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Catholic Radicalism - Phrased Essays For The Green Revolution
Catholic Radicalism - Phrased Essays For The Green Revolution
RADICALISM
PHRASED ESSAYS
FOR THE GREEN REVOLUTION
by
PETER MAURIN
With Drawings by
ED WILLOCK
CATHOLIC WORKER BOOKS
115 Molt St. New York 13, N. Y.
The contents of this book
are not copyrighted. The text
may be reproduced by anyone
in any desired form. May it
be done for the greater honor
and glory of God and the
furtherance of the lay aposto-
late to which the author's life
was devoted.
First Edition
August 1949
INTRODUCTION
After I had written the story of Peter Maurin's death and
burial for the June issue of the CATHOLIC WORKER and the 65,000
copies of that issue had been sent out to our readers, I received
a letter from a Mr. Louis Kozma, down on Avenue D, in New
York, who wrote of his old friendship with Peter and asked for
the following facts, which I am herewith supplying.
Date and month Peter died: May 15th, 1949. Specifically, on
the feast of St. Jean Baptiste de la Salle, founder of the Chris-
tian Brothers, of which Peter was one for a time.
How old was he? Seventy-two the month of his death. We
celebrated his birthdays with little parties, singing folk songs,
which pleased him very much. Usually he made them an occa-
sion for a speech, for a "clarification of thought."
Where was he born? In the little town of Oultet, in the
Province of Languedoc, France, 200 miles from Barcelona, one
of a family of 23 children. His own mother died after giving
birth to five children, and his father married again and there
were 18 more children. Amongst them there were four teach-
ers, three carpenters, some farm hands. Some of his sisters
were nuns and some of his brothers were members of religious
orders.
"My mother's name," Peter told me some years before he
died, "was Marie Pages. She died in 1885. Of her five children,
only I and Celestin, a brother eighteen months younger, were
left. My whole name was Aristide Pierre. Pierre was my
grandfather and my godfather. He died at the age of 94 and
was never sick. He worked in the fields until he was 85, and
said he could not any longer because of his eyes. So he stayed
home and made baskets and recited his rosary. He liked to
work. He knew it was good for him.
"The last I heard of my brother, he was the head of a school
in Paris, St. Clotilde's parish school. He had been a Christian
brother, but when they were secularized they no longer wore
the garb but went on teaching just the same. One of my half
brothers taught for the Christian Brothers' school and he was
married to a school teacher who taught in a public school. I
myself taught school for the Christian Brothers for about five
years.
"Celestin was teaching in Pueblo, Mexico, when the first
World War broke out, and he returned to France, and because
he had not served his time in the army, he was put in the med-
ical corps. He was buried alive by one shell bursting near him,
and unburied by another. Another half brother was lost in the
war, and there were five brothers in that war and probably
some in this.
"My youngest half sister was a weakling but got stronger as
she got older. She studied in England and she is a nun, I do
not know what order, and is head of a school in Bolivia."
One time when Peter was giving us slogans, as we sat around
the table at the Easton farm, he proposed the slogan, "Eat what
you raise and raise what you eat," and we asked him what they
ate in his family when he was a boy.
"We did not eat the calves, we sold them," he said. "We ate
salt pork. We raised no hops, so there was no beer. We raised
no grapes, so no wine. We had very little meat. We had plenty
of bread; there was a communal oven. We had plenty of butter
to season things with. We had codfish from Brittany fishermen.
They went all the way to Newfoundland and Iceland to fish.
We had vegetable soups and salads and cheese.
"It was in 1882 when the public school system started; I was
5 years old. It was compulsory in every village. My mother
and father could not speak French, only a dialect like Catalan.
(Joffre was born in French Catalonia and Foch in Basque Cat-
alonia. Catalonian is spoken in Barcelona.) Our home lan-
guage was more Latin than French. The name of our town
was a Latin one, Oultet.
"The seat of our diocese was twelve miles away, and our
parish church was two miles away. Oultet had fifteen families,
and in the parish there were ten villages. There were two
priests, and they worked very hard. To supplement their liv-
ing they worked in their gardens. The villagers provided them
with wood, and they got some little pay from the state, a com-
pensation which was regulated by the concordat made by Na-
poleon. There are 89 departments in France, and in my prov-
ince of Languedoc there were seven or nine departments.
"My family owned 80 sheep, and there was a herder for all
the village. There were probably 3,000 sheep in the flock, and
they grazed on what was still communal land. It was very cojd
in winter. The fuel we used was branches from trees. We used
to cut the branches every three years. The leaves were for
the sheep and the branches for firewood. We cooked at an
open fireplace.
"My father is dead, and my stepmother must be 75 now. Her
name is Rosalie. She was 19 when she married my father. The
last I heard, my brother was still farming and dealing in cattle.
"I lived there in the southern part of France, a peasant, on
the soil, until I was 14, and then I went away to school. When
I went to the Christian Brothers' school near Paris I studied
for five years and then I taught for five years. I was a member
of a study club in Paris then. It was the same time Charles
Peguy was there, but I did not know him nor was I influenced
by him. Instead I was interested in a group which published a
paper which came out twice a week called Le Sillon. It had
nothing to do with the decentralist, the distributist movement,
no, but it was interested in ethics. It understood the chaos of
the time. Marc Sangnier was editor and backer of the paper.
Later friends got out a weekly paper called The Spirit of
Democracy. They were looking for an ideology. They were
preoccupied with the idea of an elite in a democracy.
"I did not like the idea of revolution. I did not like the French
revolution, nor the English revolution. I did not wish to work
to perpetuate the proletariat. I never became a member of
a union, even though here in America I did all kinds of hard
labor. I was always interested in the land and man's life on
the land. That is why I went homesteading in Canada, but
after two years, after my partner was killed in a hunting acci-
dent, I went around the country with work gangs and entered
this country in 1911, where I have been ever since."
Another question that Peter's friend on the lower East Side
asked me was, "Was Peter ever married?" No, Peter was a
single man, an apostle to the world, and all men were his broth-
ers, and we were his family.
It took a long time to get even the above facts from him be-
cause one of the outstanding characteristics of Peter was his
love of ideas, and his impersonality in expressing them. He
quoted authorities to bolster his ideas, men of prestige, he used
to say, recognizing humbly that he was not a man of distinc-
tion. But he did not use incidents or personalities to illustrate
his ideas. We tried to do that in the paper, in the CATHOLIC
WORKER, which he urged me to start in 1933.
I first met Peter in December, 1932, when George Shuster,
then editor of Commonweal, now president of Hunter College,
urged him to get into contact with me because our ideas were
so similar, both our criticism of the social order and our sense
of personal responsibility in doing something about it. It was
4
iii
not that "the world was so much with us" as that we felt that'
God did-not intend things to be as bad as they were. We
believed that "in the Cross was joy of spirit." We knew that
due to original sin, "all nature travailleth and groaneth eyen
until now," but we also believed, as Juliana of Norwich said,
that "the worst had already happened," i.e., the Fall, and that
Christ had repaired that "happy fault." We expected the suf-
fering that goes with love, and we knew that only with such
suffering are we enabled to "rejoice always." In other words,
we both accepted the paradox which is Christianity.
We also believed that "The Catholic Church, that imperish-
able handiwork of our all-merciful God, has for her immediate
and natural purpose the saving of souls and securing our happi-
ness in heaven. Yet in regard to things temporal she is the
source of benefits as manifold and great as if the chief end of
her existence were to ensure the prospering of our earthly
life." (Pope Leo XIII—Immortale Dei.)
Peter's program for immediate needs which he outlined for
me was as follows:
Alleviation oj the immediate needs of the poor and indoctri-
nation by example through voluntary poverty and the practice
of the wor&s of mercy, corporal and spiritual.
Clarification of thought through the CATHOLIC WORKER, leaf-
lets, articles, discussions and meetings.
Houses of Hospitality in every poor parish to practice mutual
aid, hospitality and charity, houses which would also provide
workshops where the unemployed could be employed and
where the unskilled could become skilled.
Farming communes, or agronomic universities, which would
be founded on the faith and poverty of the Irish universities
which housed scholars and students from all over Europe and
which in turn evangelized the world, and which in turn in our
day could become Christian communities of families where the
communal and private aspect of, property could be restored, and
man would receive according to his needs.
Peter was influenced in his reading by Kropotkin and Eric
Gill, A. J. Penty, Harold Robbins, Belloc and Chesterton. He
introduced us to these writers. He preferred the word anarchist
to the word-socialist because he believed that nothing was so
important as man's freedom.
As Harold Robbins wrote, "Freedom is the primary and su-
preme reason for the existence of mankind. That He should
be freely loved and served seems, so far as our thought can
penetrate, to have been God's chief reason for calling us into
being. At the cost of this freedom God could have established
iv
and maintained a world full of ORDER, but not of justice, for
free will is of the essence of human justice."
It followed that Peter was a pacifist and did not believe in
the use of force. When I spoke to him toward the close of his
life about compulsory military training and the registration
that began it, and asked him what he would do, he replied
slowly, and with thought, "I would resist."
We have called Peter's book "Catholic Radicalism," and that
is the title which he himself chose. He would have liked the
CATHOLIC WORKER to have been named instead the CATHOLIC
RADICAL, insisting as he did on the true meaning of the word,
which is root, and certainly Peter was getting down to the roots
of things.
His teaching was simple, so simple, as one can see from these
phrased paragraphs, these Easy Essays, as we have come to call
them, that many disregarded them. It was the sanctity of the
man that made them dynamic.
We wish to emphasize here that though he synopsized hun-
dreds of books for all of us who were his students, and that
meant thousands of pages of phrased paragraphs, these essays
were his only original writings, and even during his prime we
used them in the paper just as he did in speaking, over and
over again. He believed in repeating, in driving his point home
by constant repetition, like the dropping of water on the stones
which were our hearts.
We have been at work these sixteen years now, and countless
thousands of the poor have been fed, sheltered and indoctri-
nated. There are half a dozen farms started and a few score
groups of families have turned to the land, little oases in the
desert of industrialism. This is the yeast which is leavening
the wheat.
There is heartbreak and failure, and suffering and death, too,
in the record of our work. We are the dung to fertilize the soil
so that the seeds of the gospel may grow and bear much fruit.
There will be much written about Peter in the future. We
had hoped to have this book published before his death so that
he could hold his work in his hands before he died. But he did
not have that little joy. So we offer it to him now, and we beg
him to bless it and us and continue to help us in the work he
started.
DOROTHY DAY.
New York,
The Feast of SS. Peter and Paul,
June 29, 1949.
FOREWORD
The essays in this book appeared in the CATHOLIC WORKER
during the first ten years of its publication, beginning with the
issue of May, 1933, Vol. I, No. 1. With a few minor exceptions
they are arranged here in the chronological order of their orig-
inal publication in the paper. The text has been divided into
seven books, the first six of which cover approximately the fol-
lowing periods: Book 1, May 1933 to April 1934. Book 2, May
1934 to October 1935. Book 3, November 1935 to November
1937. Book 4, December 1937 to July-August 1939. Book 5,
September 1939 to February 1941. Book 6, March 1941 to De-
cember 1942. The dates of the interviews which comprise
Book 7 are given in the text.
While the book divisions are purely arbitrary, the first essay
of each book is one of special significance. Each one serves as
a keynote of a particular phase of Peter Maurin's message. In
order, these keynotes and initial essays are: Sociology ("Blow-
ing the Dynamite"), Condition of Labor ("Big Shots and Little
Shots"), Agrarianism ("Back to Christ, Back to the Land"),
Pacifism ("War and Peace"), Racism ("Let's Keep the Jews for
Christ's Sake") and Economics ("Pie in the Sky").
A mistaken belief that Peter Maurin wrote many essays
which were never published has been expressed in recent years.
To correct this impression, it is necessary to state emphatically
that everything written by Peter which he considered worthy
of publication appeared in the CATHOLIC WORKER in his lifetime.
It is true that he filled many notebooks with condensations and
even complete books of other writers, which he copied in his
beautiful manuscript style in the distinctive form of his own
essays, but these were in no sense Peter's compositions; he did
not even paraphrase such writings, but reproduced them in the
exact words of their authors. Some of these condensations and
excerpts were printed in the CATHOLIC WORKER, but they do not
belong in a volume of his collected essays. The only essays
composed by Peter which remain unpublished are those which
he did not reduce to writing, and they were for the most part
variations of those which have been published, variations at-
vi
tributable to particular circumstances attending their oral
delivery.
It has been necessary to omit from this collection some essays
published in the CATHOLIC WORKER which were composed of
several paragraphs taken from other essays and grouped under
a new title. One such essay which may be cited as an example
will be found in the issue of July-August, 1941, Vol. VIII, No. 9,
on page 1, under the title "Let's Be Charitable for Christ's
Sake." There are five paragraphs in this essay, each of which
may be found in one of several other essays. Such repetition
serves a good purpose in journalistic publication, but it would
be unjustifiable in a book. There are a number of similar
examples in the files of the paper, none of which will be found
in this volume.
Some paragraphs appear repeatedly in the published essays,
either unchanged or with slight variations. Repetition of some
of them is desirable, and in such instances they have been re-
tained. In other instances the repeated paragraphs have been
omitted, the omission being indicated by a figure and four
asterisks (**!**). Reference to the list on page 206 will show
where the omitted paragraph may be found elsewhere in the
book. This method of indicating omitted paragraphs was
adopted for the convenience of those students of Peter's writ-
ings who have need of a more nearly complete text than is re-
quired by the general reader. The omitted paragraphs should
be included whenever essays are copied from this book for
reprinting.
A large measure of thanks is due to several persons for their
unselfish assistance in the work of preparing this book for pub-
lication: To George Collins, who undertook the arduous task of
copying the essays from the files of the CATHOLIC WORKER; to
Ed Willock, who gave us original drawings and a number of
the cuts which originally appeared in Integrity, and to Charles
Cain for invaluable assistance in my editorial, indexing and
proofreading labors.
DAVID MASON.
vn
CONTENTS i
BOOK 1
Page
Introduction .................................................................................. i
Foreword ....................................................................................... vi
Blowing the Dynamite............................................................... 3
Out of the Temple ....................................................................... 4
Ethics and Economics .................................................................. 4
The Money-Lenders' Dole .......................................................... 4
Creating Problems....................................................................... 5
When Civilization Decays .......................................................... 5
Church and State ........................................................................ 5
Self-Organization ......................................................................... 6
To the Bishops of the U. S.—A Plea for Houses of
Hospitality.............................................................................. 7
An Open Letter to Father Lord, M. Ag .................................. 9
On Marxism .................................................................................. 11
Is Inflation Inevitable? ................................................................ 13
A Second Open Letter to Father Lord, S. J. . . . . . 15
A Rumpus on the Campus .......................................................... 16
Coming to Union Square ........................................................... 18
Scholars and Bourgeois ............................................................. 18
Building Churches ....................................................................... 19
A Question and an Answer on Catholic Labor Guilds . . 20
Peter's Reply to Michael Gunn ................................................. 23
Purpose of the Catholic Workers' School .............................. 25
The Case for Utopia................................................................... 26
The Bishops' Message—Quotations and Comments . . . 29
The Spirit of the Mass—The Spirit for the Masses . . . 32
BOOK 2
Big Shots and Little Shots ........................................................ 35
For Catholic Action................................................................ . 3 6
Is Political Action an Answer? ................................................. 38
Communist Action in Schools a Challenge to Catholics . 39
Social Study Schools Needed .................................................... 42
A Third Open Letter to Father Lord, S. J................................ 44
When Christ Is King .................................................................. 45
Carl Schmitt the Artist .............................................................. 48
Fighting Communism ........................................................... 49
Human Rehabilitation........................................................... 50
viii
Essay on Communism ................................................................ 53
A Program for Immediate Needs............................................. 57
Five Definitions............................................................................ 58
A Letter to John Strachey and His Readers .......................... 60
Why Not Be a Beggar?............................................................. 63
In the Light of History................................................................ 64
Teachers, Traders and Tricksters............................................ 67
The Communist Party Vs. the Catholic Worker . . . . 69
Bourgeois Colleges ............................................................ . 71
Social Workers and Workers .................................................... 74
BOOK 3
Back to Christ—Back to the Land! ......................................... 77
Institutions Vs. Corporations .................................................... 80
A New Social Order ................................................................... 82
Idle Hands and Idle Lands ........................................................ 84
Yes! I Am a Radical! .................................................................. 85
Colonial Expansion ..................................................................... 86
The Communism of Communitarianism................................ 89
Feeding the Poor........................................................................ 90
Radicals of the Right.................................................................. 91
Go-Getters Vs. Go-Givers........................................................... 92
Communitarian Personalism...................................................... 95
Superfluous Goods ....................................................................... 97
Fourth Open Letter to Father Lord, S. J ................................ 98
The Pluralist State ...................................................................... 99
Back to Newmanism ................................................................... 101
Outdoor Universities................................................................... 102
So-Called Communists—(Written for Bolshevik Socialists) 103
The Thinking Journalist ........................................................... 105
Caesarism or Personalism .......................................................... 106
The Sit-Down Technique..................................................... 108
The Law of Holiness .................................................................. Il l
Utilitarians, Futilitarians, Totalitarians................................... 112
The Way to Fight Communism ............................................... 113
Against Class War ...................................................................... 115
Faith and Reason ................................................................. 116
Unpopular Front .......................................................................... 116
BOOK 4
War and Peace ............................................................................ 119
Business Is the Bunk................................................................. 120
ix
Peace Preparedness..................................................................... 122
The Race Problem ...................................................................... 123
No Party Line ..............................................................................125
The Curse of Liberalism .......................................................... 126
Beyond Marxism ......................................................................... 127
Business and Such ...................................................................... 128
From Richelieu to Hitler........................................................... 129
Non-Catholic Catholics ............................................................... 131
Not Liberals but Radicals.........................................................132
Two Letters From Peter .................................................... 133
Looking Backward.......................................................................134
Firing the Boss..............................................................................136
BOOK 5
Let's Keep the Jews for Christ's Sake ....................................139
The European Mess ......................................................................141
Pax ..................................................................................................142
Personalist Democracy ................................................................144
The Stuff and the Push ................................................................145
Why Pick on the Jews? ................................................................146
Turning to the Church ................................................................ 147
Judaism and Catholicism........................................................... 148
Prostitution ................................................................................... 149
Birth Control ................................................................................. 151
Karl's Marxism Versus My Communism................................ 152
The Sixth Column ...................................................................... 154
For Protection's Sake ................................................................. 156
Revolutions.................................................................................... 158
Wreckers of Europe .................................................................... 159
Educational Secularism .............................................................. 161
Not Jewish Wealth but Irish Culture ..................................... 162
Christianity and Democracy ..................................................... 164
BOOK 6
Pie in the Sky ............................................................................. 169
The Canon Law and the Law of the Cannon ........................ 171
He Left So Much ........................................................................ 172
Logical and Practical................................................................. 172
Beyond Nationalism ................................................................... 173
True Stories .................................................................................. 174
Let's Be Fair to the Negroes for Christ's Sake . . . . 175
The Money System ..................................................................... 176
For God's Sake ........................................................................... 177
If ................................................................................................ 178
The Pope and the World .......................................................... 179
On Specialization ........................................................................ 180
On Personalism............................................................................ 181
Five Forms of Capitalism .......................................................... 182
For a New Order ..........................................................................184
On American Traits......................................................................185
Industrialism .................................................................................187
Catholic Action ............................................................................188
The Road to Communism...........................................................189
BOOK 7
Four Interviews With Peter
I. On the Land .................................................................. 193
II. On Land and Children ..................................................... 196
III. On Folk Schools ................................................................. 198
IV. On Peasant Farming Methods ......................................... 200
Peter Maurin on the Air
He Answers Questions on a Radio Program . . . . 203
Reference List of Omitted Paragraphs.................................... 206
Books to Read ................................................................................ 207
Index............................................................................................... 208
XI
Placeholder for missing page.
BOOK 1
BLOWING THE DYNAMITE
Writing about the Catholic Church, a
radical writer says: "Rome will have to
do more than to play a waiting game;
she will have to use some of the
dynamite inherent in her message." To
blow the dynamite of a message is the
only way to make the message dynamic.
If the Catholic Church is not today
the dominant social dynamic force, it is
because Catholic scholars have failed to
blow the dynamite of the Church.
Catholic scholars
have taken the dynamite
of the Church, have wrapped it up in
nice phraseology, placed it in an
hermetic container and sat on the lid. It
is about time to blow the lid off so
the Catholic Church may again become
the dominant social dynamic force.
OUT OF THE TEMPLE
Christ drove the money they increase the prestige
changers of the money lenders.
out of the Temple. But today But increasing the prestige
nobody dares to drive the of the money lenders
money lenders out of the
Temple. And nobody dares does not increase the prestige
to drive the money lenders ; of the Church.
out of the Temple because the Which makes Archbishop
money lenders j have taken McNicholas say: "We
a mortgage on the Temple. have been guilty of
When church builders build encouraging tyranny in
churches with money the financial world until
borrowed from it has become a veritable
money lenders octopus strangling the
life of our people."
CREATING PROBLEMS
Business men say And when everybody is busy
that because everybody is becoming more selfish,
selfish, we have classes and clashes.
business must therefore be Business cannot set its house
based on selfishness. But in order
when business is based on because business men are
selfishness everybody is moved by selfish motives.
busy becoming Business men create problems,
more selfish. they do not solve them.
