it dia g r a m of th e x
sis t er converter in F ig. 1 we see t he antenn
is capacity cou p led to t h e anten n a coil L
throu g h Cl. The s ig n a l is then fed fr om t h
tap on L l to the base of Ql wh ich is th e r
a m pli fi er. This si g n a l is then capacity cou ple
to the b a se of tran s istor Q2 w hich is u sed a
a mix er, and al so t o the ba se of tra n s istor Q
wh ich is the oscillator. Th e s ig n al fr om th
collector Qa appea r s across t he prima ry c
L3 and a por t ion of thi s is ta p ped off f or Ieer
back thro ugh t he 28 mc cry stal into the emitte:
T h e oscillator inj ect ion is li nk coupled to th
em itter of t he mix er Q2 fr om the s in gle tu r
of wire over L3. T he cor ector circuit of t h
mixer t ran sistor is t u ned by L4 t o t he if c
the auto radio . S tab ilization is prov ided in th
emitter circu it s wit h r es istors R3, R7 , and Ril
T he circu it b eard, being th e platform (
construc t ion, m us t be made fi r st. T h is is n ot II
difficult a s it may a t fi r st seem . W it h a l it t J
 • •
"
o
CO
r 0
• lK - •
•
• •
•
• • •
Fig. 3-Top View
pa tience a nd a co up le of h ours of effort a pro-
fes sion al look ing circuit board will be th e
reward.
l\ la te r ial Li s t for Circ uit Board
1. Cop per clad la m in a t e board 3 x 4 % "
( La f ayette Radio 1\18-512 or eq ui va -
len t ).
2. T ape r es ist circl es \}, " diam et er ( L a f a y-
ette Radi o .:\1 8-737 or equiva le n t ) .
3. T a pe r es is t 111'. x 320" {Lafa yet te Radio
1\[8-735 or eq uiva lent} .
4. E t chant 6 oz. ( Lafayette Radi o :\1 8-729
or equivale nt).
Start with t he copper clad lam in ate circu it
board m ate rial a nd la you t a s per Fig. 2. T he
s imp lest method is t o t ake Fig. 2 and place it
ove r t he cop per s ide of t he boa r d with a piece
of ca r bon tracing paper between. Trace point s
one through seven for t he coil form s and th e
tran sistor mou ntin g holes, t he n con t in ue t ruc-
ing' th e circles and connecting bar s throughout
the en t ire circuit board. After tracing, it is a
simp le matter of applying the tape resist
circles to the circles you have traced a nd apply
the i 'l " tape re sist for the connecting bars .
A f t er th e res ist t ap e cir cles are a pplied r em ove
the s ma ll cen ters which a re punched throu gh.
By r em oving t hese centers, t h is w ill after etch-
ing, leave sm a ll cente ri ng points fo r dr ill spot-
t i ng. A p pl y a ta pe r esist circ le to the board for
s potti ng tra ns istor and coilform mou nting
holes. _ .
A not her method of co nstructi ng the circu it
board is to lay ou t a nd d rill holes fo r the coils
CRYSTAL SWITCH
00 o I 11111111 o
-
o• TT
~
•
.~
\
• "'18" •
and tran sistors a nd t emporaril y mount t he se
par t s. Follow ing F ig. 2, appl y tape r esi st
cir cles and -1\ :" r esist ta pe as nearly as possible
to the drawing, be ing ce rta in enough s pac ing
is permitted fo r m ounting resistors and ca paci-
tors a s show n in Fig, 3 .
Aft er t he r esist ta pe is co m p letely app li ed,
1'011 it down tigh tly w ith a r ound bottle or jar
a nd the board is r ea dy for etch ing. P ou r etc h-
a nt solut ion in t o a glass dis h or pla t e. The
a uthor used a n old sou p bowl whi ch had a flat
bottom. Im merse t he circuit boa rd into the
s olu tion with t he copper up a nd a g it a t e s lowly.
T he board m a y be removed , ri nsed in clear
wa te r a nd ex a min ed a ft er a bout 10 m inute s of
etchi ng. Th e p rocess may ha ve t o be re peated
s eve r a l t im es, bei ng ca reful not to over etch
a s t h is will t end to und ercu t the r es ist t ape.
Th e en t ir e etching time s hould be 20 t o 30 m in -
utes in the solut ion. \Vhen all th e e xcess copper
ha s been dissolved rin se the board thoroughl y
with clear water. To eliminate a ny poss ibl e
furth er chemi cal action wa sh the board in a
solut ion of one tablespoonfu l of baking soda t o
one pint of water for 30 to 45 seconds . T he re-
sist tape may now be r emoved , and if the above
instructions ha ve been f ollowed closely you
s hou ld have a nea t clean lookin g prin t ed circuit
board. Th e next st ep is t o drill a n: " hole
t hrough t he center of eac h cop per ci rcle for
mou ntin g components a nd drilling holes f or the
co ils and transisto r s. \Vhen drilling holes for
(Continued on page 59 )
73 MAGAZINE • II
 .,....-- - - . - - - -,
" "
•,.RADiO
10 15 o
•
6
..... o "
10
•
.." Ij

!I
.)
0 C
0 _ .0. IJ.":-~
,,
ON ..- c o
2O
0

I.' I f) I., _&I

I _~ -
M ANY new ham s start off their a mateur I nter n a ti on al Crystal Company has a whole
ser ies of converte rs which are so reasonable
radio career w ith either a low cost or
out-moded receiver. "Yo u've got to h ea r 'em t hat it is a sh a me not t o buy a set and b u ild
to work 'em," to coin a phrase, and these r e- 'em into your st a t ion . All I did was put f ou r
ce ivers generally s ou nd almost a s if they 're of them on one chassis, complete with a power
t urned off when you t une above twenty meters. supply s o it wo uldn't be necessa r y to put a n y
extra dra in on the receiver, install a n an-
te n na and fi lament sw it ch ing arrangement,
and I s ud den ly h a d the equiva lent of a good
A Complete I
receiver. S ince the output of these converters
comes in on the broadcast ban d you can con-
nect the u nit to just a bout any receiver and
get good h a m -ba n d reception.
Four T he 20, 15, 10, and 6 meter converters were
my choice. You may prefer to a dd t he 11 m et er
Citizens Band converter an d make it five
bands. Permission granted. Be s u r e, when you

Band order your converters, to specify t he Be if

of 600-1600 kc .
T h e only connection between th is un it and
your receiver i s t he antenna. T his m eans t hat

Crystal you ca n u se th is w ith any of the ac /dc r eceiv-

ers su ch a s t he National S W -54 a n d the Hallt-
crafte r s S-38. Se nsitivity sh ou ld r un better
t han 1 m icr ovolt , which is darned good.

Converter
Dona ld A. Smith, W 3U ZN
Associet e Edi tor.
One of t he simplest solu t ions to thi s problem,
ot her t ha n s hovelin g the cabinet of the old
r eceiver f u ll of dollar bills and heading for
t he nea r est dealer for a trade on a new Super
Band-Hanger DeLuxe, is to put some "hot"
converters in front of t he old relic a nd then
st an d back.
Construction
A long slen der case is u sed to house t he con-
verters and power su p ply. T his may appear
unu su al, but it is less demand ing on desk s pa ce.
It may be placed next to t he receiver, bolt ed
under the desk, or in any other convenient
s pot . T h e converters are mounted on t he ir
s ides by means of s ma ll r ight a ngle brackets.
They come with h oles in each corner, so t he
printed circuit board s do not have to be d r illed.
T h e converters are mo u nted with the crystals
up and th e term inals down close to the chas-
S IS .
 o

,\
,
,
\ \
\ ,\---- -,- ---,, \

Study the ph otogra phs fo r t h e la yout of the Adjustment and Operation

ot her parts , s uch as the power t r a nsformer ,
s ilicon rectifiers, fi lters , etc. The a nte n na j a ck s
(BNe connectors), are mounted on t h e ba ck of
th e ch assis, a n d the off-on switch. selector,
s witch and pilot la mp on t he fr on t . Note that
s ma ll coa x ca ble is u sed to con nect each antenna
con n ect or to its converter. Regular insu lated
sh ield ed cable ( small) is used to connect th e
output of each converter to t he selecto r s wit ch
a s th e loss es at Be fr equencies ar e n ot high
and t he shielded cable works fine . B + voltage
from the s u p p ly is connect ed to the B + con-
nection of each converter a nd the filam ent vol-
tage is s wit ch by t he ba nd select or , 82.
The converters are aligned by t he manufac-
t u r er , but with G meter s, where only a portion
of the band is genera lly used, an increase in
performance can be had by peak ing t he t hree
coil slu gs in the middle of the band you w ill
be using.
P erformance was in creas ed by 12 db on ten
meters when the u n it was used w ith an S-40B .
Quite a d ifferenc e! T he unit is eas y to con-
st r u ct a n d s ho u ld g ive the N ovice or Techni-
ci a n no problems. If you want a fo ur b a nd
con ver t er you will have to build it , sin ce it
can not be purchased. lIl lll

-
o 000 0

t~O V~>A B ~R 1960 73 M AGAZIN~ • I]

 FM VFO Exciter
D. L. Cabaniss, WIT UW
165 Matthews St.
Brist o l. C onn.
A Vgyou been li st ening on 10 ,6, or 2 meters
H lately? If so, then I'm su r e you have
heard quite a fe w amateurs u sing narrow (and
wid e) band FM. With the a dve n t of all the
s u r p lus commercial FM gear n ow appearing
on the ham market , m any amateurs have in-
sta lle d t hese s in g le and multi-channel units in
t he i r au tom obiles . The advantages of mobile
F IVI cannot be a p p recia ted until you have tried
I.t I.
Th ose familiar wit h the oper at ion of FM
equ ipment know th at a FM sig n al may be
tuned in on a Al\l receiver b y tuning to eit her
s ide band ( slope detection) . However, t he re-
ve rse is not tru e. An FM r ecei ver will not
receive a n AM sig n a l. FlU recei vers a re de-
si g n ed t o p urposel y "wa sh out" an y a mp li tude
va r iations appearin g on t he r eceived ca t- t- ie r,
whether t hese va ria t ions be in t he f or m of
n oise or Al\'1 modulation. IF and limiter st ages
in FM r eceivers r u n a t low pl at e volt ages and
are des ign ed t o satu ra te above a sm a ll s ign al
level.
All t h is b oil s down t o on e f a ct; you can
h ear t he FM mob ile on you r h ome st a t ion r e-
ceiver, but t h e mobile s t a ti on will not b e able
t o copy your AM signa l on h is FM rec ei ver.
The best wa y t o solve thi s problem (other
th an p urcha sing a s u r p lus FM t r a nsm it ter ) is
shown in the photograph; a cut-down ver sion
of the 40 met er AR C-5 (B C-4 59 ) tran sm itte r
wi th a b u ilt -in rea ctance tube modul a tor. It
t ook the author about th r ee even ings to buil d
it up and it performs lik e a million buck s.
However, to modulate this VFO wit h a r e-
a ctance t ube pr oved t o b e so mewh a t of a p rob-
lem. Those fa milia r with th e operation of a
rea ctance t u be mod u lator k now that t h e r e-
actan ce tube is us ua lly con n ected to the t uned
plate circu it of t h e oscillator a nd th e plat e
of t he r eactan ce tube is usu a ll y a t t he s a me
r f and de po tent ial as t he p late of t he osc il-
lator. When the g r id volt age of t he rea ctance
tub e cha nges (th is cha ng e in volt a ge resultin g
f rom s pe ak in g into the mi crophone), t h e plat e
cu r ren t of t he r eactance t u be ch a nges, t hus
 1mf
v,-------.; ;'--41· •

CARS""
TO AUDIO
------ VOLTAGE
MIKE PRE AMP
JACK TO
AUDIO
CRYSTAL
MICROPHONE INPUT
CONNECTOR CIRCUIT

.a ng ing the current through the tuned plate
rctrit of the oscillator and s h ift in g the 08-
lIator frequency. H owever , the oscillator plate
rcuit of the ARC-5 tran smitter is at rf ground
.tent.ial through a .05 mfd capacitor (refer
the circuit diagram) . After cons iderable ex-
·r imen t ing , I wound up with a mod ified re-
t ance tube circuit connected to the oscillator
id circuit.
T he max imum fundamental freq ue ncy shift
my particu lar un it is approx imately + 1
. F eedi ng this unit in t o the crystal socket
my A pa ch e, a nd multip ly ing up to 10 meters
ves a carrie r sw ing of ± 4 kc (8 kc band-
dth ) . A bove 29.000 me, wide ba n d F M is
r mi t t ed , so t he dev iation co ntrol m a y be
n f ull open. H owever, be low 29.000 me,
BF l\I must be used so t he devi a ti on control
a uld be cut back to produce a funda ment al
cillator s wi ng of .750 k c. This produ ces a
rrier s wing of ± 3 kc «j
kc band w idth) on
11 meters. If th e ex citer is u sed in th e 8 t o
m e r egion for multipli ca t ion up to 6 m eters,
t ermine t he car ri er sw ing by mul tiplying
e oscillator sw ing X 6. If t he un it is used
2 met er s , m ultiply t he osc illa tor swing X
(i n the 9 me region) to determ ine the ca r -
ar swi ng at 144 me. (My particular unit h a s
e n u sed on 10 meters only, but if sufficien t
ages of multiplication are available, t he u n it
ould perform very well on both 6 and 2
meters) . The deviat ion control therefore h a s
a different setting for each band of operation.
The ARRL H a n d book contains excellent in-
formation pertaining to the calibration of F M
exciters. It is suggested that the builder con -
sult the H a n d book and determine the oscillator
swing before u sing the unit on t he a ir.
Construction
You can build t his Fl\l-VF O without h acking
up t he BC-459 , but it does m ake a n ea t er u n it
if you do chop it in h alf . If yo u f ollow my lead
you will use t he variable condenser wh ich is
attached t o the fro nt p anel to t u n e the VFO
a nd take out t he other one p lus th e fixed con-
denser. Remove al mos t a ll of t he w iring, lea v-
ing only t hose w ires com ing fr om the VFO
coil un it. It is a g ood id ea t o r eplace th e p ower
socket wit h a reg u la r octal tube s ocket.
R eplace the 12 volt 1626 oscill ator with a
6J 5. W ire in t he GAG7 r eactance t u be in t he
cente r socket an d th e VR tube in the remain-
ing socket .
The ph ot os show a lmost eve r yth in g else. You
ca n put ta pe behi n d u nu sed h oles, putty them
in with metal putty, sa nd a nd p a int.
The re po rts I have r ecei ved w it h t h is ex-
citer dr ivi ng my A pache h ave b een very good
a nd t he FM mobiles h a ve stop ped ca lli ng
QRZ? mrn

lOOO_ ~m f
Jlffi... 20 0
0 INDICATES ORIGINAl
3K " 6AG7 2.5 J.lh
CI ROJIT COMPONENTS

'4 W
----
--
6 J5
500
Rfe « 400
mmf 5K
'£IN ---
I I
I I
2.5.h
YE- .05 * 0-F
01 OORtGINAL
OIL CIRCUIT
I I 4 mf
I
,, 150y
,I , - --- - ------
---- ------- - --- -- --- ---- - -- - - - - - - - --
1M T - - -- -_. -- -- - - - - - --- ------ --- -- - - - 0 UOIO
PUT

') 100mmf
0 UT
~o 0,
VRI50 0
0
0RlG. COIL U NK

•
GROUND 1- 0

n ~Ar-. A 7 'N F • Iii

Some Notes
On
Jim Kyle, KSJ KXj6

Mobile Power Asssocie te Ed itor 73

perso n s, the prob le m of power f or
F OIt MANY
a mobile r ig wa s solved a couple of years
ago with the introduction of t he tran sistorized
de-de con ver ter and it s amazing efficiency.
For others, however, the tran sistorized
power su pply didn't prove to be the s olu t ion
to the problem. This is the stor y of another
high-efficiency answer to the ever-present prob-
lem of the mobile ham-power.
Th ough the t r a ns istor ized s u p ply is admit-
tedly va stly s u per ior to the older high-voltage
sou rces in both utilization of battery power
and in ease of operation, it does not permit
an appreciable increase in transmitter power.
Yes, with a good transistorized unit you can
run a lOO-watt mobile while dynamotors re-
st r ict ed you to 50 watts and vibrupacks were
doing well to power a 10-watt peanut whistle.
But the difference between 100 watts and 50
watt s is on ly 3 decibels, and t hat's less t han
half an S-unit.
Taking into cons ideration the relatively in-
efficient antennas usually ava ilable for a
mobile r ig and the poor location cond itions
usually encountered, it's not hard to see that
a mobile unit mu st have high power to be cer-
tain of contacts.
If your only interest is gabbing with the
ga ng on your way to and from work each day,
this busines s of "certain contacts" may not br
import an t to you . However, if yo u ever pla r
to use your mo bile gea r in civi l d ef en se 0 1
disaster work, the more power the better. A ni
no one likes to be drowned out by a 100-wa t l
home station.
The limiting factor which keeps most mobile
installations below the 100-watt power level i!
the car's own power syst em. Almost 0(
st a nd a r d generator will deliver more than 50(
watts-and this can only be attained at speeds
above those considered safe in urban traffic.
Of thi s maximum 500-watt capability, mort
than 100 watts are normally consumed by thr
auto ignition and instrument sy st em . Another
150 watts or so go into the lights during nigh'
driving. This leaves only some 250 watts avail
able f or powering any accessories, keepi ng t he
battery charged, and ru n ning a h a m station-
a nd t h is is all calculated on the b a sis of 60
to 70-m ph speeds. At 35 m ph, t he re's ulmos'
nothing lef t over.
At traffic sp eeds , you can see, t he mobil.
ham st a t ion mu st draw all its power from tlu
battery. T h e battery will normally deliver abou
200 watts for one hour before giving up ani
quitting. Most mobile operators have alread
learned thi s, and carry a pair of heavy jumpe
cables \I... ith alligator clips to steal power fron

Fig. I-Schematic Diag ra m, Alternator Installation

NOTES,
I-Use No. 0 electric-welder cable for th ese leads.
2-Use No. 14 auto primary wire for these leads.
3-Sc. hematic as drawn is fo r positive-ground syste m. For ne gative g ro und. move groun d point t o
black termi na l of rectifi er and re verse fiel d-cell con nections.

r---------" NOTE 2
I I
I I NOTE 1
I I r---- r---.., NOTE I
I I o-.,'--...;;;,...;=-:..-,
I I I I I F B ;
I I I I N01£j I
I
I 0'--;'-<>-_~-<.:
I
I G- I
I
I I NOTE 1 I I
I NOTEj : NOTE 2
REO I
_____ .
I
I : I
L __ : -.J'
L _G: _O'G':"~::--"'- o--¢
I I REGULATOR -
I I RECTIF IER .... NOTE 3 TO COlL .;.
L
ALTERNATOR
...J NOTE 1
NOTE3~t

III • 7l ~A C:;A:ZI N I; ~nV~UA~D 101.


Tl A
+520v
500 A
B
D3
A
I 2K
D4 25W
.1mf +300v
B
D5 50MA:
Volts
A
D6 6K
25W
t Fig. 2-Schematic diagram , 3-phase delte -wye
B
TO
ALTERNATOR
n ot h er car's battery after an extended ses-
ion on t he a ir.
These facts may seem to lim it all mob ile
quipmen t to t he low-power class ification.
l owever, there's a way arou nd them-a n d
hat's the thin g t h is arti cle is all abou t .
The power limi t imposed by t he ca r 's elec-
rica l s ystem is tra ceable directl y to the ge n-
rator. Shunt-wound de ge nera tor s are no-
n-iou s f or p oor cu rre n t r egulation with vary-
19 s peed , and any d e g ene ra tor is limi t ed in
urrcnt ca pa ci t y by t h e brushes and com-
iutator.
Neither of these difficu lties are present in an
c s ystem. For man y yea rs, alternating-current
yst ems fo r automobiles have been a vail abl e.
'lanuf'a ctu rers in cl u de Delco-Rerny Di vi sion
f Gen eral Motors, and t he Leece-N eville Co.
U sing an altern a t or in pl a ce of the g en -
rutor-, t he car's p ower s y ste m ha s a 300-watt
a p a bi lit .y with t he eng-ine id li ng, a nd th is
g u re ri ses to 700 watts at a s peed of 20 mph.
t 's n o wo nde r th at poli ce and emerg ency
eh icles h ave long used alte r n a tors fo r p ower.
Th e main drawba ck to a n alternator s ys -
em h a s been t he cost. T he cu r rent p rice of a
ecce-Nevill e 700-watt 12-volt un it, with d o-
--you r self in stallatio n, is slig h tly ove r $250.
he Delco un it is slightly more expensive.
H owever , t hese p ri ces are for f actory-new
quipm en t . U sed a lt ern a t or s can be bought f or
ea n ut s- a lmost.
Lea st expensive are the 6-volt un its, which
re be ing adverti sed for 40 complete with
ectifle r a nd regulator and can occasio nally be
lu nd cheaper (at one time the author w as
fere d three new a-volt altern ators for $5
ach, complete) . Us ed 12- volt sy s t ems ca n be
urchased for $85. B es t pl ace to check for
lese is in t he class ified a ds of H a m S wa p. If
ou ~ nd none t here, a sk your local police-ra dio
apa irm a n .
In st alla t ion of an a lt erna tor is sim ple bu t
ir t y. Remove your old ge ner a to r a n d voltag e
egula t or. Get a mounti n g bracket for your
iodel a u t o fr om t he loca l Leece-Neville or
1
IF NO SUITABLE SINGLE-SEC-
ONDARY TRANSFORMERS ARE
AVAILABLE - MULTI-WINDING
UNITS MAY 8E CONNECTED
AS SHOWN TO REACH 30 AMP.
2
PARTS IDENTIFICATION :
n, T2, T3 - S ur~ IU 5 400-cycle fil. XFM R, 120-volt pri.•
6.3 -vo lt see., 30 -am~ sec. rat ing . Connect b a ck-
ward.
D1 t h ru D6- Silico n d iode5, 6OO-volt PIV, 500 mo.
Mallory 1N 2093 unih moy be co nne cte d in
5erie5 to reach thi 5 ra t ing, 05 can Audio Devices
30-85 unih.
ll - 1 hen ry choke (Me rit C-2996 o r equ ivalent).
full-wave power supply for use with mobil e
alternator system.
Delco d istributor (average cost, $5). Bolt t he
al ter na t or in p lace where the gener ator came
out, an d install the reg-ulator in place of t h e
old r egul a tor. T h e r ectifi er ca n be mounted
either on t h e fender 01' beh in d t h e g r ille, de-
pending on sp ace a vailable in yo u r engine
com partment.
If yo u get a ne w a lte r nator, it will include
a cab le kit. A u s ed one m a y not include th e
cables. If you have n o cable s , m ake t h em from
No. 0 weldin g cab le to t he size n ece ssa ry. Fol-
low the schem a tic d ia g ram , Fig. 1, for rout-
ing of wires and con n ec t io ns .
If y ou r b attery has b een in ser vice for som e
time , it will b e best to replace it when you . in-
s t a ll the a lter n a t or . Ge t a good, glas s-plate
unit, and y ou 'll never have a dead battery
aga in . Batteri es wh ich have been allowed to
r emain purt.i nll y di scharged, a s is the u sual
case wi th a g en erator-t ype syst em , u suall y g o
com p letely dead as soon a s t he high output of
the alt ernat or hit s t hem .
With a n al t ern ator installed, you r auto-
power problem is solved . But that's just half
t he s to r y-f or ac, even 700 w a tts of it , won't
do much for you r s ignal st r en g t h. You're g o-
in g to h a ve to change it to de to use it.
Vibr a p a ck s, dyna motors , a n d tra nsistor
power s u p pli es can all be u sed s uccessf u ll y
without worryi ng about battery d r a in, but
t here's a far cheaper way once you have an
alternator ins t a lled . Tha t ' s construction of a
supply which work s direct from t he alt ern ator.
E fficien cy ranges higher than 90 percent with
such a supply, and t here's n o wea r and t ear
on the batter v or regulator eith er.
I n a 12-volt's yst em , altern ator outp ut will be
14 volts, 3-phase, ac, and t he f requ ency will
vary from 80 to 1000 cycles as y ou s peed or
slow t he engine. Conventional 60-cyc1e p ower
su pplies don 't perfo rm well under th ese condi-
tion s.
H owever, a 3-p ha se h igh-fr equency su p ply
can be ea s ily b u ilt u si ng mostly-su r plus parts,
a n d the comb ination of t he a lternator system
a n d the 3-ph a se power s upply will cost on ly
slightly more than would a conventional tran-
sistor power supply to be used with conven-
tional auto systems.
A schematic diagram of such a unit, de-
signed for 500 volts output at 500 rna (enough
to power a 200-watt final and leave 50 watts
to drive the exciter), is shown in Fig. 2.
In building the power s upply, su r plus 400-
cycle transformers which can be obtained for
less than 50¢ each can be used for the 3-phase
step-up s yst em. Proper phasing is essential
for correct operation. It can be a ssured if
identical tran sformers are used for the three
legs. Proceed a s follows:
Mark one secondar y terminal of each trans-
former "1" and the other "2", taking care to
make sure that the corresponding terminal on
each tran sformer bears the same number (it
makes no difference whether the st a r t or fini sh
of the winding is 1). Mark the primary termi-
nal s "A" and "B" in the sa me manner.
Connect the 6.3-volt seconda r ies all in ser ies,
terminal 1 of tran sformer I t o terminal 2 of
transformer II, terminal 1 of tran sformer II
to t erminal 2 of III, and terminal 1 of III to
2 of I.
Connect all "B" terminals of the 120-volt
primaries together. Tape the connection. Take
output from the" A" terminals.
The delta-connected seconda r ies are con-
nected to the three output terminals on the
Cardboard Chassis
Jim Kyle , KSJKX/b
circuits, unlike t h eir vacuum-
T RAN S I STOR
tube counterparts, don't need large metal
chassis to suppor t the w eight of the com-
ponent s.
This isn 't news t o anyone who' s followed the
transi stor - construction - project literature.
Nearly all construction articles specif y
punched phenolic ca r ds for the chassis.
However, punched phenolic is available only
by mail order in many areas, and in all cases
proves a bit expensi ve f or the ham with a
limited budget. Here's a twi st on the phenolic
card chassis which retain s all advantages and
add s a few of its own. U se drafting board or
other heavy cardboard instead!
Like phenolic, paper board is lightweight
and is a good insula tor at the voltages, cur-
rents, and fr equencies genera lly encounter ed
when working wi th tra nsis tors .
Unlike phenolic, paper board is easily
worked with scissor s and ne edles. Gone are the
t edious hours with finetoothed sa w and file.
Drafting board, in the sma ll sizes generally
u sed for tran sis tor ch ass is, ca n usually be
alternator. The primaries go to the BOO-vol
silicon rectifiers a s shown on the schema tic.
Note that very little fi ltering is necessarj
with this circuit. Input frequency varies fran
80 to 100 cycles, and the delta-wye circuit ha:
only 4 percent r ipple at the rectifier outputs (a
a fr equency six times the input frequency). Fo:
many applicati on s, ripple is low enough witl
no filtering. The choke and the .1 mfd capacito:
rem ove most of the residual 480- to 6000-cyd
whi stle.
If a lower-voltage supply is desired, u se 0
12.6-volt transformers in place of the 6.3-vol
units will cut output voltage in half withou
affecting current capability. Rectifiers the:
need be on ly 300-volt PlV rating. A dual-vel
tage s upply, convenient for operating excit er
receiver, and final from t he sa me unit, is bes
achieved by u se of a tapped bleeder a s show:
in Figure 2.
This power supply brings an end to flea
powered m obile oper at ion by necessity-bu
it does have one s ma ll di sadvantage. It's thi s
The auto motor must be running for operatior
In mo st case s, thi s is all t o the good anyhow
A fast idle is all that's needed.
Suggested final tubes for u se with t h is en
cuit include four 6146, 807, or 1625; tw
4X150A, or any others capable of taking th
high-current relatively low-voltage outpu-
Happy mobifing l [1][
obtained f or free from a f r iendly draft smar
Lacking thi s opportunity, u se photo mountin
boards. They're available in 16 by 20 inch s i ~
from any photographic supply hou se cat erin
to the advanced-amateur trade, for less tha
50 cents each. One mount board will tu rnis
chassi s for dozen s of proj ects.
The only " special" tool s needed to prepat
a chassis are a pencil, rul er, pair of scissors (
sha r p knife, and dividers or a large sewin
needle. The dividers or needle are u sed 1
punch component-lead holes.
First, cut the card to size. If you' r e pla.nnin
to put the fini shed unit in a Minibox or simils
case, cut the card % inch sma ller than tl
inside measurement of the case. This a llov
room for mounting brackets.
Next, arrange the component s on the card l
you want them. Try to keep all sig nal-ca rryir
leads a s shor t a s po ssible.
When the layout sa tisfi es you, mark the pos
tion of each component and its leads on tl
card. It's helpful to transfer the schemat
diagram to the card after the la yout is m ade-
marking all connections and ind icating all
parts valu es . If you mak e t he marks lightly,
there'll be no danger of s hor t ing out com-
ponents with th e pencil lines.
N ow get out the divid ers or needle and punch
all holes. Transformers can be mounted by
using a s ha r p knife to cut slots for the mount-
mg- ears.
\Vith all holes punched, it's tim e to put the
components in place. Thread the leads through
the holes, and if necessary bend the lead flat
against th e backside of the ca r d t o hold the
part in position .
The final ste p in t his construction method is
the solde ring of all con necti ons. Be su re to in-
s ula te bare cond ucto rs with spa g hetti tubing
to prevent a ccidental shor t circuits. When
so lder ing se mico nd uctors, use a pair of long-
•
nose pliers bet we en the semicond uctor a nd the '.
solde r j oint t o a ct a s a heat sink and prevent
damage to the se micond uct or .
That's all t he re is to it, basically. Her e are
some hint s g a t hered through ex per ience which
s peed cardboard-chassis construction:
T ra nsi s to r sockets a nd ca rd boa r d chassis
don't go together very we ll. It's ha ndier to omit
the socket and wire t he transi stor d irectly into
the circuit. T h ree s ma ll holes for the tra nsistor
leads hold th e component more fi r m ly than
would a socket .
Connections to off-c hass is elements s hould be
r out ed th rough a bin d ing post. Contin ual flex-
.:-
--..-
•
ing of t he lead ca n ca use t he wires to break.
A 6-32 by Vi inch machi ne scr ew through t he
cardboard , with its head a t t he ba ck side of the
cha ssis, works we ll. Solder a wi re into the slot
of t he scr ew, using resin-core solder and a very
hot iro n, to make the connection to the chas sis-
mounted com ponents.
Circuit mark ings (terminal indications,
ident ifica t ion of tran si stors or other compo-
nents, etc.) hold up best if ma r ked on t he card
with I ndi a ink rath er t han pencil.
\Vhen all wiring is complete and every joint
soldered, a coat of clear plastic s pra y such a s
Krylon Autom otive Grade will protect the fin-
ished project. If you need an especiall y-st rong
chassi s, g ive the ca r d three or four coa ts of
plastic s pr a y before mounting the compone nts.
All ot he r detail s a re s hown in the photo-
graphs, which f eature t he hands of K5QGO,
the chief announcer of our j oint s t ation . III III

