HSC Extension II Mathematics

Complex Pt II. Raghib’s Training Ground Problems

Chapter 1. Miscellaneous Polynomials Problems

a) Solve 4x 4 − 8x 3 + 21x 2 − 2x + 5 = 0 given that 1 + 2i is a root, giving reasons.

b) Factorise x 4 + x 2 − 12 = 0 over

i) ℚ

ii) ℝ.

iii) ℂ.

c) Given that 2 + i is a root of the equation z 6 − 7z 4 + 31z 2 − 25 = 0

i) Explain precisely why 2 − i is also a root

ii) Give a reason why −(2 + i ) is also a root

iii) Find the other roots giving reasons. Do NOT use long division at any point.

d) If 2 − i is a root of P(z) = z 4 − 2z 3 − z 2 + 2z + 10, then express P(z) as the product of two

quadratic factors with real coe cients

e) By writing z = − 1 + i 3 in modulus argument form, show that it is a root of the equation

z 4 − 4z 2 − 16z − 16 = 0, and hence or otherwise nd the other roots

f) If 2 + 3i is a root of z 2 + (c + i )z + (2 + i b) = 0, is the other root 2 − 3i? Explain your answer,

and if it is not, nd the other root

g) If the polynomial P(z) is divided by z 2 + 1, show that the remainder is given by A z + B, wher

P(i ) − P(−i ) P(i ) + P(−i )

A= and B =
2i 2

h) Show that 1 + i is a root of x 2 − 2x + 2, and hence nd the reminder when 2x 5 + 4x + 1

is divided by x 2 − 2x + 2

i) Find the roots of P(x) = x 4 + 4x 3 + 11x 2 + 14x + 10, given that none of the roots are real
and one of the roots has an imaginary component double another.

j) Prove that if real polynomials has a remainder of β when divided by (x − α), then the remainder
when divided by (x − α )
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 Challenge Questions

3 g(z 3)
h) Consider f (z) = z 3 + 9z + 26 and g(z) = z 2 + 26z − 27. Prove that f (z − ) = 3 , and
z z
hence solve f (z) = 0

i) The roots of P(z) = z n + a1z n−1 + a 2 z n−2 + … + an−1z + an = 0 where a 0 = 1, are the rst n
positive integers

i) Express a1 and an in terms of n

ii) Write P(z) in factored form over linear factors

n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
iii) Use mathematical induction to prove that 12 + 22 + … + n 2 =
6
n 2
iv) Prove that a 2 = (n − 1)(3n + 2). Hint: you may want to look at the result
24
in chapter 2 Qciii.

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 Chapter 2. Solving Polynomials Using Trigonometric Techniques

a) i) Using De Moivre’s theorem, prove that cos 3θ = 4 cos3 θ − 3 cos θ

ii) Hence solve 8x 3 − 6x − 1 = 0

π 5π 7π
iii) Show that cos + cos + cos =0
9 9 9

π 5π 7π 1
iv) Show that cos cos cos =
9 9 9 8

π 5π 7π
v) Show that sec + sec + sec =−6
9 9 9

3 tan θ − tan3 θ
b) For this question, you may assume that tan 3θ =
1 − 3 tan2 θ

i) Solve t 3 − 3t 2 − 3t + 1 = 0

π 5π
ii) Show that tan + tan =4
12 12

π 5π
iii) Show that tan tan =1
12 12

π 5π
iv) Hence nd a quadratic whose roots are tan and tan
12 12

π 5π
v) Hence nd the exact values of tan and and tan .
12 12

4 tan θ − 4 tan3 θ
c) i) Prove that tan 4θ = using De Moivre’s theorem
1 − 6 tan2 θ + tan4

ii) Hence solve x 4 + 4x 3 − 6x 2 − 4x + 1 = 0. (Hint: let x = tan θ)

iii) Note the following pattern

α 2 + β 2 = (α + β )2 − 2(αβ )

α 2 + β 2 + γ 2 = (α + β + γ)2 − 2(αβ + β γ + α γ)