SELF- ORGANIZATION
People go to Washington, then the best kind of
asking the Federal government is self-
Government to solve government. If the best kind
of government is self-
their economic government, then the best
problems, while kind of
the Federal organization is self-
Government was never organization. When the
intended to solve men's organizers try to organize
economic the unorganized, then the
organizers don't organize
problems. themselves. And when the
Thomas Jefferson says that organizers don't organize
the less government there is, themselves, nobody
the better it is. If the less organizes himself, And when
government nobody organizes
there is, the himself, nothing is
better it is, organized.
TO THE BISHOPS OF THE U. S.
A Plea for Houses of Hospitality
1
[An address by Peter Maurin to the unemployed at a meet-
ing held in. September, 1933, at Manhattan Lyceum, and
published in the Catholic Worker (October, 1933) in order that
it might be sent to all the Bishops and Archbishops meeting
at the National Conference of Catholic Charities in New York.]
The Duty of Hospitality are not invited to spend
People who are in need and the night
are not afraid to beg give to in the homes of the rich.
people not in need the There are guest rooms today
occasion to do good for in the homes of the rich but
goodness" sake. Modern they are not for those
society calls the who need them. And they
beggar are not for those
bum and panhandler and who need them
gives him the bum's rush. But because those who need
the Greeks used to say that them
people in need are the are no longer considered as
ambassadors of the Ambassadors of God. . So
the gods. people no longer consider
Although you may be called hospitality to the poor as a
bums and panhandlers you personal duty. And it does
are in fact the not disturb
Ambassadors of God. As them a bit
God's Ambassadors you to send them to the city,
should be given food, where they are given the
clothing and shelter hospitality of the "Muni"
by those who are able to at the expense of the
give it. taxpayer. But the
Mahometan teachers tell us hospitality that the
that God commands "Muni" gives to the down
hospitality, and and out
hospitality is still is no hospitality because
practiced what comes from the
in Mahometan countries. But taxpayer's pocketbook does
the duty of hospitality is not come from his heart.
neither taught nor practiced in Back to Hospitality
Christian countries. The Catholic unemployed
The Municipal Lodgings should not be sent to the
That is why you who are in "Muni." The Catholic
need unemployed
should be given hospitality in exercised in Catholic insti-
Catholic Houses of tutions.
Hospitality. Hospices
Catholic Houses of Hospitality
are known in Europe under We read in the "Catholic
the name of hospices. There Encyclopedia" that during
have been hospices in the early ages of
Europe Christianity the hospice (or
since the time of Constantine. the House of
Hospices are free guest Hospitality) was a shelter
houses; hotels are for the sick,
paying guest the poor, the orphans, the
houses. And paying guest old, the
houses or traveler and the needy of
hotels every kind] Originally the
are as plentiful as free hospices (or
guest houses or Houses of Hospitality)
hospices are scarce. So were under the supervision of:
hospitality, like everything the Bishops,
else, who designated priests to
has been commercialized. So administer the spiritual
hospitality, like everything and temporal affairs of
else, these charitable insti-
must now be idealized. tutions.
The fourteenth statute of the
Houses of Hospitality so-called Council of
Carthage, held about 436,
We need Houses of Hospitality enjoins upon the Bishops to
to give to the rich have hospices (or Houses
the opportunity to serve of Hospitality) in
the poor. connection with their
We need Houses of Hospitality churches.
to bring the Bishops to the
people Parish Houses of Hospitality
and the people to the Bishops. Today we need Houses of
We need Houses of Hospitality Hospitality as much as
to bring back to institutions they needed
the technique of institutions. them then, if not more so.
We need Houses of Hospitality We have Parish Houses for
to show what idealism looks the priests, Parish Houses
like for educational
when it is practiced. We need purposes, Parish Houses for
Houses of Hospitality to bring recreational
social justice through purposes,
Catholic Action
8
but no Parish Houses of Houses of "Catholic Action"
Hospitality. Catholic Houses of Hospitality
Bossuet says that the poor
are the first children of the should be more than free
Church, guest houses
so the poor should come first. for the Catholic unemployed.
People with homes should They could be vocational
have a room of hospitality. training schools, including
So as to give shelter to the the training for the
needy members of the priesthood,
parish The remaining needy as Father Corbett proposes.
members of the parish They could be Catholic
should be given shelter in a reading rooms, as Father
Parish Home. McSorley proposes. They
Furniture, clothing and food could be Catholic
should be sent to the needy Instruction Schools, as
members of the parish Father Cornelius Hayes
at the Parish House of proposes. They could be
Hospitality. Round-Table
We need Parish Homes Discussion Groups, as
as well as Parish Domes. Peter Maurin proposes. In a
In the new Cathedral of word, they could be Catholic
Liverpool Action Houses, where
there will be a Home as Catholic Thought is
well as a dome. combined with Catholic
Action.
AN OPEN LETTER TO
FATHER LORD, M.AG.*
Dear Father: which begins to realize
In your instruction about that things are not good
writing you told us that the enough
best way to be left alone. The Catholic
to learn to write is to
write letters because a letter Worker thinks that you are a
is a message from someone wonder. We know what
to somebody good work
about something. So this is you are doing
a message from an agitator among Catholic college youth.
to another But Catholic college youth is
agitator about a a small proportion of
discontented world Catholic youth
* Master Agitator
and all Catholic youth needs and you can do that with
you. Not only all Catholic much ease.
youth
needs you It is said that Abbe
but all youth needs you. And Chardonnel, who was a
not only all those who poet, became a priest so he
are in their first youth could be more of a poet. You,
but all those who are getting who are a born agitator, have
in their second youth and become a priest, which
also all those who 'have makes you more of
reached the age of maturity an agitator.
without having reached the In St. Louis University you
state of maturity. That is to turn out Masters of Arts, but
say, we all need you. We all as Diego Rivera says: "All
need you because you have art is propaganda." And as
the knack of getting at the all propaganda is
core of things and of agitation, it
presenting your behooves St. Louis
findings in a vivid and University, one of the
dynamic form. best American
universities, to turn out
In one of his editorials Masters of
Father Gillis says that this Agitation. So the
age is very much like Catholic Worker
the age of the fall of Rome suggests that you, our
and that we could use another Master Catholic
St. Augustine. Father Agitator,
Gillis adds that we need start in St. Louis University
men to stir a School of Catholic Agitation
things up for the popularization of
and that we have too many Catholic Action. Yours for
who try to smother them Catholic .Action, For the
down. You certainly Catholic Worker,
can stir
things up PETER MAURIN.
10
ON MARXISM
To Be a Marxian told one of his friends, "I
Before he died, Karl Marx have lived long enough to
be able to say that I am not of a dynamic revolutionary
a Marxian." To be a Marxian, movement.
according to Karl Marx soon realized that
the logic of Das Kapital, is a forceful Communist
to maintain that the best Manifesto
thing to do is to wait was the necessary foundation
patiently till of a dynamic Communist
capitalism has fulfilled Movement.
its historic Karl Marx soon realized, As
mission. To be a Marxian, Lenin realized, that there is
according to no revolution without
the logic of Das Kapital, is revolutionary action, that
to step back, take an there is no revolutionary
academic view of things and action without a
watch the self-satisfied revolutionary
capitalists movement, that there is no
dig their own graves. To be a revolutionary
Marxian, according to movement without a
the logic of Das Kapital, is vanguard of
to have faith in the forces of revolution, and that there is
materialism— forces so no vanguard
powerful, according of revolution without a
to materialists, that theory of revolution.
they will bring the
millennium The Communist Manifesto
whether man wants it or not. Having realized that a
To be a Marxian, according to Communist Manifesto was
the logic of Das Kapital, is the basis of a Communis
to let economic evolution do Movement,
its work without ever Karl Marx decided to write a
attempting to Communist Manifesto. To
give it a push. write the Communist
What Karl Marx Realized Manifesto Karl Marx did
Karl Marx soon realized not use his
that his own analysis of analysis of capitalism.
bourgeois society could He took the definition of
not be the basis Communism of Proudhon
and made it his own. He
borrowed Utopian
criticism and Utopian aim
and decided to advocate
class-struggle,
that is to say, materialist aims.We want to reconstruct the
As some people used to think social order
that we need a good honest through Catholic Action
war exercised in Catholic
to end all wars, institutions.
Karl Marx used to think The Bishops' Program
that we need a gigantic class- Shortly after the war the
struggle Bishops of America
to bring about a classless formulated a Program of
society. Social Reconstruction
For Catholic Action largely based on co-operation.
We Catholics have a better But the Bishops' Program
criticism failed to materialize for
of bourgeois society than lack of co-operators. Catholic
Victor Considerant's laymen and women
criticism, were more interested in a
used by Karl Marx. Our laissez-faire economy. So
criticism of bourgeois Catholic laymen and
society is the criticism women went back to
of Blessed Normalcy with
Thomas More. We Catholics Harding; they tried to Keep
have a better Cool with
conception of Communism Coolidge, and now they try
than the conception of to See Rosy
Proudhon. with Roosevelt. Catholic
Our conception of Communism laymen and women
is the conception of St. are more interested in
Thomas Aquinas in political action than they are
his doctrine of the interested in Catholic Action.
"Common Good." We Catholic laymen and women
Catholics have better are more ready to follow the
means than the means leadership of the
proposed by politicians
Karl Marx. Our means than they are ready to follow
to realize the the leadership of the Bishops.
"Common Good" are Reconstructing the Social
embodied in Catholic Order
Action. Catholic Action is The Holy Father and the
action by Bishops ask us
Catholics to reconstruct the social order.
for Catholics and non- The social order was once
Catholics. We don't want to constructed through
take over dynamic Catholic
the control of political and Action.
economic life.
12
When the barbarians invaded they popularized the divine
the decaying Roman Empire virtue of charity. Through
Irish missionaries went all farming colonies, that is to
over Europe and laid the
foundations of say, Agronomic
medieval Europe. Through the Universities, they
establishment of emphasized voluntary
cultural centers, that is to poverty. It was on the basis
say, Round-Table of personal
Discussions, they brought charity
thought to the and voluntary poverty
people. that Irish missionaries
through free guest houses,
that is to say, Houses of laid the foundations of
Hospitality, the social order.
IS INFLATION INEVITABLE?
Usurers Not Gentlemen he made the bank account
the standard of values.
The Prophets of Israel When the bank account
and the Fathers of the Church became the standard of values
forbid lending money at people ceased
interest. to produce for use
Lending money at interest and began
is called usury to produce for profits.
by the Prophets of Israel When people began
and the Fathers of the Church. to produce for profits
Usurers were not considered they became
to be gentlemen wealth-producing maniacs.
when people used to listen to When people became
the Prophets of Israel and the wealth-producing maniacs
Fathers of the Church. When they produced
people used to listen to the too much wealth.
Prophets of Israel and the When people found out
Fathers of the Church they that they had produced
could not see anything too much wealth
gentle they went on an orgy
in trying to live I on the of wealth destruction
sweat of somebody else's and destroyed
brow ten million lives besides.
by lending money at interest. And fifteen years after
Wealth-Producing Maniacs a world-wide orgy
When John Calvin of wealth and life
legalized money-lending at destruction
interest millions of people
13
find themselves victims The Fallacy of Saving
of a world-wide depression When people save money,
brought about they invest that money.
by a world gone mad Money invested increases
on mass-production production. Increased
and mass-distribution. production brings a surplus
in production. A surplus in
Legalized Usury production brings
Because John Calvin legalized unemployment.
money-lending at interest, the Unemployment brings a
State has legalized money- slump in business. A
lending at interest. Because slump in business brings
more unemployment More
the State has unemployment brings a
legalized depression. A depression
money-lending at interest, brings more depression.
home-owners have mortgaged More depression brings red
their homes. agitation. Red agitation
Because the State has brings red revolution.
legalized
Avoiding Inflation
money-lending at interest,
farmers have mortgaged their Some say
farms. . that inflation
Because the State has is desirable.
legalized Some say
money-lending at interest, that inflation
institutions have mortgaged is deplorable.
their buildings. Some say
Because the State has that inflation
legalized is deplorable but inevitable
money-lending at interest, The way
congregations have to avoid inflation
mortgaged their churches. is to lighten the burden
Because the State has of the money borrowers
legalized without robbing
money-lending at interest, the money lenders.
cities, counties, States and the And the way
Federal Government have to lighten the burden
mortgaged their budgets'. So of the money borrowers
people find themselves in all without robbing
kinds of financial the money lenders
difficulties because
the State has
legalized money-lending at
interest.
14
is to pass two laws, obliging the money borrowers
one law to pay one per cent of their
making immediately illegal debt every year
all interest during a period of a hundred
on money lent years.
and another law
22
PETER'S REPLY TO MICHAEL GUNN
[Taking exception to Peter's ansloer to the Bellingham reader,
Michael Gunn, organizer of the Catholic Labor Guild in Brook-
lyn, wrote a critical letter which drew the following reply.
(March, 1934.)]
Dear Mike: While I don't like some of
In my answer to a reader your ideas,
from Bellingham, Washington, I like you personally.
I said that most organiza- I think that you are much
tions exist, better
not for the benefit of the or- than some of your ideas.
ganized I think that you are inclined
but for the benefit of the or- to lead a life of sacrifice.
ganizers. During the World War you
I added that when the or- placed your life
ganizers at the service of the British
try to organize the unorgan- Empire.
ized After the war, you placed
they do not organize them- your life
selves. at the service of the Irish Re-
When I wrote that public.
I did not have in mind And now you have placed
the Catholic Labor Guild in your life
Brooklyn. at the service of the Church.
I had in mind You and your fellow workers
some selfish exploiters of the Catholic Labor Guild
of the exploitation of the ex- are trying to combine
ploited prayer, action and sacrifice,
who like to be called labor as the Holy Father suggests.
leaders. You and your fellow workers
I had in mind want to be go-givers,
some exalted rulers of secret you don't want to be go-get-
societies ters.
who, while they call them- Since you and your fellow
selves Masons, workers
have not, yet learned want to be go-givers,
to create order out of chaos. you ought to give
I had in mind to t hos e wh o a re in need of
some dignified regulators giving.
of societies which have some To give to p eople who ha ve
secrets money to lend
without being called secret is to give to people who ar e
societies. not in need.
23
People who have money that they should multiply and
should do good with their become more effective,"* says
money, Pope Leo XIII. To borrow
either give it away, as our money at interest and to pay
Saviour advises, or lend it double wages to
without interest. To pay managers
interest on money is not absolutely necessary to
loaned the good functioning of
is to place an enterprise under Workmen's Associations.
a too heavy burden. Everyone
must live on the You say that the Catholic
sweat of his brow and not Labor Guild
on money loaned. Nobody does not lend money at
could lend money at interest.
interest if nobody I hope that it will see the way
would borrow not to borrow money at in-
money at interest. People terest.
who live on money [ You say that the Catholic
loaned at interest reap some Labor Guild
of the profits of stands for profit-sharing.
property without the I hope that your self-sacrific-
responsibility of ing example
property. will lead the members of the
Guild
To pay double wages to to stand for loss-sharing.
managers When the members of the
is to make the workers Guild
envious of the managers. decide to allow the Guild to
Managers should receive what accumulate the profits they
they need will not need to worry about
and no more than they need. their economic security. Let
Knowledge obliges the members of the Gui'd
give all they can to the Guild;
as well as "noblesse oblige." the Guild will not leave them
We cannot have a Catholic in want.
democracy Let the Labor Guild help all
without a Catholic aristocracy. those that it can help and
Paying double wages to the Farming Communes
managers is not the will help all those that
way to make the Guild
aristocrats cannot help.
out of efficient managers. Yours for Catholic Action,
"The most important of all arc
Workmen's Associations PETER MAURIN.
and it is greatly to be desired
24
PURPOSE OF THE CATHOLIC
WORKERS' SCHOOL
from things as they are
to things as they should be.
** 1 **
Communes
We need Communes to
Program help the unemployed to
help themselves. We need
The purpose of the Catholic Communes to make
Workers' School scholars out of
is to bring Catholic thought workers
to Catholic workers and workers out of scholars.
so as to prepare them We need Communes to
for Catholic Action. substitute a technique of
Besides presenting Catholic
thought ideals
to Catholic workers for our technique of deals. We
the Catholic Workers' School need Communes to create a
presents a program of Catho- new society within the shell
lic Action of the old with the
based on Catholic thought. philosophy of the
The program of the Catholic new,
Workers' School which is not a new philosophy
is a three-point program: but a very old philosophy, a
philosophy so old that it
1. Round-table Discussions looks like new. Catholic
2. Houses of Hospitality Social Philosophy The
3. Farming Communes. Catholic social philosophy is
Bound-Table Discussions the philosophy of the
We need Round-Table Dis- Common Good of St. Thomas
cussions Aquinas. Three books where
to keep trained minds from this philosophy is expressed
being academic. are: "The Thomistic Doctrine
We need Round-Table Dis- of
cussions the Common Good," by
to keep untrained minds from Seraphine Michel; "The
being superficial. Social Principles of the
We need Round-Table Dis- Gospel,"
cussions by Alphonse Lugan;
to learn from scholars "Progress and Religion,"
how things would be, by Christopher Dawson.
if they were as they should be.
We need Round-Table Dis-
cussions
to learn from scholars
how a path can be made
26
St. Francis desired "The general restoration of
that men should work with peace and morals was
their hands. St. Francis advanced very much by the
desired that men should Third Order of St.
offer- their Francis, which was a
services as religious order
a gift. indeed, yet something
St. Francis desired that men unexampled up
should ask other to that time."
people for help when work —Pius XI.
failed them. St. Francis Three Ways to Make a Living
desired that men should live
as free as birds. St. Francis Mirabeau says "There are
desired that men should go three ways to make a living:
through Stealing, begging and work-
life giving thanks to God ing." Stealing is against the
for His law of
gifts. God
and against the law of men.
The Third Order Begging is against the law of
"We are perfectly certain men but not against the
that the Third Order of St. law of
Francis God. Working is neither
is the most powerful antidote against the
against the evils that harass law of God
the present age." nor against the law of men.
—Leo XIII. But they say
"Oh, how many benefits that there is no work to do.
would not the Third Order of There is plenty of work to do,
St. Francis but no wages. But people do
have conferred on the Church not need to
if it had been everywhere or- work for wages, they can
ganized offer their services
in accordance with the wishes as a gift.
of Leo XIII." Capital and Labor
—Pitts X. "Capital," says Karl Marx,
"We believe that the spirit of "is accumulated labor,
the Third Order, not for the benefit of the la-
thoroughly redolent of Gos- borers,
pel wisdom, but for the benefit of the ac-
will do very much cumulators."
to reform public and private And capitalists succeed in ac-
morals." cumulating labor,
—Benedict XV. by treating labor, not as a gift,
27
but as a commodity, buying sell their labor
it as any other commodity to the capitalists
at the lowest possible price. or accumulators of labor
And organized labor plays they allow the capitalists
into the hands or accumulators of labor
of the capitalists, or accumu- to accumulate their labor.
lators of labor, by treating its And when the capitalists
own labor not as a gift, but or accumulators of labor
as a commodity, have accumulated so much
selling it as any other com- of the worker's labor
modity that they do no longer
at the highest possible price. find it profitable
And the class struggle is a to buy the workers' labor
struggle then the workers
between the buyers of labor can no longer sell their labor
at the lowest possible price to the capitalists
and the sellers of labor at or accumulators of labor
the highest possible price. And when the workers
But the buyers of labor at can no longer
the lowest possible price and sell their labor
the sellers of labor at the to the capitalists
highest possible price are or accumulators of labor
nothing but commercializers they can no longer buy
of labor. the products of their labor.
Selling Their Labor And that is what the workers
When the workers get
for selling their labor.
** 2 **
28
THE BISHOPS' MESSAGE
Quotations and Comments
[These excerpts from, the Bishops' Message of 1934, with
Peter Maurin's comments, were published in the issue of May,
1934. The quotations are printed here in Roman type and
Peter's comments in italics.]
In tracing the remote causes So there is a rub
of the present misery of between the rich
mankind who like to get
richer and the
we must listen to him who poor who don't
as a loving father views like to get
from an eminence all the poorer.
nations of the world.
Quoting St. Paul, our Holy In common with other nations
Father says: "The desire we have brought about our
for money is the root of all present unhappy conditions
by divorcing education,
evil." From greed arises industry, politics, business
mutual and economics from
distrust morality and religion and by
that casts a blight ignoring for long
on all human beings. decades
From greed arises envy the innate dignity of man
which makes a man and trampling on his human
consider the advantages of rights.
another
as losses to himself. We have taken religion out of
From greed arises everything and have put
narrow individualism commercialism into
which orders and subordi- everything.
nates everything That we are an industrial
to its own advantage. nation
is our public boast.
People looking Industry is co nsidered to
for a rainy day be
have put so much money of more importance than
into business the moral welfare of
that they have brought about man.
an increase The lord of all is Industry.
in producing power "Save Industry!" is the cry.
and a decrease "Put business on its feet
in purchasing power. and all will be well as it
was in the past."
29
We are beginning to learn in its insidious presentation
that to put big business of fundamental troubles for
on its feet its own destructive ends.
does not necessarily put
the forgotten man on his When modern society
feet. made the bank account
the standard of values
The philosophy which has people ceased
ruled governments, groups to produce for use
and individuals for the past and began
three hundred to produce for profit.
years Rugged individualism
has not taken as its guide the leads to
moral law, has not rugged nationalism,
considered the rights which leads to
of men. rugged collectivism.