., ., \ ~ ... r.:::: A 7 11'\.1t: • 10


Stop
That Noise!
ARTICUL ARLY when mobile, a
operating
P good noise li mit er in your receiver often
ma kes t h e d ifferen ce between a contact an d a
•
nour- rmss.
B u t wh at is a good noi se-li miter circu it?
T hi s quest ion ha s f a ced every h am a t one ti me
or anot her, s ince nearly every published ci rcu it
ha s at least one ma jor di sadvant age or an-
other.
As in ma ny other questions , the on ly an swer
to thi s on e is, "It all depends on the s it u a t ion ."
The noi se limiter which one ham find s perfect
may be completely unacceptable to another
amateur because of differing requirements.
To help you decide which noi se lim it er is
good for your need s, here's a mo re-or-less com-
plete list ing of the var iou s circuits developed
s ince the days when S ignor Ma rconi ta p ped
out "Sorry, QR N" to hi s colleagues and sat
down t o devi se a way a round st at ic cr ashes.
N oise lim iters ca n be clas si fie d in s ever a l
m ann er s , a s series or sh u n t , audi o or if , etc.
Her e, they 're cla ss ifi ed a s peak limiters and
t ro ugh limiter s, s in ce eac h of t h ese t yp es
ser ves a se pa r a t e pu r pose.
T he peak li mit er removes s pher ic cra shes,
key clicks, a n d ig n it ion -noi se s ig n a ls from t he
receiver output, add ing to the pleasure of op-
erating. Virtually all lim iters included in com-
merc ial gear fall into thi s category.
The trough lim iter removes all s ig n als below
a certain preset level and allows only signals
above that level to pas s. It ha s no effect on ig-
n ition or other high-peak noi se, but will remove
every trace of receiver h iss. When properly a d -
j usted , it w ill p a s s more than 90 per cent of a n
a u d io s ig n a l wh ile eras ing a ll backgroun d
norse .
P ea k limi ters f all int o two broad catego ries ,
ser ies a n d s hu nt, a ccor d in g to ci rcuit con figu-
r a t ion. Each type ha s it s d isadvantag es an d
its ad vant a g es.
T he s er ies pea k limiter ge nera lly does a
more effect ive j ob of r emovin g sign a ls above
limi ting level th a n does the sh u nt type , b ut it
does so at t he cost of increa sed di stortion of
t h e lim ited sig n a l.
T he shunt peak limiter is t he easiest to add
to an existing circuit without changes. Its main
di sadvantage is a sma ll amount of leak through,
which s hows up a s weak no ise pulses g etting
through the limiter.
The ser ies peak lim iter cons ist s of a diode,
°H 'l • .,., ~ AA ~ ... "7 .....:
•
7J St. ff
biased f or s witc h ing a ct ion, con nected in series
with the a ud io sign a l path t hrough the r e-
ceiver . T h is d iode circu it m ay be e it he r ha lf -
wave or full -wa ve .
6AL5,6 H6,l N5 6,ETC
pp 1M
OET 0-\, I •
I E--oAUDIO
.0 47
1M
GNO
1M
BIAS
Fig. I-H alf wa ve se ri es pe ak limite r.
T he h a lf- wa ve ser ies peak lim iter's sche-
m atic di agr a m is shown in F ig . 1. It ma y b e
buil t on a sm all ca r d cha ss is and in serted in
an y rece ive r a s ill ustra t ed in Fig. 2. Se m icon -
du ctor d iodes work in t his circuit, but be su re
to use a unit with hig h back re si s tan ce such a s
t he IN54. Th e ba se-em itter j u nct ion of an y
common tra ns istor (2N I07, CK 722, etc.) a lso
makes a good diode fo r t hi s pu r pose.
TO DEl .. - - +--..:j,l----\--.,.oGNO
r --'---..., 0.--'
TO AUDIO
Fig . 2-Conneetion of se ries pea k limiters.
H ere' s h ow it wor ks . The audio s ign al out of
the detect or is f ed t h rough t he input r esi stor to
the d iode. When t he aud io s ign a l is les s tha n
t he d iode b ias voltage , t he d iode is con ducting
a nd a pp ear s as a s hort circu it . This lets t he
aud io through to the output s ide , f rom when ce
it proceeds to the rest of the r eceiver.
A pos itive peak s ig na l greater t han t he d iode
h ias voltage drives the d iode's cathode pos it ive
to its anode, swit ch ing it off. Ther e is t hen n o
..........................
path for t he a udi o fr om the det ect or t o th e any n oise limiter , if you u se t ube-t y pe diodes.
rest of t he r eceiver, a nd t he pul se pea k is It incr ea ses r everse res ista nce and makes t he
limit ed. W hen the pea k pa sses, t he di ode r ecov- t r a nsition f r om cond uct ion t o non-conduction
ers and r est or es t he au dio pa th. mor e sharp.
A nega t ive peak sig na l grea t er than t he I ncident all y, t he 'A L 5 se ries of tube-ty pe
diode bias voltage will not be a ffected by t he di odes is genera lly su peri or t o t he ' H 6 se ri es in
ha lf- wa ve limit er. H ow ever , nega tive-peak
a ud io (which is positive- peak a t t he detector L AST IF
in put due to phase inver sion) is aut omatically
limit ed a t the det ect or t o zero. If t he in coming
6 H6
signa l is 100 percen t modu lated, negative
peak s w ill pose no problems. 1-·- - - - - - - - - ..,
T he f ull-w a ve ser ies peak limit er, show n in ( II [
250K
F ig. 3, wa s de veloped to overcome t he la ck of I 11 I
I II I
~
L •
11 + JI
6AL 5, 6H 6.1N5 6,ETC
50 0
0 47
~~7 .1M .1 M ,
DET
1M
. [
4· 1M
. / /-oAUD
e
GND 75K .0 1
• >--w~-lE-:DIO
1M 51K OUTPUT:
-BIAS
6. 3 VA

Fig . 3-Full wave se ries pea k limite r. Fig. 4-H a mmar lun d li miter in BC-779.
noise-li mit er service.
nega ti ve-peak limit ing (whi ch proves a han di-
T he s h unt pea k lim it er is connected in
ca p if incoming signa ls are not fully m odu-
pa r a llel with th e audi o signa l path , r a ther
la te d ) in the half -wav e cir cui t.
t ha n in series. L ike the ser ies lim iter s, it m a y
Usi ng nea rly t wice a s many com pone nts , t his
be either a half-wave or a f ull-wave circ ui t .
limi ter cir cuit p rovides positive con t r ol of bot h
T he ha lf-wave s h unt pea k limiter s hown in
posi tive an d negat ive peak levels. It is pr ob-
F ig . 5 is proba bly t he si mplest an d lea st ex-
a bly t he mos t effec t ive of a ll peak- lim iter
pensive noise limiter you can a dd to a ny set.
circuits.
Wi t h only two components, it adj ust s itself
Its oper a t ion is the sa me as th e h alf-wa ve a ut oma t icaIIy to var iation s in car r ier strengt h.
version on positive p ea ks. N eg a t ive peaks
P ositive peaks a re limited t o a valu e twic e t hat
above limi t in g level cu t off the other diod e in
of ca r ri er voltage, while negat ive pea ks a re not
a simila r f a sh ion . Limitin g level ca n be va ried affected (as ex pla in ed in the discussion of
fr om less t ha n 10 pe rcent modu la ti on t o 100
percen t modula t ion by adju sti ng d iode bi a s
volt age ac cord ingly . LAST IF
Another version of the ser ies peak limit er,
using a triod e inst ead of diodes, h a s been wi de-
ly used. It is s t a nda r d eq ui pment on ma ny of
the older H ammarlund sets, notably t he early
Super-P ro lin e, t he BC- vers ions of th e P r o,
a nd t he H Q-129X. T he BC-77 9 vers ion is
s how n in F ig. 4.
lN3 4
T his limiter depe nds on controlled cathod e ONLY PARTS ADDED.
tem per atur e t o a chieve it s effect, ra th er th an
on bia sed-d iode s witching . A lt hough it's a bit
more com ple x, it's a lso more effective t ha n t he
TO EXISTING CIRCUIT
TIm f
TO AUDIO STAGES

ha lf-wave di ode circu it . '"

In comin g signa ls a re p a ssed by t he triode in
ca t hode-f ollo we r f a shion so long a s th ey a r e
below limiting level. H owever, pulse pea ks are
sto pped beca u se the t u be ru ns into sa t ura tion-
produ ced by t he lower-than-normal fila ment
t em perature due to t he resistor, a nd by t he low
pla t e volt age. Limi t ing level is a ut oma t ic since
plat e voltage va ri es w it h incoming carrier
st reng t h.
T he filament r esis t or to produce Iovver cath -
ode temperat ure is a good tri ck t o use wit h
Fig. 5-Simple half wave shun t limite r.
ha lf -w ave series li mit er s ) .
The s h unt peak limiter d isc ussed t h us f a r
was , like it s se ries eq uivalen t , co nfined t o
aud io-peak devices connected t o t he set a t the
detector output. T his is not t he only ma nner in
wh ich t he s hu nt pea k limi t er ca n be used.
S h u nt au d io pea k limit er s can al so be con-
nected at the spea ker a s s ho wn in Fig. 6.
Sel en ium or silicon r ect ifiers with a t least a

NOVEMBER 1960 73 MAGAZINE • 21

•
OUTPUT SPKR
100 A
B+ REeT
ADDED .> L.<l----' +
Fig. b-Speaker shunt limiter.
100 rna ratin g are recommended f or thi s cir-
c ui t in prefe renc e t o tu bes or sm a lle r crystal
diod es . T h e full-wave circ u it is necessary here.
The s pea ker -a tt a ched li mit er has t he advan -
tage of s im p li cit .y, case in conn ect ion , a nd
adap ta bili t y to a n y r ec eiver with out goi ng' in t o
the cha ss is. However, it s di sadvantages are
numerous: It does n othlna to the noise peaks
before th ey arrive at the spea ke r , thus allow-
ing a ud io s t a ges to ove r loa d and to "ring." It
h a s no effec t on med iu m- le vel noise peaks, thu s
all owing mu ch ignition noise t o get through.
Finall y, it s lim iti ng level is not adju stable, be-
ing depe nde nt solely on t he ch a r act er ist ics of
the pa r ti cular rec t ifier s u sed.
A nother point at whi ch t he sh u nt peak
limi te r ca n be u sed is ah ead of the detector,
in the if st a g es . Ma ny authorities recommend
tha t noi se pulses be elim ina ted a s early in the
game as pos sible, thu s a void ing overload of if
a s well a s aud io st a g es.
Th e original if li mi t e r wa s de volped more
than 25 yea rs ago by La mb , a nd is sti ll in u se
Fig. 7- Modifi ed Pi e rson-l amb limite r.
--
,....--------.,II~­
_~w.-~...)II'--.....
22 • 73 MAG AZINE
in sever a l receive r s-notably, the Pi erson and
the venerable SX-28 by H a lli cr a ft e r s.
I n thi s circuit a s ep a r a t e if amplifier feed s
a noi se detector . The output of the noi se de-
t ector, at a level determined by the limiting-
point ad justment, is f ed back to the fir st if
~tage t o cut the amplifier off in the presence of
a noi se pulse.
T h e original circuit fed the no ise detector
output to the if tube by direct coupling. This
allowed a st ea dy but st r on g carrie r a few kilo-
cycles a w a y fr om the desired s ig na l to cut off
t he if s t a ge even in the a bsence of noise
pu lses.
The Pier s on version of t he La mb li mite r,
w it h ac coup ling f rom n oise det ector to co n -
t rolled stage, ove rcomes t h is difficul t y . An
adaptation of t he P ie r son -L am b li mi t er is
sh ow n in Fig. 7. It may be bu ilt on V ect or tur-
ret sockets a nd per ma n en t ly mou nted in almost
a n y receiver.
Advantages peculiar t o the La m b circuit are
the s u p pr ess ion of noi se pulses before they
reach the select ive if circuits and cause ring-
ing; an aIm es t total la ck of audio di stortion
common to most ot h e r li miters, and s u p pr es-
s ion of noise pulses ahead of the AV e line
which prevents noi se from reducing r eceiver
sensitivity.
The major disadvantage of t he La m b circuit
is it s complexity. T he cost of in st a llin g thi s
limiter w ill r un a pprox imately twice that of
a ny othe r li mit e r . Th e extra if st a g e al so pro-
v ides addit ion al sou r ces of t rou ble a s t he re-
•
cerver a g es .
\Vor k in g f r om t he s a me bas ic p r e mise st a ted
---
---
,.----t---
• •
II
II
w.--;
---
NOVEM BER 1960
 y Lamb in 1936- that a noi se limiter should
e a s close t o the receiver input a s possible-
ther designers have developed if s hu nt peak
im ite r circ uits whi ch over come most of the
.amb limiter's disadvantages. On e of these is
llust ru t ed in Fig. 8.
PL
6AL5
cu
, percent modu lated sig na l, wh ile t he audio peak
.0 0 1
.41M
,,1
1 '(
c __ /I
I r eplacing it with a pot en tiometer of the sa me
Fig. a- IF a utomat ic shunt pee k limit er.
Operation of thi s limiter isn 't so obvious a s
orne of the other circuit s. W ith a noise-free
nd stea d y carrier tuned in, there will be a
mall voltage drop a cross the if transformer
-t-im a r-y. The t wo .1 ca pa cit ors a r e charged
through th e diodes and the resistors) by thi s
oltage.
Each capacitor a ssumes polarity opposing
urr-ent flow t hrough it s a ssociated diode. Un-
er th ese conditions, the d iodes are open cir-
ui t s across thei! tran sformer primary a nd
he limite r ha s no effect on t he signal.
When a h ig h- a m pli t ude noise pulse comes
long, though, the picture changes. The pulse
vercomes the bias on one of the diodes (which
ne depends on polarity of the pulse) and
rives the diode into conduction. I n this s t a t e,
he diode is a virtual s hor t a cross the if trans-
or me r and virtually no sig n a l gets through.
Vhen the pulse passes, the diode opens up
utomatically and the sig na l proceeds.
Operating a s it does from the voltage drop
cr oss th e tran sformer primary, thi s circuit
utomatica lly adj usts it self to varyi ng signa l
treng'th to pr ovide li mit ing at t he IO O-percen t
todu l ation poi nt. Connection s to a ny receiver
re s ho wn in F ig. 9.
N ote that peak limiters in Figs. 1, 3, and 5
r e s ho wn with manually-controlled bias
olt age.
TOPe IF XFMR ' business. Set for too high a level , it prevents
LAST IF TUBE
Fig. 9-Conneetio n of IF shunt li miter.
iO VEM BER 1960
Most operators prefer that their noise
limiters be a u toma t ic. I t 's no trouble to make
t he cha nge in th e circuit. Since all circuits
s ho wn are arranged f or negative bias voltage,
th e receiver A V C line provides a handy sou rce
of bias voltage.
If A VC is applied directly t o t he bias-volt-
age in put of the limiter, noi se peaks will be
a llowed to ri se to twice the peak audio value
bef or e bei ng li mited. T his is becau se t he AV e
level represents peak-to- peak value of a 100-
value is never greater than half this amou nt
a nd frequently is a s low H S 25 percent.
The bes t so urce of bias voltage for noi se-
limiters is obt a ined by r emoving the AVe de-
tector load resi st or f rom t he receiver and
value. Bring the limiter-bias voltage off the
arm of th e pot. Adjusting the potentiometer
w ill then give you limiting at any point from 0
volts to twice pea k a udio level.
For a vern ier a dju stment, use a poten-
tiometer j us t half the value of the load resistor
and add a fixed re sistor in se ries to restore the
or igina l resi stance. This g ives a range of ad-
j ust ment from zero t o peak audio level.
TNS
Before progressing fr om peak limiters to
trough lim iters, a word should be sa id about
th e popular T NS developed by W 2A E F . Com-
bin ing' noi se limiting with sq uelch action, this
ma y we ll be t he most pop ula r of all li miters
for mobile Use.
So far a s the limiting portion of t he T N S is
concer ned , it's a full-wave ser ies peak limiter.
After limiting, t he s ig na l is applied to a twin
triode which has differen t time constants in the
t\v-o plate circu its.
This tube is triggered by t he s wit ching ac-
ti on of the limiter di ode in s uch a manner a s to
prevent any portion of the noise pulse from
passing throu gh. (Other lim iters hold the pulse
to a level consiste nt with th e a udio sig na l, but
lea ve t he " stump" of the noise in t he sig na l. )
By ad jus t ing t he t ime con stant of one half
of t he tr iode, t he T N S squelch level may be
set at any desired value.
Since it ha s been adequately described a t
length in Bill Orr's "Mobile Handbook" the
TNS circuit is not show n here.
Advantages of the TNS have already been
e xpla ined. H er e are its d isadvantages: Signal
in put level is cr it ical , in comparison to other
limiters. An y sig na l in excess of 10 volts pro-
d uces ser ious di stortion. I n addition, sett ing of
the squelch control is somewhat of a "hairline"
weak signa ls fr om being heard. Set at t he
critical point fo r weak sig na ls , it will be trig-
gered by passi ng trucks and emit a raucous
burst of sou nd.
These points, however, are minor. The
73 M AGAZI N E • 23
 diodes can be converted to a trough limiter by
reversing polarity of the bias voltage).
,0 r
Such a circuit, including its connections to
IN 34 the receiver, is sh own in F ig. 10. I t m ay be
bui lt on a card or phenolic "chassis" and per-
'" ·001

,... .,".S< manently m ounted in t he receiver.

AUDIO
OUTPUT
Fig. IO-Trough limiter.
worst disadvantage of the TNS circuit is the
one it sha res with t he Lamb limiter-circuit
complex ity. With two tubes, a squelch control,
a nd two RC network s, it 's virtually impossible
to cram int o an already-crowded receiver
chassis. Most users build it into a Minibox and
mount it near the receiver with long leads.
. Many noise limiter circuits not shown here
have been published. Virtually all, however,
a re variations on one or more of t hese basic
peak lim it er circuits. Now, it's time to look at
the other classification-the trough limiter.
Trough Limiter
The trough limiter, an adaptation f r om com-
puter circuitry, ha s m a de only one previous
appearance in print to the wr iter's knowledge .
T his h andy little circuit erases background
noise but lets the audio sig n a l through .
Th is feat is accomplish ed by limiting, not the
peak level, but th e trough value of the audio
wave. Inst a nt a n eous voltage s below the limit-
ing level are su pp r essed, while all above the
level go through .
Th is works with sp eech because of it s syl-
la bic power content - the s am e reason that
SSB amplifiers have a h ig h power rating and
t hat clipp ing h el ps in cr ea se AM tran smitter
talk power.
Experiments have sh own that more than 10
percent of an audio sig n a l can be removed
without losi ng in t ellig ib ilit y. The trough
limiter remove s on ly t he low-level portion of
the sig n a l- bu t at the sa m e time eliminates a ll
backgrou n d h is s.
Although trough limiters can be built in
either s er ies or shunt, half-wave or full -wave
configuration, only the full-wave ser ies circuit
proves p r a ct ica l for - communications work (if
you like to experiment, any peak limiter u sing
In operation, t he diode s are biased for non-
conductio n without sig n a l. A n y sign a l voltage
lower in valu e than the b ias level fin ds an ope n
circu it at the d iode and can not r each t he out-
p ut st ag e. Bias level is ch osen so t h a t random
noi se is just below t he bias-voltage val ue.
S ignal voltage h igher t han the bias value
f orces the diodes into conduction, thu s closing
the circuit to the output st a g e a nd allowing
aud io th rough.
That wraps up t hi s discus sion of noise-
limiter circuits , with advantages and disa d-
vantages listed for every type. Wi th thi s infor-
mation , you can now answer for yo ursel f t hat
question, "What is a good noise limiter?"
S im ply pick the one whose advantages, f or
your need s, ou t weigh its disadvantages , again
balanced against yo ur own req uireme nts.
If you want to go deeper int o t he t heo ry a nd
des ign of n oise lim iters, a number of reference
works and articles u sed in t he preparation of
this article are listed in the bibliography.
Happy m obiling ! oorn
BIBLI O GRAPH Y
1. F renc h. ' VIJ KZ, T h e Zero Clipper, R adio
and Televis ion N ews , May, 1958, page 40 ,
2. Good man , ' VID X, The P ierso n KE-93 Re-
ceiver, QST, May, 1957, page 43.
3. Langford -S m ith, T he R adioiron Design er's
H andbook*, pages 694-699 a nd also page
113l.
4. Orr. ' V6SAI. New 11lobile H asuib ook v , pages
81-9l.
5. Or r, ' V6SAI. Radio H an d book *, 15t h Edi-
tion, pages 227-231.
6. Radio Amateur's H an d book , ARRL.
7. Stiles. K5ENB, I F Noise Limiter, QST ,
J u n e, 1960 ( see a lso refe rence 5, pa g e 229,
f or this circuit).
8. Terman , Electronic and Radio Eng ineer-
ing*, 4th Edition, pages 618-621.
9. Tot.h, Noi se and Out put Limiters, Elec-
tronics, Nov. 1946, page 114; Dec. 1946,
page 120.
*Available f rom R adio Bookehop ,

Leave it t o A ll ie d Radio to come up with the best

New world globe deal yet. This is a 12/1 glo be which has
all of the country prefi xes on it plus an arrangement
for you to pu t on a direction indicato r which wi ll give

Products you the direction and distance of any spot from your
OTH. The special pivot post allows you to cus tomize
the globe for your own loc at io n. The globe rotates
in either a polar or equitorial plane. Price is only
World Globe $11.95 from Allied Radio, 100 N. W est e rn Ave.,
for Hams Chicago 80, Illinois.

24 • 73 M A G AZI N E NOVEMBER 1960

 Measure
Your
.Jirn Kyle. KSJKX/ 6

Modulation 1851 St e nford Ave.

Sente Susene. C elij.

F YOU'RE still us ing A M ( as many of us are) J short li n es of the overlay.