α2
∑
What do you think the pattern suggests for the general expression

π 5π 9π 13π
iv) Hence prove that tan2 + tan2 + tan2 + tan2 = 28
16 16 16 16

π 5π 9π 13π
v) Hence nd the exact value of sec2 + sec2 + sec2 + sec2 .
16 16 16 16

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 d) Assume that cos 3θ = 4 cos3 θ − 3 cos θ

i) Solve 8x 3 − 6x − 3=0

π 11π 13π 3
ii) Deduce that cos cos cos =
18 18 18 8

π 11π 13π
iii) Find, showing reasons, the exact value of tan2 + tan2 + tan2 .
18 18 18

e) Assume cos 6θ = 32 cos6 θ − 48 cos4 α + 18 cos2 θ − 1. Hence solve 32x 6 − 48x 4 + 18x 2 − 1.

f) i) Express cos 7θ in terms of powers of cos θ

ii) Use the substitution x = 4 cos2 θ to solve x 3 − 7x 2 + 14x − 7 = 0

π 3π 5π
iii) Hence evaluate cos2 + cos2 + cos2
14 14 14

π 3π 5π 21
iv) Deduce that cos4 + cos4 + cos4 = .
14 14 14 16

g) i) Use de Moivre’s theorem to show that sin 5θ = 16 sin5 θ − 20 sin3 θ + 5 sin θ

π
ii) Hence show that the equation 16x 5 − 20x 3 + 5x − 1 = 0 has roots x = 1, sin ,
10
9π 13π 17π
sin , sin , sin .
10 10 10

iii) Find the values of b and c such that 16x 4 + 16x 3 − 4x 2 − 4x + 1 = (4x 2 + b x + c)2.
Hence explain why the equation 16x 4 + 16x 3 − 4x 2 − 4x + 1 = 0 has two double roots

iv) Use part ii) to show that the equation 16x 4 + 16x 3 − 4x 2 − 4x + 1 = 0 has roots
π 9π 13π 17π
x = sin , sin , sin , sin . Does this contradict part iii) which says that
10 10 10 10
the equation has two double roots

π 3π
v) Hence nd the exact values of sin and sin .
10 10

5 tan θ − tan3 θ + tan5 θ

h) You may assume that tan 5θ =
1 − 10 tan2 θ + 5 tan4 θ

π 2π
i) Show that the equation x 4 − 10x 2 + 5 = 0 has roots x = ± tan , ± tan
5 5

π 2π π 2π
ii) Deduce that tan tan = 5 and tan2 + tan2 = 10.
5 5 5 5

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 Challenge Questions

i) You may assume that cos 3θ = 4 cos3 θ − 3 cos θ

i) Consider the equation 4x 3 − 9x − 1 = 0. Notice that the coe cients do not line
up nicely. When this kind of question occurs, the following is a great technique

Suppose x = k cos θ is a root. By comparing coe cients and ratios, show that k = 3

ii) Hence solve 4x 3 − 9x − 1 = 0, giving your answer correct to three decimal places

j) i) Use the method above to nd exact roots of x 3 − 3x − 1 = 0 using

cos 3θ = 4 cos3 θ − 3 cos θ

ii) Similarly, also solve 24x 3 − 6x + 1 = 0.

k) In the lesson notes, in light of the HSC 2018 Extension II paper, we proved that

sin 8θ
= 4(1 − 10 sin2 θ + 24 sin4 θ − 16 sin6 θ )
sin 2θ

You can prove this using de Moivre’s theorem if you like lol but lets just assume you know
how to expand (cos θ + i sin θ )8

Use this identity to solve the equation x 6 − 6x 4 + 10x 2 − 4 = 0

m) Key Result in the Basel Problem. Let n be a positive integer

i) Using de Moivre’s theorem, show that sin(2n + 1)θ

( ) ( 3 )
2n + 1 2n + 1
= cos2n θ sin θ − cos2n−2 θ sin3 θ + … + (−1)nsin2n+1 θ
1

( 1 ) ( 3 )
2n + 1 n 2n + 1 n−1
ii) Hence show that the polynomial P(x) = x − x + … + (−1)n
kπ
has roots in the form x = cot 2(
2n + 1 )
, where k = 1, 2, 3,…, n