Money, not men, has been
the supreme The brotherhood of man is
consideration and the loudly proclaimed. Energetic
justifying end. protest is made against
injustice done to the working
When people care for class. The abuses of the
money they do not capitalist
care for culture. And system
when people do not are vigorously condemned.
care for culture they It is insisted that man shall
return to barbarism. not exploit his
fellow man
That philosophy permits and that all shall be dedicated
individuals to accumulate as to a life of service.
much wealth
as they can In a capitalist society
according to unfair methods where man is
of modern business and to inhuman to man
use such accumulated people cannot keep
wealth from dreaming about
as they see fit. a society where man
This extreme of individualism would be human to
has led to the extreme of man.
Communism. We rightly
fear its spread A program of social reform
in our country and see an couched hi such language
especial menace and with such aims and
30
purposes is
unassailable
because it is distinctly As a person man
Christian in origin and cannot serve God
purport, but in the without serving the
hands of the common good.
Communists it is
merely a snare to allure Special efforts are being made
those who are to win Negroes
oppressed by the prevailing who are the victims of
economic injustice. The Communists
maladjustment into have as their
accepting the iniquitous objective
social and religious tenets a world war on God and the
of Lenin and Stalin. There complete destruction of all
is a very grave and supernatural and even
subtle danger of infection natural religion.
from Communism.
The Negroes
According to St. Thomas are beginning to find out
Aquinas, man is more that wage slavery.
than an individual with is no improvement
individual rights; he is a on chattel slavery.
person with personal The Communists say
duties toward God that Christianity is a failure,
Himself and his fellow but it is not a failure
man. for the very good reason
that it has not been tried.
31
THE SPIRIT THE SPIRIT
OF THE MASS FOR THE MASSES
Men always ring a little bell The central act of devotional
When the sacring time is near, life
And then shalt thou do in the Catholic Church is the
reverence To Christ Jesus' Holy Sacrifice of the
own high Mass.
presence; That thou may
loose all sinful The Sacrifice of the Mass is
bonds Kneel and hold up the unbloody repetition of
both thy the Sacrifice of the Cross.
hands, On the Cross of Calvary
For this is He that Judas sold Christ gave His life to redeem
That lifted up thou dost the world.
behold. And He was
scourged and trod The life of Christ was a life of
the way To shed His blood sacrifice.
for all The life of a Christian must
mankind. He died, He rose, be I a life of sacrifice.
He went to
Heaven Whence He comes We cannot imitate the sacri-
to judge fice of Christ on Calvary by
mankind For all that each of trying to get all we can.
us has
done. This same is He thou We can only imitate the sacri-
lookst fice of Christ on Calvary by
upon, This is the truth of trying to give all we can.
Holy
Church. —Peter Maurin.
—From a lay-folks' Mass
Book, Thirteenth Century.
32
BOOK 2
BIG SHOTS AND LITTLE SHOTS
America is all shot to pieces get mad at the big shots.
since the little shots And when the little shots
are no longer able get mad at the big shots,
to become big shots. because the big shots
When the little shots by becoming bigger shots
are not satisfied make the little shots
to remain little shots littler shots
and try to become they shoot the big shots
big shots, full of little shots.
then the big shots But by shooting the big shots
are not satisfied full of little shots
to remain big shots the little shots
and try to become do not become big shots;
bigger shots. they make everything all shot.
And when the big shots And I don't like
become bigger shots to see the little shots
then the little shots shoot the big shots
become littler shots. full of little shots;
And when the little shots that is why
become littler shots I am trying to shoot
because the big shots both the big shots
become bigger shots and the little shots
then the little shots full of hot shots.
35
FOR CATHOLIC ACTION
A Modern Plague And when religion has noth-
Glenn Frank, ing to do with either educa-
president of Wisconsin Uni- tion, politics or business,
versity, you have the religion of busi-
says: ness taking the place of the
"What ails modern society business of religion.
is the separation of the Spiritualizing
spiritual from the material." Our modern educators,
Pope Pius XI our modern politicians,
calls this separation our modern business men
"a modern plague," have taken religion from
or to speak more plainly everything
"a pest." and have put commercialism
This separation of the spirit- into everything.
ual from the material
is what we call "secularism." And now we have to take
commercialism out of every-
Everything has been secular- thing
ized, and to put religion into
everything has been divorced everything.
from religion.
We have divorced religion The way to take commercial-
from education, we have ism out of everything
divorced religion and to put religion into every-
from politics, thing
we have divorced religion is not through political action.
from business. The way to take commercial
ism out of everything
Secularism and to put religion into every-
When religion has nothing to thing
do with education, is through Catholic Action.
education is only information,
plenty of facts Business-Like
and no understanding. Catholic Action is action by
When religion has nothing to Catholics
do with politics, for Catholics and non-
politics is only factionalism— Catholics,
"Let's turn the rascals out Catholic Action is action by
so our good friends can get Catholic laymen
in." in co-operation with the
When religion has nothing to clergy.
do with business, Catholic laymen and women
business is only commercial- have told the clergy,
ism. "Mind your own business
36
and don't butt into our bus- because clergymen have for-
iness." gotten
So Catholic clergymen to rub shoulders with the for-
have ceased to mind the lay- gotten man.
man's business And clergymen have forgotten
and the laymen have made a to rub shoulders with the for-
mess gotten man
of their own business. because clergymen have for-
And Catholic clergymen have gotten
tried to mind their business to use logic to find what is
with a business-like technique practical.
borrowed from business- And because clergymen have
minded people. forgotten
Roosevelt's Experiment to use logic to find what is
And now business is bankrupt practical
and Catholic clergymen don't they have failed to give us a
know sociology
what is to be done about it. that has something to do with
Not knowing what is to be theology.
done about it, If there was a sociology
Catholic clergymen have that had something to do with
made up their mind theology
to let George do it, it was the sociology of St.
to let the politicians do it, Francis of Assisi,
to let Roosevelt do it. St. Thomas Aquinas and
So President Roosevelt is try- Blessed Thomas More.
ing to do it But the sociology of St.
with the help of college pro- Francis of Assisi,
fessors. St. Thomas Aquinas and
So with the help of college Blessed Thomas More
professors was an Utopian sociology,
President Roosevelt is making and clergymen are not inter-
a stab at it ested in Utopias,
through a hit-and-miss policy, not even Christian Utopias.
through a policy of experi- Rome or Moscow
ments, And because clergymen are
through a policy of muddling not interested
through. in the sociology of St. Francis
And while President Roose- of Assisi,
velt is experimenting St. Thomas Aquinas and
Catholic clergymen are Blessed Thomas More,
wondering. the forgotten man is becom-
The Forgotten Man ing interested
The forgotten man has been in the sociology of Karl Marx,
forgotten Lenin and Stalin.
37
And because clergymen are And because clergymen are
not interested not interested
in a technique of leadership in Dynamic Catholic Action
the forgotten man is becom- the forgotten man is becom-
ing interested ing interested in Dynamic
in a technique of dictatorship. Bolshevik Action.
40
or in the rugged collectivism Tawney's Book
of Bolshevism. When in 1891 Pope Leo XIII
wrote his encyclical on the
The Common Good condition of labor he
He believes in the gentle per- emphasized the lack of
sonalism ethics
of gentlemen who are gentle, in modern society. When
gentleness that finds its roots in 1899 Thorstein
in the common doctrine of Veblen wrote "The Theory
of the
the Common Good. H. Leisure Class"
Hergenhan believes that the he emphasized the same thing.
doctrine of the Common Good R. H. Tawney, then an Oxford
is common student, learned that when
to humanists who are human, the Canon
to Jews who are orthodox, to Law, that is to say, the law
Protestants who are Christian of the
Church,
and to Catholics who are was the law of the land
Catholic. there were high ethics in
The Common Good movement society. So R. H. Tawney
is not a movement that decided to
divides, study
it is a movement that unites. how society has passed down
The Common Good movement from the high ethics of the
is not a new deal, it is an old Canon Law
game. The Common Good to the no ethics of today.
movement What R. H. Tawney found out
is not a revolution to the left, about the history of ethics
it is a revolution to the right. of the last five hundred years
is embodied in his book,
"Religion and the Rise of
Capitalism."
41
SOCIAL STUDY SCHOOLS NEEDED
** 3 ** how a path can be made
from things as they are to
things as they should be. A
School of Social Studies
would give us Catholic Action
based on Catholic Thought
realized in Catholic Institu-
tions.
Putting Patches
Having no School of Social
Catholic Social Research Studies,
"When a system fails to feed we don't know how to pass
the poor from things as they are to
it is time to look out things as they should be.
for one that does," Having no School of Social
says Archbishop Keating of Studies, we have no
Liverpool. Catholic social
And because Archbishop program
Keating realized based on Catholic social i
that our modern social order thought. Having no School of
fails to feed the poor Social
he founded in Oxford Studies,
a Catholic Labor College. we try to put patches to the
And the Catholic Labor existing social order and call
College it a New Deal. Having no
conducted in Oxford School of Social
has been going on Studies,
for the last twenty-five years. we let college professors
At its last general meeting carry on costly experiments
Cardinal Bourne declared at the expense of the tax-
that we are badly in need payers. Having no School of
of Catholic social research. Social
Studies,
If there had been more Cath- we are not occupied in
olic social research reconstructing the social
Catholics would not now
pass the buck order
to the politicians. as the Holy Father wants us
to be.
School of Social Studies I Agree
To found a School of Social I agree with seven Bishops,
Studies, three of whom are Arch-
such was the aim of Father bishops,
Patrick Sheely, S.J. In a
School of Social Studies we
would be able to learn why
things are what they are In a
School of Social Studies we
would be able to learn how
things would be if they were
as they should be. In a School
of Social Studies we would
be able to learn
42
that the Communist criticism To shelter the homeless
of modern rugged individual- at a personal sacrifice
ism is what God wants us to do.
is a sound criticism. I agree
with seven Bishops, three of To instruct the ignorant
whom are Archbishops, at a personal sacrifice
that the main social aim of is what God wants us to do.
the Communist Party is a To serve man for God's sake
sound social aim. I agree with is what God wants us to do.
seven Bishops, three of
whom are Archbishops, That Reconstruction
the Communists are not The Holy Father asks us
sound when they advocate to reconstruct the social order.
class The social order was once
struggle reconstructed
in order to realize their after the fall of the Roman
sound social aim. I agree Empire.
with the Apostolic The Irish scholars were the
Delegate leaders
when he advocates the prac- in the reconstruction of the
tice social order
of the Seven Corporal and after the fall of the Roman
Seven Spiritual Works of Empire.
Mercy Through Round Table Dis-
as the best practical means cussions
of making man human to man. scattered all over Europe
as far as Constantinople
Personal Sacrifice To the Irish scholars
be our brother's keeper is brought thought to the
what God wants us to do. To people.
feed the hungry at a personal Through Houses of Hospi-
sacrifice is what God wants tality
us to do. To clothe the naked the Irish scholars
at a personal sacrifice is what exemplified Christian charity.
God wants us to do. Through Farming Communes
the Irish scholars
made workers out of scholars
and scholars out of workers.
43
Dr. C. Roper, Secretary of College professors
Commerce, have failed
suggested some time ago to train their students
the in a technique of leadership,
establishment in Washington so their students wish to be
of a "Laboratory for Leader- trained
ship in Public Affairs." in a technique of dictatorship.
H. McCall, assistant to In Cuba, Germany, China,
Secretary Roper,
says that "youth movements Mexico, Italy, Russia,
have occupied dictators have found their
dominant and aggressive greatest support among
positions college students eager for
in the social and governmental action. Academic college
changes professors are interested in
that have taken place thought, not in action. So we
throughout the world havte, on one hand | thought
since the World War." without action and on the
H. McCall proposes other hand action without
the establishment in Wash- thought.
ington
"of a forum People go to Washington
for study and training asking the Federal Govern-
in public affairs." ment
to solve their economic prob-
Colleges and universities lems,
have failed while the Federal Government
to give their students was never intended to solve
technique of leadership based men's economic
on scholarship. problems. Catholic Action
based on Catholic thought is
And because colleges and the Catholic solution of
universities have failed to men's economic problems. To
make leaders out of their impart Catholic thought
students,
politicians propose to make
bureaucrats out of
them. College
professors
44
and train in Catholic Action, will cease to be politically
such is the function I of minded
Catholic universities. [Some and begin to be scholarly
minded.
way ought to be found [to When Catholic scholars
send Catholic workers I to are dynamic
Catholic universities ;or to and not academic
bring Catholic universi-; ties and Catholic workers
'' to Catholic workers. iWhen are scholars
Catholic scholars land and not politicians
Catholic workers : become we will have dynamic Cath-
acquainted with each other olic Action.
Catholic workers Yours for dynamic Catholic
Action,
PETER MAURIN.
FIGHTING COMMUNISM
The Catholic Worker proposes The Catholic Worker proposes
fighting Communism the way fighting Communism the way
the first Christians fought the Irish scholars fought
pagan feudalism, through
pagan Romanism, through the Round-Table Discussions,
works of mercy.
49
Farming Communes. vented anything, not even
The Communists do not build the name Commune. The
Communism, they build Communist ideal is the
Socialism. The Catholic
Worker does not build Common Good ideal— the
Catholic ideal of Blessed Thomas
Socialism, More, the ideal of St.
it builds Catholic Com- Thomas
munism. Aquinas,
The Catholic Worker builds the ideal of the Irish scholars,
Catholic Communism the
way the first Christians and the ideal of the first Chris-
the Irish scholars built tians. The doctrine of the
Catholic Communism. The Common
Catholic Worker believes that Good
there is no better Com- of St. Thomas Aquinas is still
munism a Catholic doctrine. We don't
than Catholic Communism, need a new doctrine, we need
and that there is no better an old technique. We need
way the old technique of the first
to build Catholic Communism Christians and the Irish
than by building Catholic scholars. What was good for
Communes. Catholic the first
Communes are not a new Christians
thing, they are an old thing. and the Irish scholars ought
Catholic Communes are so old to be good enough for
that Catholics have forgotten us.
them. What was practical for them
ought to be practical for us.
HUMAN REHABILITATION
Listening to the Pope R. H. Tawney says:
Lincoln Steffens says: "The "There were high ethics
political problem is not a in society
political problem; it is an when the Canon Law
economic problem." Peter was the law of the land."
Kropotkin says: "The The high ethics of the Canon
economic problem is not an Law
economic problem; it is an are at the base of the Pope's
ethical problem." Thorstein encyclicals. So as George N.
Veblen says: "There are no Shuster says: "It is a case of
ethics in modern society." listening to the Pope
50
or listening to nobody." For of mass distribution
nobody but the Pope dares to as well as the secret
talk ethics in terms of of mass production
economics. and that the day had come
Robertson's Book of a two-car-garage,
When, in 1891, Pope Leo XIII, a chicken in every pot
sent out his famous encyclical and a sign "To Let"
on "The Condition of Labor," in front of every poorhouse.
the rugged individualists of The Great Folly
bourgeois capitalism paid While John M. Robertson
little attention to what he had and I
to say. When the year after, were telling people: "If you
in 1892, a wealthy want prosperity, don't save
Englishman, John M. your money," nobody paid
Robertson, published his book any attention. People
on "The Fallacy of Saving" he preferred to listen to President
received still less attention. Coolidge, who was telling
Whether they be financial them just the opposite. On the
magnates or captains of fallacy of saving a great
industry or distinguished boom was promoted which
economists, or plain college was bound to be
professors, they are perfectly followed
willing to let disturbing by a great depression, as
prophets talk in the was pointed out by a
wilderness. Minneapolis business
Before the Crash man
Two years before the crash, in as far back as 1926. On the
1927, wave of the great
I spoke to a Rotary Club on boom
"The Fallacy of Saving," the people got crazy for stocks
same subject that John M. and stock promoters stocked
Robertson expounded in his people with stocks till they
book thirty-five years before. got stuck. So in October,
Like John M. Robertson, 1929, stocks ceased to go up
thirty-five years before, I told and went down with a bang.
business men that if they We Were Told
continued to put money into We were told in 1929
business they would put that "business would go on
business out of business. But as usual."
business men thought that We were told in 1930 that
America had found the secret "the economic system was
fundamentally sound." We
were told in 1931
51
that "prosperity was to give to labor
around the corner." We is a philosophy of labor.
were told in 1932 that ** 6 **
"the depression was Farming Communes
fought The unemployed need free
on one hundred fronts." We rent; they can have that on a
were told in 1933 that "most Farming Commune. The
of the unemployed would be unemployed need free fuel;
employed by Labor they can cut that on a
Day." Farming Commune. -The
And now we are told that "it unemployed need free food;
is not a question of bringing they can raise that on a
back prosperity," that "it is Farming Commune. The
not a question of economic unemployed need to acquire
recovery," that "it is not a skill; they can do that on a
question of emergency Farming Commune. The
relief," that "it is a question unemployed need to improve
of human rehabilitation." their minds; they can do that
What Is Needed on a Farming Commune. The
Our experienced business unemployed need spiritual
men, guidance; they can have that
our clever politicians, on a Farming Commune.
our distinguished college Professors of a Farming
professors, Commune
had to have the experiments Professors of a Farming Com-
of the NRA, AAA, CCC, PWA, mune
CWA, and what not do not look
before they were able to learn for endowments;
that "it is not a question they leave that
of economic recovery," to the Farming Commune.
that "it is a question Professors of a Farming Com-
of human rehabilitation." mune
I am saying now do not tell their students
to our experienced business what to do; they show them
men, how to do it.
our clever politicians, Professors of a Farming Com-
our distinguished college pro- mune
fessors, do not tell their students
that the way
to make an impression
on the depression
is self-expression.
I am saying now
that the best thing
52
to master subjects; Laborers of a Farming Com-
they enable them mune
to master situations. do not look
Professors of a Farming Com- for a bank account;
mune they leave that
do not prepare their students to the Farming Commune.
for a position Laborers of a Farming Com-
where they will have to play mune
somebody else's game; do not look
they train them for an insurance policy;
for a profession, they leave that
where they will be able to to the Farming Commune.
play Laborers of a Farming Com-
their own game. mune
Professors of a Farming Com- do not look
mune for unemployment insurance,
do not teach their students they leave that
how to make to the Farming Commune.
profitable deals; Laborers of a Farming Com-
they teach them mune
how to realize do not look
worthy ideals. for an old-age pension;
Laborers of a Farming they leave that
Commune to the Farming Commune.
Laborers of a Farming Com- Laborers of a Farming Com-
mune mune
do not work for wages; they do not look for economic
leave that to the Farming security;
Commune. they leave that
to the Farming Commune.
ESSAY ON COMMUNISM
** 7 ** were Communists,
Not Communists they would build Com-
There is nothing wrong with munism.
Communism, but there is And the Bolshevists
something wrong with
Bolshevism. The wrong thing do not build Communism;
with Bolshevism is that they build Socialism;
Bolshevists are not they build State Socialism.
Communists; they are The Bolshevists probably
Socialists. For if the hope
Bolshevists that the State
"will wither away,"
53
and that they will be able to to be his own boss. And
pass because everybody looks for
from State Socialism to a boss the Reds want the
Communism without State. State to be the boss of
Two Reds everybody. Because
Some time ago I was
discussing in Harlem with a everybody consents to play
Russian Red and an Irish somebody else's game for the
Red. And the Russian Red sake of a pay-envelope the
understood me sooner than Reds try to find the way to
the Irish Red. Having assure a pay-envelope to
understood what I was saying, everybody so as to force
the Russian Red started to
explain to his friend, the everybody, to act like
Irish Red, what I was talking everybody. But nothing will
about. When the Russian Red be changed when the Reds
had finished explaining, the will force everybody to act
Irish Red turned toward me like everybody, since nobody
and said that while he agreed is nobody when everybody
with most of what I said he
still believed that the tries to keep up with every-
Catholic Church was not the body.
friend of the working-men.
Many Catholics are much America and Russia
disappointed when Wall American Republicans want
Street corporations their friends on the public
or political organizations payroll, but only their
or Catholic associations friends. American Democrats
fail to provide them want their friends on the
with economic security. public payroll, but only their
Looking for a Boss friends. But the Reds want
A Catholic working-man everybody on the public
once said to me: payroll, not only their
"There is only one thing friends. The American idea is
between me and the Reds, to keep the Government out
and that is a good job." of business and to put
Everybody everybody into business. The
is looking for a boss, Russian idea is to put the
and nobody wants Government into business
and to keep everybody out of
54 business. But business
is only business, when a Jew
whether it is met a Jew
the State business he asked him
or private business; "What can I do for you?"
and I am trying Now, when a Jew
to make it my business meets a Jew,
to put all business he asks him
out of business, "What can I get out of you?"
including the State business, Two thousand years ago,
which is a big business. when a Greek
Red and Green met a Greek
Our business managers have they started to philosophize.
made such a mess of Now when a Greek
things meets a Greek
that people are inclined they start a business.
to see Red. A thousand years ago
And when people see Red it when an Irishman
is useless to present to them met an Irishman
the Red, White and Blue, they started a school.
because they can no longer Now when an Irishman
see meets an Irishman
the White and the Blue of you know what they start—
the Red, White and Blue; all I don't have to tell you.
they can see is Red. The Thousand Years Ago
only way to keep people When Irish were Irish a
from seeing Red is to make thousand years ago, the
them see Green. The only Irish were scholars. And
way to prevent a Red
Revolution is to promote a when the Irish were
Green Revolution. The only scholars
way to keep people from the Irish were Greek scholars.
looking up to Red Russia of And when the Irish were
the twentieth century is to Greek scholars the Irish
make them look up to Green spoke Greek as well as Irish.