I you know that you must have adequate Now all you have to do is note wh ich over lay
nodulation level to achieve s u cces s f u l commu- line the sh or t edge of the trapezoid ri ses t o,
nica tion. and read off modulation percentage directly.
)OIany conscientious ha ms use scopes to Note that level s higher than 90 percent are
-nonitor t heir mo d ulation level an d g uard a lmost u nreadable-if yo u reach this leve l,
against over mod u lat ion with it s conseq uent you 'll get out. Broa d ca s t stat ions are on ly r e-
splatter and chances of pink slips. Few, t hough, quired to ma inta in a level of 85 percent.
have any idea just how great their average H er e 's how the measuring gadget works :
modulation level is. By definition, the modulation percentage of
Here's a simple overlay sc reen for your mod- an AM s ig n a l is express ed by the formula
monitor scope w h ic h will tell you your modula- Ecrest - ztrough
tion perce ntage a t all ti m es. W ith t h is k nowl- ECl'est + Et r ough X 100.
ed ge, you ca n t hen do w hat you like to raise Ecrest is t he peak voltage, an d Etr ough is the
.he percentage as close to 100 as you dare . min imum voltage, during a modulation cycle.
To use the overlay, have a positive photo- Th e conventional trapezoid pattern of a mod-
zopy made at a commercial blueprint su p p ly monitor portrays thi s relation ship graphica lly.
hous e, in the right size to fit your s cope s cr een. The high end of t he trapezoid is a m ea su r e-
I'he exact size you need is dete r m ined ma inl y m en t of p ea k voltage, a nd t he low s ide m eas-
Jy you r mo d -mo n itor ci rc uit, b ut t h e long , ver- u r es m in imum voltage. A udio voltage fe d to
iicul side of the trapezoid pattern mu st touch the horizontal p lates s im p ly provides a sweep
the two outside lines of the overlay. directly proportional to the modulation cycle.
The illustration is printed in the proper pro- The overlay pattern is a calculation of the
oort .i on for many mod-monitors. If the size is values of minimum voltage for arbitr a ry
-ig h t fo r you r m on it or, sim p ly t r ace it f r om mod ul a tion level s, in term s of t he peak voltage.
.h e page onto clear acetate, using I nd ia ink Theref or e, w he n p eak voltage is ad justed-
md a fine-poi nted pen.
w h ichever route you take, when you have (Co ntinued on pa ge 56)
.h e finished overlay ready affix it to th e face of
Tou r s cop e tube with transparent tape so that
.he dotted vert ical line an d t he long li n e
nat-ked " 100" cross at t he ce n te r of t he t u be
rn d the 100 li n e is p arall el to t he h or izont al
lefl ect ion of the tube.
Turn on the transmitter and apply a test
on e. This may be s ome GO-cycle ac coupled into
.he a udio from a filame nt line, or the ou t p u t
If a test osc illator. \Vh istli ng into t he m ike
vcn't p roduce a steady enough output to a dju st
he mon itor.
Adju st the coupling between the monitor
·f input and the final until the vertical peaks
If the trapezoid pattern barely touch the "0"
ines of t he overlay. T h e over lay ma y require
ad j ust m en t up or down t o ma ke both lin es
.ou ch the pattern at t he same t ime.
If neces sary, adju st the monitor's horizontal
rain control so that the point of the trapezoid
: 0 1' the s hor t edge, if your pattern doesn't come
.ut to a poi nt) falls in the a r ea covered by the

73 MAG AZ IN E • 25
Some Hard Facts About Echo
Don G oshay W6 MMU
8352 W e st lawn Ave nue
Los A ng e les 45, C a lifor nia

ELL, the long-awaited balloon is now in

W orbit, and a s pecta cu la r thing it is. B e-
s ig n a l is the s am e
it, or if se pa r a t e
a s t h at which transmitted
but s im ila r antennas are
fore I r ead the n ewspaper, I wa s aware som e- used, Gt will eq ua l Gr and t h en the expres si on
thing big wa s up ( no pun intended) by the GtGr ca n be called sim ply Gil. For a parabola :
s p ace talk a cross th e 144 and 220 me bands.
Soon I came a cross W6B UT and W6DQJ on (2) G ~ (.5) 4~,A - 2: :\ o n:
two m eters m aking ready to try som e balloon
boun ce on 1296 me. Fine idea, I t h ought, and
ru shed about settin g up the 4 fo ot di sh and
G2 = h~:\2 (3)
the cryst al controlled rig on 1296 me. where A is t he ph ysical a rea of the parabola.
After the balloon had cr ossed the sky and no Also, f or a p arabola:
sig n a ls were heard, ca lm again prevailed. I
began to wond er just how lou d these sign a ls (4) A ~ rrt AKI) A 2 _ rr:~'
from 1000 miles ou t in sp a ce shou ld actually
be. I recall ed doing s ome moonbounce com p ut a - where d is the diameter of the parabola. If (5 )
tion s a f ew years ago an d dug them out. The is s ubst itu t ed for A ll in (3 ) :
il = 4 1r
2
1r d
2 4
= 1r 4 d~
moon return s ign als were weak ( on paper) , so
weak in fact , that on ly with h igh p ower out- (6) G ;\4 16 4 ;\ 4
put, la r ge antennas, and extremely sensitive r e- From the a ssumptions made r egarding th e
ceivers with n arrow bandwidth, could the job sca t t eri ng property of the satellite :
be done. The W4AO, W 3GKP, W6QKI, and ".1)2
W2NL Y exper iments a few years a go had ~= -
verifi ed thi s. In f a ct, t hese brave f ellows w ere 4
su ccessf u l in getting moon returns only a fra c- where D is the diameter of the sa tellit e.
t ion of t h e t imes a ttempted.' If equation s (6) and ( 7 ) are s ubstit u ted for
S o, a sim ila r comp u t ation wa s made for t he GtGr and in equation (1), the foll owing is
case of t he s a tellite . First, t h e s atellite was the result a nd defines the total path los s :
a s sumed to be a perf ect sp h er ical r efle ctor Pt ~ P ATH LOSS =
with a scattering cross-sec tion equ al t o a flat Pc
di sc of the sa me di amet er.' This is actuall y an
accurate approach for a s pher e of a n y wave-
(4".)3 R'
J'r D2 1r 4d 4
_ 1024 ~2 n'
1r2])2d4
(8)
lengths in diameter . N ext, I was in terest ed in 4 ;\2 4 ;\ 4
determining the st rengt h of m y own r eturn
s ig n a l, and not that r eflected t o some distant The ratio of the sig n al receive d to the s ign al
s t a t ion . This do es not in volve too much er r or , t r a nsm it t ed is the r eciprocal of thi s:
but what er r or there is, is in t he di r ection of a Pr 2
".21) d ' (9)
st r onger r etu rn sig n a l. That is t o sa y , the Pt = 1024 ~' R '
sig n a l reflected back into on e's own antenna
will be so m ewh a t stronger t h a n that which Equation (9) sh ows t h at th e m ag n itu de oi
might find its wa y into an antenna at a dis- the sig n a l received for a g iven amount ot
tant point. tran smitter power will be directl y proper-tiona .
The sim p lest way t o b egin t h is sort of thing to :
1) The square of t he s a t ellite diameter.
is to r esort to the st a n dar d "Radar Ran ge
Equation" :a 2 ) The fo urth pow er of the parabola di-
ameter.
Path loss, including ant enna g ain The received s ignal will be inversely pre.
_ (h) '
0' ;\ll
n'
GT G n
(1) portional t o :
1) The square of the wavelen gth.
where 2 ) The [ ourih. lJow er of the d ist ance be,
R = the dist ance to the sa tellite tween th e antenna and the s a tellite
If equ a t ion ( 8) is worked out for t he case
'" = the scattering cross section of t he satellite
of ECHO I for 1296 me and 4 f oot dishes , t h e
;\ = t he wavelength
result ind icates a path loss of at least 22 3 db
GT = transmitting- an tenna gain Now if some lu cky ham has a 500 wa t t out
GR = receiving nntennn g-ain put (not input) kly stron on 1296 me, his r eturr
If the antenna u sed to r eceive t h e retur n sig n a l will never ex ceed - 166 dbm when u sing
 a -I foot parabolic antenna. If thi s same fellow
has a 1296 mc receiver with a 2 db noise figure
(assuming hi s parametric ampl ifier is work ing
well), and h is if strip h as a bandwidth of 5 kc,
he will jus t be able to h ea r a signal of - 146
dbm . This mea n s t he s ign a l h e is looking for
w ill never be an y bet t er t ha n 20 d b ( 100 times)
below the r eceive r noi se level. Th is is provided ,
of cou rse, t h at hi s ant enna is t racki n g- t he
satellite p er f ectl y.
T he situatio n could be improved , on p aper.
by u si ng a larger ant en n a . B u t thi s would nar-
row the a n ten na beam width and complicate th e
track ing problem s u fficien tly to make it impos-
s ible, except for the most s op h isti ca t ed track-
ing- s ystem s.
The next question that m ight be a sked is
"how does t his performance compare w ith that
when us ing th e moon a s the p a ss ive reflector?"
\Vhil e t he moo n is m u ch la r g er than t he 100
f oot satelli te, is is 23 9 t imes a s f a r a way. T h e
return sign a l depends on the squ are of t he re-
fl eet er di am et er, but gets weaker by t he fourth
power of t he di stance.
H'
Path loss a D2
H4~fOOX
moon path los s D ~~IOOX ( and to encou r a g e them to higher technical at-
= -,--:;
H::":::":::IO<
=H:.;
I '""'
balloon path loss = H 1mlloon
4 tainments and abilities by means of t echnical
D.\100S ) '
D 2hu IlO(lJl ( Dbulloon
(23!l)' 32.8 x 10" "3(.,
~ ( 2t 50 x 5280) 2 = 139 X 10 8 =. ...
100
Thi s mea ns t h at t he moon p a th loss w ill be
about 6 db less t ha n t he sa tell ite path los s , or,
in other words , t he received s ignal would be
6 db stronger from the moon. Th is is provided
that the moon had a s good a reflection effi-
ciency a s the balloon. I n reality, it does not.
A rough gues s would in dica te the r eceived aig-
nal would be a bou t the same in either case.
So if you h a ve been unab le to com municate
via t he m oon, t he foreg oing ana lys is indica tes
you will be unable to do so via t he E CH O I
satellite with t he s ame equi p me nt. The problem
is com poun ded b y the satellite's ob viou s ly
grea ter angu lar velocity a cros s t he sky over
that of the moon.
If you would lik e to estimate w hat it would
take to communicate via the s a t ell ite. t h e
charts given below will enable you t o d o so
without becom ing- entangled in the a stro-
nomical numbers that crop up when using the
Radar Rang e Equation directly. I n the ex-
10m ple given above for 1296 me, the s ig.nal de-
ficiency was s h own to b e 20 db. F or di fferent
equi pmen ts and co nditio n s , ad d 0 1' su b t r a ct
th e correcti on s s hown on t he ch a rt t o th e 20 db
deficie ncy. n of t he fi r s t under t hi s p rogram . This publica-
1 : QST. Ma rch , 19 53.
2 : " l\I ic r o ~·a v t' Ant t'nna Tht'ory a n d Dt'!liltn" by S . Sjlve s-,
Radiation Lab. S er-ies, McGraw H ill. P age 5.
3: "Reference Data (or Radio Ene-jnH n" Fourth Edi t ion,
Inter-natfonal Telt'phone and TelE"R'raph Cor p . Page 804..
... ...... u .. ...... n In"'n
Policies
H e re are the ba sic policies which will
g uide 73 .
Policy # 1: We are not mad at anybody.
Policy # 2 : Amateur Radio, in its dual role a s
a mean s of arousing- the interest
of young-sters and providing the basi c training
for entry into the field of elect ron ics, one of
the largest and most prom ising fields we ca n
see ahead. and a s on e of the most important
mea n s of commun ications between the peoples
of the world on a people-to-people basis instead
of thr ough the p re ss 01' g overnme nt cha nnel s,
is probably t he most important hobby in t he
worl d today. \Ve ca n keep it im portant by be-
ing nvvare of what is going on in our hobby
and by be ing techn ically up to date. 73 Maga-
zine is ded icated to bringing into focus the
frontiers of amateur radio. It will st r ive to
I h lOO X ) ' broaden th e technical interes t of the amateurs
and construction art icles written by t h e best
talent available.
- 6. 3db
- Policy # :J: F ew talented writers have con-
tin ued t o buck the p r esen t sy st em
whereby t hey either r ece ive n oth in g for t heir
efforts or else have to wait from one to three
years for minimal pay. 73 ha s establish ed the
policy of paying for all accepted a r t icles with
immediat e cash. This seems to b e bringing new
lif e to the field for we are r eceiving top n otch
articl es by some of the bes t au thors in the
hobby.
Policy # 4: It is our intention, th e SEC per-
m itti ng, to open t he ow nersh ip of
Ama t eu r R adio Publis h in g', In c., to interested
a mateurs so t hat the ow ne r ship of t h e maga-
zine can be w idespread and the magazine will
be truly owned and run entirely b y licensed
ham s. 73 is being run under a very t ig h t econ-
om y until the break-even point of 15,000 circu-
lation is r eached.
Policy #5 : \Ve intend to e ncou r age and pro-
mot e the publ ication of bulletins
t o bring s pecia li zed operating news of the
ma ny fac ets of a m a t eu r radio : V HF, RT TY,
D X . T ram e H andl in e , T V . etc. T he Club Bu l·
leti n of Ma rv in L i pt on V E 3DQX wiII be one
tion, which is sen t to t he edito rs of a ll known
ham club bulletins t o provide them with a
m ean s of exchanging idea s, sh ould be back in
busines s thi s fall.
71 ~AGAZINE • 27
 "

Improving the
Signal to Noise Ratio of the

Conset Communicator

... a simple modificati on for a remarkable improvement

Bill H amli n WIM CA

17 Post Gote Roo d
Hamilton. Mossoc husetfs

T HE Gonset Communicator is certainly one

of the mo st versatile pieces of ham equip.
ment ever ma ss produced. I've u sed mine just
about everywh ere and really enjoyed it. But,
a s probably happen s to m ost engineers, the day
comes wh en a professional look comes into the
eye and s ome ser ious thought is g iven to hot-
rodd ing it. This may be a n a t ur al phenomeno n,
cr it may be a de layed result of readi ng about
417A converters and parametr ic amplifi ers.
My Two Meter Communicator II I was placed
u po n the ope r a ti n g table, d isemboweled, and
a n autops y performed on t h e front end. It
became obv ious that the destg ners knew what
t hey were doing- and that a ma jor r evision wa s
not practical. There wasn't r oom inside for a
parametric and it wou ld be awkward to mount
it outside, so I looked further. An easy way
out came to mind: a better tube for the re-
ceiver's front end. The resulting improvement
was beyond all expectations so I'm passing thi s
along for the re st of you to try.
S ince \Vor ld \Va r II, t here has been an
eve r increa s ing pr-es sure on tube des igners for
imp rove ments b ecau se of t he great and g row-
ing complexity of electron ic equip ment of all
sor ts and the competition of tran sisto r s. T ub e
designers have met thi s challenge and, even
though there ha s been no r eal break-through in
electron tube theory, there ha s been many
st a r tl ing new developments in design tech-
n clogy.
RF Tubes

Better perfor mance of r f am p lifie r s was

Fig . I brought a bou t in rece nt years by min iaturiza-
tion a nd improved electrode de sign by modi-
ficati on of prototype st r uct u r es. The cascode
CUT TURNS (See tellt) +--.... circuit, s u ch a s in the Communicator III front
\0 , " end, employing two st a g es of tri ode amplifica-
4TIUS I lIl1 ONLY CHANGES IN tion with a s pec iall y designed doubl e triode
ECCII/SOll 1 ORIGIN AL CIRCUIT
tube seemed t o be the culmination of engineer-
•• , I
." 1&"
ing effort for garden var-iety equipment.
·'.H
,'-' _ :: ---.
. ,
I
'" A good rf tube sh ould have a h igh-gain
AlI.
COIL
III
I
, ... :{'[ , eo"
bandwidth product and low n oise which is a
result of h igh transconductance, low inter -
electrode ca pacitances a n d low n oise r esi st a nce,
~ , ADD
In tub e design this m ean s closer spaci ng of the
Ale
220l ...
,,no!! /
THI S
RESISTOR gr id to t he cathode for h ig h er transcond uctance
410.
W·
-
.' U1

"
20. . .+
and finer g rid wires to hold capacitances and
noise to low values , A practical limit is reached
where the grid wires become so fine that they
can no longer adequately s u p por t themselves

28 • 13 MAGAZINE NnV~UR~R I OAA

 and the s pa ci ng is too close for reliable ser v-
ice without shor ts.
One approach to t he grid problem is to su p-
port t he grid wires on a rigid frame, thus, t he
grid wire s t hemselves do not have to s u p po r t
t he st r uct u re. T h is is called a frame-gr id tube
(See F ig. 2). With thi s t y pe of con struction
it is possible t o cut t he diameter of th e grid
wires to one ha lf t hat of the con ven t iona l tube
and a lso the grid may be moved closer to t he
cathod e.

A New Tub e for the Communicator

One of the fr a me-g r id tubes t hat is now

r eadily availa ble is t he CBS ECC88 /GDJ8. It
is a double triode designed for cascode am pl i-
fier ser v ice. It w ill replace ma n y conve nti onal
American tubes in t h is class of opera tion an d
provide su per ior per f or m an ce.
T he ESS88 /6DJ8 is tailor ma d e t o improve
pe rfor mance of t he Communicator III fro nt
end. It has a tran sconductance of 12,500
e m hos in typical operation with 90 vo lts ap-
plied, while t he 6BZ8 origina lly used in t he
Com municator III ha s a transconductance of
on ly 8,000 «m hos with a pla t e voltage of 125
volts. T he lower plate vo ltage of t he ECC88
ind icat es low er noi se output. I n compari so n,
if the voltage of the 6BZ8 were lowered t o
90 volts to reduce n ois e its tran sconductance
would drop d own t o a bout 6500 «m hos. I n ad-
d ition, t he ECC88's fra me-gri d s t r uctu re with
its fi ner gri d wires r educes elect r on s hot n oise
ca used by the random impact of electron s
again st the grid wir es .
T o see what a dj ustments were necessary
fo r s u bst it u t ion, when the characteristics of the
ECC88/6DJ8 were compared t o t hose of the
6BZ8 it showed that only th e plate vo ltage ha d
to be adj usted to obtain p roper operating con-
ditions. In other word s, s hif t in g the pla t e to
a lower voltage brought all ot her pa r a m et er s
in li ne so that the gr id biases were properly
Class A without furt her a d justment. ( Type
GBZ8 operates at Class A with 125v plate,
- 1.0 volts grid, and 10 rna plate cur rent. T ype
ECC88 operates with 90 volts plate, - 1.3 volts
gr id, and 15 rn a plate current.)
Reducing the voltage of each sect ion of the
tube wa s s im ply accomplis hed by inser ti ng one
ser ies resistor of 1200 ohms in t o the B plus
power lea d. T his take s care of both sections
of the tube a s they are in ser ies in the cascode
circuit (See Fig. 1) .
One unexpected difficu lty a ro se in t hat in-
st abilit y a nd oscill a t ions occ urred in se ver a l
places of the band. This wa s d ue to th e slig h tly
higher capacity of the ECC88 /GDJ 8. T he r eso-
nant fre quency of t he plate to cathode co n-
nected neu t r a lizing coil (L I02) with th e in-
ternal tube capacitances mu st be lower t han
the rece iver frequency. T he instable condition
was easily rectified by reducing the s ize of
The ECC8 8/ 6DJ8 hig h- gai n twin triod e with
true frame-grid constr uction is now available
fro m C BS El ectro nics, ma nufact uring d ivi sion
of Columbia Broad ca sting Syste m, In c. Th e
g rid its elf is shown to t he left of the t ube.
coil LI02 t o abou t one half of its or ig ina l
s ize. L I02 can be located g oing th rough the
sh ield between t u be socket pins 3 and 6. Either
wind a new coil of 4-turns and :JA inch di a m et er
or cu t the original LI 02 . Further adjustment
ma y be necessary b y s t r et ch in g t he sha pe of
the coil until no s p u rious oscillations are de-
tected wh en tuni ng over the en ti r e 2-meter
band.
After th ese cha nges are made and the Com-
municator reassembled, t he in te rs t a g e r f t ran s-
former should be peaked with the rf tri mmers
accessible t h rough t he two front holes in the
bottom of t he case.
T he noi se level with the new t u be is so m uch
lower than originally that it may be a lit tle
diffi cu lt to tun e to max imum on the no ise level.
If a noi se generator is not ava ilable, then an
incoming s ig na l may be u sed, pref erable a
s t ea d y low level s ig na l. It shou ld be unneces-
s a ry to touch the in p u t st ag e a s it is an un-
t u ned-b r oa dba nd circuit t hat is effected very
little by s lig h t differ ences in input capacity
between the origina l t ube and t he new tube.
The com pleted conversi on is so good from
the noi se st a nd point that m ost of the remain-
ing noi se is g ener a t ed in the con ver t er st a g e.
It would now be appropriate to work ou t a
reduction of noise in th is area. 73

NOVEMBER 1960 13 M AG AZ INE • 29

 P teturee processed by Joe Kwetnewsk! W 9UT D.
NE phase of our stim ul ati ng hobby t hat
O new a mateurs a nd a goo d ma j or ity of old
timers s hy a wa y fr om, is t he buildi ng of re-
ceivers. Th ey see them a s an oct op us or a s
something more frig-h t ening and sh ield th em-
selves beh ind the old phra se, "It's chea pe r t o
buy, so why rack you r b r ai n? "
Th!s statement only ho lds wate r in cases
where each and every item of the pla nn ed
project necessitates fabrication by other crafts-
men besides yourself, so even if you get a
bargain on construction, costs will mount up to
a prohibitive figure. But if man or boy leans
toward such past-time, bird watching would be
more advantageou s than the choice of radio
a s a hobby.
30 • 73 MAGAZIN E
It's sur prisi ng t o lea r n that a r eceiver is no
more difficul t t o des ign and const ruct t ha n is a
tran smitter or- any other electro n ic d evice if
it's broken down into sect ions. It does look
com plica ted if you take a peak at the und er-
s ide of it and see the wir ing and the m an y
associ ated compone nts ; but so does a t r a nsm it-
te r if you j ust gl impse at t he bottom of it.
However, if you se pa rate eac h t ube a nd t heir
com ponents in to s t ages and j ust exami ne each
stage in succession, a ll the myst ery va n ishes
rapidly.
T he receiver herewith described required a
lot of pla n ning, numerous changes and some
borrowed tools before the completed unit was
buttoned up as a finis hed project, but believe
NOVEMBER 1960

m e, it was a ch a llen ge a nd fun immensly en -
j oyed, fo r th ere is nothing that will give you
more se lf s a tisf act ion than se lf ex pr ess ion in
your chose n art .
Actually thi s receiver wa s planned and built
around th e xtaI cont r olled con verters described
in the October iss u e of "73" and it is used a s
a double co nversion tunabl e if that tunes 13 to
18 me. Th e sensiti vity of t h is if is better than
.1 microvolt on AM, st ab ili za t ion t ime is about
10 minutes, and b a n d wid t h les s than 3 k c a t
3 db down on AM a nd SS B a nd 150 k c on FM.
Reception of all modes of sign a ls is p os sible
and a ll necessar y con t rols a re p r ovided within
easy reac h an d a re .. . RF a n d IF Gain Con-
trol, An ten na T r im mer, Osc, Vernier, T one
NOVEMBER 1960
Tri-Mode
Mon ito r
J ohn W o nsowicz W9DUT
422 7 N. O rio le Avenue
Norrid g e 34, Illinois
Co nt rol, A V C S wi t ch, H i-Z Output, External
Con verter Outpu t , etc. It has an illuminated
S-meter ca lib r a ted in S- u n its and micro-volts
a t the antenna input and an accurately cali-
brated la r g e drum dial which is back-lash
proof.
Th e panel with a ll nom enclature engraved is
8%x 19" stan da r d aluminum g r a y cr a ck le fini sh
that ca n be rack m ounted.
The drum dial wh ic h is m a ch in ed from a
solid piece of alumi num has eigh t ba n ds of
ca li brated scales, and a bove th is drum are
eight 1,4 n lucite plugs inserted into the panel
wi t h nu mbers f rom 1 to 8 en g r a ved in the
panel below them to des ign ate t he band in u se.
These luci te plugs are illuminated by the s a me
73 MAGAZINE • 31
 Schematic diagram I

ALL COILS APE CTC PL S~/a

to
Iii ~
,0 CERt.MIC
i SLUG TUNED R, F. COILS FOR TRH~OtJE: MONITOR
• 1I0 .....Tttt ""l(ll.,tO C"'''''COTOIlI
ANTEI'jNA COIL R. F. SEC
\o j-Ill llI""S Il ~' tN~.. tc., CLOSE _ W NO I IlOfOIl " 24 ....1 fIIU (4 Ill()f:Sj c- " OCIIFl t O T\lI'I'''G C ' ACITOIl
lI.-O l ~Nf~NN~ "ItNO'''~ - 4 TIIIlHll • • • 'l"'$1'C _'lit "'1 cO'-o UO) C'- "" 11 1Il'''Wf:Il$ 10 '
MIXER SlC ,,· ....a.e - ..~lLO IlT laoc
RF PLAT[ Ca ll 1 1101011 ' 2 4 .. "" ......~ 14 SIOEM ~ a... OfG, ~ POlE, II 'oa'f"'"
n, ta, T3 ,-IJ, W, " lllElI)6l0'
1 4 -(.I. W. ...le lEII ) 6Z04 01$(;,
OSC. SlC.
T~, TA, Tt- (J. W. "" LlER i l2 - 1l1
MIXER COil 2 " 0 10 11 $ .IT ONt tNO 0' e..."
... u,~ 16 ~'lIl S1 M.ll\'" e · 22 _
1.$-24 T\JA,. . " 16 u ......n. CLOS E "WilD.

H F osc COil
l 4 2' TIIIlll 3 _ l6 r.....lIOI: l . CI.OSE " O\,IN(I.
H AP T ru'"'' FIIO" eOl,.O (11(>1

STA101l:

t OOK

68E6
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A,I'j T CO.fl.l( t oo> ~ONPO
,
68A6
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, 0

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S Ui "~'- - - - ,II rco«
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u

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~o3 0 l~ N PO

',. ...--' 0 S18 '>--+, ~

BA O \: ! ,
,
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I
L
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L,,:+-----------'I-------....
-- - - - ---- --7
--------I---c!
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<> 0 S i c r ' NPQ 5Q
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STANCOR
PCS 40~

SWiTCH ON
A.F CON':" "

" ,
"'
'f' '' CONN
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5Y3
.. ..--
10 K L . r- tOOK
D A
NOBY SWITCH

32 • 73 MAGAZINE NOVEMBER 1960

-Mode V.H.F. Monitor

'" " >t ,

I.

'0.