π 1 π
iii) Prove that sin x < x < tan x in x ∈ [0, ] and hence deduce cot θ < for θ ∈ [0, ]
2 θ 2

1 1 1 1 1 (2n + 1)2 π2
Hence prove that (
n 2 ) 2n(2n − 1)
iv) + + + + … + > .
12 22 32 4 2 6

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Chapter 3. Using the n-dentities

Chapter 4. Roots of Unity Problems

Chapter 5. Euler’s Identity Questions

Chapter 6. Root Bounding Techniques in Polynomials

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 Answers for Chapter 1

1
a) x = 1 ± 2i and x = ± i
2

b) Notice that x 4 + x 2 − 12
i) Factored over ℚ = (x 2 + 4)(x 2 − 3)
ii) Factored over ℝ = (x 2 + 4)(x − 3)(x + 3).
iii Factored over ℂ = (x + 2i )(x − 2i )(x + 3)(x − 3)

c) i) You MUST mention the fact that the conjugate is only another root because the
coe cients of the polynomial are real.
ii) The reason here is because P(x) is even, hence if x = α is a root, then so is x = − α.
iii) x = ± 1, (2 ± i ) and (−2 ± i )

d) P(z) = (z 2 − 4z + 5)(z 2 + 2z + 2)

2π
e) −1 + 3i = 2cis
, you will have to expand and use de Moivre’s theorem. The roots will be
3
z = − 1 ± i 3, 1 ± 5

f) It is NOT the other root, because the coe cients are NOT real, and hence the roots will not
necessarily be in conjugate pairs. After substitution and equating reals and imaginaries, you will
nd that c = 3 and b = − 23, giving the other roots value to be −5 − 4i

h) Note that P(x) = Q(x)(x 2 − 2x + 2) + A x + B. Using the fact that P(1 + i ) = − 3 − 4i, you can
equate real and imaginary components with A and B to nd that the remainder is −4x + 1

i) x = − 1 ± i, − 1 ± 2i

j) −2, 1 ± 2i 3 .

n
k i) a1 = − (n + 1) and an = (−1)n n!
2

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 Answers for Chapter 2

7π π
Note answers for polynomial equations may vary in form, e.g. writing cos is the same as cos .
9 9
π 5π 7π
a) ii) cos , cos and cos .
9 9 9
π 5π
b) i) t = tan , tan , − 1.
12 12
2
iv) x − 4x + 1 = 0
π 5π
v) tan = 2 − 3 and tan =2+ 3.
12 12
π 5π 9π 13π
c) ii) x = tan , tan , tan , tan .
16 16 16 16
α 2 = ( α) − 2
2
∑ ∑ ∑
iii) αβ. Or for the case of a quartic

α 2 + β 2 + γ 2 + δ 2 = (α + β + γ + δ )2 − 2(αβ + β γ + α γ + …)
v) 32

π 11π 13π
d) i) x = cos , cos , cos .
18 18 18
π π π 1
iii) Note that if α = cos , then tan2 = sec2 − 1 = 2 − 1. Hence
18 18 18 α
2 π 2 11π 2 13π 1 1 1
tan + tan + tan = 2 + 2 + 2 − 3, which equals 9
18 18 18 α β γ

nπ
e) x = cos , for n = 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11
12

f) i) cos 7θ = 64 cos7 θ − 112 cos5 θ + 56 cos3 θ − 7 cos θ.

nπ
ii) x = 4 cos2 for n = 1, 3, 5.
14
7
iii)
4

g iii) b = 2, c = − 1.
π 9π
iv) No, since sin and sin are not unique roots - they are equal to each other. As are
10 10
the other two.
π 5−1 3π 5+1
v) sin = and sin =
10 4 10 4

i) ii) x = 1.553, − 0.111 or − 1.441.

iii)

π 5π 7π
j) i) x = 2 cos , 2 cos , 2 cos .
9 9 9
1 5π 1 7π 1 17π
ii) x = cos , cos , cos .
3 18 3 18 3 18

nπ
k) x = 2 sin for n = ± 1, ± 2, ± 3
8

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