Ireland of the seventh And when the Irish spoke
century. Greek
Then and Now as well as Irish,
Three thousand years ago Greek was Irish
to the Irish.
Greek was Irish
to the Irish and
now Irish is
Greek to the
Irish.
55
Irish is Greek to the Irish So the Jews and the Irish
now and Hebrew is Chinese are no longer green.
to the Jews. And that is
what makes the Reds
Shouting With Anglo-Saxons Red.
Now that Irish is Greek Palestine, Ireland, America
to the Irish. It was forbidden to the Jews
and Jewish is Chinese to hold title to land
to the Jews, in Palestine.
they shout with the Anglo- But it is not forbidden to the
Saxons: Jews
Service for profits to hold title to land
Time is money in America.
Cash and carry It was forbidden to the Irish
Business is business to lend money at interest in
Keep smiling Ireland But it is not
Watch your step forbidden to the
How is the rush? Irish
How are you making out? to lend money at interest in
How is the world treating America. The Prophets of
you? Israel and the Fathers of the
The law of supply and Church wanted the Jews and
demand the Irish to try to become
Competition is the life of better;' but the American
trade politicians
Your dollar is your best don't mind
friend if the Jews and the Irish are
So is your old man. trying to become better off in
So the Jews America.
are no longer Jews. But America is not better off
So the Irish since the Jews and the Irish
are no longer Irish. are trying to become better off
in America.
56
A PROGRAM FOR IMMEDIATE NEEDS
** 8 **
Social Missionaries to impart their knowledge
A School of Social Studies through easy conversations.
would be the training ground Easy conversations about
for Social Missionaries, things that matter would
priests, laymen and women. keep people from going to
As Al Smith says: the movies, from talking
"The social problem politics, from cheap
is not a problem wisecracking. Easy
for politicians, conversation about things
business men, that matter would enable
and lawyers." Catholics to understand
The social problem Catholicism, to give an
is a problem account of their faith, and to
for Social Missionaries, make non-Catholics curious
The task of Social Missionaries about Catholicism
is not to help people Works of Mercy
to adjust themselves
to the existing environment. The best kind of apologetics
The task of Social Missionaries is the kind of apologetics
is to teach people people do not have
the difficult art to apologize for.
of creating order In the first centuries
out of chaos. of Christianity
To be a Social Missionary pagans said about Christians:
requires social-mindedness, "See how they love each
historical-mindedness other."
and practical idealism. The love for God and neighbor
was the characteristic of the
Study Clubs first Christians. This love
Social Missionaries was expressed through the
would be official leaders daily practice of the Works
of Study Clubs. of Mercy. To feed the
The conduct of a Study Club hungry, to clothe the naked,
does not require to shelter the homeless, to
a fluent speaker. instruct the ignorant at a
As Bishop O'Hara says: personal sacrifice was
"The purpose of Study Clubs considered by the first
is to make people articulate; Christians as the right thing
and lectures do not help to do. Surplus goods were
to make people articulate." considered
Social Missionaries
would be able
57
to be superfluous, could be connected Houses
and therefore of Hospitality where the
to be used self-employing workers
to help the needy members could find shelter. This
complicated world is too
of the Mystical Body. complicated to be dealt with
** 9 ** in an efficient manner by
Self-Employing Centers specialized technicians.
The remedy for unemploy- Specialized technicians
ment knowing more and more
is employment, about less and less do not
and there is no better em- know , how to simplify a
ployment complicated world. We need
than self-employment. fewer specialists and more
Self-Employing Centers encyclopedists, fewer
are small shops masters of one trade and
where repairs can be made more jacks-of-all trades.
and workers can be found ** 10 **
to do work outside.
With the Self-Employing
Centers
FIVE DEFINITIONS
[The following is an analysis by Peter Maurin of definitions
given by John Strachey (Comrtmnist), Lawrence Dennis (Fas-
cist) , Norman Thomas (Socialist) and Stanley High (Demo-
crat) of their respective beliefs. (February, 1935.) ]
What Communists Say They that the Communist Party
Believe knows how to assure | the
Communists believe that the production and distribution
capitalist system has in an orderly manner
reached the point where it according to a predesigned
does no longer work. plan.
Communists believe that What Fascists Say They
when the workers come to Believe
the realization of the Fascists believe in a national
downfall of capitalism they economy for the protection
will no longer tolerate it. of national and private inter-
Communists believe that the ests.
capitalist class will resort to Fascists believe in the
all means that may be in its regulation of industries so as
power to maintain its to assure
existence. Communists
believe
58
a wage for the worker and a to become richer and of the
dividend for the investor. poor to try to become rich.
Fascists believe in class Democrats believe in labor
collaboration under State unions and financial
supervision. Fascists corporations. Democrats
believe in the co-
operation of employers' believe in the law of supply
unions and workers' and demand.
unions. What the Catholic Worker
What Socialists Say They Believes
Believe The Catholic Worker believes
Socialists believe in the gentle personalism of
in a gradual realization traditional Catholicism. The
of a classless society. Catholic Worker believes in
Socialists believe the personal obligation of
in the social ownership looking after the needs of
of natural resources our brother. The Catholic
and the means of production Worker believes in the daily
and distribution. practice of the Works of
Socialists believe Mercy. The Catholic Worker
in a transition period believes in Houses of
under democratic manage- Hospitality for the immediate
ment relief of those who are in
between two economic need. The Catholic Worker
systems, believes in the establishment
the system of production for of Farming Communes where
use each one works according to
and the one of production for his ability and gets
profits. according to his need. The
Socialists believe Catholic Worker believes in
in freedom of the press. creating a new society
freedom of assemblage, within the shell of the old
freedom of worship. with the philosophy of the
What Democrats Say They new,
Believe which is not a new philosophy
Democrats believe in but a very old philosophy, a
universal suffrage, philosophy so old that it
universal education looks like new.
freedom of opportunity.
Democrats believe in the
right of the rich
59
A LETTER TO JOHN STRACHEY
AND HIS READERS
Force and Violence and capitalists
You say that "no Com- over the control
munist of the means of production
believes in and distribution.
or favors the use Patriots believe
of force and violence." that the way to peace
But the Communists is to prepare for war.
believe in class war Communists believe
in the same way that the way to bring about
that the capitalists a classless society
believe in class war. is a class war
The capitalists believe between the capitalist class
in keeping what they have and the working class.
and in getting
what other capitalists have. What Is Communism?
The Communists believe Communists believe
in getting in capturing the State
what the capitalists have. so as to be able
To keep what they have to use it as a club
the capitalists to prevent anybody
use all the means from becoming a capitalist.
that the modern State The Communist Manifesto
allows them to use. defines Communism
To get what the capitalists as "a state of society
have where each one works
the Communists according to his ability
are not afraid to use and gets
all the means according to his needs.”
that the capitalists Using the power of the State
are allowed to use. will enable Communists
Taking Over to prevent anybody
The aim of the Communists from becoming
is to take over the control a successful capitalist
of the means of production but it will not
and distribution. make anybody
The means of production Communist at heart.
and distribution To be a Communist
are now in the hands according to the definition
of capitalists. of the Communist Manifesto
The class war is a war is to be willing
between Communists to give one's labor
60
for the benefit which is not a new philosophy
of a Communist community. but an old philosophy, a
What Labor Needs
philosophy so old that it looks
like new. Going Back You
A Communist community. realize,
is a community as Robert Briffault realizes,
with a common unity. that the British Empire is
A common belief breaking down. Not only the
is what makes the unity British Empire, but all the
of a community.
Norman Thomas says other empires are breaking
that "Ramsay MacDonald down. You realize as we
has failed to give to Labor realize that modern society
a philosophy of labor." "is parked in a blind-alley."
What Labor needs And when one is parked in a
is not higher wages, blind-alley the only thing to
shorter hours, do is to turn back. By giving
sickness insurance, to Labor a philosophy of
unemployment insurance, labor we can go back to the
old age pensions. time when people tried to be
What Labor needs gentle personalists and refused
is not economic security. to be rugged individualists,
What Labor needs when gentlemen tried to be
is a philosophy of labor. gentle living on the sweat of
** 11 ** their own brow and not
An Old Philosophy living on the sweat of
Norman Thomas somebody else's brow.
as well as Ramsay MacDonald Esprit
has failed to give to Labor The French magazine Esprit
a philosophy of labor. carried on a campaign for
While the Communist Party Communitarianism. In the
carries on a class war, January issue Emmanuel
it is not giving to Labor Mounier has a 32-page article
a philosophy of labor. on "Communitarian
The Catholic Worker Revolution."
is trying to give to Labor Other articles are entitled:
a philosophy of labor "Russian Communitarian
and a technique Tradition,"
in harmony 61
with the philosophy.
For we believe
that we can create
a new society
Within the shell of the old,
with the philosophy of the
new,
"German Communitarian to make a case for Russian
Tradition," "French Communism, which is not
Communitarian Communism but Socialism. I
Tradition." am trying to make a case for
The last article is entitled: Irish Communism, which is
"Christian Communities." The the Communism of Christian
magazine Esprit is not a communities.
Catholic magazine. It is a The Hope of the People
magazine where Catholics, We believe that religion is
Protestants, Jews and the hope of the people, not
Humanists are trying to the dope of the people. We
promote a kind of society .believe that the world would
where man will be human to be better off if people tried
man. to become better and that
Communist Ideal people would become better
Communism is an ideal if they stopped trying to
but the Russian brand become better off. We
of Communism believe that the best way
is not the ideal to be
of Communism. is to be
The ideal of Communism what we want
is Irish Communism. the other fellow to be.
Through Round-Table We believe that to be
Discussions what we want
the Irish scholars the other fellow to be
brought thought is to be
to the people. what St. Francis
Through Houses of Hospi- wants us to be.
tality We believe that to be
the Irish scholars |what St. Francis
emphasized Christian charity. wants us to be
Through Farming Communes is to be
the Irish scholars real Christians. Your
made scholars fellow worker in
out of workers Christ's Kingdom,
and workers PETER MAURIN.
out of scholars.
You are trying
-62
WHY NOT BE A BEGGAR?
Share Your Wealth are the ambassadors of the
God wants us to be gods.
our brother's keeper. We read in the Gospel: "As
long as you did it to one of
To feed the hungry, the least of my brothers,
to clothe the naked, you did it to me." While
to shelter the homeless, modern society calls the
to instruct the ignorant, beggars bums and
at a personal sacrifice, panhandlers, they are in
is what God fact the Ambassadors of
wants us to do. God. To be God's
What we give to the poor Ambassador is something to
for Christ's sake be proud of.
is what we carry with us ** 12 **
when we die. The Wisdom of Giving
As Jean Jacques Rousseau To give money to the poor
says: is to enable the poor to buy.
"When man dies he To enable the poor to buy
carries is to improve the market.
in his clutched hands only To improve the market is to
that which he has given help business. To help
away." business is to reduce
Why Not Be a Beggar? unemployment. To reduce
People who are in need and unemployment is to reduce
are not afraid to beg give to crime. To reduce crime is to
people not in need the reduce taxation. So why not
occasion to do good for give to the poor for
goodness' sake. Modern business' sake, for
society calls the beggar bum humanity's sake, for God's
and panhandler and gives him sake?
the bum's rush. The Greeks ** 13 **
used to say that people in
need
63
IN THE LIGHT OF HISTORY
* * 1 4* * become scholars.
The Communist Party ** 15 **
The criticism of bourgeois
capitalism 1200—Guild System
by the Communist Party is In 1200 A. D.
the criticism of Victor there was no capitalist
Considerant used by Marx system,
and Engels in the Communist there was the guild system.
Manifesto. The definition of The doctrine of the'guilds
Communism of the was the doctrine of the
Communist Manifesto is the Common Good. People used
definition of Proudhon to say, as they do now,
borrowed by Marx and "What can I do for you?"
Engels. The technique but they meant what they
of class said.
struggle is the Now they say one thing and
technique advocated by they mean another. They did
Marx and not look for markets, they let
Engels. The technique of the markets look for them.
proletarian 1400—Middle Men
dictatorship is the
technique advocated Around 1400 A. D.
by Lenin. appears the middle man.
He offers to buy the goods
The Catholic Worker and to find a market.
The Catholic Worker criticism The guildsman
of bourgeois society thinks about the money
is the criticism offered for his goods
of St. Thomas More. and forgets the common good.
The Catholic Worker aims And the middle man
are the aims is not interested
of St. Thomas Aquinas in selling useful goods
in his doctrine but in making money
of the Common Good. on any kind of goods.
The Catholic Worker means And the consumer
are the daily practice never meets the producer
of the Works of Mercy and the producer
and the fostering ceases to think
of Farming Communes in terms of service
where scholars and begins to think
become workers in terms of profits.
and workers
64
1600—Banker in the factory.
Before John Calvin people So the men have to sta y at
were not allowed to lend home
money at interest. John while the women and children
Calvin decided to legalize work in the factory.
money lending at interest in 1800—Economist
spite of the teachings of the Since Adam Smith, who
Prophets of Israel and the published his book in 1776,
Fathers of the we have been told that
Church. competition is the life of trade
Protestant countries tried to and that it is a case of the
keep up with John Calvin survival of the fittest. So since
and money-lending at 1776 looking for markets has
interest became the general engaged men's activities. And
practice. And money ceased since trade follows the
to be a means of exchange flag,
and began to be a means to industrial nations have
make money. So people lent also become imperialist
money on time and started nations. The fight for
to think o f time in terms of markets between two
money and said to each industrial
other, "Time is money." nations,
1700—Manufacturer England and Germany,
With the discovery of steam was the main cause of
the factory system the World War.
made its appearance. 1914—World War
To take drudgery out of the As President Wilson said,
home the World War
was supposed to be the aim of was a commercial war.
the manufacturer. So the But a commercial war
guildsman left his shop and had to be idealized,
went to the factory. But the so it was called
profit-making a War for Democracy.
manufacturer found it But the War for Democrac y
more profitable to employ did not bring Democracy,
women than to employ men. it brought
So the women left the home Bolshevism in Russia,
and went to the factory. Fascism in Italy,
Soon the children followed Nazism in Germany.
the women
1929—World Depression
After the World War
people tried to believe
65
that a New Era would be employed
had dawned upon the world. by Labor Day.
People thought And in 1934
that they had found a solution
to the problem people went crazy
of mass distribution. for the NRA.
People thought And in 1935
that the time had come the NRA is scrapped
of a two-car garage, and economic recovery
a chicken in every pot is a long way off.
and a sign "To Let" 1933—The Catholic Worker
in front of every poorhouse.
And everybody The aim of the Catholic
wanted to cash in Worker
on the future prosperity. is to create order out of
chaos. The aim of the
So stock promoters got busy Catholic
and stocked people with Worker
stocks till they got is to help the unemployed to
stuck. employ themselves. The aim
1933—New Deal of the Catholic
We were told in 1929 Worker
that business would go on is to make an impression on
as usual. the depression through
We were told in 1930 expression. The aim of the
that the economic system Catholic
was fundamentally sound. Worker
We were told in 1931 is to create a new society
that prosperity within the shell of the old
was around the corner. with the philosophy of the
We were told in 1932 new, which is not
that the depression was a new
fought philosophy,
on one hundred fronts. but a very old philosophy, a
We were told in 1933 philosophy so old that it
that five million men looks like new.
66
TEACHERS, TRADERS
AND TRICKSTERS
No Recourse and politicians stand back
Politicians used to say: "We of the people, people and
make prosperity through our politicians go around in a
wise policies." Business circle and get nowhere.
men used to say: "We make Maker of Deals A
prosperity through our business man is a maker of
private deals. He wants to close a
enterprise." profitable deal in the shortest
The workers did not seem to possible time. To close a
have anything to do about profitable deal in the shortest
the matter. They were possible time he tells you
either put to work or thrown what a good bargain you are
out of employment. And getting. And while he tells
when unemployment you what a good bargain you
came are getting he is always
the workers had no recourse thinking what a good bargain
against the professed he is getting. He appeals
makers of prosperity— to the selfishness in you
politicians and business men. to satisfy the selfishness
Politics Is Politics in him.
A politician is an artist Business Is Selfishness
in the art Because everybody is
of following the wind of naturally selfish business
public opinion. He who men say that business
follows the wind of public must be based on
opinion does not follow his selfishness. But when
own judgment. And he who business is based on
does not selfishness everybody is
follow busy becoming more
his own judgment selfish. And when
cannot lead people out everybody
of the beaten path. He is busy becoming more
is like selfish
the tail end of the dog 67
trying to lead the head.
When people stand back
of politicians
we have classes and clashes. Another Experiment
General Johnson says
Teaching Subjects
that the NRA
Our business managers don't was like a horse
know how to manage the trying to pull
things they try to manage in different directions.
because they don't understand And when the Supreme Court
the things they try to manage. examined the "whole thing"
So they turn to college it came to the conclusion
professors that the "whole thing"
in the hope of understanding did not make sense.
the things they try to manage. The Prohibition Law
But college professors do not was called by Hoover
profess anything; they only "A noble experiment."
teach subjects. As teachers The National Recovery Act
of subjects college professors was considered by all
may enable people to master "A noble experiment."
subjects. But mastering To live by experiment
subjects has never enabled is known in philosophy
anyone to master situations. under the name of
Specialization pragmatism.
A few years ago, The doctrine of pragmatism
I asked a college professor was exploded by Van Wyck
to give me Brooks. If the doctrine of
the formulation pragmatism is wrong
of those universal concepts philosophically it must also
embodied be wrong economically.
in the universal message Christianity Untried
of universal universities Chesterton says:
that will enable "The Christian ideal
the common man has not been tried
to create and found wanting.
a universal economy. It has been found difficult
And I was told and left untried."
by the college professor: Christianity has not been
"That is not my subject." tried
Colleges and universities because people thought it
give to the students was impractical. And
plenty of facts men have tried
but very little understanding. everything except
They turn out specialists Christianity. And
knowing more and more everything that men
about less and less. have tried has
failed.
68
And to fail they increase
in everything the producing power.
that one tries When people spend money
is not to be practical.
Men will be practical or give it to the poor
when they try to practice they increase
the Christianity the buying power.
they profess To feed the hungry,
to believe in. clothe the naked,
shelter the homeless
The Wisdom of Giving at a sacrifice
General Johnson used to say: is what God
"The problem of the wants us to do.
depression is to increase "When man dies,
the buying power land he carries
decrease the producing in his clutched hands
power." When people invest only that
money which he has given away,"
says Jean Jacques Rousseau.
BOURGEOIS COLLEGES
Catholic Bourgeois what non-Catholic bourgeois
A bourgeois is a man tried to believe,
who tries to be somebody, that the time had come
by trying to be like everybody, in America
which makes him a nobody. for a two-car garage
Catholic bourgeois a chicken in every pot
try to be and a sign "To Let"
like non-Catholic bourgeois in front of every poorhouse.
and think they are And Catholic colleges
just as good as well as non-Catholic
ns non-Catholic bourgeois colleges
turned out stock promoters,
Right after the war stock brokers and stock
Catholic bourgeois salesmen
tried to believe
71
who stocked people with or how to change it
stocks so as to make it fit
till they got stuck. for college graduates.
College graduates
** I5A ** think in terms of jobs,
Shouting With Rotarians not in terms of work.
Modern colleges Since the world is upside
give you down,
a bit of this, taking the side down
a bit of that, and putting it up should
a bit of something else be the task of college
and a degree. graduates. But college
The act of giving a degree graduates would rather
is called a commencement. play somebody else's game in
And after the commencement a position than to create
the student commences order out of chaos.
to look for a job.
In order to get a job An Unhappy Lot
he 'commences But the job providers
to shout with Rotarians: are not on the job
"Service for profits, and college graduates
Time is money, are disappointed.
Cash and carry, They have degrees,
Keep smiling, Business is but their degrees
business, Watch your do not give them jobs.
step, How's the rush? They had been told
How is the world treating that the road to success
you? Competition is the is a college education.
life of They have a college education
trade, Your dollar is and they do not know
your best what to do
friend." So's your with themselves.
old man. The overproduction
of college graduates
College Graduates is a fertile ground
Sociology is not a science, it for social demagogues.
is an art. The art of sociology The unemployed college
is t he art of creating order graduates are getting sore
out of chaos. Bourgeois at their parents for sending
colleges turn out college them into colleges which have
graduates into a changing not prepared them for a
world without ever telling changing world. And they
them how to keep it from ask themselves
changing
72
if their educators what they are,
know what it is to be how the things would be
educated. if they were
as they should be
Houses of Hospitality and how a path
In the New Masses can be made
a Communist cartoonist from the things
represents as they are
a line of college graduates to the things
receiving their degrees from as they should be.
the Alma Mater and joining Unemployed college graduates
a soup line on the other side must be told
of the square. Social how to create
reconstruction will be the a new society
result of social indoctrination. within the shell of the old
But unemployed college with the philosophy of the
graduates new,
cannot be indoctrinated which is not a new philosophy
without first being fed, but a very old philosophy, a
as well as clothed, as well philosophy so old that it
as sheltered. Houses of looks like new.