6BA6
'"

r co« ,.
;f 005
~
lK l OOK
~ Jt

sse 'M

' - - - - - - - - - .. MCOE S WITCH

MALLORY IN C

0' '-<>-:t=J
VOLUME CONTROl. FR ONT
PANEL
SPE AKER
6 AV6 6 AQ5 ~

RE AR
> PANEL
SPEA KER

'"2 '

NOVEMBER 1960 73 MAGAZINE • 33

pilot lights that illuminate the scale of the
band in use .
T he sig na l st r eng t h met er wh ich is a 0 to 50
micro-amp wide view ;Ph " Simpson met e r, is
mou nted upside down so t hat it will indicate
fr om left t o right. This meter ha s a ha nd cali-
bra t ed sca le made of heavy bristol board
cem ented to the back of the or igina l sca le, and
above th e met er is a meter zero control 'w hich
is handy f or giving true sig na l st reng t h read-
ing" usi ng zero noise r eference.
The S-meter and the drum dial are fram ed
by a n escutcheon milled out of a 3"x ll"x %"
aluminum plate and s pra yed with black crackle
ena mel t o match the rest of the trim. In this
fram e a piece of %" plexig'laas is mounted with
a fine line sc r ibed and fi lled with I nd ia ink in
t he section of the drum dial on ly, and is used
a s a ha ir line for th e sca les .
Bla ck han dles we re provided f or ease of ca r -
r yi ng the r eceiver, al so a s mea ns of prot ecting
the dial a nd kn obs f rom damage.
Construction
It is es t a blis hed t ha t no two persons will do
th e same j ob alike, t he refo re , just a lig ht de -
scr ipt ion covering the mechanical details will
be outlined, and a re a s follows :
The main chassis of thi s receiver is s ha ped
on a brake generally found in the sheet metal
sho ps and is -h " thi ck aluminum formed with
H • 73 MAGAZI NE
a ledge 1lh " dee p and 4 %" w ide on t he back
e nd of th e chassi s to hou se the seven converters.
The f ront part of t his chassis is 3 1h" deep
with a lh" lip t ur ned down so t hat it ca n be
fas tened to the front pa nel. The sides of the
chassis a lso ha ve %" lips and are fa stened to
the side plates which in turn are secured to the
fro nt pa nel and ser ve a s brackets. T he fi nished
chassis , a s s hown in t he photograph, is 17"
long and overall width of 13" of which 8 %"
is 3 %" deep. All cut-outs are easily made since
that type of chassis can easily be held in the
vise. A fte r the chassis is formed, tube socket
holes are punched and necessary cut-outs made
with a hack sa w blade or a nibling tool. Upon
com pletion, the chassis is given a lye bath a nd
s pr -ayed with clear a cr ylic (top only) for nea t
a ppea r ance. T he dust covers over the main
t uning cap a cito r and d r um dial are a lso t re at-
ed in t he sa me manner.
The fa ce of th e receiver, which const itutes the
panel and a ll necessar y cont rols, w a s ca refully
pla nned and luyed out so t hat pro pe r fun ction
cont rols a re at t he finger-tips a nd t he a sso-
ciated circu it s nice ly grouped for ease of wir-
ing. While most of the compo nents on the f a ce
of th is r ecei ver a re standard, t he mai n tuning
dial knob that drives the capacitor with the
attached drum was turned out on a lathe and
a standard 0 to 100 divi sion 2%" dial was at-
tached to it. Behind the panel of thi s dial is a
large brass inertia fly wheel driving the main
NOVEMBER 1960
 tun ing capacitor. F a st excursion from one end
of th e ba nd to the ot her is possible by giving
the dial a few s pins.
T he dru m used a s the frequency d ial is m a-
chined fr om solid stock and is 5" in dia mete r
a nd B" long. It is secu r ed to th e end of t he
mai n tuning capacitor by a 5 / 16" cou pli ng
which is fasten ed to the 5 /1W' drill-rod sha ft
running t hrough the drum . T he drum ha s 2
pa r all el grooves and cla m ps to fit, so that a
plas t ic or paper sca le can eas jly be secu r ed.
Those th at wi sh to duplicate the appearance of
th is receiver ca n su bst it u te a cardboard tube
cr a tin coffee ca n for t he ma chi ned d ru m w ith
s lig ht modifi ca t ions.
T he hear t of t he r ece iver is, a s u sual, a
rrocd rugged tuning capacitor. Thi s one wa s
found in a su r plus store and modified to cover
the 5 me tuning range. The only information
ava ilable on thi s capacitor is the two numbers
in k st a m ped , D-227464-2 and W 504. The de-
scr ipt ion is a s follows: T hree gang with right
angle worm dr ive. A nar-row d r u m d ial a bou t
%" wide divided in to ao d ivisions is mou nted
betwee n t he wide s pa ced sect ion an d t he a d-
j acen t clo se s pa ce sect ions. T he first close
s paced sect ion has 7 r otor and 7 s t a tor plates,
th e second close s pa ce sect ion ha s 6 r otor and
fi s t a tor plates and the th ird sect ion, wh ich is
deuble s pa ced , ha s 7 r otor and 6 s t a tor plates.
The or ig ina l maximum ca pa cit ies were as fol -
lcws : 1s t sect ion 152 mmfd, 2nd sect ion 115
-.!-!-_------------- -
NQVE t.A 8ER 1960
mmfd and the double s pa ced section which is
used a s th e H F oscillator tuning had 88 mmfd.
A ft er modification , which wa s removing
rotor plates only, the maximum capacities a re
a s fo llows : F irst and second sectio n 24 rn m f d
and osc. s ect ion 22 m mf'd. Th is capac itor ha s
no st op a nd non e wa s provided so th at con-
tinu ou s tu ning can be ac hieved. Th e worm
drive mechanism wa s tried f or back-lash, but
no noticeable effec ts were evident t h r oug h the
nicely matched and s pr ing loaded gears.
I n t he event t hat this capacitor cannot be
found, I would s uggest that a ny t hree gang
rugged capacitor be used by stripping r ot or
plate s (t hose a re easie r to take off ) a nd r educ-
ing the max. tu ning capacity to a rou nd 25
mmfd. Or d inarily only 1 rotor plat e w ill be
used to get t he d esired 25 mmfd r ange. Another
alternative is to u se three Hammarlund l\1 C-
358 ca pa ci t ors, cou ple them tog et her with solid
brass cou pli ngs and us e a Millen N o. 10012
r ight angle drive with a plannetary drive d ial
or a redu ctio n dr ive mec hani sm Millen type
10000.
Circuits
Th e 6BA6 rf s t a ge, besides being an ampli-
fier, al so doubles a s a s ig na l strength indi-
cator by inserting a properly sh u n t ed micro-
ammeter or milliameter in the cold end of the
rf coil L2 a s s hown in the s chema tic. This
73 MA6AZINE • 35
stage is provided with the us ual variable
cathode bias to control the rf gain and ha s
A VC app lied to it s grid.
The anten na trimmer capacitor wh ich is a
35 mmfd variable is in s hu n t with the first
section of th e main tuning capacitor u sed to
tune the grid of thi s st a ge and does a fine job
of peaking.
The plate circ uit is inductively coupled by
L2 to L3 the sig na l grid of the 6BE6 first
mixer. A s ma ll amount of capacity had to be
added f or tighter coupling due to the spa cing
of these coils whi ch are independent of each
ot her and s paced th o on center. This is also
shown in the sc hemati c.
T est points were provided in both st a ges a s
a bet t er mean s of metering during alignm ent
of t he circuits.
The tunable oscill a tor is a Hartley, u sing
a 6C4 tri ode; it s plate r eturning directly t o
the VR-150 r egulator. No negative co-efficient
ca pacitors were used for "st abilizing since the
sett li ng tim e is very shor t due to the air trim-
mers, cer a mic coil f orms and N PO ceramic
ca pa cito rs used in all rf circuits. A 15 mm fd
t u ning ca pa cit or in ser ies with a 1 mmfd
ceramic is added from cathode of t he oscillator
to ground for fine tuning in the SSB and CW
mode. A s ma ll d ia l is provided for it on the
front panel a nd it is engraved "Oscillator
Verni er."
T he fir st mixer is a st a nda r d mixe r circu it
emp loying a 6BEG pentagrid converter tube
with a sepa r a t e osc ill ator. The g r id coil L3 in
th is circuit ha s a cera mic fo rm an d t he 50
mmfd gr id coupli ng capacitor is a cera mic
N PO.
The output of the first 6BE6 mixer is fed
through two s t ages of 4.5 me, if using 6BAG
a s ampli fiers. The cathode of the first if s t a ge
is brought to a if gain control on the front
panel, and its grid circuit tied to t he AVe bus.
The out p ut of the second s t a ge ties int o the
6A U6 limiter st a g e ; thi s in turn drives a GAL5
di scriminator. N egative voltage developed at
the junction of the lOOK resis tors is f ed back
to the AV e lin e through a 1 meg isolation re-
sis tor . Av e switch is provided on the front
panel to ground the AVC bus.
The ou t pu t of the di scriminator passes
through a RC filter to a closed circuit phon e
jack on the fron t panel for HI-FI take off on
FM only. This j ack is eng r a ved "H I-Z Out-
put". From thi s jack audio voltage is fed t o a
two st age audio amplifier consist ing of a 6A V6
triode sect ion and a 6AQ5 power amplifi er.
A t the grid of the seco nd 4.5 mc if amplifier
a sig na l tak e-off through a 10 mmfd ~PO
capacitor is f ed to t he sig na l grid of the second
6BE6 mi xer. This mixer uses a self cont a ined
crystal oscillator oper a t ing on a freq . of 4238
kc and converting the 4.5 me sig na l to the low
freq. if of 262 kc.
Two low f req uency 2G2 kc if st a g es are used
f or amplification. These stages are very low
36 • 73 MAGAZINE
noi se devise s due to their circu it r y. As sho wn on
the sche ma t ic, the ca t hodes are grounded and
the plate and screen circuits oper a t e at relative-
ly low voltages. You will also notice that the
plate and grid circuits are sh u nt con nect ed
and are coupled to their r espective if tran s-
f ormers by 3.3 mmfd NPO cer a mic capacitors .
This system proved t o be very effecti ve in
r educing the noise to t he minimum and not
effecting the over -a ll amplification of the sig-
nal. The seconda r y of the last tran sformer is
connected t o a GA L 5 which is used a s t he
second detector, AV C r ectifier and a very sim-
ple bu t effective noise limiter. H ere is another
ni ce f eature that r eader s might enj oy : t he
absence of ANL switch. In most cases known
t o th e a utho r , s uch a switch is always in t he
" on" position. By choosing t he proper t ime
con stant values in the ANL cir cuit for a com-
promi se of audio quality and clipping th e
s wi tch was eli mi na ted.
A t t he seconda r y of the last 262 kc if tran s-
former a sig na l take-off through a 12 mm fd
NPO ceramic ca pa citor is fed t o the sig na l grid
of another 6BEG conve r ter which is used a s a
product detector for SSB and a C\V mix er. Th e
or d ina r y tunable BFO was replaced by a crys-
tal oscillator of 262 kc which has the advan-
tage of stabilit y. Th is fe a ture is desirable in
SSB tuning since the only drift possible is in
the hf tunable oscillator, a nd that ha s been
taken care of a s me ntioned earlier in the ar -
ticle.
T he a udio fro m the produc t detector is take n
off t he plate through a RC fil t er a nd t ied in
wit h the A M second det ect or and the FM d is-
crim inator a s sho wn on the schema t ics . This
audio voltage is capacitively fed into the .5
meg volume cont r ol which t ies al so to a 5 posi-
tion tone switc h used for high fr equency at-
tenuation.
The output of the power amplifier tran s-
former is coupled to two s peaker phone jacks,
one on the fr ont panel and the ot her on the
back of the chassis. The front jack is used t o
tryout different speakers , a nd s uch an a r -
range men t is quite handy at time s.
Th e mode s witch applies the B + t o the par-
ti cular circuit in use and no unnecessary loops
or f eed ba ck was encountered in t his t y pe of
sim ple switching.
The power s u pply is st a nd a r d full wave r ec-
tifier, well filt ered pr oducing 220 volts at 120
rna. An additi onal 6.3 V a t 3 amp heater t r a ns-
f ormer wa s added to take ca r e of the additional
illumina ti on and con ve r t ers. An OA2 r egula tor
t ube s u p plies voltage t o hf t u nable oscill ator
and th e bias f or rf and if circuits.
In conclusion , a word a bou t tuning might
be in order . A ve ry pronou nced feature is evi-
dent during excursions of t he tuning dial be-
tween sig nals. \Vit h the audio control set at
mid point very little noise is heard in t he
s pe aker , then brace yourself wh en you tune
across a sig na l. 73
NOVEMBER 1960

• Roy E. Pefenberq
of toroidal indu ctances, ,,,,'oUTId on
T H E USE
ferrite cores, is becoming increas in g ly pop-
ular in critical appl ication s where th e charac-
t eristics of st a b ility, high Q. high inductance
to s pace ratio, low ex ter na l field , lack of prox-
im it y effects a n d the ease of obt a in ing balance
in ti g h tly coupled multi-winding un it s are de-
s ir able . Probably the most common commercial
u se is in the broad band input tran sformer
f ound in many TV tun ers.
Th e ferrite core, to roida l inductor is a na tu-
r al for amateur VFO use. The h igh Q r equired
f or s uch circuits a s the Clapp oscillator is
easfly obta ined in compact assemb lies and, de-
penden t on the m ounting arrangement, these
induct ors can he made a lmost immune to vib ra-
tion effects. Such an appli cation is described
in detail in the article, Au to mat ic T racki ng
l\lohiIe Sys te m, by Henry S . Keen, published in
the October, 1958 iss u e of Radio and T elevis ion
N ews.
There are many r ef erences in amat eur liter-
a t u r e r egardi n g t he use of toroid coupling
transformers in high frequency crystal filters.
The tight coupling that is obtai nabl e and the
degree of balance that may be achieved by the
use of bifilar winding t echniques id eally suit
t hem t o thi s application. Arnold and All en in
t heir arti cle, So me New Ideas in a Ham- Ba nd
Recei ver, publ ished in the May, 19GO issue of
QST, di scuss the s ubject and point out a ready
sour ce of the h igh frequency toro id coil f orms.
A s a point of in te rest , the use of f errite core
t oroidal t r a nsf or mers is n ot limi ted t o minute
power levels. The Techn ical Mater-ial Corpora-
tion is using these cores in a 500 watt balu n,
designed to match a 50-70 ohm trun smitter
ou t pu t to a 600 oh m balanced tran smis sion li ne.
One characteri stic of f errite cor ed induct ors
that may be put to g ood use is that the p er-
meability of the core, and thu s the w inding
inductance, may be changed by flow ing a
modulating s ig n al or an adjustable de bias cu r -
r ent through eit her the s ig na l winding or a
specia l winding add ed f or t hat pu rpose. T hi s
technique wa s employed in the Ferri-Sweeper,
a s wee p fr equ ency s ig n a l g enerator designed
for the alignment of SSB filters. This instru-
me n t wa s or igin a ll y d es cr ibed in the old CQ
SS E Ha ndbook and was expanded on in an
~OVEMB ER 19bO
Toroid
Coils
P.O. Box 84-4-
Fort C layton, Cene! Zone
Photo taken b y Jim Gard n er
article by Wilfred 1\1. Scherer, 'V2AEF, in the
November, 1957 issue of C Q . The concept of
de t uning, applied to the resonating of ra dio
frequ ency circuits, offers unl imited possibili-
ties. I t is easy to vi sualize a complete multi-
ba nd t r a ns m itte r or commun ications receiver
g a n g tuned by a s in g le potentiometer which
would vary the magnetic bia s of the f errite
cor e inductors. T h is in trigu ing concept is de-
scr ibed by Kulinyi, Levine and Meyer, in their
articl e, 8SB in Hi gh F req uency Ve hic ula r Rad io,
which wa s published in the famou s "Sideband"
issue (December, 1956) of Proceed ings of the
IR E.
Th e advantages gained by the use of the
new f errite cores are not completely without
cost. Available core materials are more or les s
temper atu r e sensit ive and compensation is re-
quired for critical, f requency deter mini ng a p-
plications. The techniques u sed in conventional
ci r cu itr y are effective in th e case of the ferrite
cores and will n ot be detailed h ere. \Vhile the
win di n gs of a f errite core, toroidal inductor
are relatively immune to exter nal electrostatic
and electr om a g n eti c fi eld s, th is is not true of
t he core proper. Care mu st be exercised in
the placement of t hese inductors in relati on to
s t r ong magnetic field s and cr itica l circuits
s hou ld be magneti cally sh ielded. T h is r equire-
ment is easily met by the use of commercial,
plated st eel ch ass is.
One problem in the u se of these induct ors
is the difficulty of m ounting them in conformity
with good construction practice. The photo-
g-raph shows one method of assemb ling a n ea~,
workmanlike, elect r icall y st a b le and mecha;m-
cally sou nd m ounting. A s sh ow n , the mounting
consists of a ceramic feed-through insulator,
t he center bushing of which fits s n u g ly within
the center of the wound in d u ctor . This a s-
sembly is, in turn, secu r ed to a small cerami.c
post insulator with a brass screw . The top coil
t er m inal lu g is elect r ica ll y connected t o the
scr ew , whil e t he bottom lug is insulated fr om
the screw by the u se of sh ou lder type fiber
washers inserted b etween t he bottom h alf of
the f eed-through insulator and the ceramic
p ost. U s e of the fiber cushion washers s u p p lied
( Contin ued on page 561
7';1 )" AA(.:,..t..71".II: • ';17
 A
Five-Dalla r
Frequency
Meter
Jim Kyle KSJKXj6
185 1 St anford Ave.
Santa SUSOM,
to measure freq uency down to the
W ANT
last cycle per second'! Or maybe find t he
exact resonance point of that AF filter you've
just whipped together?
H er e's a gadget t hat ca n help you do either
of those, and more besides. RTTYer s will fin d
it handy for checking- frequency shift. Ex -
perimenters can u se it for measuring drift in
a VFO. And you will find many uses for it,
too , around yo ur own shack.
It's an a ud io f reque ncy meter , cost ing ap -
prox imately five dolla rs if all parts are pur-
chased new and taki ng only about an h ou r to
put together (less t ime than that if you're
used to home br ew tec hniques) .
W hile man y AF fr eq uen cy met er s have been
de sc ribed in p revious articles, n on e h a ve a ll
the advantages of thi s pocket-sized uni t. De-
s ig ned around the peculiar properties of most
tran sistors, it uses only n ine components
( a side fr om r a ng e-s wi t ch ing ci rcuitry) , is
r u g ged , and f eatu res hi gh accuracy.
Befor e getting in to the construction of t he
little gem, let's take a look at how it works.
The basic princ iples of the direct-reading
a ud io frequency meter h ave been with u s for
at leas t 15 yea r s (see the re fere nces). H ow-
ever, the limitation s of vacu um t ubes and later
Fig. I-Simplified Di4gra m
,- I'
'~
Dl' " _ '- D2 D' D'- t-
--' f-
• -e-
:-;: - U•
• tel' becomes less than one ohm, and the entir
C ali f.
of vacuum-t ube-d irected design techn iqu es
have kept the bea stie complicated eno ugh to
prevent many hams fr om building it.
T he block diagram in Fig. 1, ada pted f rom
T e r man's E lectr on ic and R ad io E ngine.er ing,
s hows the conve ntional circu it. Diodes Dl a n d
D2 limit t he s ig n a l to a defi n ite peak value.
Capacitor Cl differentiates the limited signal
into posit ive- and negative-going s p ik es. D iode
D3 shunts t he nega ti ve-g oing s pikes a round
the meter circ u it, whil e D4 allows the p ositiv e-
going s pikes to pass through t he meter. Th e
deflection of the meter is directly proportional
to the number of s p ikes which pass through it
within a g iven time.
A s sh own, t he circuit is simple enough . H ow.
eve r, the usu al input s ig n al is s mall- and t h is
circuit req uires sp ik es some 45 volts high tc
give an accurate indication.
P r evious designs have solved the problerr
by fi rst amplify ing the signal, then p a ss ing
it t hrough a limit er stage , a nd fin all y d if -
fere ntiati ng a nd mea suring it. See a ny of t he
construction references for further detail s.
The five-buck s peci al, on the other hand
u ses the s witch ing p rope rties of transi stors tc
a ccompl ish t he s a me p u r pose.
Look ing a t t he sc he matic d iag ram , F ig. 2
you will see that input signals go dir ectl y b
the base of Ql through the 470-<>hm current
lim iting res istor. Normally, sin ce the base i:
n ot forwar d-biased, Ql is cut off a n d p as se:
li t tle or no current . As a resu lt , t here is n t
voltage d r op in the 5600-ohm collector res iato
and the voltage at the collector is -9 volts.
\Vhen the negative half-cycle of an inpu
s ignal comes a long, however , t he pictu r
ch anges. T he negat ive input p laces For -wa r .
bias on the base, a nd when th is bias b ecom e
la rge enough, the tran si stor s wit ches t
saturation. Resi stance from collector t o emit
 .Ql
5600
CALIBRATING R
-.
·03
.00 SEE TEXT

·000 3
0-
+

2N107
470 SIA SIB
2N107
• 4 70
A C INPU 1200 •

Fig. 2-This is the diagram of the del uxe model. For t he five-dollar special, omit all switches and
co mpone nts associa ted with the m. Co nnect a ca pacitor of proper value in place of SIA. Ranges are:
O FF, 30 KC , 10 KC, 3 KC, I KC, and 300 CPS. Mete r is 0-1 mao
s upply voltage is dropped in t he collector re- Since t he amplitude of t he spikes is m -
sis to r . Collector voltage drops to zero. creased throu gh Q2's sw it ch ing a ction, an in-
Approximately 0.2 volts is the crossover ex pensive met er is hi ghly sat isf actory. The
point for the 2N107 used in this circuit. T his circu it provides linear operation u p t o ap-
makes 200 mill ivolts the s ma llest sig na l w hich proxim ately 10 mill iam ps cur r ent flo w t hr oug h
can be measured. Upper limit is determined by the meter. Earl ier de signs requi r ed movements
pu nch through voltage rating, and is about 10 in the 1 ma to 100 mi croamp range f or linear
volts f or thi s uni t. operation.
We have seen how a squa r e wave is de- That's how it works . N ow, to cons t r uction.
veloped at the coll ector of Q1 from a sine- P erforated pheno lic board makes a fin e
wave input. N ow let's look at the rest of the "chassis" f or t he t wo transi st ors and f our r e-
circuit. sist ors used . I built t he pr ototype on a sal-
Ca pa cit or C, the timing-reference unit, dif- vaged printed-ci rcui t boa rd given a way a t a n
ferentiates t he sq ua re wave into s pikes ex a ctl y electronics parts show. If you don't wan t to
a s in previous circuits. These sp ikes are ap- st r ive f or the u ltimate in mini a turization, u se
plied directly t o the hase of Q2. t hree-termin al tie points.
Q2 a lso a ct s a s a sw itch. P ositive-going All t he usual heat preca utio ns applicable t o
s pikes sim ply reverse-bias t he base and have a ny transistorized const r uction apply her e.
no effect on the collector circu it . However, Leave the leads long or u se long-nose pliers a s
negat ive-going s pikes t u r n t he tran sistor " on" a hea t sink bet wee n th e t r a nsis tor a nd the
f or the duration of the s pike and all ow pulses sold er j oint. A side from that, wiring is n ot
of cur rent t o flow through th e meter. cr itica l.
Fig. 3-To dress up t he freque ncy me t er, use th is mete r face . H a ve a photocopy mad e in t he exact
size to fit your mete r d ial (t e ll th e ph ot ogr aph e r to pri nt it on Type A paper) a nd glue t he copy
to the meter dial with ru bbe r ce me nt.

40 50 60
I

CYCLES
o "'0o
 If you're building a single-range freque ncy On a mu lti-r a nge meter, you may find it
mete r , t iming capacitor C can be pla ced on t he easier to get the exact res istance value needed
circuit board also, as can calibration resistor by connecting a number of small resistors in
Rc (when its value is determined a s described series. 'Vhen you do this, you may be able to
later). F or a multi-range meter, these com- cut down the number of resistors used by not-
ponents should be mounted on the range ing the resistance necessary for each range,
switch. then making up the smallest resistance first.
w het her you are building a single-range or Add just enough to it to reach the next higher
a multi-range meter, leave t he calibration re- value, the n enough more for the next, a nd so
sistance out of the circuit at first. It w ill be fo rth. Bri ng out taps to the range switc h. A
permanently con nected la t er , a f t er its exact gla nce a t F ig. 4 may make t his clearer.
va lue is determi ned.
If yo u' re bu ild ing a m ulti-ra nge meter, yo u
220 1.8 15 3.9 47
ca n use the meter f a ce shown in Fig . 3. Sim ply
ha ve a photocopy made, t he prop er size to fi t
your meter . F or a single- r a nge met er , pick
the ba si c movement to s how the same values
as t he f requency range you 're interested in-
that is , for a 0-3 kc meter range , u se a n 0-3
51B
milliammeter, etc. TO COLL£CTO R + - - - - - '
Once t he meter is built, calibration comes
next. ' V\VV provides a handy source of 440- Fig. 4--Alte rnate calibratin g -resistor circ uit
and OOO-cycle tones, but be wary of frequency di scussed in text. Valu es shown for resistors
distortion caused by multi path transmiss ion a re for exa mple only-the exact val ue to be
of the signal. A reliable GO-cycle calibration used in each positi on must be dete rmined
note can be obtained from the secondary of a afte r th e instrume nt is built as descri bed in
filament transformer. t ext. In this example. positio n I gives 220
H owever , the method u sed on the original ohms; 2 gives 22 1.8 : 3 gives 236.8; 4 gives
provi des a number of tones in the ra nge of 240.7, and 5 g ives 287.7. If necessa ry, switc h
int er es t , at very low cost. A hi -f f requency conta cts ca n be jumpered t o give ide ntical
resistanc es o r th e seq ue nce reversed t o give
r ange test record , such as t hose distributed by lower resistan ce on high er rang e.
Cook Record s or RCA Vi ct or, is placed on
a convenient recor d player a nd t he f r eq meter Operation of t he com pleted a nd calibrated
is ho oked to the s peaker lea ds. The result is a inst rument is sim pl icity itself. Sim ply connect
la rge number of calibration po ints f rom 15 kc its input t o the u nknown sig nal source (mak-
down t o 50 cps. ing certai n t hat no de is pr esent; if in doubt ,
S ince t he sca le is com pletely linear on each use a tra nsf ormer or a coupling capacitor),
r a nge, only one calibration point per range is crank the gain up until the reading becomes
necessary. If a ll capacitors in a mu lti-range steady, and read the meter.
unit are within 1 percent of the marked value, Gain m ust be cranked up for this because
only one calibration is necessary for the en- the input transistor acts like an amplifier in-
tire instrument. stead of a limiter for signals smaller than the
However , since you can buy five 5-percent 200-millivolt turnover point. You will also find
resistors far cheaper than the difference in that the reading increases as gain goes up,
cost between 20-percent and I-percent capaci- u nt il it reaches a point at which it comes back
tors in the range needed, let's use the 20-per- down. If you increase the gain still more, the
cent capacitors and calibrate each ra nge needle backs off to a point and holds steady.
individua lly. If you're build ing a single-range T hi s is the propel' indication .
meter, simply stop when you've calibrated your Rea son for the variation in reading is this:
si ngle range. When the ga dget fi rst starts lim iting t he input
T o calibr ate t he u ni t , j um per in a 500-ohm signal, it merel y cli ps off the top of t he nega -
r heostat ac ross t he met er u sing t est leads. tive half-cycle. T hi s produces a pulse-t ype out-
Con nect t he freque ncy me te r t o t he calibrat ion put in st ead of a t r ue squa r e wave. The pu lse
sou rce yo u're u sin g. Adju st t he rheostat un t il output a ct s, t o t he meter circuit, like a com-
th e meter needle indicates t he proper fre - bination of a high and a low fr equency. The
quency (s uch a s .6 if you 're using a 0-1 mil - needle responds by waveri ng. When proper
lia mmet er for a freq meter on t he 0-1 kc limi ting level is reached , the needle is steady
r-ange, with GOO-cycle calibration tone) . as a r ock.
Disconnect the r heostat without disturbi ng Since t his freque ncy meter is current-op-
its setting and measure its resistance with a n erated rather than being voltage-driven, be
ohmmeter or bridge, if you have one. Select sure the input can supply a little power. A
a %-watt resistor with the same resistance half-watt is enough, but purely-voltage sources
and connect it in the unit. (such as the output of a hi-fi preamplifier)
Repeat this procedure for each range of the simply won't operate it, even though the volt-
meter. That's all there is to it. (C onti nued on pa ge 54)

•• _.. • . . .... ~ "'7 . .. , ..

 "w a bbiIt E
t ors"
w. G . Romm e l. W 6EHY
8508 Tre sk Av e nue
/ Pleve Del Rey, Ce ltfcrnie

TII B AN TENNA SYSTl<~M which you are to r ead Now t hat we h a ve looked t he probl em over,
about should n ot be con sidered a s the a n - let's see wh at ca n be do ne. T h e best p lace to
swer to all prob lems. It was conceived with st a r t is wi th our old f rie nd t he center fed
two basi c thoughts in m ind, and a s t he ex- dipole. Let's for t he sa k e of sim plici t y, st a y
periment progres sed oth er a d va n t a g es became on 14 megacycles a s we proceed. The d ipole
a p pa ren t . for 14 megs gives a length of 32' give or take
The first and probabl y upp ermost in all ham a few inches per your pet formula . I n trying
mi n ds is the s p a ce neces sary to s wing any t o arrange thi s long pi ece of p ipe to consume
type of r otating d evice. This has ca used the less s p a ce and not fold back on itself with the
r ecent s win g t o "Short a nd Loaded Beams," resu ltant loss of radiation area, you a r e soon
which we now see o n all s ides. It has long been left wit h one conclu sion . T h e ends mu st be
understood that we do n 't get somet h in g for moved closer together . wh en we do t his, wha t
not h in g- th e s hor t or loa d ed beams are no ha p p ens to t he antenna a s a r a d ia tor a n d how
exception. T o t r y an d red uce the over-a ll spa n f ar ca n one go befo re t he whole thi ng fa lls
and yet retai n the actual r a diat ion s u rfa ce wa s fla t on it s f a ce ? B y t he u se of a sca le model
what we needed . and 50 0 megacycle r f we ca n fin d out a lot of
The second problem was one of obtaining a s information w itho ut d r ivi ng t he n eighborhood
good a pattern a s pos sible wit h some gain and crazy. The f eed impedance of a ce nter -fed h a lf-
front to back ratio. All of thi s, cheap and light wave dipole antenna is roughly 75 ohms. A s
at the s a me time, u sually mak es t he averag e the two quarter-wave sect ions are moved to-
ham s p in his s p rockets rapidly. Oh yes, we ward a right angle, the f eed impedances drop
would al so like this g a dg et to match a 50 ohm down until , at the r ight angle position , t he feed
coaxial line over sa y 300 kilocycl es . point becomes approx imately 54 ohms. O nce
t he r ight angle position is reac hed t he feed
im ped a n ce will cha nge rather rapi dly a s t he
...-r METAL EL EMENTS '-.. a ngle of t he elements is ch a nged a few de-
g rees eith er way. The DO degree pos it ion has
a n im peda n ce wh ich look s very happ il y in to a
piece of 50 ohm coaxial cab le. Fu r th er invest i-
gat ion a lso sh ows t he " Q" to be on t he r ight
s ide for good band wi dth. 'Ve now ha ve a fu ll
length radiator , which does not t hrow a
s ha d ow a s large a s it did at the s t a r t . 'Ve
a lso are n ow in agreement with the cable
.,
RG8 U
which we all love to use.
r know that at t h is point there a re some
RG58U
.,
RG8U

RG5 8U
who w ill wa nt to close the angle mo re a n d
r ed u ce the s h a dow , b ut let's n ot pus h t h is
e::.-
-.ROTATOR
ANY LENGTH thi ng too f a r because a ll yo u will do is make
a tu n ed f eed li ne with ve r y low radi at ion
efficie ncy.
W ell ! Now t h at we h a ve t h is fin e looki ng
MECHANICAL VIEW ELECTRICAL VIEW
dev ice, let's see what happen s when we p um p
IContinued on page 57)

NO VEM BER 1960 13 M AG AZINE • 41

 EASTER N UNITED STATES TO
G.M.T. oe 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 "19 20 21 22 23 2

ALASKA
ARGENTINA
.
••••••••
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•••••••••••• • • • ••
AUSTRALIA
CANAL ZONE
••••• •
• •
• •
• •
• • • • • •
• ••••••••••
• • • • • • • • • •
ENGLAND
GERMANY
•••• • ••••
• • • • •• •• •• •• ••••
• • • •••
, HAWAII
INDIA
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MEXICO
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•••• • •••••••• •
• • • • • • • • • • •• ••
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PHILIPPINE'S
PORTO RICO
SOUTH AFRICA
•••
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U.S.S.R.
•
CENTRAL UNITED STATES TO ·
O. ...T. 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 2~ 22 23 2
ALASKA
ARGENTINA
•••
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• • • • • • • • • ••••••••
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AUSTRALIA
CANAL ZONE .
••••
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PORTO RICO ••• • •
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• •••• • • • • • •
WESTERN UNITED STATES TO
G.M,T. 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 2
ALASKA
ARGENTINA
•••••
••••• •
••• • • • • • • •••••••
•••••••••••
AUSTRALIA
CANAL ZONE
••••••• • • •
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GERMANY
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•••• ••••••••••
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 Propagation Charts
Th ese charts are t o be used a s a g uide to ham band o pe ning s
for the month of November, 1960 to the va rious countrie s list ed . I
will be int e rest ed t o hear of yo ur re sults in using these cha rts a nd
to know what ot he r area s yo u might wish includ ed in fut ure ch a rts.
0 HAVE r eliab le comm un icatio ns between
[
an y two points we mu st choose a f requen cy David A. Brown K21GY
hat is low en ough t o be r efl ected from the bO N ew York Aven ue
pper layers c f th e ionosphere and yet not so W e st He mpst eed . N. Y.
ow that ionospheric a bs or p t ion m akes it nee-
ss a ry t o run exces s ive power. T oo hi gh a fr e-
u ency, one th at is a bove t he Max im um Us a ble
"requency ( MU F), will sk i p over the inten ded cha rt s cover ing t ra ns m is sion from easter n,
eceivin g poi n t. ce ntral , and wes t ern U n ited S t ate s to va riou s
w e can p r ed ict t he M UF by int erpretation countr ies. Th e ba n d s li st ed a re MUF s an d a
f charts made by t h e Nation al B u r eau of h ig h er band will n ot work for t he tim e per iod
lt a nd a r da ' Central R a dio P r opa g a t ion Labor a- list ed . Lower band s will work, but n ot n ea r ly
Jr y. From these charts I have mad e up t hree a s well. T imes are GMT, n ot local tim e. l!J[lJ

Advance Pcee ce st: No vember 19bO Fa ir : 1-2, 5.7 , 10-11 . 16- 17, 22·23 , 27 , 30.
G ood, 3-4, 8-9, 18-21, 24-2b, 28, Bed: 12-IS.

New Products
Gonset Transce iver
100 W a tts o n the hoof . . . if yo u happen t o be
cr se- roobile . The G o nset G -76 tra nsceiver c o nsists
f a complete six band tran smitter with 100 watts
rput and VFO controlle d o n all bond s except six
.e t e rs. This is 100 A M watts to o. On CW it will
erk at J 20 watts in p ut . The rec e iver is 0 d ua l con-
ersio n supe rhe t which will tune AM -CW·SS B and
es on id e a l se le ctivity c urve with 6 db d own et 3.5
:. The sel"' sit ivity is r microvolt for a SI N of b d b .
100 kc osc illa tor is a va ilable a s on eccessorv. Power G lo b e Tre nsc a iver
rp plies a re a vail a ble for 117 v e c wit h bu ilt in
see ke r o r a 12 v d c tra nsistor sup pl y for the ca r.
G lobe has added a n intere st ing ly style d tran sceiver
ze is I foot wide a nd six in ch e s high . Great for
to t he ir fi ne. line of ha m ge ar. The " Mobi lin e Six"
re cor o r shock . Or both. A nd he y, when you write
wei gh s in et o nl y 20 pound s, inc luding t he bu ilt-in
lr more detai ls, which you a re goi ng to d o, plea se
three -w ay power sup ply 11 15 vee. 12 vdc . b vd c}.
on't keep it a sec re t about this writeup being in 73.
Size 5" x 12" X 12/1 is dondy for co r o r sha ck. Hmm,
'K? QT H is G on set Division, Young Spring & W ire
lesse e wha t t he y say he re . . . o h yes, 20 wa tts input
orp.. 801 South Mai n Stre e t , Burb a nk, C aliforn ia .
to a 2 E2 6, 7 t ube re ce iver. squelch, stable e s t he
d icken s, VFO or Xte! co ntrol, S-mete r, VFO spotting .
$229.95 wi red and tested. You proba bly wont t o
kn ow more abo ut thi s one , d on 't you. DON 'T YO UI
O K. W rite t o G lobe Electron ics, 22-30 South 34th
Street. C ou nci l Blu ffs, lowe end mark it to the atte n-
ti on o f H owa rd D. Ye nn.

MOR E NEW PRO D UC TS

o n Pa g e s 24 a nd 50

OVEMB ER 19bO 13 MAGAZIN E • 43

A Critical Look at
EQUIPME NT MANUALS
fellows-no matter how much
L ET ' S FACE IT
you know about electronics and a mateur
radio practices, when you purchase a piece of
commercial gear you need an in st r uction manu-
a l. It is a sort of "road m a p " to the location
a n d correct use of all the fittings and controls
on t he un it. You'll do yourself a s well a s t h e
manufacturer a b ig ser vice if you'll fir st take
the t ime to r ead the manual befor e you fire up .
But, let's take a look at the cui-rent crop of
instruction manual s in the light of their u se in
amateur radio. Are som e of t he manufacturers
bein g fair with us? Some of t he ir manual s just
don 't measure up to the purp ose for which they
are intended.
Physical Form
First impressions are often lasting ones, and
th e first im p r ess ion of many present-day man-
ua ls is not good. The manufacturer mi sses a
bet for consolidating his favorable position
when you open t he ca r t on and take out a sh iny
new piece of g ear along with a flimsy in st r uc-
t ion book. A two-bit booklet is not a fitting
complement for a two- or th ree-hundred dollar
recei ver or tran smitter!
The physical form of ma n y manual s is poor.
Mimeographed instructions fol ded haphazardly
and t os sed careles sly int o t he s h ip pin g carton
often arrive at t he ultimate destin a t ion after
sh ip p ing , torn, f rayed, and abraded beyond
use. E ven if t hey a re received in good cond i-
tion, after a few mon th s of being sh u ffled
around t he bench or operating table th ey b e-
come dog-eared, curled, dirty, and nearly un -
r eadable.
A good manual sh ou ld have a st u r dy h eav y-
st ock cover wh ich ca n be expected to protect
it in n ormal u se for a considerable leng t h of
time. Even if t he n a t ur e of th e gear requ ires
that a loose-leaf approach mu st h e taken, t here
are good inexpensive binder s with clasp fit -
t ings which will fill the bill in protecting the
contents. (If a piece of equipment is purchased
which has s uch a flim sy m an u al , it is a good
practice t o pu rcha se some sor t of cover or
fo lder to put it in wh ile it is st ill fr esh.)
Another de sirable f ea t u r e of ma n u al s is a
b ind ing wh ich w ill lie open (without weights)
at any page in th e book so that wh en u sed on
t he ser vice bench it can be ref erred to while
the hand s are busy manipulating test pr ods or
alignment t ools.
W h ile we are on the s ubj ect of physical
form, wouldn't it be wond er ful if all 'the in -
str uct ion manuals were of one sta n da r d s ize ?
Even if t h ey all fell into th e two most com mo n
44 • 73 MAGAZIN E
A. C. Peed, J ,. K2D HA
34 Ashley Drive
Rochester 20 , N. Y.
s izes it wou ld h el p (8 % x ll -inches a n d 5%
x 8th -inch es ) . But there are always a num-
ber of odd sizes and s hapes wh ic h p er sist in
becoming lost in any bookshelf or file drawer .
Schematics shou ld be large enou g h t o be
readable from workbench reading d ist a n ce, and
if the y are large t h ey sh ou ld be bound into
the m a n u al in the form of gatef old s whic h
place the entire sch em a tic outside th e book
when unfolded. This m ea n s t hat the first f old
out f rom t he b ind ing sh ould be t h e left edge
of t he diagra m . (The part of t he gatefold
which is inside the book ca n be u sed for some
other pu t-pose s uch a s part s list, t ube locat ion
diagram, etc.) Whe n sc hem ati cs are s u p p lied
in th is f a shion, they are f u ll y acces sible along-
s ide any page of the t ext which is of interest
with an y particular problem. If s ch ema ti cs a r e
su p plie d loose (n ot bound-in), a p ocket shou ld
be provid ed t o h old them in th e man ual.
Manuals sh ou ld be illu strat ed . It takes som e
very labor ed text entailing ca r eful r ead ing t o
desc rib e t he locati on of m a n y comp onents and
adju stments wh ich can b e sh own very sim ply
and directly with a g ood well-reproduced
photograph or drawing pr op er ly labeled.
The t yp og r a ph y and layou t in m a n u a ls
sho u ld b e open in character an d nicel y broken
up w it h white sp ace, illustr ations, and sub-
h eads. Nothing is more deadly and uninviti n g
than soli d pages of u nb r ok en t ext, esp ecially
if it is set in sm all -s ized t yp e clos ely s paced ,
It t akes a ded icated and determined r ead er
to even att empt t o wade into it. And yet, t h is
is a very p opula r sty le am ong ma nu al s-prob-
ably on t he theory that if a' ma n ual h a s t o be
provid ed, a ll of the esse nt ial informa tior
s hou ld be crammed into th e minimum s p a ce
p os sible to h old do wn t h e printing costs .
Manual Org a nizat ion
The id eal m anua l sh ou ld be organized t c
make it mo s t ser v iceable. I n t h e case of m an -
uals fo r amateur radio equipm ent, the follow-
in g orga n izatio n see ms a p pr op r iat e.
F irst, a brief t a ble of cont ents , so t ha t the
organ ization of the man ual can be qu ickly e s
certa ined and an y sect ion loca t ed with out h a v-
ing to thumb t hrough t he whole book. (An~
in st r u ct ion b ook of over abou t 8-p age s ir
length s ho u ld have a table of conten t s.')
Th e first sect ion of the text sh ou ld det ai
b r iefly a nd clear ly how t he un it is t o be in
sta lled , ca libra t ed , and t ested . After all , whc
can resis t putting a new piece of equipmen t ir
service as soon as p ossible t o see how it i ~
g oing t o work? Th e maker sh ou ld t ell y ou hov
NOVEMBE R /96/
 ATTENTION r
•

BUYING AT
ARROW
MEANS
•
CONVENIENCE
DEPENDABILITY
SATISFACTION

LOOK TO ARROW AS YOUR ONE SOURCE OF A COMPLETE LINE OF ELECTRONIC PARTS

AND EQUIPMENT TO SATISFY ALL YOUR NEEDS.
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to do t hi s qui ck ly, bu t in a s a fe and sa n e
f a shion . An d , in th is sam e section a ll of t he
sa f et y pr eca ut ion s sh ou ld be st rongly emphu-
s ized . This means t hose p reca ution s which
sh ould be take n for the operator's prot ecti on
a s well as those which will p revent damage to
the equipment through mi s u se.
I f t he gear in que stion is to work with in t er -
connections to other pieces of equipment. these
s hou ld be detailed se pa r a t ely accord in g to the
possibilities. If designed to work with several
different make s of auxil iary eq u ipment, list
the interconnections se pa r a t ely. A ll of the pos-
sibilit ies s hou ld n ot be covered in one section
full of "if's" and "or's" and other mod ifica-
tion s of the instructions according to which
brand of auxiliary equ ipment is to be used .
In other word s, all of the neces sary instruc-
tions for connection to Brand X s hould be cov-
ered in a paragraph , then Bran d Y, Br a nd
Z, etc.
Even if the manufacturer h a s made thi s
p iece of equipment specifically to work with
a nother piece of gear of the s ame bra nd , it
s hou ld be recognized in the man u al that it is
possible t hat the purch a ser wil l be us ing it
with competitive equ ip ment, and instru ction s
give n a ccord ing ly. S imply refusing to s t a t e
that the unit will wor k wit h auxil ia ry equi p-
ment of competitive m an u factu rer won 't h elp
t he sa les of a nyhody 's p r od u cts. If Brand X
sideba nd gene rator can be used with Brand Y
t r a ns m itte r the manu al s hould sa y so and de-
tail ho w, and we'll a ll b en efit- manufacturers
a nd cons umer s a li ke.
Th e next section of t he t ext is one th at is
of great imp ortan ce a nd yet on e t hat is t oo
seldom seen in manual s. T h is section s hou ld
cover t he " ph ilosophy of t he design" . It shou ld
be written in mor e leisu r ely essay style t han
section one an d be desig ned for careful read -
ing by the owne r after he has wo rked off h is
in itial b u rst of enthu siasm to tryou t the la sh-
u p. li e is t hen ready to lea r n some of t he fine
detail s of hi s new purchase, and he is in a
very receptive mood for them. He h a s pur-
chased thi s particular piece of equipment on
the basis of adverti sing, dealer demonstra-
tion s, and hi s own a ssessment of how it com-
pares with competitive offerings of the same
general type. He has decided which offers him
the most sa t isf a ct ion for hi s investment, and
he ha s backed this deci sion by putting up the
purchase price. Under a sim ila r set of motiva-
tion s, others have decided on other brands of
equipment, and it is the nature of amateur
radio operators to expect that each new owner
is going to have to defend his choice on the
air and at local radio club meetings. So, he is
g oing to be looking for informatio n and the
maker shou ld arm hi m with s u ffi cien t data to
make th e defen se easy.
T he ma nufacturer must realize that the
av er a g e amateur of today could p r ob a bly de-
sign a n d build a pretty good rece ive r or t rans-
--, .. _. _... ~
mi ttel' if h e h ad t he time a nd shop faci li ties
H en ce, he ca n be ex pected to und er st a n d am
a pprecia t e a good b it of commerc ial design i
it is desc r ibed to him. A m a t eu r gear is no
like wa sh ing mach ines with wh ich it is su ffi
cie nt to in for m t he user wh ich buttons are t ,
be p ushed to perform a wa shing-as long a s 1
s a t .i s f uctor-y wash job comes out t he consume
will be happy and not give a hoot what goe
on inside the machine. No good amateur op
era tor s hou ld be content merely to asses s th
output of hi s rig without knowing what i
behind the panels.
So, thi s second section of the manual shoul
describe the design from the ground up-c-atag
by s t a g e. \Vh y were the particular tube
chosen? \Vhy thi s circuit configuration r-athe
than some ot her ? W h a t are the unusual f ee
tures of each circuit? \Vh a t are the critter
components and how were they chosen an
tested?
There is a plu s in thi s for the manufacture:
A fully in for med cu stomer is more lik ely to 1:
able to u ndersta nd t he operation of h is eq uij
ment an d it s se r vice a nd mainte nance p r of
lems. Hence , fewer letters of inqu iry a nd con
pla int, a nd fewer trivial service problems. I
other word s, more s a t is fied custome rs .
T he la st sect ion of t h e m a nu a l sho uld cot
tain com plete a nd det a iled service a n d r ealt gr
men t inf orm a tion. Adm ittedl y, t he pu rch a se
will proba bl y onl y gla nce a t th is, but it wi
g ive him a secu re fe eling to kn ow t ha t he h s
a f ull treatment on service a vailable a gain:
t he ti me when it may be r equ ired urg entl y 1
k ee p him on t he a il'.
Aga in a m ateur equ i pment differs f r om was]
ing ma chines. I t is easie r t o find a com petet
local wa s hing ma chi n e r e pai rman t ha n it
a serv ice ma n for an a iling comm u n icatiot
r ecei ver or tra n sm itter even in a fa irl y lars
city. So, Mr. Aver a ge Ham in s mall to medi u r.
s ized com m u nities ha s to take on his own se
vice in mo st cases, or s ub mit hi s gear to tl
tender mercies (?) of t he express com pa r
for a n expensive trip t o t he manufacturer
service sh op. Yet , Mr. Ha m is s u p posed to 1
an electronics expert of some degree, and g ive
a good ser vice manual he can probably tal
care of mo st of his trouble s himself.
I n preparing the se r vice sect ion , the man"
facturer sh ou ld bear in mind that the ind
vidual who may be using thi s informati t
probably doe sn't work full time at electron
ser vice. So, the test equipment and test PI'
cedures s hou ld be detailed more than in
manual in ten ded expressly for s er vicemen. F.
ser vicem en , it is adequate to tabulate alig:
ment frequ encies and the adjustments whie
are to be made. F or the amateur , t hese sh ou
be s pelled - out with full information a s
where to inject the signal, the type of sig n
(frequency, modulation, am plitude), where '
read-out th e alignment in dica t ion , etc. T he fu
time ser vicem a n ca n be a ssumed to know the:
-,
. , . . .. ~ . ... .. .
~ ~
 '- -

for 10·15·20
T he new clean-line design T A-36 ..• the th ree ban d beam
tha t will give your signal that OX punch!
T his w ide spaced, s ix element configura ti on empl oy s
4 Operating Elements an 10 Meters
3 Operating Elements an 15 Meters
3 Operating Elements on 20 Meters
Automati c ba nds w itc hi ng is a c co mpl i s he d by mea ns o f
exc lusive des ign hi gh impedance, paralle l re sonan t " tra p
ci rcui ts " . B u i lt for opera t ion a t max imum legal amateur
power. Lo w SWR wi th high gain and front-to-back ratio .
• T rap s ar e weather and di rt proof offer ing frequenc y s tc-
bi Iity under al l we a ther condi tian s.
All he avy wal l 606 1- T6 a lum inum - the finest a lumi num
al lo y for a nte nna cons truc tio n! Boom measu res 2" 0 0 by
24 ' by 1/S" wall, e le ments meas ure 1 1/S" to 5/S" in
diameter w i th center sec t ions of double th i c kne ss a lum -
inum to redu ce sag • • . ful ly rust and corrc s ion proo f -
Gua ra nteed!
Before you buy allY beam - Check Cons truct ion Fe atures!
See your neares t amateur equipment dealer or write
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amate ur ante nnas .
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WEST COAST BRANCH INTERNATIONAL DIVISION

14 0 6- 0 8 Sou th Grand A v e n u e J 5 Moore S tree t
Los Angel es 15, C a l i forn ia Ne w Yo rk 4, N ew Yo rk

•
.. '"
th ings, but not t he average ham doing an
alignment on the kitchen table with borrowed
test equipme nt.
Style
T he writ ing style of a man ual fo r ama t eu r
ra dio equipment sho uld be light a nd fa irly easy
read ing. Am a t eu r radio is a hobby a nd sup-
posed to be r ecreationa l. Many a mateurs have
to wade through stodgy, pon de rous t echn ica l
matter a ll day in earn ing t he ir da ily b r ea d.
They shouldn't have to do the same th ing with
their hobby. Ma n ual s can he written in a
reasonably lucid a nd interesting style without
sa crificing t heir utility.
I n the ideal man ual outli ned in this a rticle ,
the first section, on install ation a nd adjust-
ment, should be in a br ief, succinct outl ine sty le
wh ich w ill entail the least s t udy to p u t the
equ ip me nt in service efficiently.
Sectio n two discussing the design an d opera-
tional featu res should be in a more complete
essay form m uch li ke t he New Appar atu s fea-
tures in t he am ateur magazines. T h is can be
a r at her ca sua l style minim izin g desig n f or-
m ul a s a nd math em a t ics. T he re ader will be
w ill ing to assume that the desig ner has per-
for med t he mathematics a nd data evalu ations
properly witho ut go ing th r ough them in t he
text.
Section t hree on service should be f ull ser-
vice inf orma t ion in a deta iled a nd straight for-
war d fashion. It need not be styled f or com -
plete reading at one sitting as with section
two. Inst ead , it should consist of capsule sec-
tions covering completely in t hemselves one
facet of the service. I n this section, the manu-
facturer should be f rank and candid abou t ser-
vice proble ms which he m ay antici pate with
this gear on t he ba s is of his previous experi-
ence or a projection of his k nowledge of this
particu lar circuit. P oin t s of likely break down
should be enumerated along with the operating
sym ptoms of such breakdowns, a nd procedu r es
for loca ting t he f a ul t a nd repairing it.
F inally, t he matter of parts li st s: A pa rts
list is not m uc h use to t he in div id ual owner if
it lists t he parts only by t he manufa cturer's
stock n u mbers. Admittedly some of t he com-
ponents will be specially f abricated 01' selected
for t he circuit and these it will be necessary
to obta in fro m t he man ufacturer's parts de-
pa rtment. B ut, there is no need to ha ve to
order com mon values of resistors and capaci-
t or s from t he ma nufacturer whe n they can
be obtained locally. T he pa r t s list should there-
fo re contain, in additio n to t he stock n umber,
a descr iption sufficient to allow loca l p r ocu r e-
m ent of a replacement. And, if the compone nt
is special for some reason and should be ob-
tained only fro m the manufacturer, t he pa r t s
list should point t his out.
Ma nua ls sho uld not be a hastily composed
afte r-tho ught. Many ma nuals appear to have
been written by the proj ect eng ineer afte r he
fi n ished the design and passed it on to the
prod uction department a nd was contemplating
a we ll-earned fi sh ing trip. H is boss says, "Oh
yes , before you lea ve, you'd better whip out a
manual." Manuals should be written by profes-
sional technical writers with t he help of the
engin eers an d set-vice people. Ra r el y does a
good engineer ha ve t he head for a w r iting
job, an d even more rarely does he have the
t alent a nd experience. T he small manu facturer
ma y say that he can't a ffor d a fu ll-time manu-
a l writer, but t his is no excuse because there
are p rofessio nal t echn ica l writ ing firms as well
a s many free-la nce tech n ical writers eager
to undertake such p r oj ect s.
At the opposite extreme, t here are t he large
man ufactu rers who do a g reat deal of govern -
m en t contract work a nd have f ull-t ime m anuals
de partments. It is natural to throw manuals
fo r the ir amateur li ne into the same mill. From
the amateur's viewpoint, what comes out can
be pretty g hastly! Manu a ls wr itten to military
s pecifications are too formal and ponde rous
fo r the average h am, an d will be largely ig-
nored because t hey are suc h heav y read ing.
What You Can Do
The next t ime you consider purch asing a
piece of commerc ial gear take a critical look
at t he m anu a l. Does it measure up to the job
that it must do for yo u? It is a s much a part
of your purchase as t he t ubes in the equ ipment.
Both the equipment and t he m a n ua l should be
attractive, stu rdy, and se rviceable. If t he
manufacturer ha s slighted his duty to you on
t he manual, you are being short-ch anged.
A s a p racticing consumer of amateur equip-
me nt you can do something about m a nuals.
If you don't like the ones that you receive,
tell the manufacturer. Ma ybe he'll do some-
thing about it the next time aro und. Becau se
no complaints are heard many concerns feel
t hat t hey must be doing a sat isfactory j ob.
Be f ai r to t he m a nu f a ct u r er (and yourself),
r ea d the m a nu a l. Keep it in a secu re place
where it can be located on s ho rt not ice. Ref er
to it when you have a question before you write
a letter of inquiry. Fully half the letters re-
ceived b y equipment ma nu fact urers ask ques-
t ions which are a lrea dy answered in their
manu al s.
The ma n uf a ctu r er who s upplies m anuals of
sketchy content and indifferent ma ke-u p is
mi ssin g a wo nderfu l opportunity to conso li-
date his position as " most f avored brand" in
t he minds of h is customers. W ell-done m a nu a ls
are an excelle nt f or m of inst itutional adver-
tis ing for building up t he corporate image in
the p urchaser's subconscious. The customer
may buy another piece of gea r in the f uture.
If he is satisfied with all aspects of his futu re.
p u rc hase, he can be expected to consider f avor -
a bly t he same brand again. If not, he w ill buy
almost any othe r brand in a conscious attempt
to avoid the brand with wh ich he was dis-
satisfied . . 73