Hospitality for On Farming Communes
unemployed college
graduates are a When unemployed college
pressing need graduates
will have been indoctrinated
Indoctrination they will be moved to
In Houses of Hospitality Farming Communes. On
unemployed college graduates Farming Communes
will be fed, clothed, sheltered, unemployed college graduates
as well as indoctrinated. will be taught how to build
Unemployed college their houses, how to gather
graduates must be their fuel, how to raise their
told why the things food, how to make their
are furniture;
73
that is to say, And while time is on the
how to employ themselves. hands
Unemployed college gradu- of college graduates their
ates heads don't function as they
must be taught should function. On Farming
how to use their hands. Communes unemployed
Unemployed college gradu- college graduates will learn
ates to use both their hands and
have time their heads.
on their hands.
SOCIAL WORKERS AND WORKERS
The training of social workers and free creative agents of
enables them to help people the new environment. In
to adjust themselves Houses of Hospitality social
to the existing environment. workers can\acquire that art
The training of social workers of human contacts and that
does not enable them social-mindedness or
to help people understanding of social
to change the environment. forces
Social workers which will make them critical
must become social-minded of the existing environment
before they can be critics and the free creative agents
of the existing environment of a new environment.
74
BOOK 3
BACK TO CHRIST-
BACK TO THE LAND!
On the Level Soviet Russia is trying to
Owen Young says: "We will keep up with England,
never have prosperity Germany, Japan and
as long as there is no balance America. When all the
between industry and world will be
agriculture." The farmer sells industrialized every
in an open market and is country will be looking
forced to buy in a restricted for foreign markets. But
market. when every country will
When the farmer gets be industrialized yo u
a pair of overalls wil l n ot hav e foreign
for a bushel of wheat markets.
the wheat and the overalls Mechanized Labor
are on the level. Gandhi says: "Industrialism is
When the farmer evil." Industrialism is evil
has to give because it brings idleness both
two bushels of wheat to the capitalist class and the
for a pair of overalls working class. Idleness does
the wheat and the overalls no good either to the capitalist
are not on the level. class or to the working class.
Wheat and overalls Creative labor is what keeps
must be on the level. people out of mischief.
Industrialization Creative labor is craft labor.
Lenin said: Mechanized labor is not
"The world cannot be creative labor.
half industrial No Pleasure in Their Work
and half agricultural." Carlyle says: "He who
England, Germany has found his work,
Japan and America 77
nave become
industrialized.
let him look for what he produces.
for no other blessedness." He has been reduced
But workmen cannot find to a sub-human condition
happiness in mechanized of intellectual irresponsibility.
Industrialism
work. As Charles Devas says, has released the artist
"The great majority having
to perform some mechanized from the necessity
of making anything useful.
operation which requires Industrialism
little thought and allows no has also released the work-
originality and which man
concerns an object in the from making anything amus-
transformation of which, ing."
whether previous or subse-
quent, From a Chinese
they have no part, cannot A Chinese says
take pleasure in their work." "I thought I had become Wes-
As D. Marshall says, ternized
"Previously the workman but how I am becoming re-
fashioned every article with patriated.
his own hands, bringing to The material progress of
bear on it all the skill of the America
craft which was his; now all had dazzled me.
of this is done by the I wished while there
machine." to transplant what I saw
Industrialism and Art to China.
Eric Gill says: "The notion But now that I am home again
of work has been separated I see that our two civilizations
from the notion of art. The have irreconcilable differ-
notion of the useful has ences.
been separated from the Yours is a machine civiliza-
notion of the beautiful. tion;
The artist, that is to say, the ours is a handicraft civiliza-
responsible workman, has tion.
been separated from all Your people work in
other workmen. The factory factories; our people
hand has no responsibility work in shops.
Your people
78 produce quantity things
that are alike;
our people
produce quality things
that are different.
What would Western indus- upon the farm."
trialism do to us? Our people Up to Catholics
would become robots. Our
cultural traditions would be Ralph Adams Cram says
destroyed." "What I propose
is that Catholics
Regard for the Soil should take up
Andrew Nelson Lytle says: this back-to-the-land problem
"The escape from industrial- and put it into operation.
ism Why Catholics?
is not in Socialism or in Because they realize
Sovietism. The answer lies in more clearly than any others
a return to a society where the shortcomings
agriculture is practiced by of the old capitalist
most of the people. It is in industrial system.
fact impossible for any They, better than others,
culture to be sound and see the threat
healthy without a proper that impends.
respect and proper regard for They alone understand
the soil, no matter that while the family
how many urban dwellers is the primary social unit,
think that their food comes the community comes next.
from groceries and And there is
delicatessens or their milk no sound
from tin cans. This ignorance and righteous
does not release them from a and enduring community
final dependence where all its members
are not substantially
of one mind
in matters of the spirit—
that is to say,
of religion."
** 16 **
79
INSTITUTIONS VS. CORPORATIONS
In the first issue Maternity Guilds for the
of the CATHOLIC WORKER welfare of needy
appeared this, essay: mothers bringing young
Institutions and Corporations children into the world.
Houses of Hospitality to
Jean Jacques Rousseau says: give to the rich the
"Man is naturally good, opportunity to serve the
but institutions make him poor. Farming
bad,
so let us Communes where the
overthrow institutions." scholars may become
I say: Man is partly good workers so the workers
and partly bad, may be scholars.
,but corporations, American Institutions
not institutions,
make him worse. The American
"An institution," says Emer- Constitution,
son, the American Congress,
"is the extension the American Supreme Court
of the soul of a man." are also considered
Institutions are founded as institutions.
to foster the welfare The American Constitution
of the masses. was devised
Corporations are organized by the American Founders
to promote wealth to protect the individual
for the few. against the majority,
So let us found whether in Congress
smaller and better or government.
institutions The American Supreme Court
and not promote was established by the
bigger and better Founders
corporations. to watch over the Constitu-
tion
Some Institutions so as to prevent
Round-Table Discussions to its misrepresentation
learn from scholars how the and its misapplication.
things would be if they were And when the NRA
as they should be. Campion was brought to the Supreme
Propaganda Committees Court
for the indoctrination of the for examination
man of the street. the Supreme Court found out
that it did not harmonize
80
with the Constitution. Political corruption
The NRA has made the French people
The National Recovery Act disgusted with their politi-
promised Recovery cians.
and pursued Reformation. The most, efficient bureau-
General Johnson says cracy
that the NRA was the German bureaucracy.
was like a horse And the faith in bureaucracy
trying to pull was so great
in different directions. that they failed
At the head of the horse to create a public opinion
stood Recovery, for democratic reform.
at the tail of the horse So the Nazis beat them to it.
stood Reformation. and created a public opinion
The tail "wanted to be the for racial demagogy.
head, The Catholic Worker
the head did not want is trying to create
to be the tail, and the a public opinion
Supreme Court could not for Communitarian reform.
make head or tail out of Five Definitions
it.
The Supreme Court seems to A Bourgeois
admit that social reform is a fellow
cannot be brought about by who tries to be somebody
promising Recovery and by trying to be
making the eagle scream. like everybody,
which makes him
Bureaucracy a nobody.
Bureaucracy has failed, A Dictator
whether in America, is a fellow
in France or Germany. who does not hestitate
The failure of the NRA to strike you over the head
js a striking example if you refuse to do
'n America. what he wants you to do.
In France we say: A Leader
"Plus ca change, is a fellow
Plus c'est la meme chose." who refuses to be crazy
[ The more it changes, the way everybody else is
the more it remains crazy
the same thing.] and tries to be crazy in
Governments change, his own crazy way. A
but the bureaucracy remains. Bolshevist is a fellow
who tries to get
81
what the other fellow has not with They.
and to regulate One I plus one I
what you should have makes two I's
A Communitarian and two I's make We.
is a fellow We is a community,
who refuses to be while "they" is a crowd.
what the other fellow is
and tries to be A New Movement
what he wants him to be. The Nazis, the Fascists
and the Bolshevists
They and We are Totalitarians.
People say: "They don't The Catholic Worker
do this, they don't do is Communitarian.
that, they ought to do The principles of Communi-
this, they ought to do tarianism
that." Always "They" are expounded every month
and never "I." People in the French magazine
should say: "They are Esprit (the Spirit).
crazy for doing this and Emmanuel Mounier,
not doing that but I editor of the magazine,
don't need to be crazy has, a book entitled
the way they are crazy." "La Revolution Personnaliste
The Communitarian Revolu- et Communautaire."
tion Raymond de Becker
is basically a personal is the leader in Belgium
revolution. It starts of the Communitarian move-
with I, ment.
The Premier of Belgium,
van Zeeland,
is a Communitarian.
YES! I AM A RADICAL!
Down to the Roots And I told the sociologist
I was once thrown out "We have to pity those poor
of a Knights of Columbus conservatives who don't
meeting because, as the K. of know what to conserve; who
C. official find themselves living in a
said, changing world while they
I was radical. do not know how to keep it
I was introduced as a radical from changing or how to
before the college students of change it to suit themselves."
a Franciscan college, And Radically Wrong
the Franciscan Father
added Monsignor Fulton Sheen says:
"I am as radical as Peter "Modern society is based on
Maurin." Speaking in a girls' greed."
college near St. Cloud, Father McGowan says:
"Modern society
Minnesota, I was told by
is based on systematic selfish-
Bishop Busch, "Conservatives ness."
are up in a tree and you are Professor John Dewey says:
trying to go down to the "Modern society
roots." is based on rugged individual-
Poor Conservatives ism."
After another meeting I was When conservatives
told by a sociologist try to conserve a society
“
I still think that you are based on greed,
a radical."
85
systematic selfishness and which is not a new
rugged individualism they philosophy but a very old
try to conserve something philosophy, a philosophy so
that is radically wrong,
for it as built on a old that it looks like new.
wrong basis. And when Creating Order
conservatives try to Modern society is in a
conserve what is state of chaos. And
radically wrong they are what is chaos if not lack
also radically wrong. of order? Sociology is
A New Society not a science, it is an
art,
To be radically right the art of creating order out
is to go. to the roots of chaos. All founders of
by fostering a society orders made it their
based on creed, personal business
systematic unselfishness to try to solve the problems
and gentle personalism. of their own day. If
To foster a society religious orders made it their
based on creed business to try to solve the
instead of greed, problems of our own day by
on systematic unselfishness creating order out of chaos,
instead of systematic selfish- the Catholic Church would
ness, be the dominant social
on gentle personalism dynamic force in our day
instead of rugged individual- and age. ** 17 **
ism,
is to create a new society
within the shell of the old
with the philosophy of the
new
COLONIAL EXPANSION
Right or Wrong is sometimes right
Some people say, and sometimes wrong,
"My country is but my country,
always right." right or wrong."
Some people say: To stick up for one's country
"My country is when one's country is wrong
always wrong." does not make
Some people say: the country right.
"My country To stick up for the right
86
even when the world is wrong to leave Fashoda.
is the only way we know of To protect the Cape and Natal
to make everything right. the English took the
Protecting France Transvaal. So
the English are
To protect French citizens just as good or
living in Algeria the French just as bad as
took Algeria from the the French.
natives. To protect Algeria
the French took control of Civilizing Ethiopia
Tunisia. To protect Senegal The French believe
the French took Dahomey, that trade follows the flag.
the Gabon and the Congo. To So do the English,
protect the Isle of Reunion the so do the Germans,
French took Madagascar. so do the Japanese,
They took Madagascar for so do the Italians.
another reason. The other
reason was that the English Italy is in Ethiopia
wished to take it. When the for the same reason
English take something the that the French
French say, "The English do are in Algeria,
that because they are the English in India,
grabbers." When the French the Japanese in Manchuria.
take something, The Italians say
the French say that the Ethiopians
"We do that are not civilized.
because we are The last war proves
good patriots." that Europeans
are no more civilized
Protecting England than the Africans.
To protect the British Isles So Europeans
the English took the sea. ougth to find the way
To protect the sea to become civilized
the English took Gilbraltar, before thinking
Canada and India. about the best way
To protect India to civilize Africans.
the English went to Egypt
To protect Egypt League of Nations
the English took the Soudan. The League of Nations
To protect the Soudan did not keep Japan from
the English forced the French going to Manchuria or
Italy
from going to Ethiopia.
The League of Nations is
not a League based on
right.
87
It is a League based was not the product of a
on might. It is not a change of heart on the
protection for poor part of the Allies toward
nations against rich Germany.
nations. It is a Room Could be Found
protection for rich
nations against There is too much wheat in
poor'nations. the United States. There is
too much cattle in Argentina.
Moral Disarmament There are too many sheep in
Theodore Roosevelt used to Australia.
say: There are too many Germans
"If you want peace, in Germany, too many
prepare for war." Italians in Italy,
So everybody prepared for too many Japanese
war, m Japan.
but war preparations Room could be found in the
did not bring peace; United States for the
they brought war. Germans, in Argentina for
Since war preparations the Italians, 'in Australia for
brought war, the Japanese. To make room
why not quit for Germans, Italians,
preparing for war? Japanese is a better way to
If nations prepare for peace establish peace than to build i
instead of preparing for war, more battleships, more
they may have peace. submarines and more
Aristide Briand used to say: airplanes.
"The best kind of disarma-
ment
is the disarmament
of the heart."
The disarmament of Germany
by the Allies
88
THE COMMUNISM OF
COMMUNITARIANISM
Not Communists the community spirit.
There is nothing wrong with Communitarianism
Communism, but there is is expounded every month
something wrong with in the French magazine Esprit.
Emmanuel Mounier,
Communists, The wrong the editor of the magazine,
thing with Communists is has a book entitled
that they are not Communists, "La Revolution Personnaliste
they-are Socialists. There is et Communautaire."
no Communism in Soviet Raymond de Becker
Russia; there is State is the leader in Belgium
Socialism in Soviet Russia. of the Communitarian Move-
Communism is a state of ment.
society where each one works Dr. Kagawa,
according to his ability the Japanese co-operator,
and gets according to his is truly imbued
needs. with the Communitarian
The State has not withered spirit.
away, The C. P. and C. M.
the wage system prevails,
and you can buy The Communist Party
7% government bonds credits bourgeois capitalism
in Soviet Russia. with an historical mission.
By selling7% government The Communitarian Move-
bonds ment
they are creating condemns bourgeois capital-
a parasitic class ism
in Soviet Russia. on general principles.
** 18 ** The Communist Party
throws the monkey-wrench
Communitarian Movement of class-struggle
Communitarianism into the economic machinery
is the rediscovery and by doing so
and the exemplification delays the fulfilling
of what the Kiwanis of the historical mission
and Rotarians which it credits
to bourgeois capitalism.
used to talk about,
The Communitarian Move-
namely, ment
aims to create a new society
within the shell of the old
89
with the philosophy of the The Communist Party
new, stands for proletarian dicta-
which is not a new philosophy torship.
The Communitarian Move-
but a very old philosophy, a ment
philosophy so old that it stands for personal responsi-
looks like new. bility.
90
RADICALS OF THE RIGHT
Shouting a Word what the intellectual
Father Parsons says: has failed to do;
"There is that is to say,
confusion of mind." "do something about it."
When there is ** 19 ** Philosophy and
confusion of mind
someone has only to Sophistry
shout a word and people Mortimer Adler says:
flock. When Mussolini - "Modern philosophers
shouted discipline have not found
people flocked. When anything new since
Hitler shouted Aristotle."
restoration people Modern philosophers
flocked. are not philosophers;
The Bight Word they are sophists.
Aristotle
Mussolini's word is had to deal
discipline. with sophists
Hitler's word is in his day and age.
restoration. What Aristotle said
My word is to the sophists
of his own day
tradition. could be read
I am a radical with profit
of the right. by modern philosophers.
I go right to the right The City of God
because I know
it is the only way Jacques Maritain says:
not to get left. "There is more in man
Sound principles than man."
are not new, Man was created
they're very old; in the image of God;
they are as old therefore
as eternity. there is the image of God
in man.
The thing to do
is to restate There is more to life
the never new than life
and never old principles this side of the grave;
there is life
in the vernacular the other side of the grave.
°f the man of the street. Science leads to biology,
Then the man of the street biology to psychology,
will do psychology to philosophy,
91
philosophy to theology. is not all Humanism,
Philosophy according to Maritain. In a
is the handmaid book entitled
of theology. "L'Humanisme integral"
To build up the City of God, Jacques Maritain points out
that is to say, what differentiates Integral
to express the spiritual Humanism from Socialist
in the material Humanism.
through the use Thought and Action
of pure means, Integral Humanism is the
such as the task Humanism of the Radicals
of professing Christians of the Right. The Radicals of
in this day and age. the Left are now talking
Integral Humanism about Cultural Tradition.
Through the influence of The bourgeois idea is that
Maxim Gorki the culture is related to leisure.
Marxists Eric Gill maintains that
have come to the conclusion culture is related to work,
that Marxist writers should not to leisure. Man is saved
be more than proletarian through faith and through
writers; that they should be works, and what one does
cultural writers. Waldo Frank has a lot to do with what
thinks that the cultural one is. Thought and action
tradition must be brought to must be combined. When
the proletarian masses, who thought is separated from
will appreciate it much more action, it becomes academic.
than the acquisitive classes. When thought is related to
What the Marxists call action it becomes dynamic.
culture Maritain calls
Socialist Humanism. But
Socialist Humanism
94
we would bring order have said
out of chaos, that the Christian ideal
and Chesterton would not has been left untried.
COMMUNITARIAN PERSONALISM
** 20 ** And political power
Basic Power is not the road
to social power.
Bourgeois capitalism is The road to social power
based on the power of is the right use
hiring and firing. Fascist of liberty.
Corporatism and Bolshevist Read "Our Enemy the State"
Socialism are based on the by Albert Jay Nock.
power of life and death.
Communitarian Personalism Give Me Liberty
is based on the power of Patrick Henry said,
thought and example. "Give me liberty,
or give me death!"
Thinking Is Individual What makes man
Thinking is individual, a man
not collective. is the right use
Fifty million Frenchmen of liberty.
may be wrong, The rugged individualists
while one Frenchman of the Liberty League,
may be right. the strong-arm men
One thinks of the Fascist State
better than two, and the rugged collectivists
and two of the Communist Party
better than two hundred. have not yet learned
The national thinking the right use
of Benito Mussolini, of liberty.
the racial thinking Read "Freedom in the Modern
of Adolph Hitler World," by Jacques
and the mass thinking Maritain.
of Joseph Stalin Leadership
are not what I mean
by thinking. Everybody
Read "The Crowd," looks for a leader
by Gustave LeBon. and nobody
likes to be dictated to.
Social Power Mussolini, Hitler and Stalin
Social power try to be at the same time
is more important leaders and dictators.
than political power. A leader is a fellow
who follows a 'cause
95
in words and deeds. A The Forgotten Man
follower is a fellow who The forgotten man
follows the leader because he is forgotten
sponsors the cause that the
leader follows. Head because clergymen
"Leadership or Domination," have forgotten
by Paul Piggors. to rub shoulders
Paul Piggors with the forgotten man.
makes a case for domination And clergymen
in times of crisis, and in this
he is wrong. Domination is have forgotten
not the way to create order to rub shoulders
out of chaos. with the forgotten man
Leadership is always the way because clergymen
to create order out of chaos. have forgotten
to use logic
Communitarian Personalism to discover what is practical.
"A man is a man for all And because clergymen
that," says Robert Burns. To have forgotten
bring out the man in man, to use logic
such is the purpose of the to discover what is practical,
Communitarian Movement. they have failed
A Communitarian is a fellow to give us a sociology
who refuses to be what the that has something to do
other fellow is, and chooses with theology.
to be what he wants the The minimum standard
other fellow to be. has been emphasized,
Read "Easy Essays," and the maximum standard
by Peter Maurin. has been minimized.
Which makes Chesterton say
that the Christian ideal
has not been tried
and found wanting,
it has been found difficult
and left untried.
Read "Fire on the Earth,"
by Rev. Paul Hanly Furfey.
96
SUPERFLUOUS GOODS
The Problem of Today to suit college graduates.
General Johnson says that the ** 21 **
problem of today is not to
Ambassadors of God
increase producing power,
but to increase the consuming What we give to the poor
power. Saving to invest is for Christ's sake
considered a bourgeois virtue, is what we carry with us
while spending to consume is when we die.
considered a bourgeois vice. We are afraid
While the thrifty bourgeois to pauperize the poor
increases the producing power because we are afraid
the bourgeois spendthrift to be poor.
increases the consuming Pagan Greeks used to say
power. that the poor
"are the ambassadors
With Our Superfluous Goods of the gods."