Co nste llations as they appear arou nd 2 100 local
time in June. Note 2 deg . dia meter circle de-
scribed by Pola ris as earth rotates abo ut True
North. True North is one deg. from Polaris
about a ll amat eur radio operators a n d
J UST
a stronomers know that Polaris, the North
S t a r, is near the point of True N orth. But just
how close is it to this exa ct point and how can
True N or t h be found from Polaris?
Specifi call y, Polaris is a lmost one degree
(55.4 minu t es of arc) away fr om true n orth
an d a s s u ch describes a circle of two degrees
d iamet er a s the earth rotates once ea ch 24
hou r s. Anyone interest ed in a ligning a h igh
g a in antenna or telescope mu st know how t o
make cor recti ons t o a lig n t heir instrument t o
t h e true point .
Figure 1 is a sketch which s h ows a line con-
necting the constella t ions Ursa Major (Big
Dipper) and Cassiopeia and which passes
through Polaris, the first st a r in t he handle
of t he Little Dipper.
The li n e connects the first st a r in the handl e
of t he Big Dipper and the first sta r in Cas-
s iopeia . The important point to note is that
True North li es one degree (55.4 min.) from
P olaris toward the B ig Dipper (or away from
Cassiopeia). True N orth mu st then be trans-
ferr ed to a ground base line by mean s of a
su rveyors tran s it for u se with antennas which
rotate in azimuth only.
Finding
True
North
Ca lvin R. Graf, W 5LFM
207 Add ax Drive
San Antonio I, Texas
While the Bi,gl Dipper is quite well known,
Cassiope ia ha s not enjoy ed th is popularity ex-
cep t with radio a stronomers who know Cas-
s iopeia A a s a so u r ce of inten se radio noi se.
During ea r ly w inter nights, Cassiopeia ap-
pears a s an M and in s u m m er a s a W.
The Big Dipper and Cassiope ia will be above
th e north ern hem isphe r e hor izon only during
certain hours and certain months of the year.
The easiest cor r ect ions can be made when the
con n ect in g line lies horizontal or vertical.
Some time during t he n ight, r egardless of the
season , t h e Big Dipper or Cassiopeia w ill form
a s t r a ig h t vertical line wi th Polaris. Th is hap-
pens around 2100 loca l t ime in early June
and 2100 local time in December.
In June th e correction is one d egree from
Polaris t oward the Big Dipper. In December
the correction is one degree fr om Polaris away
fr om Cass iopeia. I n both cases the correction
is in a vertical line. Correction at ot her t imes
(and therefore a ngles) when the line is not
ver ti ca l is more diffi cult because of t h e gyrat-
ing a ction of Polaris. U si ng th is m ethod, True
N orth can be found within a f ew t enths of a
degree of arc. 0000
 •

L ieber Fuhrer:

Letters to the Ed ito r Qualified congratulations on Issue #l ! 'W e ll , as a s u b.

D t' IU" wn ync,
I wo n 't t a k e u p xour t i me w ith II lot of idl e c h it-ehat .
I just wanted to let y o u k now t h a t I am del ighte d w it h
th e fi rs t h~l<u e of " 73 ".
There a r e m an y t h inKs I like about the new mag, but
I will m ention o n ly a f ew. Ftrst o ff, th e fi rst thin g I
n oticed w a s t hat it took m e n e ar ly a s long t o rea d 8 S
t he famou s "g-iant-e taed" ham m ilK a nd t h e N ew Yo rk
"middle-steed" thing. I guel< S that m u s t prove som et h ing
abo u t r at ios of a dverti!l in l;t' t o soltd conte n t.
I also li k e the w hite s pace ra tio. Your maea a ine is
undoubted ly the eas iest o n t he eves of a ny I've r ead. You r
ci rcu it di a Kr nffis are a lso easy o n t he eyes and less s
con f ul< i ng to bo o t . Th e th r ee s h a d e color se'eet tve schem e
m akes it ('Il sy to s t u d y t h e ci rcu it without being d is-
t ra cted n nd con fu sed by t he dimen s ions and part va lues
and v ice ver-sa .
Anothe r t hi nK I like i ~ t he p ro pa g ation chart. It is
s i m p le. c lea r , a nd ('all)' to rend. T h at is ve r y im por ta nt
in a ham m a eastne because vel")' few o f u s a re in need
o f c ha r -ts which KO into s uc h detai l that the y could al most
be u sed " a s is" by com m e rc ia l pnint-to-point s t a tio ns .
Keep up the k ood w o rk, \Va yne . YoU' Ve got a n excel-
lent m aenatn e sta r- ted he re-c-one which, if given a good
c h a nce, ma y well pr-od uc e s o m e interestf ng changes i n the
ci rc u la t ion "llt a nd i ng ll" in the ham m agazin e fie ld. I
certainly hope 110.
Jim Grubs, W 8GRTjK9 HBV
T oleo:lo is. Ohio
Dea r Wayne.
Glad to s ee YOU buck in bualness : you s eem to h ave
the insight i nto wh ut. t he thinking ham needs in edi-
tor ials, a rticles, lind lal'lt but no t lea st , your humor. Don't
ever lose that. I ha ve loulls of othe r- commen- e but ha te
to write s o just. remember I a m d elig h t ed to have yo u
back.
(;jlbct·t Loescher K2QOJ
Buffalo, New York
acr-ibe e I qualify, don't I? Rela tive r a t i n gs volunteered
belo w-but bear in mind most of my r e la tives can' t
read.
Iseet. in cateeor v A -Campbell W 2ZGU.
Heat in cat('J{o r y B-Kyle KsJKXj6.
ltest in categor y C-T he r est. P ri zes fo r e verybody .
You title the ca tegories. "Litera ry" " T ech n ica l" etc.
sound 1\0 c o r ny. E specially " e tc,"
Best in cat('Kory De-Kennedy' s demonstration that
Ni xon has been o pera t i ng outside the amateur bands .
Stop naludng me: I'm trying. T o re up seve ra l efforta-
t h(')' s i m p ly w e ren't. the beautifully evocative gems I
demand o f m Yl<elf. Mu stn't com prom ise, what 1 Cheerio,
K en Cole W7IDF
The Vapours
V a shon, W ash,
Dear Ed itor,
Th! s ill t he fi r-st letter t o a ny editor I've ever written,
hut I c ould n' t res ts t . On page 2S o f 73 (whic h m y OM,
K20YW j ust b ro ugh t home tocla )' I there is a n article
on II hoc k by l'l"gJ::y Bates.
Then' i ~ a nothe r m ethod o f a r ti fic ia l res pirat ion that
hilS rece-ived otficia l recognition and widesp read I)ublicity
latel y , namely m uuth tn mouth. It is e xt re m ely e aay to
pe r- fu r m nnd lends itst>lf to oddball . s it u a t io ns, li ke the
tops or pules, ror a p p l icat io n. . . . There is an excelle n t
film, "Rescue Breathinj.('·· de mo nst. r a t fng thl s procedure.
I can't recall who nu ts it out, bu t here in the Camden
a n 'lI the S tnte P olic e f rom t he H a m m o n to n Ba r-racks
w i ll tru vel nn y reasonable distance t o s ho w it. . . . 1fT!'
me diate nncl con tirrued application of an e nsy, efficie nt
method o f u r- t.i ficiul res p i r utio n m ay sa ve lives.
Marlene Denber-, R.N.
Barrington , N .J .
IV ,",1 ,\ lark l/ C, I'CIIlI.\' Hatc'S reus a st(wl1ch adt'(lCllle of
thc mouth-to-montli mctliod of a rtificia l ycs pir<l tiol, f or
drowninu, bllt tehrn sh(· res earche d f or the 73 article .dIC
[ound that ttio aida met hods Iw d aduantoqcs, The M 2M
s)'stelll is «ot ns dfcdi't'c ill circulatill,<1 the blood d ll/' t o
tIJ I' Ile'1'l' paral.\' ::afioll tdtich accom ponics electrica l sllO /' k,

--
~ 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 1'1111111 11111 11111 11111 I!:
--
-- --
-- Rohn he s e new t ower fo r yo u fe ll ows who ere
getting e li ttl e le zy ebcut cli mbing up the towe r every
--
--
---- New I time th e rote tor need s some ettention o r who belk
---
--- et lowering t he beem every time you want to meke
en ed justment. It' s trie nquler. 12 1/2" o n a sid e , c o mes --
-- • in 10' se ctions end will g o up to 70'. The kit includ e s --
--- Products (ye s . . . kit, d id yo u expect it to come e lreedv --
--
--- esse mbled Z] the b oom , c e ble. wind la ss end specie!
hin g ed sectio n. Me y we s~ g g es t thet you write Rohn ---
-- ---
--- et 6718 West Plank Reed. Peoria . Il linoi s for deteils.

----
You el ree d v know ebc ut te ll ing 'em it was in 73.
---
-- --
---
This new EICO 60 watt CW tra nsmitter, we ig hing --
in e t only t 5 pound s, shou ld be o f con side re ble
interest. It cove rs ten th ro ugh ei ghty mete rs, bend - ---
--- switchi ng , li nd co mes either wired et $79.95 o r in --
---- kit form for onl y $49 .95. There is a provi sion for
--
--
plugging in e mo d cle to r. VFO , ente nne relev . ete .
Size is 6" high, 8 1/2" wide , 9" deep. Write EICO , ---
-- 33-00 Northern Blvd., Lo ng lsle nd C ity , N. Y. end --
--- e sk fo r details o n the ir Mo d e l 723. --
---
: ;j 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 r.
 SIX METER
SOLAR SYSTEM VI TRANSCEIVER

RECEIVER TRANSMITTER
rtter than 112 microvolt sen sitivity . 12 Watts inp ut to a 5763 .
) kc se le ctivity (6 db down). H igh efficiency plate and sc re e n modulation
ouble conversion for selectivi ty , image re- fo r max imum "punch. "
jection .
Use s popula r and inexpensive 8 mc crystals
olta ge reg ulated oscillators fo r stab ility. (FT-243 holders) .
p t o 5 wa tts a udio output fo r exte rnal
Prov ision fo r V FO operation.
speaker.
,If conta ined spe a ke r. Press-to-talk.
u-qe 6 : I vernier d ial for easy tuning . Metered .
rc k for headset output.
rilt-in noise limiter. Microphone : cryst al, ceramic or carbon
)otting switch for zeroing receiver and 50-75 o hm output (will match sta nda rd auto
tran smitter. receiving whip).

-,

Price
$189. 50

Corp. 149 Wooster Street

SOLAR ELECTRONICS New York 12, New York
:>VEM 8ER 1960 13 MAGAZIN E • 51
I11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111:111111111111111111111111111111111111111111I111111I1111111111111111

Other Ham Publications

ATH ER than d e vote half or more of 73 t o th e printin g of news o f
R interest to spe c ia lize d g ro ups we believe t ha t it is o ur functi on to d o
everyt hi ng pos si ble t o e nco ura g e t he pu blishers of b ulleti ns which cater
t o th ese inte rests. Th ese b ullet ins b rin g yo u t he ne ws yo u wa nt in far
g reater d etai l a nd in muc h less tim e th an is possi ble in a mont hly ma g azin e
whe re it usuall y take s t wo month s for ne ws t o get into print.

HAM.SWAP. Published by Ham-Swap, lnc., 35 East
Wader Drive, Chicago I, Ill inois. Editor is Ed Shuey.
K9 BDK. Subs are $ r per year by 3rd cless mo il, $3 for
I sf class. $5 airmail. and $7 .20 special delivery. Pub-
'Ishe d twice a month. Contains class ified ads entirely.
I his is your best bet for an ine xpe nsive way to sell
or swap so me gear in a hurry. Within two weeks
oeople ere answering your ad.
FLORIDA RTTY BULLETIN. Feed W . De Motte
W 4RW M, P.O. Box 6047, Daytona Beach, Flo rid a . $3
per year including membership in Flo rid a RTIY
Society. Mo st ly operating news with (I bit of technical
info now and then. All TT men should be getting
th is.
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA RTTY BULLETIN. M erri ll
L. Swen W6A EE. 372 West Warren Way, Arcad ia ,
California . $2.75 per yea r, not incl uding membersh ip in
Society. Operating news and some technical articles.
This is the oldest n bulletin going. A ll TT men should
a lso get this one. Mo nt hly.
SIDEBANDER . Official organ of the Sing le Sidebenc
Ama t e ur Radio Asso cia t io n, 12 Elm Street, Lynbrook
L. 1., N. Y. Subs include membership to SSBAR A: $:
per year. Mo nt hly. Primarily operating news an d chit
chat for the SSB OX gang. Columns by W 8YIN
K5 MWU, K6EXT and o c ca sio nal technical info.
THE MONITOR. Me r-J e x Publishers, 507 W e st Devl
Street, Dallas 8, Te xa s. $ 1 a yea r, 3 years for $2 .5C
Mo nt hly. Larg e ly operating news. Columns: YL, C!u l
Mee t ing s, A rka nsa s Ne ws, Mississip pi Ne ws, Florid ,
News, OX, Misso u ri News, MA RS, Californ ia Ne w!
Louisiana Ne ws, VH F Ne ws, Oklahoma Ne ws, Ril
Grande Valley News, Novice N ews.
VHF AMATEUR. 67 Russell Ave nue, Rahway, Ne v
Je rsey. $2 yea r, $3.50 two years, $5 three yean
Mo nt hly. Operating news for VH F men. Some tech
nice! info.
DX-OSL News Letter. Cli f Evans , K6 BX, Box 38!
Bonita, C al iforn ia. Published quarterly . 40¢ eac h; A n
nue! subscrip tion $1 .25 (fou r copies) by fi rst cles
mail ($ 1.50 for OX stations) . Lists all QSL Bure e u:
managers for rare OX stations, etc .

7J HAM CLUB BULLETIN. M ervi n li pt on VEJDQX, DIRECTORY OF CERTIFICATES AND AWARDS. el i

3 11 Rosemary Rood, Toronto l O, On tario, Cene de.
Sent free to all editors of hem c lub bulle tins monthly
to keep them abreast of what is going on with oil
the o ther ham clubs. This is an excellent source of
news for putting together your club bulletins. To sub-
sc ribe to this news bulletin just send a copy of your
own c lub bulletin to Ma rvin.
WESTERN RADIO AMATEUR. Don W il li amson
W6JRE, 105 17 Haverly Street, El Mo nte , California.
Mont hly. Subs are $2 per year, $3.50 fo r two years, $5
for three veers. Operating news of west coast activity,
columns on OX, sse, YL, and som e articles. 4 8 pages.
Evans, K6BX, Box 385, Boni ta. C al. Complete Direc
to ry plus one year o f revisions (quarte rly) $3.50 . A d ,
75¢ for l st class mail; $1.25 for a irma il: OX station
Ist class mail add $ 1.00 . Ne ed le ss t o say, this is th
most complete col lection of dete on the hundreds c
certifica tes and awards ava ilable .
MOBILE NEWS. Publishe d monthly by the Amete u
Ra dio Mo b ile Society, 79 Mu rc hiso n Rd., Leyton, l
10. England. J o ining fe e and I year sub. is $2 .5(
OX BULLETIN . Don Chesser W4KVX , RFD I, Bu rlinc
t o n, Kent ucky. OX news in depth. Published we e ki)
3rd Class mail $5 year; 1st class $6; Airma il $7.5(
OX rates on req uest.

II1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111,11111111111111111111111111111111111111111I11111111111111111111111

52 • 73 MAGAZINE NOVEMBER 19b

 LAFAYETTE RADIO'S
324-PAGE 1961 CATALOG

Mail the coupon today f or your FREE copy

NEW! LAFAYETTE HE-25"VOYAGER" LAFAYETTE PROFESSIONAL QUALITY

COMMUNICATIONS RECEIVER-
6 TO 80 METER TRANSMITTER
ENGINEERED FOR THE AMATEUR
A. Sensational Value [or Your Ham S hack

Completely KT-200
Wired in Kit Form
64.50
109.50 5.00 Down
5.00 Down
• Superhet Circuit Utilizing 8 Tubes and HE·10
AVAI LAB LE NOVEMBER 30, 1960 Rectifier Tube wired
• Single Knob Bandswitching-8o through 6 Meters • Built-in "S" Meter with Adjustment
Control and tested
• Full 120 Walts CW, 70 Walts Phone, in only ; ' • Band Spread 80 to 10 Meters 79.95
Cu. FI.
• Covers 455kc to 31 me 5.00 Down
• More Than Enough Drive on All Bands
• Variable OFO and Rf Gain Controls
• Completely Filtered and Shielded for TVI
Suppression
• Switchable AVe and Automatic Noise
Limiter
• Clean Keying-No Clicks or Chirps
Th e perfect transmitter for novice, technician or The Communications Rece iver that meet s every
general. Completely self-contained- ideal for fixed, amateur need - available in ea sy-ta-a ssemble kit
porta ble, mobile or contest operation. Straight- form or factory wi red and tested. Signa l t o noise
thro ugh class C fi nal amplifier opera tio n on all
bands assures hi ghest efficiency and maximum pow- ratio is 10 db at 3.5 Me with 1.25 microvolt signa l.
er. Size: 14%Wx8\4Hx9\lz"D. Shpg. wI., 38 Ibs. Selectivity is - 60 db at l Oke, image ref lection is
HE·25 5.00 Down Net 109.50 - 40 db at 3 MG. 7W 'x15"x9". Shpg. wt., 22 Ibs.

.~:r.A.."Y"E "1"'''1'''E Plea se include slllppinC charles wil h order

iii ~ .A.. X> ::I: <> 165·08 LIBERTY AVENUE. JAMAICA 33, N. Y. • OTHER LOCATIONS
NEW YORK, N. Y. NEWARK, N. J. BRONX. N. Y. PARAMUS, N. J. BOSTON, MASS. PLAINFIELD, N. J.
100 6th Avenue 24 Central Aven ue 542 E. Fordham Rd. 182 Route 17 110 federal Street 139 W. 2nd Street
-----r---------------------------------------
I FREE
Lafayette Radio Dept. HAR ' 6 Send me the 324·Page
A~~Tp~~~E P.O. Box 190 Jamaica 31 , N. Y. 1961 Catalog No. 610
ON POST N am e •.............................................................•...••........._. _.•••....._.......•••••.••.•_ ._•.•__..••_ .•_.•••._••__....•......_........•.........•.••.
CARD
A d d ress _ . . . _ ._ _.__.._._,_" ._,__.•._ _ _. ._.._ _.._ ..••.......................,
City , _ _. , _ Zone _ State _ _._ . _
 (FREQUENCY METER h om pege 401
T APET ONE ' S NEW age is f a r above the 200-millivolt level. If th is
W T C -4 3 2 , • see ms a di sadva ntage, it ca n be ove r come b y
3 / 4 METE R .
L O W _N OIS E .
p u t ti ng an em it t er -fo llower amp lifier ah ead of
C R Y S T A L. t he limit er cir cui t a s shown in Fig . 5. Th is
M IXE R am plifier wa s om itted in the p rototype be-
C O N V ERT ER

Th is a d va nce d d e si gn ap p roach, se ldom u se d b y

ama te urs but w id e ly used in com me rcia l UHF re cei ve rs,
a chi e ve s o uts ta ndi ng perf ormance . It co ns ists of a
d oub le-tun e d ca vit y p reselec tor, f o llowed b y a crys tal
mixe r a nd low -noise IF preamplifie r.
Fig . 5-Th is ti ny pre amplifie r may be a dd e d t o
• t he in put of the f re q ue ncy met er to inc re a se
SPECII"ICATIONS ,
NOISE FIGURE : 6.0 DB th e met er's a bili ty t o indi cate fr equen c y of
GAIN , 20 DB vclte qe -cnlv so urces . The e mitte r-Follo wer cir-
IMAGE REJE CTION , GREATER THAN !SO DB
IF REJECTION , GREATER THAN 80 DB c uit ha s an in p ut imped anc e of nearl y half a
TUBE COMPLIMENT : IN2IE , SBC4 , 6BC4 . me g ohm , red uci ng loa d ing effects, a nd pro-
12AT7, 6AKS
vides more t han 10 db c urr e nt gain , whi ch will
STANDARD MODELS AYAlLABLE,
more th an full y drive the fr equ enc y met er fr om
WTC -432 IF OUTPUT FREQUEN CY 50 ·54 M C .
WTC-432A IF OUTPUT FREQUEN CY 51·55 MC . a ny ord ina ry sig na l. A ny sma ll transistor-typ e
WTC-432N IF O UTPUT FREQUEN CY 30 .5 ·3 4 .5 MC. int e rst a g e t ransform er ma y b e used ; its pr im e
WTC ·432C IF OUTPUT FR EQUEN CY 28 .32 M C .
purpose is t o keep a ll dc o ut of th e frequen c y.
PRICE $119 .5'3 (ANY MODEL)
met er input.
ALSO AYAILABLE , WTC.1296, PRICE $134.150

ca use it wa s f elt u n nec essary.

10 ARDLOCK PLACE,
TAPETONE, INC. WE BSTER, MASS.
That 's a ll t here is t o it---except j uatificafici
of t he "F ive-Doll a r Frequen cy Met er " n ame
Cost breakdown f or a sin g le-r a nge uni t is:
2 2N I 07 T r an sistor s $1.80
1 0-10 rna . meter 2.06
MOBILE 4
1
% -watt resisto rs
200-volt ca pacitor
.60
.15
POWER T ot a l $4.61
SUPPLY This is ba sed on use of a mo ving-van e mete
and no r ang e-swi t chi ng f ea tu res. U se of
MODEL d'A r son ov a l movement and a ra nge s witch wi.
A12/600/200 boost t he cost a bit, but it w ill still be vel'
reaso nable for s uch a vers a t ile u n it . Hav e f u-
NOW with t he f r eq met er , a nd h app y h omeb rewin g
$59.50 References
This 12V input d c to dc transistorized converter is Basic The ory
conse rva tively ra ted for continuous output of 120
R lee t rontcs l\Ta j!"n zine • .Ja n ua r y , l!l45.
watts 01 60 0V or 30 0V, o r any combinotion of 6 00 Elect re nte Measurem ents, n . 22a, F. E. T e r m a n and J. ~
a nd 300 volt load s totaling 120 watts. P e tti t , M cG r a w-H ill B oo k Co.. I nc ., New Yo r k , 19 5:
Ba sic E h·ct r o n ic Teat Instrum ent s , p p . 20 0·203, R ufu s 1
T u r n e r . Ri n eha r t & Co. , New Y o r k .
High e fficiency, sma ll size, and light weight, plus
Electrentc a n d Radio E nR i ne u i n l!", F o u r t h Edition, PI
fre edom from mainte na nce, conse rve your bottery 6 06 a nd 6 62, 1-' . E. T e rm an , McGraw· H iIl Bo ok co
and increa se the enjoyment of mobile o perotion. I n e. , New Yo r k, 19 55 .
T ra nsis to r Manual, Puu rt b Edition. pp . 89 -9 1, T h e G el
era ! E lect r ic C o mpa ny , 1959.
C o nstructi on Articl e s
ELECTRONICS DIVISION It e dlo and Tel evision N e w s . F ebr-u a r-y, HI51, n. 54. Ru{\
P . T u r n e r (A C operated instru me nt).
GLOBE INDUSTRIES, INC. R adio_El ectroni cs . Feb r u a r y , 19 52, p , 25, H . O. Maxwe
525 MAIN STREET ( AC operated i n s t r u m e n t ) .
Th e C- U CalJa ci to r , j-'ebrua r v, 1!)S6 ( B a t te r-y operate
BEllEVILLE, NEW JERSEY w it h t ubes) ,
CQ Ma R"a zine, .Junu urv , 1958, n . 72 ( T r-a n ais t o r-i a ed il
at rume nt}.

NOVEMBER 191

MM-2 Kit (les s I F a da ptor) . $119.50
Wir ed (less IF adaptor) . $ 149 .50
Pl ug - in IF adaptors (wired o nly)
RM-50 (50 KC I. R,I- 80 (60 -80 KC ).
RM-455 (450 - 500 KC )... ea . . . $ 12.50
THE MULTIPHASE MODEL MM·2
RFANALYZER
• Monitors the RECEIVED a nd TRANSMITTED signals .
Sho ws rIat - topping, over modulation, parasitics. key ed
wave shape etc . Sil ent e lec tronic switching key ed by
transmitt ed RF .
• No tuning required . Broa dband res pon s e flat 1 Me to
55 M e at power Ievel s of 5 watt s to 5 KW.
• New va r fable sw e ep contr ol for transmit and r eceive.
• RF att enuato r contro l s hei ght of patt ern . Calibrated in
3 DB steps .
• Fu nction sel ec tor for ENVELOPE, TRAPEZOID and
DOW - T IE patterns on transmit. For SSB, DSB , AM
and CWo
• Built- in 1 KC audio osc i llator, le s s than O. 5%distortion .
With 3" scope , is id ea l for compl ete alignment of SSB
exc ite r s .
• For use in s e rie s with 52-72 ohm coax Jine s . A short
pickup antenna may be us ed with other sy ste ms .
• Plug - in adaptor s availabl e to match 50 KC, 60 KC, 80 KC
or 455 KC r ec eiver IF s ystems . Only one simple
c onnec ti on to r ec eiv er .
TH ERE IS NO SUBSTITU T E FOR A SCOPE IF YOU WA NT
TH E C L EA NEST , MOST PERF ECTLY MODULAT ED
. SIGNAL YOU R TRANSMITTER CAN PROVIDE. THE MM-2
IS BY FAR T HE MOST DEPENDABLE a nd EASIEST TO
USE, SINCE IT WAS DESIGN ED ST RIC T LY FOR THIS
P UR POS E .

ENVELO PE R F TRAPEZOID

MM-2
AM TONE SSB T ONE LINEAR FLAT TOPPING
c
o o
RF r- IKC 1'. . ,
IKC RF RF
SSB -AM AM VOICE SS B VOICE RF OUT IN EXCTR.0VER BIAS PARASITICS
A F TRAPEZOID A M TRAPEZOID

MM -2 AM MM-2
AM 100% OVER MOD. 100% 75%
o o
o o
o
IKC
RF AF IKC RF AF
AM 7 5% NON- LIN EAR ill-LEVEL MOD. REGEN. OVER MOD.
LO-LE VE L MOD.

OTHER FINE C.E. PRODUCTS

Model 100V New 100 Watt Broad-Band Exciter -Transmitt er .. $79 5. 00
Model BDOL Broad- Band Linear Amplifi er . $49 5. 00
'" Model 20A Bandswitc hi ng SSB Excit er . $299.50
'" Model l OB Multiband SSB Excit er . $193. 50
'" Model GC -l Gated -Compres s ion Amplifi er . $ 66 .50
'" Model B Sideband Slicer with Q Multipli er . $104.50
'" Also available in kit form
AND MANY OTHERS . .. WRITE FOR LITERA TURE
THE
SSB
PIONEER

N ()V H ARFR 19bO


YOUR KIDS WILL idllJ
(if they can get this Key-
municator':ID away from you)
This is a hand key , complete with a built-in
transistorized C\V oscillator, long life battery
( also built-in) and an earphone. Great for
learn in g the code . . . will transmit over wires
for miles to Friends . . . o r can h e used
on VHF hands for send ing IC\V. Comes
mounted on a g" x 12" base with the Morse
co d e printed on it and a su p ply of messa ge
blank s. Ready to usc. Any number may b e
co nnected together.
. . . at your distributor . . . $9.95
DOW·KEY COMPANY
Thief River Falls. Minnesota
new!. .. coming in N OJJe1Ilber
CLIMASTER
MERCURY
CLIMASTER
ZEUS
T hree ye ar s of d evelopme nt and fi el d te sting
were re qui re d to produ ce t hes e worthy successo rs
to the Climester 62T1 0.
Note some of th e a d vantages yo u get wit h t he se
new units :
• Dual Band C ove ra g e .. . 6 a nd 2 me te rs
• Self Contain e d STABL E VFO
• Com pa ct, Mod ula r C onstr uctio n
• Au tom ati c Mo d ula ti o n C o ntrol
• H ig h Le ve l Mo d ula tio n
• Hi g h Effi cie ncy TMk C ircuit s
• Ease a nd C o nve ni e nce of O peratio n
CLiMASTER MERCURY 200 Wolfs AM Co rrie r Outp ut
CLiMASTER ZEUS . . . 90 wens AM Corrier Output
DI~~~~:::C~~~ ~~c.
Cle"
Rt. 53, Mt. Tabor. New Jersey • OAkwood 7-6800
(MODULATION Irom pa g e 25)
by means of varying coupling to t he final-
so t hat its trace just touches t he 0 lines, t he
minimu m voltage trace will be directly propor-
t ional to modulation per cent age which can then
be read directly from t he overlay.
When you use thi s gadget, you'll fi nd t hat
you r "modulation level" on CW will read 33.3
percent instead of O. H owever , t he pattern w ill
not r ea ch to the 0 line at any time on CW
unless yo u readju st the coupling to the final.
T he additional voltage nece ssary to r aise t he
pattern fr om 333 percent to 0 percent at t he
high side on voice come s f rom the modulator
- it 's the "talk power" of your sidebands.
You may al so be su re, the fi r st ti me you use
t his, t hat somet hing 's wrong with t he overlay.
There's a great possibility t hat you'll read le ss
t han 70 percent modul at ion.
Dont ' cu ss the gadget. The facts are sa d but
true ; a majority of ham transmitters p resently
on the air produce only about 70 per cent mod u-
la tion level in practice. I n many cases, at-
tempting to exceed th is level by mea ns of ad-
vancing t he audio-gain control resu lts in dis-
tort ion a nd spla t t er .
But t hat's no fa ult of the measuring over lay.
T he place to correct t hat problem is inside the
tra nsm itter. The cures for modulation troubles
would fill an article in t hem selves, and every
tran smitt er poses a different sit ua t ion.
H owever , once you know tha t you have a
pr oblem, you're h alfwa y t owa r d solvi ng it.
H a ve fu n with the overlay, an d her e's hoping
you inc rease your talk power with it. [lHl]
(TOROID COILS f ro m p ag e 37J
with the insula t or s is recommended to avo id
dama ge to t he coil, core and insulat or s.
The rem aini ng problem as sociated w ith the
use of fe rr ite toroid cores is t he ge neral lack
of ava ilability t hrough nor mal dist ributor out-
let s. Whil e the references cited g ive sources for
certain s pecified cores, variety is lim ited and
prices, for the se special it ems, are h igh. It is
t he wr iters per sona l conviction that t he alert
manufactu rer who ma kes avai lable, in di str ibu-
tor channels, a li ne of a dozen or so reasonably
priced, general purpose t oroid cores will make
a killing . Cores made of low, medium and high
f req uency cera mic a nd s upplied in t hr ee or
f our physical sizes should meet mo st experi-
mental requirements. If thi s arti cle a ssists in
making these core materials more readily
available, it will more t han h ave ser ved its
purpose.
The r adio am a teur has been r esponsi ble for
ma ny st a te of t he art advance s in the dual
fi elds of com m unications-electronics an d t his
new area offers fe rtile ground fo r experi ment a -
t ion . Try work ing with toroid r f ind uctor s. I n-
cr eas ed knowledge and skill will be yours , since
the s u rfa ce is ba rely scr a t ched in a mateur and
commercial application of t his new component
f a mily. 73
 I W ABBIT EARS from pog o 41)
some rf into the feed line as far as pat ter n THE NEW ~ LA-400-C
is conce r n ed . F irst we fi n d that the usu al fig -
ure eig h t pa tter n that we get fro m t he 800 WATTS PEPSSB
st a nd a r d ce nter fed di p ole h a s been modi fied
con s iderably. T he eight fig u re h a s lost we ight LINEAR AMPLIFIER
and g rown in h eig h t, w hic h mea n s we are bi-
di r ecti on al a n d s howin g gain on the t wo s ides
a t r igh t angl es to t he pl ane of t he a n t enn a.
We are a lso d own in r a diat ed energ y off the
ends of t he elemen t s. W e are maki ng good
progres s toward our objective.
W e now come to t he la st , bu t far from the
lea st , poin t of interes t. W ith t he elemen ts
a t a n a ng le of 45 degrees f r om t h e vertic a l,
we fi nd th a t t he a ntenna w ill r es p ond to both
vert ica lly a nd ho rizon t a lly polarized wave
f r on t s. T h is is a very nice t hi ng to have a t
a ny freq uency a nd at higher freq uencies m uch
des ired . There a re great g obs of " Ha iry Old
Theori es" rega r ding h ow waves t urn. a nd roll
a ft er leavi ng t he a nten na syst em , but an yone
who h as used a g rou nd p la ne ant enn a will con - NOW 800 WATTS PEP
firm t he fac t th at t he r e a r e t im es when t h ey FOR ONLY $164.95
ca n take all comers, a nd oth er t imes when the
H orizontal boys t ake over. THE "BEST BUY" YET
The s im plest for m of t his type of s yst em ha s
NEW modern styling I NEW high efficiency 3 element
bee n used fo r about one year a t t h e wr iter's bend·switching pi net. Puts more power into any
loca ti on. Th e ant enn a is cut fo r 14.100 mega - antenna or load from .50-70 ohms. For SSB, DSB, Linear
cycles and fed with R G8/ U ca ble. The ele- AM. PM, CW and FSK . All bends 80·10 meters. May be
men t s are m a de of s ect ions from t an k whip driven to 800 WATTS PEP SS8 with popular 100 watt
a n t ennas , wh ic h are 3 f oot len g ths a n d s cr ew SSB exciters. Uses four modified 1625's in grounded
toget her . E a ch section is als o t apered progres- grid . On customers order, will be furnished with 837's .
s ively. The ba se of t he 90 degree a ngle where (note: 1625's and 837's ore not directl y int e rcha ng ea b le,
the fee d li ne att a ches, is 25 ' a bove ground. T h e since seekers are different.) Typical P&H Low Z untuned
input. TV I suppressed . Parasitic Free . Meter reads grid
unit is rotated b y a TV type r otator. Th e ef- drive, plate current, RF amps output. Heav y duty power
f ecti ve h eight of the antenn a , u s ing the ce n ter supply using 816's. NEW modern istic grey cabinet
of one ele ment a s r efer en ce, is a p p rox imately measures approx. 9" x 15" X 10lh". Panel is recessed.
32' a bove g r ou n d . WANT TO SAVE MONEY? 8UY IT IN KIT FORM. It's a
U s ing 800 watts in p u t t he res u lts h ave been breeze to assemble and wire. 8EFORE YOU BUY - SEE
mo st g ratifyi ng. The D X s ig n a ls have been THE NEW lA-..tOO-C AT YOUR DEALERS.
incr eased in int ensit y to a p oint wher e a r m-
cha ir cop y is s t a nd a r d prac t ice. The reports LA·400·C Kit complete with tubes . •. ...• ... . •$164 .95
fr om a ll contacts sh ow a m arked impr ovement LA·400·C Wired and Tested $219.95
in t r ansm it t ed s ig n a l over t he g rou nd p lane
a nd two-ele me nt beams prev iou sly u sed.
T he " D ual P olarit y P ersonalit y" g ives sub -
s t a n t ia l evidence of lon g er s t a y in g p ower d ur-
ing cond it ion s of change in f a ding periods.
Als o t he "fa de" on t h is s yst em is much les s
t han on ot her types of antenna s wh ich h a ve
fi x ed po la rity. Th is wa s t ested by s wit ch in g
WANTED: N ew, current, and slightly used
(old t imer ) H am s to t ake ad-
vantage of N ew E ngl an d' s only
exrlusioc /lam outlrt , handli ng" all of the mos t popu-
ra pid ly f r om h ori zontal t o vertica l polariza- lar new and used amateur items. \Ve buy, sell ,
t ion a s compa red t o t he "V" con fig u rat ion. t ra de, swap, ren t, and service H a m gear only. For
the best deal around- try B ob G ra ham, WI K T J.
The pos sibil iti es of a p p ly in g th is prin ciple Graham Company, 505 ::\1:Iin Street , Reading,
to m ulti-element be ams is obvious and plans in .M assachusetts. T el. R E 2·4000.
the near f uture a r e t o con struct a t hree-ele-
ment p a rasitic b eam wi t h t h e a ngled elements,
to gather fu ll data. Again t he test will be con- Reyco Multiband Antenna Coils
duct ed on scaled down mod els a t U H F f r e- Tra ps fo r dipoles . . , high stre ngth . . . moisture
quencies bef or e moving t o full s ize 14 mega- proof guaranteed to ha ndle a full KW.
Mode l KW-40 'oils will , w ith a 108 foot antenna,
cycle elements. provide operation on 10- T5·20-40-80. $12.50 set.
In clos ing g entleme n, try one, and y ou too For info rmation on other models write:
can h a ve the la r g est pa ir of "Wabbit E a r s" in FRED L. REYNOLDS W2VS, 492 Rovenswood Ave.,
Ro,hester 19, New York
your a r ea . 73

NOVEMBER 1960
 Air Force MARS
Decoding the Address Label
Eastern Technical Net
In eddlt lon to your name a nd eddress o n
Su ndays fro m 2-4 p m: 3295, 7540, your le b el you will find the usua l hierog lyph ics.
15,715 ke. Our system is d eu ced ly simple sinc e we di dn't
Nov. b-Trip re port : Imp res si ons of the Tech . have anyone with - e nough expe.rie nce to work
noloqic el Stetv s of Electron ics Pro- o ut a cornpll ceted one. The first .two numbers
duction in the U.S.S.R. tell us when yOU first subsc rib e d .. _ 80: eighth
Nov, I3-Trip report: Impression s of e n A me ri- month o f 19eo. The la st tw o te ll us which is
co n Engineer -V isitor to the U.S.S .R. the last issue to send . . . 92: September 1962.
Nov. 20--Electromog ne tic C ompatibility. To get aw ay fro m the nuisan ce of using extra
Nov. 27- Applicotions of Ultra sonics. numb ers we use a n " N" for November, and
Dec. 4- Principles of Guida nce a nd Naviga- gue ss what for De cember.
ti on , e nd lnertie! Devi ces .

TELETYPEWRITER EQUIPMENT T h .' I' ,I !i;Tt:... r ...oy I.' b uy. lell a r ..cop 110m G f' o r l
Collins S1J Receivers .50-30.5 mc. 5 1 a year brings you 24 issues of borgoins go lore-
Model ,::-1 4, 15, 19, 26 & 28 Teletype machine,. Tele- PLUS the " Fo ste! 1 Woy in tbe World" to profi lobly
wril er Rece iving Converter Clnd otheu . di spose -ef you r o ld or excess ports cmd equipment_
Fo r genera l informotion & equipment list w r ite : FREE ad ce rtifica te and lotes t edi tion re turned im me-
Tom WI AFN, Alltronics-Howard CO. dio te ly if you se nd 51 NOW to :
BOX 19, BOSTON 1, MASS. Richmond 2-0048 HAM.SWAP. In c., 3S·f Eost Wacker Dr., Chicago 1, III.

24-HOUR DIAL ELECTRIC CLOCK

It i p: 1 5 " iliumi,,,.,.·,, .lial / ..,. . ....)' ,..·...Ii" g. II ..." h ..", ... 0,..1
.1",.al.l... u·ill, glau " "". ' a l, a l .. ",i,",," ..a ... a,,,l . ,a i ,, ' ....
•'.·.·1 1..
':;" 1. ,,,.,.11 a. a "i/I,
SEND CHECK O R MO NEY O RDER TO :
SCIENTIFIC INDUSTRIES, Inc.
15 Pork Street, Dept . 73·11, Springfield 3, Ma uochusetts
o r w r ite f or Fre e literoture

SIX METER RECEIVER

MODEL 505A-50-54mc
• TWO METER RECEIVER MODEL 506A-144-148mc

Here's the ideal low-cost receiver to

start your six or two meter station only 3 inches high

• Excellent sensitivity with sta ble supe rregenerative detector

• Built-in 110 volt AC power su pply
• Fully transformer operated, no voltage doub ler
• Compact, fully enclosed in cabinet-only 3 inches high
• RF stage for increased sensitivity and isolation
• Send-receive switch for muting receiver
• Band set capacitor for full 4mc ba ndspread
• Fea tures stable operation a nd dependability
Model SOSA. S06A. KIT, complete as above : $29 .95 • WIRED: $49 .95

MOBILE OPERATORS: Model 505A, 506A are available with mobile power supply
instead of AC supply at slight additional charge.
Send for do to on the complete line of NEIL2, 6 ond 10 meter fixed stotion,
mobile, and portable receivers, transmitters and transceivers.
!"fo:F. YO UK UF.,U.fo:K. OK OKU":K "'KO~I

THE NElL COMPANY 1 13 36 Calkins Rd .• BAker 5-6170 • Pillsfard, N. Y.

 (10 METER CONVERTER hom page III
e transistors p r ovisions ca n be made for
ou n ti ng- s ma ll t ra nsis tor sockets . EL CO 330 1
ckets are ideal transistor sockets for circu it
lard s. The sockets mak e it ea sy for exp eri-
en t ing with v a r ious t ran s istors.
T h e coils s ho u ld be woun d and r ead y for
ou nt.ing next. Coil da t a is f ound un der Cir -
li t Dra wi n g , F ig.!. Ll , L2 a n d L3 a re wou n d
l % " d ia m et er ce ra m ic coil fo r ms w hich a re
on slu g t u ned . L4 is a va r-i-loop atick with
e secon dary sc ram ble wo und over the pri -
ary. The coil taps a re made by tw ist ing a
" of coil wir e a t the appr opri a t e pl ace for
e t ap. Th e t wist is t he n st r ip ped by hold ing
e t wi st in a matc h fla me a nd fin ish ing wi t h
Ie st eel wool or emery pa per. A ft er st ri p p ing
e t.wj s t ca n t hen be solder ti n ned.
T he coils a nd tran sistor sock ets can now be
run ted on the circuit b oard. Following Fig . 3
e r esistor s a nd ca pacito rs may be mou n t ed
.d soldered in their p roper p la ce. Ca r e sh ou ld
used w hen s older ing on the ci rcu it board.
rly hold the h ea t ed iron on long en oug h to
ake a good sol deri ng con nection a nd us e onl y
good ro si n core solde r. Ca pac it or s C7, C8 and
~ are s older ed di r ect ly acro ss coils 1.1, L2
d L 3. A ft er a ll com ponents h a ve been
runted and s older ed check t he cir cu it board
rough with Circuit Drawing Fig. 1 t o elim i-
te a ny pos sible m istakes. The X -sist or Con -
r t er is n ow com pleted a n d rea dy for final
j ustme nts. T he converter m a y be cover ed
th a n y t ype of a box. Th e a uthor u sed a
x 4" x 2" Bud a lum inum chas s is with Jl
d J 2 fast ened clo sest to t he in put a nd ou t-
t.
Adjustment and Operation
Bef ore operating th e conver te r u se a g rid-d ip
rter t o t une t he loca l os cillator t o ap p roxi-
t tel y 28 m e. T h is check is mad e wit h t he
t ve t-ter swit ch off and by adjus tin g L 3 f or
~ di p. Adju st L'l and L2 f or a pp r oxim ately
me. A dditional accuracy may be obt ai ned
. check ing t he osc ill ator if a noth er r eceiver
t ed t o 28 m c is u sed. If t his method is u sed ,
-n the conve rter sw it ch on an d ad j ust L 3
til a b eat note is h ea r d e n t he receiver.
It is n eces s a r y t o use a le ngth of sh ield ed
ole between th e conve rter a nd t he a uto re-
ver. A ft er maki ng t hi s con nection a n d tu rn -
~ t he receiver and con ver t er on you sh ou ld
.r t to h ea r s ig n a ls. F in a l p eak ing is bes t
t e by t uni ng in a s ig n a l an d ad j usti ng Ll
j L2 f or g re a tes t sp ea ker output. When
ng a 28 me crysta l, s ig n a ls a t 28.5 me will
pear at 500 kc and 29.5 me sig n a ls a p peal' at
)0 kc on t he br oad cast band di al. Aft er th e
al adj us tments a r e ma de t h e conver te r m a y
mou nted at a ny conven ie n t place on t he
to da sh a nd you will enj oy m an y hours of
.en ing on t he 10 m ete r a m ateur b a n d. 73
IVEM BER 1960
SHORTWAVE PROPAGATION b y Stanley Leinwoll
(Ilad io F re f/uen c1/ & P ropag a t ion Mg r .-RadW F ree
E u rop e) .•O f sp ecia l inte rest t o those co ncerned with
radio com m unicat ion s .Th isreview i n QST (Ma y 1960)
sums up the book's vit al inte rest to a ll a mateu r s :
" ., . w r itten at just t he r igh t level f or the amateur.
interested in ionospheric p ropag atio n" . , .
Th er e is ••• ba ck g rou n d material-necessary for a n
understanding of the subject-on t h e ionosphere, on
radio waves, on su n spot s and the sunspot c ycl e,4a lt
treated in language that is easy to f ollow. The sec-
,t io n on ionosphere measurements in t rod uces the
ideas that are importan t to t he d etail ed u nderstand.
ing of ion08pheric p ropa gation, leading to the u se
of ion osph eric ch ar ts and predict ions for t he deter.
-minat ion of m ax imum usable [ r equenaiee and opti-
m u m working frequen cies. Th e calcula tion p roce.
du re fo r d istan ces shorter than th e m a ximum one-
hop, ge nerally neglected in ama teur literature, is
also included.
Of s pecia l interes t to QST readers are cha pters on
am a teu r contribut ions to k n owleage of wave p rop a-
gation a nd a f orecas t- adv an ced w ith adm itted cau-
t ion!-of probable a m a teu r- ban d condition s d u ring
the coming sunspot c ycle. T hroug hout t he book th e
r eader is introd uced t o various interest ing aspects
of p ropagatio n : one-way sk ip, for exa mple, sca t -
ter, m eteors , a ur ora l effects - all the thi ngs tha t
hams continuall y encou n t er in everyday o pera tion.
It wou ld be hard t o fin d a question a bout propaga-
t ion in th e 3 -30 M c. region - at lea st th e t ype of
(/ueBt ion t hat a n a m ateur w ould ask - that isn' t cov-
ered som ew h ere in this book, even if only (o f n eces -
sity) b y th e s ta tement that the .ans w er hasn't yet
been dis covered." ,11231, $3.90.
RIDER GLOBAL TIME CONVERSION SIMPLIFIER by
Lt. Col. J ohn G. Dc iacr (R ct'd) . W h a t t ime is it in
Oslo ? In N ew Delhi ? I n S an Fran c isco? I n R io de
Janeiro ? No matter where yo u a re loca t ed ) "O U can
t ell a t a g lance w h at t ime it is an yw here in t he
world w it h the g r ea test o f ea se. It lists sm a ll t own s
a nd la r ge ci t ies around the world : large cttles and
sm a ll tow n s in t he United States. It is ('ol o l' - klo~' {'(1
to t ell yo u im media t el y t he co rrect da v. Cor-recta fo r
areas that ha ve Da ylight Savlnga T im e. H as con -
ve r sion t ables fo r t h ose w ho use 2·j -hou l' r-alculnt ed
s ystem. Id eal for com munication s p e rs o n nel, ni l'.
lines, hnnk snml travellers. Color fu l chart and map
and m akes it u sa hl e to a nyone. #238, $1 .
HOW TO USE GRID-DIP OSCILLATORS by Rufus
P. T u rn er K 6AI. T he fi r st book eve r devoted en-
tirely t o grid-dip oscill ators tells yo u h ow to con-
struct a n d u se t h is very ver satile instrument with
Lest p ossi ble r esults. It is ap plica ble to all kinds of
r adio r eceivers and t ra n s m itte rs, a ls o to television
r eceivers. The g r id -d ip oscill a to r is a troubleshoot-
ing devi ce -an a d justi n g d ev ice -a f requency meas-
uring device -applicable t o circuits a n d components
in cir cu it s - t o anten nas: a lso a sig nal sou rce of
vari able frequency. #245, $2.50.
GET YOUR COMMERClAL · ~ __
TICKET EASIER WITH... ~· -
Kaufman's ~
RADIO OPERATOR'S LICENSE \:;.
Q AND A MANUAL
Now available 6th edition
up to the minute
The BEST book for FCC
License Preparation ,,, .... ,., .. . -- .
-
Covers elements 1 tbru 8.
The only book with complete 6th EDITION
discussi on of a ns w ers to every
teehnleal question in the FCC Study Guide.
Makes it very easy to answer multiple choice
Questions. ,11 130, clot h , $7.10
Available af your e lectron ics ports distri bu tor, or order d irect
.",:;,;
add city & state ta x es.
A ll prices s uhjer-t to rev ision,
l eave 73 aro und for th e famil y t o see • 59