Bishop von Ketteler says To become poor
that we are bound under pain is to become
of mortal sin to relieve the an Ambassador of God.
extreme needs of our needy
brother with our superfluous We Seem to Think
goods. With our superfluous St. Francis thought
goods we build white that to choose to be poor
elephants is just as good
like the Empire State Build- as if one should marry
ing. the most beautiful girl in the
With our superfluous goods world.
we build power houses We seem to think that poor
which increase the producing people are social nuisances
power and not the Ambassadors of
and therefore God.
increase unemployment. We seem to think that Lady
With our superfluous goods Poverty is an ugly girl and
we build colleges not the beautiful girl that St.
which turn out students Francis of Assisi says she is.
into a changing world And because we think so, we
without telling them refuse to feed the poor with
now to keep it from changing our superfluous goods and let
or how to change it the politicians feed the poor
97
by going around want to relieve them of
like pickpockets, their superfluous goods. If
robbing Peter American Catholics were
to pay Paul, building churches in rural
and feeding the poor districts with their
by soaking the rich. superfluous goods they
would increase the
If consuming power and make
If Spanish Catholics an impression on the
had fed the poor depression through the
with their superfluous goods, expression of their Catholic
the Reds would not now- faith.
98
THE PLURALIST STATE
Secularism Is a Pest with social ethics.
"What ails modern society Futilitarian Economics
is the separation The Futilitarian Economists
of the spiritual of the Manchester School
from, the material," thought that the general in-
says Glenn Frank. terest
That separation of human society would be
of the spiritual well served if everybody was
from the material always mindful of his
is what we call material interest. The
secularism. Futilitarian Economists of the
"Secularism is a pest," Manchester School thought
says Pope Pius XI. that everything would be
Education without religion lovely if everybody took in
is only information. each other's washing. The
Politics without religion Futilitarian Economists of the
is only factionalism. Manchester School believed
Business without religion in the law of supply and
is only commercialism. demand and could never
Religion is good conceive of the possibility of
for weekdays too much supply and not
as well as Sundays. enough demand.
**22** Futilitarian States
Utilitarian Thought The Futilitarian Economists
When English philosophers of the Manchester School
broke away thought that business
from medieval thought is just business
they formulated and that politics
what is called should keep out of business.
a utilitarian philosophy. The Futilitarian Economists
Locke, Hobbes and Hume, of the Manchester School
the utilitarian philosophers, thought that the State
had for disciples is only useful
the futilitarian economists when it helps business men
of the Manchester School. to collect their debts.
Since the advent The war of 1914
of the Manchester School, and the peace of 1919
the School of Laissez Faire, are the logical result
religion has nothing to do of the foolish notions
with political economy
because political economy
has nothing to do
99
of the Futilitarian Economists Catholics believe
of the Manchester School. that Jesus Christ
England, France and America, established a Church,
our Futilitarian States, and that this Church
are now busy is the Catholic Church.
trying to solve the problems Humanists
brought about are just Humanists.
by the lack of understanding Theists are Humanists
of the Futilitarian Economists plus Theists.
of the Manchester School. Protestants are Humanists
Totalitarian States plus Theists
England, France and America plus Christians.
think they can muddle Catholics are Humanists
through with their plus Theists
plus Christians
eighteenth-century plus Catholics.
politics.
Russia, Italy and Germany Pluralist State
have given up the idea The belief in human
of two, three or more personality
political parties is the common belief of
and have adopted the idea Humanists, Theists,
of one political party. Protestants, Catholics. On
In the Futilitarian States this common belief of
everybody is told human personality
"Mind your own business." Humanists, Theists,
In the Totalitarian States Protestants, Catholics, could
everybody is told very well build up a
"Do what we tell you Pluralist State. Futilitarian
or out you go to the States, as well as
Concentration Camp." Totalitarian States, are not
based on the cultural
Pluralist Thought tradition of the Western
Humanists believe World. The Pluralist State
with Robert Burns is a State where Humanists
that "a man is a man try to be human, Orthodox
for all that." Jews try to be Jews,
Theists believe Christian Protestants try to
that God created the world, be Christians, and Catholics
that He is our Father, try to be Catholics.
and that we are all brothers. Allied Techniques
Protestants believe Social movements
that God, our Father,
sent His only begotten Son
to save the world
from sin.
based on personal responsi- to solve the social problem
bility by passing laws or creating
are not hindered by the bureaus, but by removing
Pluralist State. The Co- from the statute book all the
operative Movement, the laws
Guildist Movement, the that hinder the activities of
Agrarian Movement, the the social movements based
Communitarian Movement, on personal responsibility.
find themselves at home The Pluralist State
in the Pluralist State. stands for leadership, not
The Pluralist State does dictatorship.
not try
BACK TO NEWMANISM
About Textbooks done as much
President Hutchins, of the to degrade American intelli-
University of Chicago, says: gence as any single force."
"How can we call a man
educated who has not It Must Be Used
read any of the great Cardinal Newman says:
books of the Western "If the intellect
World? Yet today, is a good thing,
it is entirely possible for then its cultivation
a student to graduate is an excellent thing.
from the finest American It must be cultivated
colleges without having not only as a good thing,
read any of them, but as a useful thing.
except perhaps Shakespeare. It must not be useful
Of course the student may in any low,
have read of those books, or at mechanical,
least °f their authors. But this material sense.
knowledge is gained in It must be useful
general through textbooks. in the spreading
And the textbooks have of goodness.
probably It must be used
by the owner
for the good
of himself
and for the good
of the world."
101
OUTDOOR UNIVERSITIES
** 23 ** clothed and sheltered,
people learn to use their
On to the Street hands as well as their heads.
Father Bede Jarrett says: And while they learn to use
"The truths of a generation their heads to guide their
become the platitudes hands, the use of their
of the next generation." hands, improves a great
Henrik Ibsen says: deal the working of their
"Thought must be rewritten heads.
every twenty years." Silver Springs
That is to say In Silver Springs, a
eternal principles few miles
must at all times from Washington, D. C., the
be presented Missionaries of the Holy
in the vernacular Trinity combine manual
of the man on the street. labor with intellectual
Emerson says pursuits. They go to the
that the way Catholic
to acquire the vernacular University in the
of the man of the street morning, build their own
is to go to the street campus or cultivate their
and listen land in the afternoon and
to the man of the street. do their homework in the
The way to become dynamic evening. While they do
and cease to be academic manual labor their mind is
is to rub shoulders taken off their studies,
which is to the benefit both
with the men on the of their health and their
** ** street. studies. In Silver Springs
24 scholars
Hands and Heads try to be workers
and workers try to
Some one said be scholars.
that the Catholic Worker Three Books The
is a movement machine is not an
for down-and-outs. improvement on man's
And it is a movement skill; it is an imitation of
for down-and-outs, man's skill. Read "Post-
including Industrialism"
down-and-out business men,
down-and-out college gradu-
ates
and down-and-out college
professors.
In the Catholic Worker,
besides being fed,
102
by Arthur Penty. The not in the city; for a
best means are the pure child is an asset on
means and the pure the land and a
means are the heroic liability in the city.
means. Read "Freedom Read "The Church
in the Modern World" and the Land"
by Jacques Maritain. by Father Vincent McNabb,
The future of the Church O. P.
is on the land,
SO-CALLED COMMUNISTS
(Written for Bolshevik Socialists)
Bolshevik Socialists in Bolshevik Russia. There is
I am criticized for saying no wage system in a
that there is nothing wrong Communist society, but there
with Communism but that is a wage system in Bolshevik
there is something wrong Russia. There is no
with Communists The wrong dictatorship in a Communist
thing with society, but there is a
Communists is dictatorship in Bolshevik
that they are not Communists, Russia. There is no investing
they are State Socialists. class in a Communist society,
"Communism," according to but they sell Government
the definition of the bonds in Bolshevik
Communist Manifesto, "is a Russia.
state of society where each Economic Determinism
one works according to his Bolshevik Socialists stand
ability and gets
according to his needs." for economic deter-
According to this definition minism.
there is no Communism in According to the theory of
Soviet Russia. Communists do economic determinism,
not deserve the name bourgeois capitalism creates
"Communists." They should bourgeois ideology and
be called Bolshevik Socialism creates
'Bolshevik Socialists." Bolshevik ideology.
According to the same theory,
In Bolshevik Russia Bolshevik ideology can never
The State withers away be the product of bourgeois
in a Communist society, capitalism. But Marx and
but the State Lenin expressed Bolshevik
has not withered away ideology while living under
bourgeois capitalism.
103
Marx and Lenin the bourgeois-minded
must be a mystery capitalist—
to Bolshevik Socialists. are found in the son—
Class Struggle the bourgeois-minded
proletarian.
Bolshevik Socialists credit The bourgeois-minded
bourgeois capitalism with an proletarian
historical mission. If is no more fit to rule
bourgeois capitalism fulfills than the bourgeois-minded
an historical mission, it capitalist.
should not be interfered Proletarian dictatorship,
with as well as
in the fulfilling of that capitalist dictatorship,
historical mission. When is no substitute
Bolshevik Socialists foster the for personalist leadership.
class-struggle, they delay the
fulfilling of the historical Personalist Leadership
mission which they credit to A Leader is a fellow
bourgeois capitalism. There who follows a cause
is no sense in delaying the A Follower is a fellow
fulfilling of the historical who follows the Leader,
mission of bourgeois because he sponsors the cause
capitalism by throwing the that the Leader follows.
monkey-wrench Thought must be expressed
of class-struggle into the in words and deeds,
economic machinery. and deeds speak louder
Proletarian Dictatorship than words.
To be a Leader
Bolshevik Socialists stand for requires thought
proletarian dictatorship. as well as technique.
A bourgeois without money The thought must appeal to
may be as bourgeois as a reason,
bourgeois with money. The and the technique must be
bourgeois-minded proletarian related to the
and the bourgeois-minded
capitalist thought.
are spiritually related. The Catholic Worker
The bourgeois-minded The Catholic Worker does
proletarian not credit bourgeois
is a chip off the old block— capitalism with an historical
the bourgeois-minded mission. It condemns it on
capitalist. All the sins of the the general principle that
father— labor is a gift, not a
104 commodity. The Catholic
Worker does not throw
the monke y-wrench of class- but a very old philosophy,
struggle a philosophy so old that it
into the economic machinery.
It aims to create looks like new. The
a new society Catholic Worker does not
within the shell of the old stand for proletarian
with the philosophy of the dictatorship. It stands for
new,
which is not a new personalist leadership.
philosophy,
CAESARISM OR PERSONALISM
Caesar or God to the parents.
Christ says: The child
"Render to Caesar was given by God
the things that are Caesar's to the parents;
and to God he was not
the things that are God's." given by God
The Fascist Caesar, to the State
the Nazi Caesar, The parents
the Bolshevik Caesar must teach the child
are not satisfied to serve God,
with the things from whom
that are Caesar's; they received the child.
they also want When the parents
the things that are God's. allow the State
When Caesar sets up a claim to grab the child
to the things that are God's and to act
he sets himself up toward the child
as God. as if God
And when Caesar did not matter
sets himself up as a god they lose their claim
he sets himself up to the allegiance
as a faker. of the child.
When Caesar The Nazi Caesar
sets himself up as a faker The Nazi Caesar
he should be denounced claims that there are
as a faker. superior races
Fascist Caesar and inferior races.
The Fascist Caesar claims The superior race
that the child belongs to the is always the one
State. The child does not one happens to belong to.
belong to the State; it The inferior race
belongs is always the one
that refuses to recognize
106
that superiority The Use of Liberty
and claims to be Patrick Henry said;
the superior race. "Give me liberty
If a race is superior or give me death."
to another race Liberty is a great thing,
then the extermination 'but few people
of the inferior race know how to use it.
is the moral duty Some use liberty
of the superior race. to become
The superior race rugged individualists.
tries to believe Some would like to be
that God works rugged individualists,
through the superior race. but don't know how,
The superior race and choose to be
conceives God rugged collectivists.
as a racial god. Some use liberty
The Bolshevik Caesar by serving their
The Bolshevik Caesar fellowmen
says that there is no God, for God's sake.
but that there is Some are moved by
a messianic class greed,
and that the working class some are moved by
needs to be guided grudge,
by those who are aware and some are moved by
of the messianic mission creed.
of the working class. Modern Education
The Communist Party Thomas Jefferson said
claims to be the guide that
of the working class the less government
in the fulfilling there is,
of its messianic mission. the better it is.
Those who contest If the less
the superior wisdom government
of the master minds . there is,
of the Communist Party the better it is,
are considered then the best kind of
as the enemies government
of the Bolshevik revolution. is self-government.
Many old-timers To teach people
i» the Bolshevik movement to govern themselves,
are .now considered such is the purpose
the worst enemies of education.
of the Bolshevik revolution. If we are threatened
** 25 ** with Caesarism
it is because educators
have failed
to educate.
Modern educators
do not educate
because they lack
unity of thought.
107
Modern educators "Freedom in the Modern
ought to read World."
Maritain's book, ** 26 **
111
UTILITARIANS, FUTILITARIANS,
TOTALITARIAN
Utilitarian Philosophers to the highest bidder. So
After a century people started to think of
of Protestantism, time in terms of money,
England and Scotland and ended by shouting:
saw the coming out "Time is money!"
of a philosophical thought Harold Laski Says
known in history Harold Laski,
as Utilitarian Philosophy. professor of Political Science
While Luther and Calvin in the London School of Eco-
discarded the authority of the nomics,
Church has this to say:
the Utilitarian Philosophers "In the Middle Ages
discarded the authority the idea of acquiring wealth
of Divine Revelation. was limited
They tried to convince them- by a body of moral rules
selves imposed under the sanction
and convince other people of religious authority.
that the Church and the Bible After 1500
were a handicap, those rules were evaded,
rather than a help, criticized, abandoned.
in man's striving New concepts were needed to
towards the good life. legalize
Futilitarian Economists the new potentialities of
wealth.
The Utilitarian Philosophers, The liberal doctrine
Hobbes, Locke, Hume, were is the philosophical justifica-
followed by the Futilitarian tion
Economists, of the new practices."
Adam Smith, Ricardo. The
Futilitarian Economists ** 27 **
thought that religion had Fascism and Marxism
nothing to do with business. Now that economic liberalism
They thought that everything is dying out,
would be lovely if everybody modern liberals
took in each other's washing. find themselves
They thought that everybody on the spot.
should try to sell what he has They try to escape,
to sell from what they consider to be
112 an untenable position.
In their attempt to escape
the shifting sands of liberal- that Fascism
ism, will save the world
they look for authority; not from Communism
the authority of the teaching
Church, but the authority of are laboring
the political State, whether it under a fatal delusion.
be the Marxist State or the The ideologies
Fascist State. Fascism is a of those two
stop-gap between the are closely allied.
dictatorship of bourgeois They have too much in
capitalism and the common
dictatorship of Marxian and their differences
Socialism. can be readily effaced.
The three, capitalism,
Capitalism, Fascism, Fascism, Communism are
Communsim three in a chain.
In an article Imperceptibly one passes
published in the Christian into the other. All three are
Front, fundamentally materialistic,
Charles P. Bruehl says: secularistic, totalitarian."
"Those who fondly believe
UNPOPULAR FRONT
Four in One to be our brother's keeper;
The Unpopular Front Christians,
who believe
is a front composed of: in the Sennon on the Mount
Humanists, as well as
who try to be human the Ten Commandments;
to man; Catholics,
Theists, who believe
who believe in the Thomistic Doctrine
that God wants us of the Common Good.
116
BOOK 4
WAR AND PEACE
** 29 ** invaded Gaul, now called
Barbarians and Civilized France. The German
We call barbarians barbarians came as invaders
people living and were civilized by the
on the other side of the invaded. The Gallo-
border. Gerrnans living in Gaul,
We call civilized now called France, were
people living Christians. Through a
on this side of the border. Christian
We civilized, living on this technique the Gallo-
side of the Romans made Christians
border, out of the German invaders.
are not ashamed to arm So the German invaders
ourselves to the teeth so as gave up their religion as
to protect ourselves against well as their language and
the barbarians living on the took up the religion as
other side. And when the well as the language of the
barbarians born on the other invaded.
side of the Italians and Ethiopians
border invade us, we do not Italian soldiers
hesitate to kill them before went to Ethiopia
we have tried to civilize them. to civilize the Ethiopians.
So we civilized exterminate The Italian soldiers
barbarians without civilizing still think
them. And we persist in that invaders
calling ourselves civilized. can civilize the invaded.
Germans and French But the Ethiopians
After the fall do not like the way
of the Roman Empire the Italian soldiers
German barbarians try to civilize them.
The best way
119
to civilize the Ethiopians failed to make use
is to prepare of the power of the word.
Ethiopian young men Spanish Christians
for the priesthood. seem to have more faith
As Christopher Dawson says, in the power of the sword
culture than the power of the word.
has a lot to do So had the Moors
with religion. when ruling part of Spain
Spaniards and Moors for eight hundred years.
Moors from Morocco Stalinitcs and Trotskyites
ruled part of Spain Eugene Lyons says that
for eight hundred years. Lenin and Trotsky accepted
They imposed Mohamme- the idea that the end
danism justifies the means. They
on the Spaniards thought that an idealistic
through the power of the end could be reached by
sword. bloody means. Because they
After eight hundred years, resorted to bloody means,
the Spanish Christians Stalin resorts to bloody
decided to give the Moors means. The State has not
a dose of their own medicine. yet withered away and the
So the Spanish Christians Communist ideal is still out
drove the Moors out of Spain of sight.
through the power of the
sword.
Before the war,
Spanish Christians
PEACE PREPAREDNESS
1638-1938 in colonial expansion
In 1638— and denies to Germany
France and Sweden colonial expansion.
were helping Protestant France went to Tunisia
Germany with the approval of
against Catholic Germany Bismarck,
and Catholic Austria. In who-did not deny to France
1938— colonial expansion. The
Protestant Germany is Treaty of Versailles reduced
Germany's colonial
helping Catholic Spain. In expansion as well as
1638— Continental
Germany was divided expansion.
into 300 principalities. The colonial expansion
In 1938— of Fascist Italy in
Germany and Austria Ethiopia and the
form a united nation. Continental
After 300 years the expansion
French policy of 1638 of Nazi Germany in Austria
to keep Germany divided is the result
has proved to be a of the colonial expansion of
complete failure. both France and England.
Ethiopia and Austria France and England
France believes President Wilson stood
for a peace treaty
122
without annexations or by preparing for war.
indemnities. Before 1914
Clemenceau and Lloyd they prepared for war
George and got it.
wanted to have their way Nations have too long
and kept President Wilson prepared for war;
from having his way In it is about time
1919— Clemenceau and they prepared for peace.
Lloyd A Practical Question
George
had their way Archbishop McNicholas says:
"Governments
and now Mussolini and Hitler have no fixed standards
have their way. France and of morality
Italy, who have failed to and consequently
revise the Treaty of no moral sense.
Versailles, talk about good They can scarcely settle
will whi^e Italy and the question of war
Germany talk about force. for Christians.
Disarmament of the Heart Christians see and know
Pope Benedict XV and the injustice
Aristide Briand of practically all wars
spoke about in our modern pagan world.
the disarmament of the heart. There is the very practical
France and England, who question
refused to follow Wilson, for informed Christians
refused also to follow Pope who acknowledge the
Benedict XV and supreme dominion
Aristide Briand. of God.
They are increasing Will such Christians
armaments in the fallacious in our own country
hope that they will preserve form a mighty league
peace of conscientious non-
combatants?"
NO PARTY LINE
The Outstretched Hand by the Holy Father,
The Marxists who wanted to give him
of Western Europe personal instructions
are stretching out on how to deal
their hand both with the Reds
to Catholic Bishops. and the Fascists.
Referring What Cardinal Verdier,
to that outstretched hand, Archbishop of Paris,
the Holy Father has to say
in an address about modern problems
to eleven French Bishops deserves much consideration,
said last Fall for he expresses the views
to offer the outstretched hand of the Holy Father.
because the Marxists Cardinal Lienard
do not have the truth The Bishop of Lille was
and that our duty not satisfied with
is to bring to them compan y unions which
the Catholic truth. were fostered by Catholic
With the giving of the truth emplo yers. Bishop
we must give to them Lienard m ade up his
assistance, mind to organize unions
said the Holy Father, of Catholic workers. The
through the practice existence of Catho lic
of the Works of Mercy. unio ns did not satisfy
Cardinal Verdier Catholic emplo yers.
Cardinal Verdier Catholic em plo yers
has never been called a accused Catholic unions
Fascist of being Red unions.
by Reds or Pinks. He 125
was called to Rome
The Church in Rome gave by Archbishop Hinsley
its approval to the Catholic during the Ethiopian War.
unions founded by Bishop No Party Line
Lienard and the Holy The Catholic Worker is a
Father made him a free-lance movement, not
a partisan movement.
Cardinal. Some of the Bishops
Cardinal Hinsley agree with our policies
Archbishop Hinsley of and some don't. We are
Westminster took cracks at criticized by many
Mussolini while he waged a Catholics for some of our
war in Ethiopia. Archbishop policies and especially our
Hinsley was made a Spanish policy. The,
Cardinal last Fall. The Communist Party has a
Holy Father does not seem party line. The Catholic
to object to the criticism of Worker has no party line.
Mussolini There is no party line in
the Catholic Church.
BEYOND MARXISM
U.S.S.R. you are only an amateur."
The U.S.S.R. means the Primitive Christianity
Union of Socialist Soviet In the beginning of
Republics. There is no Christianity the hungry
Communism in Soviet were fed, the naked were
clothed, the homeless were
Russia. According to Karl sheltered, the ignorant were
Marx, "Communism is a instructed at a personal
society wherein one works sacrifice. And the pagans
according to his ability and used to say about the
gets Christians, "See how they
love each
according to his needs." other."
Such a society is found in Father Arthur Ryan, born
Catholic monasteries but not in Tipperary, used to call
in Soviet Russia. That is this period of history
why Strachey was told by "Christian Communism."