Instructions for using
Radio Bookshop:
I ) Read list of books and mark those you
must have.
2) Check off the sa me numbers on the or-
der blank .
3) Total up the bill and enclose a check,
mon ey o rd e r o r ca sh.
4) Put the whol e works in an envelope,
address and ma il.
5) Don 't forget the stamp.
6) Or your return address.
I -ELECTRONICS & RADIO ENGINEERING-Terman . One
of t he mcs t complete te xt books ever printed. 1078
pages. The o ry, but easy o n t he ma th . $14.50
2 -ELECTRICAl ENGINEERING HANDBOOK- M cil wai n.
For m ula s, fa ble s, circuits. A reel ho nd book. 161 8 pages.
$10.00
5-ANTENNAS- Krous (W8JK). The mos t complete book
on a nte nnas in pr int, but lorgel y desig n a nd t he o r y,
comple te wi th mot h. $ 11.50
10-1 , LIBERTINE- Shep he rd (K20 RS). Ra cy 3S¢ book. (I
best-se ller. Spe cially priced f o r you a t . • . SOc
20-RTTY HANDBOOK-Kret zmo n (W 2JTP). A -Z of hom
Telety pe . Ve ry popu lo r b oo k, lo w su pply. $3.00
21-VHF HANDBOOK-J ohnson (W6Q KI). Types of VHF
propOQo tion, VHF circ ui try, component limi tations, o n-
tenno desi gn ond constr uction, te st e quipmen t. Ve ry
thor oug h book o nd one thot shou ld be in every VHF
shack . $2.95
22 -BEAM ANTENNA HANDBOOK - O rr (W6SA1) . Ba sics,
the or y ond constr uction of beams, tr o nsmi ssion lin es,
motch ing de vice s, o nd test e quipmen t. Alm ost a ll hom
sta tions need 0 beo m of some so rt •• . he re is the
on ly so urce of b a sic info to help you decide whot beam
to b uild or b uy, how to ins tol1 it, how to tune it. $2.70
23 - NOVICE & TECHNICIAN HANDBOOK - Stoner
(W6TNS). Sugor coote d the or y : re ce ive rs. tr o ns mitters,
power supp lies, ontennas; simple constructio n of 0
comp lete stcticn , conve rt ing su rp lus equ ip ment. How to
get 0 hom lice nse , bu ild 0 station and get o n the o ir.
$2.85
24-BETTER SHORT WAVE RECEPTION- Orr (W6SAI).
How to buy 0 rece iver, how to tune it, o lign it; bu ild -
ing accesso ries; bette r anten nos; QS L's, mop s, o ur or a
zo nes, CW reception, SSB rece ption, etc. Hon d book for
short wave liste ners ond ra d io amateu rs. $2.85
28-TElEVISION INTERFERENCE- Ra nd (W 1DBM). This is
the outho rita tive book on the s ub je ct of ge tt ing TVI out
of you r rigs and the neighbors sets. $1.75
32-RCA RADIOIRON DESIGNERS HANDBOOK -1 500
pages of de sig n notes on every possib le type of cir cu it.
Fo b ulous. Every des ign enginee r need s this one . $7.50
40-RAD10 HANDBOOK , 15th EDITION- O rr (W6SA I).
This is fo r and owoy the best amateu r rad io ho nd book
ever p rinted . Over 800 pages. $7. 50
45 -CU RTA COMPUTER . The wo rld's sma llest compu te r.
Send fo r de tailed info rmotion. Makes the slide ru le look
sick. like a big Mon roe compute r on ly ho nd size.
$1 25.00
47 - PRACTICAL elECTRONICS - Hertzberg (W2DJJ) .
Almost so lid with picture s. To uche s lightly on mo ny
60 • 73 MAGAZINE
aspects of electronics: hom ra d io, TV, tron sistor rodios,
h i· fl, mic rowaves, tr c ub le -sh e etlnp , Nov ice sta tion, an-
te nncs, te st e quipme nt, etc. $2. 50
48 -BASIC ELECTRONICS- Covers subject completely .
W ritte n for use w ith RCA Inst itut e tro ining course. $9. 25
49-ElECTRONIC COMMUNICATION - Shro der. Huge book
oimed ot givi ng a ll informotion nece ssary fo r FCC
ca mmerciol ond omateur licenses. $ 13. 00
50-MICROMINIATURIZATION -Th is is the standa rd text
on th e sub ject, Don 't see how 0 com pany librory con
be w itho ut thi s one. Everyt hing is goi ng to have to be
bu ilt smoller, yo u kn ow . $11.00
52 -HOW TO READ SCHEMATIC DIAGRAMS- Marks.
Components & diag roms; e lectrical, e lectronic, ee, dc,
aud io, d , TV. Storts wi th indiv iduol circu its and carries
throug h compl ete equipments. $3.50
53 -BASIC elECTRONIC TEST PROCEDURES -Turne r. This
book covers iust obout every possib le type of e lectro nic
te st equipment and exp lains in detoi l how to use it for
every purpose. Te sti ng : audio equ ip me nt, recei vers,
tra nsm itters , tr ansi stors, p hotacels, di stortio n, tubes,
power . •• e tc. $8. 00
54 -HAM RADIO HANDBOOK- Hertzb erg (W2DJJ) . This
is a la vish ly iII ustroted book to interes t peop le in the
hobby of hom ra d io. Tell s how to get you r ti cket, select
o re cei ve r a nd transm itte r, le ar n the code. Pict ure s and
info on just a bout every com me rcial piece of hom
equ ipment. Bette r than a catol09. $2.50
55 -TRANSISTOR CiRCUIT HANDBOOK- Simp le, easy to
un derstand expla na tio n of tr a nsisto r ci rcui ts . Dozens
of inte rest in g app lications . $4.95
56 - RADIO TelEPHONE LICENSE MANUAL - Smith
(W6 BCX). Brand new ques tion ond answe r study gu ide
for FCC comme rcial licenses. $5. 00
57-QUAD ANTENNAS - O rr (W6SA I). Theory, design,
constructio n ond operot ion of cubicol quads. Bu ild · it
yourself info. Fee d systems, tuning. $2.85
58 -ANTENNAS fOR CITIZENS RADIO-O rr (W6SA I).
Gene ral coverage, mob ile and d irecti on al onte nno s for
27 m e, bond. Build & tune 'e m. $1.00
69-5-9 SIGNALS- Orr (W6SAI). A mo nu o l of pra cti cal,
de toi led da ta covering des ign o nd co nstru ction of high ly
efficien t, inexpe nsive an te nnas fo r the omateu r bonds
thot yo u co n bu ild yourself. $ 1.00
70-CITIZENS RADIO CALL BOOK-lists a ll colts issu ed
until Januory 1960, p lus lots of CB info. $3.95
71 -CITIZENS RADIO CALL BOOK SUPPLEMENT- Co lts
fro m Ja nuar y 1960 until Jul y 1960. $3. 95
72 -ABC's OF HAM RADIO- Pyle (W70 E) . Designed for
the Nov ice hom. Includes 011 of the information needed
to qua lif y fo r the Nov ice li ce nse . 11 2 pages. $1.50
73 -101 WAYS TO USE YOUR HAM TEST EQUIPMENT-
Middleton. Grid -d ip meters, o nten no impedance mete rs,
oscilloscopes, bridges, simple noise genera tors, and
refl ected power meters ore covered. Tells how to chose
troubl e out of hom geor. 168 pages . $2 .50
74 -HANDBOOK OF elECTRONIC TABLES & FORMULAS -
Formula s & lo w s, constants , sta nda rds, symbols and
codes. Math table s, misc. data . $2.95
7S-BUILD-A-WARD QSL ALBUM- Mount your prize QS L's
in thi s al b um . Room fo r 100 co rds in each a lb um plus
labe ls fo r iust abo ut a ll possib le operoti ng owo rds. A
fine way to show off your cards. $1.95
76-MO DERN OSCillOSCOPES & THEIR USES- Ruiter.
Second ed it ion. Shows what 0 'scope is, what it does
and how to use it for ra di o, TV, t ronsm itte rs, e tc. 346
poges. .. $6. 50
77-BASIC ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS- Stout. Second
ed ition . Covers oids to computation, mea surement of
resis to nce, g a lv onome~ers, shunts, stando rd cells , poten -
tiometers, a lternat ing curren t b ridges, mu tu ol ind ucta nce
measu reme nts, brid ge occessories, ins trume nt t r c ns-
formers , mog ne tic meo su rements . • • o nd lots more.
$ 11.65
NOVEMBER 19
l8-INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICA L CIRCUITS- Jackson.
Deo ls with exa ctly what e lec tron ics ond e lectrico l en -
gineering te chn icians nee d to kno w . Comp lete coverage
of e lect-lee ! circu it theory, fr om beg inni ng level. De - -
ve lops con cepts of curren t, vo ltage, re sista nce, w o rk, and
power. Shows how to expand basic concepts to so lve
e labo ra te di rec t and a lternating curr ent ne two rks used
in mode rn e lectrical and e le ctro nic circu itry . $ 11. 65
79-TRANSISTOR PROJECTS- Ski p the theory ond sta rt
hav ing fu n. Ro d ios: se lf powered, s hirt pocket, re gen-
erative, ca rrier-power, hea dp hone. In st rume nts o nd ac-
cessor ies: aln e -squere wove gene roto r, preamps for
VTVM 's, gain che cke r, sho rtwove ca li b ra to r, pha se
s hif te r, substi tut io n box. Plus re mote tr a nsist or ea r, e lec-
tr onic compo ss, simp le o sci llotor, lam::J con trol, mu lti-
impeda nce amp lifie r, e lec tro ni c counte r, p ort a ble power
supply . • . e tc. $2 .90
80-SURPLUS RADIO CONVERSION MANUAL VOLUME
NO . I (second editi on). Thi s b ook g ives circuit d io -
gram s, p hoto s of most eq u ipment, a nd ra ther g ood and
comp lete conve rsion instru ct ions for the fo llowing : BC-
22 1, BC ·342 , BC-312, BC-348, BC·412, BC-645, BC-946B,
SCR -27 4N 453A series rece ivers convers ion to 10 meter
receivers, SCR-27 4N 457A se ries t ransmitte rs (conve r-
sio n to VFO), SCR-522 (BC-624 a nd BC-625 conve rs io n
to 2 meters), TBY to 10 a nd 6 meters, PE -l03A, BC-
1068A/ 1161A receiver to 2 meters, Surp lus tube index,
cross ind ex of A/ N tubes vs. commercia l typ es, TV &
FM cha nne ls. 52..50
81 -SURPlUS RADIO CONVERSION MANUAL VOLUME
NO . II . Orig inal a nd conve rs ion cir cuit d ia grams, plus
photos of mos t equipme nts a nd fu ll conve rsion dis-
cuss io n of the follow ing : BC-454/ ARC-5 re ce ivers to 10
meters, AN /APS-1 3 x mtr/ rcvr to 420 me, 8C -457/ ARC-5
xmtrs 10 10 mete rs , Seleni um re ctifi e r power unit s, ARC-5
power and to incl ud e 10 me ters, Coi l d oto-s impli fied
VHF, GO -9/ TBW, BC-3 57, TA-12 B, AN/A RT· 13 to ac
w inding cha rts , AVT-112A, AM·26! AIC, l M fr eq uency
meter, rototors, pow e r chort, A RB d iag ra m. $2 ..50
82-SURPlUS RADIO CONVERSION MANUAL VOLUME
NO . III-O rig inal o nd conve rs io n d iogra ms, p lus some
photo of the se : 70 1A, AN/ APN-1, AN/CRC -7, AN/U RC-4,
CBY-29 125, 50083, 501 4 1, 52208, 52232, 52302 -09, FT-
ARA, BC -442, 453 -455, 456 -459, BC-696, 950, 1066, 1253,
241A fo r xta l fi lter, MBF (CO l -43065) , MD-7/ ARC-5 ,
R-9/A PN-4, R23- R-2B/A RC-5, ' RAT, RA V, RM -52 (53),
Rt-19/ ARC-4, SCR-274N, SCR-522, T-1 5/AR C-5 to T-
23/AR C-5, LM, ART-13, BC-312, 342 , 34B, 191 , 375.
Sche ma tics of APT-5, ASS-5, BC-659, 1335A, ARR-2,
APAI0, APT-2. $2.50
83-THE SURPLUS HANDBOOK, VOLUME I- Rece ivers and
Tran smitters. Thi s book consists e nti rely of circu it dia-
groms of surp lus equipme nt and p hotos of the ge a r.
Hand y orde r fo rm for peop le who don't mind ripping t heir mag azines to pi eces.
I 2 5 10 20 21
45 47 48 49 50 52
69 70 71 72 7J 74
81 82 83 84 85 R170
SNS 28
C ircle t he book numbers you wish to o rde r. Ple ase includ e cash, check, mon ey o rde r .. . o r so met hi ng
we can d eposit in the bank.
Na me:
Address: . .. . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. .. . . .
City :
Ra dio Bookshop, 1379 East 15th Stre et, Brook lyn 3D, New York
lVEM BER 1960
O ne of the first things you reo lly ha ve ta have to
e ve n sta rt considering a conversion of s urp lus equip -
ment is a good cir cu it d ia gra m . Thi s b ook ha s the
fo llow ing: APN -l , APS-1 3, ARB, A RC-4, ARC-5, A RC-5
VHF, ARN -S, ARR·2, ASS -7, BC-22 2, -3 12, · 3 14, -342 ,
-344, -3 48 , -603, . 6 11, -624 (SCR-522), BC-652, -654,
·659, -669, -683, -72 8, -745, -764, -799, -794, 8C -923,
- 1000, - 1004, · 1066, · 1206, -1306, - 1335, BC-AR-23 1,
CRC-7 . DAK-3 . G F- l1, Mark II, MN-26, RAK -5, RAL-5,
RA X, Super Pro, TBY, TCS, Re sistor Code, Capacitor
Co lo r Code, JAN / VT tube index . $3.00
84 -SURPLUS SCHEMATIC HANDBOOK-Thi s, too, is 0
book of schemotics . . . a nd just a hint of co nve rsion
s tra tegy he re an d there . Co nta in s: APA38, APN1 , APR1 ,
APR2, APS1 3, ARB, ARC 1, ARC3, A RC4, ARCS,
ARC5V HF, ARJ, AR K, ATJ, ARN7, A RR2, ART1 3, AS B7,
AS8 1G R, ATK, BCAR231 , AC189, BC- 191, 22 1, 3 12, 342,
3 14, 34", 348 , 375, 438, 474A, 603, 61 0, 6 11 , 620, 640,
645, 652, 653, 654, 659, 683 , 684, 728, 733, 745, 779,
794, 906, 969, 1000, 1004 , 1023, 1206, 1335, BN , BP, C3,
F3, CRC7, CRO-208, CRT3, DAE, G F-lI , G09, G RR5,
1122, 11 77 , 1208, JT350A , LM, M07, MN26, PRC6, PRS3,
R1 74 , RAK, RAL, RAO, RAS, RA X, RBH , RBL, RBM, RBS,
RC56, RC57, DC, DR, RDZ, SCR-274, 284, 288 , 300, 506,
522, 578, 585, 593 , 608, 6 10, 624, 62 B, SPR-l , SPR2,
TBS99, TEW, TB Y, TC K, TCS, TG34, TS34AP, TS251U P,
VRC-8 -9-10, VVX- l. $2.50
BS-SO YOU WANT TO BE A HAM-H ertzberg (W2DJJ).
Second ed iti on . Good introductio n to the hobby. Ha s
photos ond brief d escrip tion s of a lmost every commer-
cially ava ilab le trans mitte r an d recei ve r, p lus a cces-
sories. La vi s hl y ill ustra ted a nd reada bl e . $2 .95
R170-BASIC ELECTRONICS-R ider. Five vo lume se t of
really ill us tra ted b ook s. (1 ) Pow er s up p lies. (2) Am pli -
fiers. (3) O sci llators. (4) Tra nsmitte rs. (5) Recei ve rs. Soft
cove rs. $10.00
R199-GETTING STARTED IN AMATEUR RADIO -Bere ns
(W2 PIK). Fundome nt al s for getting Nov ice Li cense . $2 .40
R221-BUILDING THE AMATEUR RADIO STATION -Bere ns
(W2 PIK). Se q ue l to a bove. Eve rything you nee d to kn ow
to b uild you r fi rst ha m s ta tio n. $2 .95
R235-RADIO CONTROL FOR MODEL BUILDERS- Wi nt er.
O ne of the best ond ne w e st books available on RC. $4 .25
R245-HOW TO USE GRID-DIP OSCillATORS -Tur ner
(K6AI). Co nstruct ion & use s, a n imp ortant book. $2 .50
SNS8-S0UND-N-SIGHT CODE COURSE. Three 10" LP
re cor d s a nd instructions for Novi ce code, 0 -8 wpm. $9.50
SNS20-S0UND-N-SIGHT CODE COURSE 20 WPM . Ad -
va nced course fro m 9 -20 wpm, thr ee 10" LP' s. $8.95
SNS28-S0UND-N-S1GHT CODE COURSE COMPLETE . All
six LP record s. 0 -20 wpm a nd fu ll instru ction s. $15 .95
22 23 24 28 32 4{)
53 54 55 56 57 58
75 76 77 78 79 80
RI99 R22 1 R23 5 R245 SNS8 SNS20
' .. Ca ll : . . ............... ....
Zone: Slate: .
73 MAGAZIN E • 61
 Model
M-100 Advertisers Index
New A ld e n C o. 8
Self-Contained All ied Redic Corp . 64
Al tro ni cs-H owe rd C o . 58
Universal
A rrow Ele ct ro nics, Inc. 45
Series Gate Ce ntral Electro nics, Inc. 55
A.M. Modulator Clegg Lab o rat o rie s, Inc . 56
JOIN NOW THE CIRCLE OF Cushc re l t . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
ENTHUSIASTIC OWNERS!!! Dow- Key Co . 56
EASILY ADAPTAB LE TO MO ST COMMERCIAL CW
TRANSMITTE RS . AN IDEAL MODULATOR FOR THE EI CO 5
HOMEBREW TRANSMITTER Elect rotone Labo ra tories 62
• Mod ul at es a ny bea m t etrod e or pe ntode E-Z W a y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .... . . . .. . 6
amplifier up t o I KW
Fa ir Rad io Sa les . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . 62
• Extrem e ly economica l and efficient me t hod
of mod ula tion Glo be Ind ustrie s, Inc . 54
It No sacrifice in CW power capacity Graha m C o . 57
• Amazingly small : only bit x 7 112" x 5112" H a mma rl und Mf g . Corp. . Inc .. . . . . . . .. . . 2
• Two years com ple te g uara ntee
H am -Swa p , Inc . 58
Find o ut fo r yo urse lf why t he M-100 is your best
ham inv estme nt pe r d ollar: Int e rnatio na l C rysta l Mf g. Co C over 2 , I
ORDER TODA Y . . . • $39.95 Net Lafa yette Radio 53
EFfECTIVE Jon . 1, 1961 . $49 .95 N et
Mini Prod ucts, Inc, 7
10 DAYS TRI AL , MONEY BACK GUARA NTEE
If' r ill' /" ,. {''' ''' I.le''· It'~'h "i('(ll i"l o r m a, i"".
Na t io na l Co ., The C ov e r 4
S""./ c h,·..k or """"'y ..,.d",. ,,, : Ne il Co ., The 58

ELECTROTONE LABORATORIES P & H Electroni cs. Inc .

Pe te rso n Radio Co " Inc
57
C ove r 3
250 1 No rth Ashl and Ave nu e • Chi cog o 14, Ill inois
Radi o Bo oksbo c 60 , 61
Scienti fi c Ind ust rie s, Inc. 58
So lar Ele ct ro nic s Corp . 51
Subsc ripti o n to 73 Ma g azine. . . . . . . . ... . 63
Te petone. In c . 54
73 Su b script io n 63

Receivers, Tra nsmitters, Mi crophones,

Met ers , Headset s, Amplifier s. Gen-
erators . Test Equipment, Tele phone Equi p-
ment. Motors. DynamotOf's. P ower Supplies,
Ant ennas, Cable, Transform ers , Inverters,
Etc.-Etc.
Next Month
W e 've got a lot more co nstru ction a rticles
lined up for December. Pro b a b ly the one t ha t
wil l have t he mos t fe ll o ws rush ing to the wo rk-
shop is the RF Sn iffe r, which you can put
toge t her ve ry easi ly a nd use a lot . The VHF
boys wi ll get t he b uild-i ts whe n t hey see th e
jo b ZL IAAX d id o n a Low No ise Two M eter
C on vert er. This is t he mo st modern an d up to
da te design ye t . K5JKX presents one o f t he
first a rticles we've se e n on H o w To Tran sist orize
you r tube circ uit s. And wh ile we' re transistor-
izin g, we ha ve a brand new circui t . . . the firs t
ti me an yw here . . . a 220 mc Tran sistorize d
C rystal C o ntr olled Conve rter. Th e n we have
t he wo rl d's Simplest Pho ne Pat ch , an inte re sting
Sta t io n Co ntrol Unit , a Mul tivib refor VOX
ci rcuit, a Dyn a mic: Dem on strator for SS B, a
feat ure a rti c le on squelch circui ts, and a raft
of o ther artic les .

62 • 13 MAGAZ INE NOVEMBER II

 Send Cosh
o r check mad e out t o: 7 3 l\ lagazin e

You 've seen two issues by now (unless yo u read from the back of the
magazine) and you sho uld see that we reall y are going t o bring yo u top
notch artic les eve ry month, and lot s of 'em . We can do even better if
yo u'll give us a helping hand . When you're o n the air tell the fellows about
73 and some of the articles in here . Te ll your club members. G et a writeup
o n 73 into yo ur club bulletin . Blud geo n your close friends into subsc ribing .
If they like t o build t he n they 've got to subscribe. Let's get so me of the
fun into your hobby.

73 Subscr iption: $3.00 on e year ; $5 two years; $7 three years. DX: Add $1.00 per year.
Send to : 73 Mag azine , 137 9 East 15th s-, Broo klyn 30, N . Y.

~ anle ... . .. ... . ... .. . ... .. . .. . .. . .. . ... .. . ... .. . Call .

Add ress .

City Zon e . . . S tate .

· . . . years. Start with issue .

Nam e • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Call • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Address • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

City • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Zone • • • State • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

•
• • • • years. Start with Issue • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Xame • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Call • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Address • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

City • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Zon e • • • State • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

• • • • years. Start with Issue • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

N O VEM BER 1960 • 6l

 big clearance sale
of reconditioned equipment•••
-
•
h.
e
.... . 0

biggest trading in our history brings you top values like these•••
ALL WITH 90-DAY NEW EQUIPMENT WARRANTY!
Barker & Williamson Hallicrafters Johnson
5100 T ran sm itter $219 .00 S-38 E Receiv er •... ......... $ 42.50 Pacemaker Excit er. $289.00
51 5 B Sideband Generato r 139.00 S-40 Receiver . . . . . . ..•..... . 54.00 Thun derbo lt Linear Amp 425.00
Central Electronics S-40 B Recei ver . . . . . ..... . . . 19.00 Vi king 11 T ran smitter 159.00
20·A Sid eband Exciter . 164.50 S-53 A Receiver. . . . . . . . . . . . 49.00
600-L Linear Amplifier . 219.00 SX-71 Recei ver 149.00 Knight
10-8 Sideband Exciter . 99.00 S-16 Receiver " . . . 89.00 R· 1oo Recei vers ..........•.. 89.00
10- A Sideband Exciter ..••..• 19.00 SX- 99 Recei ver. .. _ 114.00 T -SO Transmitters . 29.95
GC-1 Gated A mplifier . 29.00 SX-1 D1 MK III Receiver 259 .00
S-1 04 Recei ver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.95 Morrow
Collins S·107 Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74.50 MB-565 Tran smitter . 179.00
32 V 1 Tra ns mitt er . 225.00 MBR-5 Recei ver . 139.00
HT-30 Transmitter . . . . . . . . .. 249 .00
32 V2 Tra nsmi tter . 249.00 MB-560 A T ran smitter . 125.00
HT-31 Am pl if ier 249.00
32 va Tran s mitter . 329.00
HT-32 Tran s mitter 429.00 Falcon Rec eiver W I BC Band . 139.00
KWM-1 wit h AC Supply . 625.00
HT-32 A Tran smitter . . . . . . . . 419.00
Elmac National
HT-33 linear Am plifier . . . . .. 385 .00
AF-67 Trans mitter . 109.00 HT-33 A li near A mplifi er .... 569 .00 SW -54 Receiver . 34.50
A-54H Trans mitter . 65 .00 NC·60 Receiver .....•....... 42.50
PSR-6 Pow er Su ppl y . 15.00 Hammarlund NC-66 Recei ver . _ . 59.00
P$A-SOO Po wer S up ply . 29.95 HQ-110C Receiver . 189.00 NC-88 Recei ver . 79.00
1050 Power Su pply . 29.00 HQ·140X Rec eiver . 169.00 NC-173 Receiver . 119.00
HQ-170C Recei ver . 269.00 N C-l83 0 Receiver . 229.00
Globe Heath HRO -60 Recei ver . 329.00
680 A T ra nsmitter . 89.00 O X-3S Tran smitter . 48.00 NC -303 Rec eiver . 329.00
Ch ief 90 T ransmitter . 39.50 OX-40 T ran smitter . 54.50
Ch amp 300 Transmitter . 215 .00 159.00
RME
OX- l oo Transm itter .
S co ut 65 A Transmitter . 65.00 4350 A Recei ver . 159.00
VF-1 V .F.O•................ 15.00
VHF-1 26 Con verter . 189.00
Gonset OF-1 "Q" Multipli er . 6.95
OB·22 A Preselector . 29.95
G-66 Recei ver . 135.00 Harvey-Wells
G· 66 Pow er Sup pl y . 11.50 R·9A Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . 79.00 Tecraft
C ommun icator III 6 meters . 189.00 T -90 Tran sm itter . 79 .00 6 M eter C on vert er . 19.00
Co mmunicator II 2 met ers . 149.00 TBS-500 Tran smitter W I V FO 59.50 2 Meter Converter W I Sup pl y. 39.00
6 Mete r Linear A mplifier . 19.95 APS-50 Po wer Supply . 15.00 PTR-2 Power Su pply . 27.95
2 Met er linear Am plifier . 19.95 APS-90 Power Su pply . 39.00 PS-1 Power Supply . 15.00

•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
•• EASIEST TERMS: A vailable on all 15·DAY FRU TRIAL: Try any of 90-DAY WARRANTY, A lIled Re- ••
: orders over $20 ; only $2 down up thi s equipment under you r own conditio ned eq uipment is cove red :
• to $50; $5 down from$ 51-2oo; only co nditions; ifin ts davs vcu're not b y t h e same 90- d a y wa rra n ty •
• $10 down fr o m $201 up . U p to 24 completely satisfied , return it for a g ai n st de fec ts i n mater ial or •
• mo nt hs to pay. Fast handling-no fu ll refu nd, les s only tran spo rta- workma nship whic h covers b rand- •
• red t ape. tton costs . new eq uip me nt . •
• •
•••• • • • • • • • ••••• • • • • ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
IMPORTANT: Some ite ms above are one of a kind • . . all Items
are s ubje ct to pri or sale .. • send d ep osit to hold any Item.
SILECTYOUR NEW GEAR
from our complete 444- For reconditioned or new equipmen ~ write to Jim SommerYitl e,W9WHB, c/o Allied. or slop in and
meetJoe Hullman. W9BHD; Joe G iu~ W9HLA, Burt Fischel. W9VOB;Jack Schneidu, W8elE.
page value-packed cata-
log. If you haven't a capy,
write for it todoy.
ALLIED RADIO
100 N. Western Ave., Dept. 150-L
Chicag 0 80, III.
 •

In many respects. Crystals are like
"diamonds." You can buy them
from six-bits up. It may be difficult
to tell quality from a distance. but
measured under close-up of per-
formance. accuracy and stability
. . . quality stands out. Alter all.
your frequency control is the heart
of your transmitter. When you trust
your frequency to PH you know
where you are ... today, tomorrow
and years from now. This is worth
a great deal. In the long run the
money you put in a crystal is not
important ... because even quality
PHs cost little. When you buy a PH
from your jobber you can get the
exact frequency you want (integral
kilocycle) within amateur bands.
at no extra cost. You can be where
you want to be . . . not within 5.
10 or 15 KC" but JUST WHERE
YOU WANT TO BE! That means
a lot.

40 and 80 Meters. PR Type Z·2....$2.95 Citizens Bend, Type Z·9R $2.95

USE AND KNOW WHERE YOU ARE

PETERSEN RADIO COMPANY, INC.
2800 W. BROADWAY • COUNCIL BLUFFS, IOWA
EXPOHT SALES : Roy al N ational Corporation. 2 M W . 57th St ree t. New York 19. I"O . Y.. U . S . A.
with built. ill PROD UCT DETECTOR

THE "COSMIC BLUE" NATIONAL'S NEW HAMBAND RECEIVER

This newest and finest precision double conversion amateur receiver with 6 meter coverage, brings you
an ease of sideba nd tuni ng previously available only in the most expensive equipment. T he NC-2 70
features an exclusive "Ferrite Filter" for instant up per-lower SSB selectio n and a degree of selectivity
to conquer even the toughest AM and C\V signal conditions. The solid 78" steel panel, ceramic coil
forms. double-spaced tuning gang, and full ventila tio n ca binet combine to give mechanical a nd
thermal sta bili ty that wilt surprise even the most critical o pera tor. Even the co lor o f the ~ C-270 is
outstandingly d ifferent. National's new duo-tone "Cosmic Blue:' Write fo r detailed specifica tions.

Only $24.99 down '

Suggested cash price: $249.95. NTS·3 Matching Speaker . S t 9.95 (slightl y higher west or
the Rockies and outside the U .S.A .). "Mos t National distributors offer bu dget terms
a nd trade-in allowances.

NATIONAL RADIO COMPANY, INC.

A WHOLLY OWNEO SUBSIOIARY OF NATIONAL co.. INC. MELROSE 76, MASS.
A nd National R adio's pat-
enred " Fli p Fo ol " makes Export: AD AURIE MA, INC., 8 5 8road SI., New Yor k, N. Y.
operating the XC- Z70 so easy. Canada : CANADIA N MARCONI CO" 830 Bayview Ave., Toronto 17, Ont o