But it is
Father McNabb, an English a long, long way to
Dominican, "I am a Tipperary.
Communist;
127
BUSINESS AND SUCH
Priests and Policemen that machines
Jean Jacques Rousseau said: don't strike,
"Man is naturally good." but neither do they eat.
Business men say: By replacing men
"Man is naturally bad; with machinery
you can do nothing business men
with human nature." increase
If it is true, the producing power
as business men say, and decrease
that you can do nothing the consuming power.
with human nature, Sit-Downers
then we need fewer priests In putting more machines
and more policemen. into factories
But if God the F ather business men
sent His own begotten Son have given up their job
to redeem men, of providing jobs.
then we need more priests The job providers
and fewer policemen. have to admit
More Profitable that they sit down
Business men believe on their job
in the profit system. of providing jobs.
Because they believe Because the job providers
in the profit system have sat down
they try to make the on their job
profit system more of providing jobs,
profitable. In order to the Government .
make the profit has taken up the job
system more of providing jobs.
profitable business But the Government
men replace men with can only rob Peter
machinery. It is true to pay Paul,
and by doing so
endanger its own credit.
128
FROM RICHELIEU TO HITLER
100% Frenchman gave to France
Cardinal Richelieu part of Alsace.
was a Cardinal While France was united
of the Catholic Church the Treaty of Westphalia
and Prime Minister kept Germany divided
to a Catholic King. in 300 principalities.
He ought to have been The acquisition
100% Catholic. of part of Alsace
He chose to be by France
100% Frenchman. did not keep Alsace
As a 100% Frenchman from remaining
he wanted France stronger a bone of contention
and Austria weaker. between France
He wanted France and Germany.
to be the dictator Birth of Prussia
of Continental Europe. While France was united
and the King used to say,
Thirty Years' War "I am the State,"
It was during Germany was divided
the Thirty Years'War. in 300 principalities.
Northern Germany But Germany
and Sweden did not remain divided.
were fighting Around 1700
against Austria the Principality of
and Southern Germany Hohenzollern, the
It was a civil war Margravate of
between Protestant Germany Brandenburg
and Catholic Germany. and the Dukedom of Prussia
To make France stronger formed a new kingdom which
and Austria weaker they called Prussia. Eager to
Cardinal Richelieu receive recognition, the new
took the side kingdom took the side of
of Protestant Germany England and Austria
and Sweden against Spain and France
against Catholic Germany in the War of Spanish
and Austria. Succession. It was in
Treaty of Westphalia this war that England
Protestant Germany got Gibraltar.
and Sweden Seven Years' War
won the war During the Seven Years' War,
with the help of France. known in America
The Treaty of Westphalia, 129
signed in 1648,
as the French and Indian War, by France and England,
Prussia was again who were bragging about
on the side of England. the fact that the sun never
While during set on their domains.
the Thirty Years' War United Germany
France was fighting The Great War was an
against Austria, attempt on the part of
during the Seven Years' War Germany to get a place in
France was fighting the sun. But Germany
on the side of Austria. failed to get its place in
In the war game the sun, while France and
friends of today England succeeded in
become the enemies getting a bigger place in
of tomorrow the sun. The Germans
and enemies of today still think that they
become the friends should have a bigger and
of tomorrow. better place in the sun.
During this war They have annexed the
Austria lost prestige Austrian Germans and
and France the Sudeten Germans ori
lost Canada the ground that it is for
as well as the good of the Austrian
colonies in India. Germans and the Sudeten
Place in the Sun Germans.
In the meantime Nations and Notions
France as well as Austria The French are united,
was becoming weaker the English are united, the
and England Italians are united, the
as well as Prussia Russians are united, the
was becoming stronger. Germans are united but
The war against Denmark the world is still divided.
and the war against France The League of Nations is
made Prussia stronger, a failure because nations
and in 1871 have wrong notions. Right
the King of Prussia notions must be spread
was made German Emperor among nations before we
at Versailles. can have a genuine
The new German Empire League of Nations.
became envious
of French and English
colonial empires
and started to cry
for a place in the sun.
But the place in the sun
had been taken
130
Germany and Italy are cannot be expected to be
now on the level of on the level when France
France and England. and England are not on
Germany and Italy the level.
NON-CATHOLIC CATHOLICS
Apologetic Catholics by the clergy.
Some Catholics They are led by the nose
like to apologize by non-Catholics.
for being Catholics. These Catholics
Since Catholicism who allow themselves
is the truth, to be led by the nose
it is foolish by non-Catholics
to apologize ought to be called
for being Catholics. non-Catholic Catholics.
Since. Catholicism A Wrong Way
is the truth, Non-Catholic Catholics
then Catholics tell us
ought to let non-Catholics that one cannot lead
apologize a Catholic life
for not being Catholics. in a Protestant country.
To let non-Catholics The protestation
apologize of Protestants
for not being Catholics is not a protestation
is good apologetics. against the Catholicism
To apologize of non-Catholic Catholics.
for being Catholics It is a protestation
is bad apologetics. against the lack
Led by the Nose of Catholicism
Non-Catholics say of non-Catholic Catholics.
that Catholics Non-Catholic Catholics
are led by the nose are giving to Protestants
by the clergy. a wrong view
Real Catholics of Catholicism.
are not led by the nose To give to Protestants
by the clergy. a wrong view
Real Catholics of Catholicism
follow their consciences. is not the right way
I must admit to make Catholics
that some Catholics out of Protestants.
are led by the nose. Catholic Principles
These Catholics Protestants have
who are led by the nose principles but
are not led by the nose Catholics
131
have more principles like to tell
than Protestants. their Protestant friends,
But principles "we are just as good
must be applied.
To have principles as you are."
and not to apply them They ought to tell
is worse their Protestant friends,
than not having any. "we are just as bad
Non-Catholic Catholics as you are."
fail to bring Their Protestant friends
Catholic principles ought to tell
to Protestants the non-Catholic Catholics,
because "you are not
they do not dare just as bad
to exemplify as we are;
those Catholic principles you are much worse
that Protestants than we are
do not have. for you are
Imitators our imitators,
Non-Catholic Catholics you are not yourselves."
NOT LIBERALS BUT RADICALS
The Word Liberal is to go to the roots. Liberals
The word liberal is don't go to the roots; they
used in Europe in a only
different way from the scratch the surface. The
way it is used in only way to go to the roots
America. In Europe a is to bring religion into
liberal is a man who education, into politics, into
business. To bring religion
believes in liberty into the profane is the best
without knowing what way to take profanity out of
to do with it. Harold the profane. To take
Laski accuses liberals profanity out of the profane
of having used their is to bring sanity into the
intelligence without profane. Because we aim to
knowing what to do do just that we like to be
with it. called radicals.
Radicals
Liberals are too
liberal to be
radicals. To be a
radical
132
TWO LETTERS FROM PETER
Portland, Ore. Jan. 19, The head of his car
1939 was smashed.
Dear Dorothy: His nose was cut,
I just received your letter while his glasses,
and read the January issue which he was wearing,
of the CATHOLIC WORKER I were not broken.
had written a letter when I The Jesuit scholastic
arrived in Seattle which I had a cut
failed to send to you. I am above the left eye.
sending it to you with a I was hurt
fifty-dollar check. I am by bu mping my chin
now leaving for San against the front seat.
Francisco and will write to The schools being closed,
you when I arrive there. I was only able
Your fellow worker in to talk to the scholastics
Christ, in the House of Studies.
PETER MAURIN. It was Bishop White
who phoned Father Robinson
Seattle, Wash. Dec. 28, about me being in town.
1938 I am coming back to Spokane
the 9, 10, 11 January.
Dear Dorothy: I spent Christmas in Butte
with Elias Seaman.
I arrived in Seattle safe With a Catholic Hindu
and sound except for a student in the School of Mines
couple bruises on the chin. we went to midnight Mass
We were driving back to at a Croatian Church.
Spokane from the Jesuit This Croatian pastor
House of Studies. Father is a great friend
Robinson, dean of Gonzaga of the Catholic Worker.
College, I am sending you
was the driver. a fifty-dollar check.
I was sitting in the back to help pay the debts.
with a Jesuit scholastic. While in St. Paul
I paid fifty-two dollars
Our conversation
and forty cents
was so interesting for a 5,569-mile trip.
for Father Robinson That trip takes me
that he forgot to stop from St. Paul to Seattle,
at a red light then to Los Angeles,
and ran into the middle then to Denver,
of a city bus. then to Omaha,
then to St. Paul.
133
I can stop with the Catholic Worker.
anywhere I want Before leaving St. Paul
and it is good I made a short trip
for 150 days. to Eau Claire
They intend and La Crosse.
to start a Catholic Worker The pastor of Eau Claire
group agrees with us:
in Minneapolis. It is also the youth needs a cause.
a question of a farming A Y. M. C. A. secretary
commune. Father Le in La Crosse
Beau at St. Thomas is very much in sympathy
College, Father Loosen with the idea
at St, Mary's Hospital, of an Unpopular Front
Sister Helen Angelica at on Personalist Democracy.
St. Joseph's Hospital are I found that the reaction
great boosters of the to the Catholic Worker
Catholic Worker. Dr. propaganda is very
John Giesen is actively favorable. There was very
connected with a little talk either about
Mexican center. Dr. Franco or Father Coughlin. I
Bauer, wish you all a Happy New
a German sociologist, is Year.
now at St. Thomas and is Yours in Christ the Worker,
eager to co-operate PETER MAURIN.
LOOKING BACKWARD
In New England with the Yankees.
There are three kinds of The Yankees of New
people England
in New England: have given up
the foreigners, their New England
the Irish conscience to keep up
and the Yankees. with the utilitarian,
The foreigners of New Eng- futilitarian
land political economists of the
have given up Manchester School of
their own traditions political economy. So what
to keep up can you expect from New
with the Irish. England?
The Irish of New England In Louisiana
have given up Waldo Frank says
their own scholarship that America
to keep up is a lost continent
134 and that to rediscover itself
America must go back to make wage-slaves
to Mediterranean thought. out of the Indians.
Mediterranean thought The Yankees used to say:
was brought to Louisiana
by the founders of Louisiana, "A good Indian
but the people of Louisiana is a dead Indian."
have turned over the By combining cult,
State of Louisiana that is to say liturgy,
to greedy corporations. with culture,
The Catholic people that is to say literature,
of the State of Louisiana with cultivation,
had to have that is to say agriculture,
a Baptist lawyer the Spanish Franciscans
by the name of Huey Long who went to California
to save them succeeded in making willing
from the grip workers
that greedy corporations out of the Indians.
had on the Catholic people The Catholics of California
of the State of Louisiana. have not found the way
to do for the Catholic un-
In Texas employed
Spanish Franciscans wha t the Span i sh Fr an-
went to Texas ciscans
when Texas was part. did for the Indians.
of Old Mexico. In the meantime
Spanish Franciscans the people of California
taught the Indians are looking for a panacea
to build churches, at the expense
to build schools, of the taxpayers.
to build mission-storehouses.
The ruins of those churches, Going to the Right
the ruins of those schools, Frey of the A. F. of L.
the ruins of those mission- says that the Communist
storehouses Party
can still be seen is pushing Roosevelt to
in the State of Texas. the left. The A. F. of L.
But the Catholic people does not know enough to
of Texas push Roosevelt to the
are not interested right. Going to the left is
in the ideology going towards the
of the Spanish Franciscans. Industrial Socialism of
They are interested Stalin.
in keeping up Going to the right is
with the Yankees. going towards
In California 135
The Yankees were
not able
the Rural Communism of the in what are now the
Franciscan Founders who State of Texas, the State
founded Rural Communes of New Mexico, the
State of California.
136
Placeholder for missing page.
BOOK 5
LET'S
KEEP
THE
JEWS FOR
CHRIST'S
SAKE
Salonika, which was
then under the
Turkish flag.
Spanish is still
spoken by Jewish
workmen in
Salonika,
In the Papal
States
A Mystery The Popes never
The Jews did
start a crusade ~
are a mystery to drive the Jews
to themselves. out of the Papal
They are not a nation, States.
although the Zionists try Jews have lived in
to build up one in Rome
Palestine. They are not a and the adjoining territory
since the Roman
race, for they have Empire.
intermarried ' with many The Roman
other races. They are not a Empire
religion, since their belief protected the
calls for one Temple and Jews
the Jewish Temple has not living under its
been in existence for rule,
nearly 2,000 years. and so did the
Popes
In Spain in the Papal
St. Vincent Ferrer, States.
a Spanish Dominican, The Jews
succeeded in converting
themselves
25,000 Jews.
admit the fairness
When the Spaniards
with which they were treated
decided
to drive the Moors out in the Papal States.
they also decided In the Shadow of
to drive the Jews out. the Cross
St. Vincent Ferrer While the
tried to convert the Jews; Spaniards
he did not start a crusade refused to keep the
to drive them out. Jews
Driven out of Spain, the Popes consented
the Jews found a refuge in to keep the Jews.
The Jews
were the chosen
people
and they are still,
for God does not
change.
1
3
9
Because the Jews found a refuge
did not recognize Christ in America.
is not a good reason The French Huguenots
for acting towards them found a refuge
in a non-Christian manner. in America.
The presence of the Jews The Irish Catholics
all over the world found a refuge
is a reminder to the world in America.
of the coming of Christ. The German Liberals
The Jews who refused found a refuge
to accept the Cross in America.
find their best protection America
in the shadow is big enough
of the Cross. to find a refuge
In Germany for persecuted Jews
Under the shadow of the as well as
Cross persecuted Christians.
the Jews were protected; In Palestine
under the Swastika
they are persecuted. America can produce more than it
The Cross can consume. What America needs is
stands for one thing, more consumers. More Jews in
the Swastika America means more consumers for
for another thing. America. It is said that the Jews flock
The Cross stands to the cities and become middle men,
for race equality; and that there are too many middle
the Swastika stands men in America. But in Palestine the
for race superiority. Jews are building both cities and
The Catholic Church country. What the Jews are doing in
stands for human brother- Palestine they can do also in
hood, America.
the Nazi regime
stands for the expansion
of one race
at the expense
of the other races.
In America
The English Puritans
140
THE EUROPEAN MESS
Safe for Dictators In spite of the League of Na-
America tions
went into the last war to Poland took Vilna
make the world safe for from Lithuania.
democracy. But England German Extension
was not interested in The Treaty of
helping America to make Versailles disarmed
the world safe for Germany, but Germany
democracy. Because refused to stay disarmed.
England as well as France And the League of Nations
was not interested in was powerless to keep
Wilson's 14 points the Germany from rearming.
world is in the process of Once rearmed, Germany
being made safe for started to revise the Treaty of
dictators. Because the Versailles, by going to
Treaty of Austria as well as Czecho-
Versailles was not Slovakia. And now Germany
based on Wilson's 14 is in Poland.
points it did not make for Nations and the Pope
peace; it made for war.
The English believe in
League of Nations colonial expansion. The
To please Wilson French believe in colonial
the Allies established expansion. The Germans
the League of Nations. believe in Continental
But the League of Nations expansion. The Pope does
failed to impart notions not believe in colonial
to the nations expansion or Continental
of the League of Nations. expansion. Nations thought
In spite of the League of Na- that they could do without
tions the Pope. Nations need right
Japan went to Manchuria notions and the Pope has the
as well as China. right notions that nations
In spite of the League of Na- are in need of.
tions
Italy went to Ethiopia as
well as Albania.
141
Prayer for Peace over the world
By Pope Benedict XV divine charity
so that discord might end
Dismayed and love alone
by the horrors of war reign among men.
which bring ruin Do Thou inspire
to people and nations, rulers and people
we turn, O Jesus, with counsels of meekness,
to Thy most loving Heart, to do Thou heal the discords
our last hope. O King of that tear nations asunder.
Peace, we humbly implore Some trust in chariots,
the peace for which we long. and some in horses,
From Thy Sacred Heart but we will call
Thou didst send forth upon the name
of the Lord our God.
PAX
Pax Geneva In spite of the League of
To please Wilson the Nations,
Allies established the Poland took Vilna
League of Nations. But from Lithuania.
the League of Nations Pax Romana
failed to impart notions Mussolini never did like
to the nations of the the law and order that the
League of Nations. In League of Nations tried to
spite of the League of enforce. Mussolini
Nations, went to the Roman Empire
Japan went to Manchuria for a different concept of
as well as China. In spite law and order. Mussolini's
of the League of policy has been to
Nations, substitute
Italy went to Ethiopia
as well as Albania.
142
the Pax Homana of the Pax Britannica
Roman Empire for the Pax England asks:
Geneva of the League of "Is not Pax Britannica
Nations. better than Pax Geneva,
better than Pax Romana,
Pax Germania better than Pax Germania,
Germany contends better than Pax Muscova?"
that the Holy Roman Empire But Gandhi says:
was the heir "England is not in India
to the Roman Empire, for the sake of India,
and that the Germans but for the sake of England."
were the rulers De Valera says:
of the non-German people "What England
of the Holy Roman Empire did to Ireland
Germany contends is not to the credit
that the German race of Pax Britannica."
is more pure The United States
than the other races. is not convinced
Germany contends that the way to bring about
that a pure race the United States of the
must increase World
and occupy territory is by joining the British
now occupied Commonwealth.
by mongrel races. Pax Hibernia
Germany contends
th|at enforced unanimity The world is cursed
is the way to bring about with imperialists.
national unity. What the world needs
is missionaries,
Pax Muscova not imperialists.
Russia contends When the Irish
that the Russian Empire were scholars
was the heir they were missionaries;
to the Byzantine Empire. they were not
Russia contends imperialists.
that Russian Sovietism When the Irish
is the instrument were missionaries
for the realization they went all over Europe,
of the Marxist dream. starting with England.
While the Mahometans They had
tried to force on the world not swords or guns,
their brand of Theism, but knowledge and zeal.
Soviet Russia Through words and deeds
tries to force on the world they taught people
its brand of Atheism. to rule themselves.
143
Pax Vaticana During the first world war
What the Irish scholars a Protestant minister
taught is what the suggested that the warring
Christian nations
Fathers taught. What the accept the Pope as the
Christian Fathers arbiter. The appeal for
taught is what the Holy peace of Benedict XV
Father was ignored in the last
teaches. war. Why not learn
The Holy Father teaches from the mistakes of
the supremacy of the the last war?
spiritual over the
material.
PERSONALIST DEMOCRACY
Bourgeois Democracy "The king can do no wrong."
The economic royalists who But kings can do wrong,
believe in property without and very often
responsibility do not have they did wrong.
the right concept of liberty. The kings that did wrong
They use liberty to become, were the kings
rugged individualists. that had lost the sense
They don't use liberty to of kingship.
become gentlemen who try Some seem to think
to be gentle. In a letter that the majority
addressed to French can do no wrong.
Catholics Cardinal Pacelli, But the majority
now Pius XII, reminded can do wrong
them that "liberty does not and it often does wrong
grant license to act against because the majority
the moral law, nor should has not yet acquired
social liberties infringe what makes people kind
upon the civil order and the to mankind.
common good." Poetry and Dictatorship
Arithmocracy Padraic Colum says:
People used to say: "In our time
144 a political philosophy
has arisen
that tends to contradict
what poets
among all races,
at all times,
in all places Through the power of
have felt thought and example
and shown. people of good character
This philosophy insists transform the people of
that the individual bad character.
has no dignity Liberty or Security
in himself, Patrick Henry said: "Give
but only me liberty or give me
through his association death." Patrick Henry
with a race, wanted the power to think,
a State, the power to choose, the
or a class. power to act. Many people
More and more today are willing to give
it limits up liberty for the sake of
freedom of choice." economic security. When
Liberty or Discipline everybody looks for
Fascist countries discard economic security nobody
liberty for the sake of gets it. But when nobody
discipline. The greatness looks for economic security
of a nation is the and uses liberty trying to
greatness of people's be what he wants ,
character. Some people the other fellow to be then
have good character. everybody gets economic
Some people have bad security.
character. Some people
have no character; they
are yes-men.
145
WHY PICK ON THE JEWS?
Treaty of Versailles Rotarians have tried
Hitler likes without much success
to pick on the Jews. to correct the abuses
The sufferings of Germany of bourgeois capitalism.
were the product The turning of sharp corners
of the Treaty of Versailles. by business men
The Jews cannot be blamed must be laid to the door
for the Treaty of Versailles. of Christians
We must place the blame as well as Jews.
for the Treaty of Versailles The assertion
on the English Machiavellian that religion
by the name of Lloyd George has nothing to do
and on the French with business
Machiavellian by the name is the assertion
of Clemenceau. of Christians
Bourgeois Capitalism as well as Jews.
In a book entitled Modern Liberals
"Judaism and Capitalism," The separation
Werner Sombart blames the of the spiritual
Jews for the development of from the material
bourgeois capitalism. Adam was fostered
Smith and Ricardo, the by modern liberals.
theoreticians of bourgeois Modern liberals
capitalism, were not Jews. were so broad-minded
The fostering of bourgeois that they did not know enough
capitalism in modern to make up their minds.
Germany is due to Bismarck. Modern liberals
To Kaiser William is also due were the defenders
the fostering of bourgeois of bourgeois capitalism
capitalism in modern before becoming
Germany. the fellow-travelers
of Bolshevist Socialism.
Turning Sharp Corners Jews can be found
Business men say that among bourgeois capitalists,
bourgeois capitalism is all among Bolshevist Socialists,
right and among disillusioned
and that what is wrong in
bourgeois capitalism are the fellow-travelers.
abuses. Racialism
Having given up Jewish
Orthodoxy some Jews tried
to foster (Jewish racialism.
146
The Jews were a chosen as well as
people but they were social ethics.
never a superior race. Bourgeois capitalists
The Nordics were never as well as
a chosen people or a Bolshevist Socialists
superior race. And it is need the belief in a personal
not because some Jews God
became facial minded as well as sound social ethics.
that other people should Hitler needs to read the Old
be racial minded Racial- Testament and the New
minded Jews are a Testament if he wants to lead
nuisance and so are men
racial-minded Nordics. into the Promised Land
Promised Land where people do no longer
When the Jews were try to cut each other's
themselves they taught throats and where the lion
the doctrine of a comes to lie down with the
personal God lamb.
147
JUDAISM AND CATHOLICISM
Jacques Maritain His father, a Russian Jew,
General Franco's gave him the name Herbert
brother-in-law in the hope
accuses Maritain that he would keep up
of being a converted Jew. with Herbert Spencer.
Maritain says He tried to get
that he is a convert, what modern liberals,
but not including Herbert Spencer,
a converted Jew. had to offer.
He adds He was not satisfied
that if he were with what modern liberals
he would not be had to offer.
ashamed of it. He now says:
He would, on the contrary, "We were not
be proud, attracted to the Church
as his wife is proud, by Catholics;
of coming from a people we were pushed
who gave the Blessed Mother into the Church
to the world. by non-Catholics
Mrs. Maritain who did not have the stuff."
Mrs. Maritain Father Arthur Klyber
is a convert Father Arthur Klyber,
from Judaism. a Redemptorist,
Mrs. Maritain was born on the East Side.
thinks that Catholicism After a few years
is Judaism plus. in the Navy
In becoming Catholic he became a Catholic
Mrs. Maritain thinks in Los Angeles.
that she has kept The good example
her Judaism of Catholics
and added to it from Los Angeles
what Catholicism has brought Father Klyber,
that Judaism an East Side Jew,
does not have. into the Church.
Mrs. Maritain thinks The Catholic friends
that she is now were always friendly
100% Jewish. to Klyber, the Jew,
Dr. Herbert Ratner because they did not allow
Dr. Herbert Ratner, the poison of anti-Semitism
of the University of to poison
Chicago, became a Catholic their human relations.
two years ago. As a result
148
Father Klyber is now a on the message
Catholic priest. of the Jewish Prophets.
Six Other Priests Six As priests,
other converts from they announce
Judaism are now Catholic the good news
priests in the United States. that the Messiah
If they had remained Jews announced by the Prophets
they might have become died on Calvary.
Rabbis. As Rabbis, they As priests of Christ
would be commenting they again offer
Christ's sacrifice
on the altars
of the Catholic Church.
PROSTITUTION
Prostitution of Marriage is a prostitution of
Birth control education.
is not self-control. Prostitution of the Press
What is not self-control Modern newspapermen
is self-indulgence. try to give people
What is self-indulgence what they want.
is prostitution of functions. Newspapermen
Prostitution in marriage ought to give people
is prostitution of marriage. what they need.
Prostitution of marriage To give people
is prostitution plus hypocrisy. what they want
Prostitution of Education but should not have
To educate is to pander.
is to elevate. To give people
To elevate what they need,
is to raise. or in other terms,
To raise wheat to make them want
on a piece of land what they ought to want,
is to enable is to foster.
that piece of land To pander
to produce wheat to the bad in men
instead of weeds. is to make men
To raise men inhuman to men.
from the animal state To foster the good in men
to the cultural state is to make men
is to educate men. human to men.
The teaching of facts Prostitution of Politics
without understanding The Republicans say:
149
"Let's turn the rascals out." Prostitution of the Theatre
The Democrats say: What 'applies to the Press
"Let's turn the rascals out." applies also
The Republicans to the Theatre.
call the Democrats In the Middle Ages
the Theatre
rascals. was considered
The Democrats as an efficient way
call the Republicans of preaching.
rascals. They liked to produce
For the Republicans Mystery Plays.
as well as They aimed to preach
for the Democrats and not to pander.
politics Pandering to the crowd
is just profitable business. has brought the degradation
By making a business of the theatre.
out of politics The Theatre started
politicians in the Church.
have prostituted The Theatre has ended
the noble calling in the gutter.
of politics. Prostitution of Art
Prostitution of Property In the Middle Ages
All the land the artists
belongs to God. were not called artists,
God wants us they were called artisans.
to be our brother's keeper. When the artists
Our superfluous goods were artisans
must be used they had the community
to relieve the needs spirit. They had the
of our brother. community
What we do for our brother spirit
for Christ's sake because they believed in the
is what we carry with us doctrine of the Common
when we die. Good. Now that the artists
This is what the poor are for, do no longer believe in the
to^ give to the rich doctrine of the Common
the occasion to do good Good they sell their work
for Christ's sake. to art speculators. As Eric
To use property Gill says, "they have
to acquire more property become the lap-dogs of the
is not the proper, use bourgeoisie.'
of property,
It is a prostitution
of property.
150
PARENTHOOD ASSOCIATION
BIRTH CONTROL
Gina Lombroso is right
In a book entitled then the Catholic Church
is wrong.
"The Soul of Woman," Heywood Broun
Gina Lombroso says thought a long time
that the basis of the home about that question.
is the love of the woman He finally
for the man. came to the conclusion
She adds that no woman that the Catholic Church
can1 love a man is right
whom she cannot admire. and that Margaret Sanger
The woman's scale of values is wrong.
is higher and lower And he entered
than man's scale of values. the Catholic Church.
Because of that,
no woman Dr. Herbert Ratner
can admire a man Dr. Herbert Ratner
who tries to induce her is a convert
to practice birth control. from Judaism.
She takes the man The study of sex
as a meal ticket. brought Dr. Herbert Ratner
into the Catholic Church.
Heywood Broun
As a scientist
Margaret Sanger believes and as a philosopher
in birth control. The he maintains
Catholic Church does not that the Catholic Church
believe in birth control. If is foolproof
Margaret Sanger in the matter of sex.
He intends
151
to teach biology of functions.
and to lecture on Prostitution in marriage
marriage. is prostitution of
Prostitution Plus marriage. Prostitution
Birth control is not of marriage is
self-control. What is prostitution legalized.
not self-control is self- Prostitution legalized is
indulgence. What is prostitution plus
self-indulgence is hypocrisy.
prostitution
153
for the further liberation the hungry were fed, the
of the Russian people naked were clothed, the
from economic homeless were sheltered, the
ignorant were instructed at a
as well as personal sacrifice. And the
political serfdom pagans used to say about the
and our vision of a new world Christians, "See how they
springing from the womb love one
of the Russian experiment, another."
we permitted ourselves Father Arthur Ryan
to condone wrongs used to call that period
that we knew to be wrongs. of history the period
We consented of Christian Communism.
to violations of principle The pagans do no longer say
that we knew to be fatal about the Christians, "See
to the moral integrity how they love one
of mankind. another,"
—John Haynes Holmes. but say,
"See how they pass the buck
Christian Charity to social agencies."
At the beginning of
Christianity
155
FOR PROTECTION'S SAKE
Protecting France they went to Australia.
The French believe To protect the sea
in protection. they went to South Africa.
The English
To protect French citizens drove the Spanish
residing in Algeria from the sea
they took the country and now the Germans
from the natives. are doing their best
To protect Algeria or their worst
they set up a protectorate to drive the English
over Tunisia from the sea.
with Bismarck's approval.
To protect the Senegal Protecting Japan
they took Dahomey. The French are doing their
To protect Indo-China best to protect themselves
they took the Tonkin. and so do the English and so
To protect Reunion do the Japanese. To protect
they took Madagascar. themselves they went to
They did not want the English Korea. To protect themselves
to take Madagascar. they went to Port Arthur. To
When the English protect themselves they went
take something to Manchuria. To protect
they are called grabbers themselves they are in China.
by the French, They are in China for the
who consider themselves same reason that European
good patriots. nations went to China.
Protecting England Protecting Russia
Because they live on an island Russians used to think that
the English think that they they needed Constantinople
must have the sea for their for their protection. The
protection. To protect the Crimean War was fought by
sea they took Gibraltar from France and England to keep
Spain and Canada from Russia out of Constantinople.
France. To protect the sea The Russians think that in
they established the Indian order to be able to protect
Empire. To protect the sea themselves they must be
they went to Egypt as well allowed
as Sudan. To protect the sea
156
by the Baltic States to have they went to Austria.
naval bases on the Baltic Sea. For their own protection
The Russians say that they they went to Czecho-Slovakia.
went to Poland, as well as For their own protection
Finland, not because they they went to Denmark
like war but because they like as well as Norway.
I to protect themselves. They For their own protection
have already the largest area they went to Holland
of any nation and they still as well as Belgium.
think that the world would be For their own protection
better off if they had more. they are in France.
Protecting Italy For their own protection
The Italians thought they intend
that in order to be protected to go to England.
they ought to have Where will they not go
the Papal States. for their own protection?
They have the Papal States Protecting Humanity
and now they think Each nation thinks
that they will never that what it needs
be protected is to be protected
until the Mediterranean Sea against other nations.
is under Italian control. But the fear
In the meantime of other nations
they went to Lybia does not take the place
as well as to Ethiopia, of the fear of God.
without forgetting If we had
Albania. the fear of God,
The Italians think we would have less fear
that Italy of other nations.
will be better protected Humanity
when the Italian flag, is not protected
instead of the French flag, when people
flies over Djibuti cut each other's throats
as well as Tunisia for fear of each other.
as well as Corsica. God may ask us,
Protecting Germany as He did of Cain:
The Germans also believe "Where is thy brother?"
in protection. For their own Will God be satisfied
protection if we answer Him:
"I am not
my brother's keeper"?
Is not the fear of God
the best protection
that humanity can have?
157
REVOLUTIONS
English Revolution to the guillotine
When Watt discovered while talking about
the power of steam he Liberty, Equality,
brought into existence Fraternity.
the factory system. It is Those who were not killed
in England that the offered their services
factory system had its to Napoleon Bonaparte.
beginning. The factory Adolph Hitler
system ran into is now keeping up
competition with the with Napoleon Bonaparte.
crafts system. The Russian
factory system brought Revolution Lenin said
about the system of stock that the world cannot be
ownership. Stock half industrial and half
ownership is absentee agricultural. Because
ownership. Absentee England had built up an
ownership is property Empire by giving up
without responsibility. agrarianism and taking up
Property without respon- industrialism, Lenin
sibility thought that Russia should
is now challenged by also be industrialistic.
dictatorships. Lenin thought that he
French Revolution could save time by
French nobility building up State Socialism
had forgotten without passing through
that "noblesse oblige." private capitalism and State
French peasants capitalism. Lenin hoped
were oppressed that some day
by French nobility, the State would wither
which had ceased away, but Stalin sees to it
to be noble. that the State does not
The French bourgeoisie wither away.
sponsored the grievances American
of the peasants Revolution The
and made the Revolution American Revolution
not for the benefit stands for the right of
of the peasants the
but for the benefit individual
of the bourgeoisie. to be the
Bourgeois master
revolutionaries
sent each other
158
of his own destiny. are important
The American Revolution American documents.
stands for personalism and The purpose of these
not for Socialism. The documents
American Revolution is to protect the individual
stands for pluralism and from majority rule.
not totalitarianism. "E The founders of America
Pluribus Unum" is an did not believe
American slogan. America that the majority
stands for freedom of could do no wrong,
speech, freedom of the any more than a dictator.
press, freedom of worship. They believed
The Declaration of in the right use of liberty;
Independence, the that is to say;
American Constitution, the power to think straight,
including the Bill of Rights, the power to choose intel-
ligently,
the power to act wisely.
WRECKERS OF EUROPE
Philip the Fair and not to double-cross.
In the middle Machiavelli
of the thirteenth century According to R. H. Tawney,
some universities high ethics
gave up the exclusive teaching were taught to people when
of Canon Law the Canon Law was the Law
and started to teach of the Land. While Savonarola
Roman Law. was trying to bring back the
Roman-Law-minded high ethics of the Canon Law
lawyers Machiavelli
backed Philip the Fair in his in his book "The Prince" was
disputes with Boniface VIII. trying to teach the rulers how
The aim of Roman Law is to to rule people by dividing
enable the rich men to live them. "Divide to rule" has
among poor men by teaching been the slogan of politicians
the rich men how to keep the since Machiavelli, with few
poor men poor. exceptions. So today we say
The aim of Canon Law is to that politics is only politics.
enable the good men to live
159
among bad men by teaching
the good men to carry their
cross
Luther and Sweden
Christ established the Church against Catholic Germany
to be the teacher and Austria.
of the human race. The Treaty of Westphalia
Luther told the people kept Germany divided
not to listen to the Church in more than 300
as the teacher principalities.
established by Christ Adam Smith
but to find from the Bible Adam Smith
what Christ expounded the theory
wants them to do. that everything
Since Luther would be lovely
people meet in churches if everybody took in
to listen to somebody each other's washing
who gives them and got paid for it.
his personal interpretation England first
of what is in the Bible and other nations afterward
while they profess to believe acted on that theory.
not in the preacher's The search for markets
interpretation but in and raw materials
their personal is at the base
interpretation. In the of modern imperialism.
meantime they are And modern imperialism
doing what the ruler is at the base
wants. They refuse of modern wars.
to listen to the teachings Napoleon
of the Church of Christ
and yes the ruler. The French nobility having
become ignoble, the French
Richelieu bourgeoisie decided to get
Richelieu was a Cardinal rid of the French nobility.
of the Catholic Church. Having got rid of the
He should have been French nobility the French
a 100% Catholic. bourgeoisie split in two
He chose to be and brought about the
a 100% Frenchman. French terror. Napoleon
As a 100% Frenchman Bonaparte ended the
he could not stand French terror and started a
to see Austria war for the extermination
the dominating power of foreign nobility.
in Europe. Napoleonic rule ended at
To make Austria weaker Waterloo
he sided
with Protestant Germany
160
and the Treaty of Vienna that inferior races
established a compromise ought to make room
between landed aristocracy for superior races.
and plutocratic bourgeoisie In 1914
the Allies claimed
Hitler that their job was
In the nineteenth century to make the world safe
secularist educators spread for democracy.
the idea that the Nordic Hitler claims
race is a superior race. that democracy
What secularist educators is dangerous
used to believe. Hitler now for the reason
believes. Hitler believes that under it
the world is made safe
for inferior races.
EDUCATIONAL SECULARISM
To Worship God God wants
Puritans came to America to be worshipped.
so they could worship God That there is a God
the way they wanted and that God wants
to worship God. to be worshipped
Quakers came to America is no longer taught
so they could worship God in the public schools
the way they wanted of America.
to worship God. Religion
Huguenots came to America is no longer taught
so they could worship God in the public schools
the way they wanted of America,
to worship God. but politics and business
English Catholics are still taught
came to America in the public schools
so they could worship God of America.
*
the way they wanted Secularism
to worship God.
When religion
In the Public Schools has nothing to do
The founders of America with education,
agreed in this, that there is a education is only
God and that God wants to information:
be worshipped. The plenty of facts
founders of America did not but no understanding.
agree about the way When religion
has nothing to do
with politics,
161
politics is only agree in this,
factionalism: that religion
let's turn the rascals out ought to be kept
so our good friends out of the public schools.
can get in. And American Protestants
When religion keep silent
has nothing to do about the secularism
with business of the public schools.
business is only In the nineteenth century
commercialism: public schools
let's get all we can were the hotbeds
while the getting is good. of bourgeois capitalism.
Hotbeds of Materialism In the twentieth century
The Marxists public schools
and the Chambers of Com- are the hotbeds
merce of Bolshevist Socialism.
163
CHRISTIANITY AND DEMOCRACY
Leo XIII for the preceding reason
On several occasions as well as imprudences in
Pope Leo XIII wrote on thought and language."
the legitimacy of Freda Kirchwey
several forms of Freda Kirchwey, editor of The
government. In the Nation, has an article on
encyclical "Diuturnum Religion and Democracy.
Illud" we find this "Democracy," she says, "may be
sentence: "Nothing Christian or it may be Jewish. It
prevents the is related to whatever culture or
Church whatever religious or non-
from giving its approval to religious ideas flourish in the
the government of one man society that breeds it."
or several men as long as "Democracy," she continues,
the government is a just "has nothing on earth to do
government and applies with any particular faith."
itself to foster the common Agrees With Two Popes The
good." editor of The Nation agrees with
Pius X Leo XIII as well as Pius X in
In a letter the contention that Christianity
condemning the "Sillon" is not tied up with any
Pope Pius X particular form of government.
takes up that doctrine. Don Sturzo attacks Fascism and
"The 'Sillon'," says Abbe several Bishops are defending
Leclercq it. A government can be
editor of La Cite chretienne autocratic or aristocratic or
"was a Christian democratic. The duty of a
democratic movement government, whether it be
founded by Marc Sangnier. autocratic or aristocratic
It was full of enthusiasm
and generosity but lacked
deep thought. It had
allowed itself to present
democracy as the only
political regime in
conformity with
Christianity." "Denounced
in Rome," continues Abbe
Leclercq, "it was
condemned
164
PttOGOESS SEHTtMENTAim
or democratic, in a democracy.
is to foster Democratic Elite
the common good. Jules Beranger
The Common Good followed Jusserand
The common good as French Ambassador
is not common, in Washington.
because common sense Beranger was an agnostic
does not prevail. who could not conceive
In a good autocracy of a democracy
the common good without a cultural elite.
is incarnated The elite in a democracy
in a good autocrat. is imbued
In a good aristocracy with what we call
the common good the right spirit.
is incarnated The democratic elite
in the good aristocrats. is the spearhead
In a good democracy of a democratic society.
the common good The democratic elite
is incarnated is recruited
in the good democrats. from all classes
The good democrats of a democratic society.
are democrats The democratic elite
with the democratic spirit. is not moved
They are the elite by greed for wealth
165
or greed for power. to pull himself up by
It is moved his own bootstraps.
by clear thinking. Faith in Christ the
Redeemer,
Faith, Hope and Charity hope in the life to come,
Agnostic intellectuals and charity toward all men
lack faith are motivating forces in
in Christ the Redeemer the fostering of a
as well as democratic elite— without
in God the Omnipotent. which a democratic society
And now becomes the laughing-stock
they are losing faith of totalitarian societies.
in the power of man
166
BOOK 6
PIE IN THE SKY
Bourgeois Capitalists Bolshevist Socialists
Bourgeois capitalists give us
don't want their pie better and bigger
in the sky class wars
when they die. for the sake
They want their pie of capturing the control
here and now. of the means of production
To get their pie and distribution.
here and now But war is hell,
bourgeois capitalists whether it is
give us a commercial war
better and bigger or a class war.
commercial wars So we get hell
for the sake of markets here and now
and raw materials. because Bolshevist Socialists
But as Sherman says, don't want their pie
"War is hell." in the sky
So we get hell when they die,
here and now but want their pie
because bourgeois capitalists here and now.
don't want their pie Catholic Communionism
in the sky
when they die, Bolshevist Socialists
but want their pie as well as
here and now. bourgeois capitalists
give us hell
Bolshevist Socialists here and now
Bolshevist Socialists, like without
bourgeois capitalists, don't leaving us the hope
want their pie in the sky of getting our pie
when they die. They want in the sky
their pie here and now. To when we die.
get their pie here and now. We just
get hell.
Catholic Communionism
leaves us the hope
169
of getting our pie By interfering with what
in the sky when we they call the historical
die without giving mission of bourgeois
us hell here and
now. capitalism through the
technique of class
Two of a Kind
struggle Bolshevist
The bourgeois capitalist tells
the Bolshevist Socialist, "We Socialists do not show
got what we got because much sense.
we got it, and we are going Were I a Marxist
to keep it no matter how we
Were I a Marxist
got it." The Bolshevist
Socialist tells the bourgeois I would desert
capitalist, "We want what the working class
we want because we want and join the capitalist class
it, and we want what you so as to be able
got, and we are going to to bring class consciousness
get it, no matter how we to the working class.
get it." The Bolshevist A class-conscious capitalist
Socialist is the spiritual son class
of the bourgeois capitalist. would put the screws on the
All the sins of the father, working class and by doing
the bourgeois capitalist, are so bring class consciousness,
found in the son, the to the working class. A class-
Bolshevist Socialist. He is a conscious capitalist
chip from the old class
block, and a class-conscious working
and the old block is a class would fight for
blockhead who has not supremacy and bring about a
learned to use his head. bloody revolution. In the
clash
Class Struggle between two opposite classes
Bolshevist Socialists credit I, as a member of the
bourgeois capitalism with an capitalist class, would be
historical mission. If killed by the working class,
bourgeois capitalism has an but by my death would have
historical mission then contributed to bring about
Bolshevist Socialists should the emancipation of the
not interfere with the working class. But I am not
historical mission of a Marxist; I am a Christian.
bourgeois capitalism.
170
Grave Diggers Bolshevist Socialists
Bolshevist Socialists bring in Fascism.
want to be A New Society Why
the grave-diggers not let bourgeois capitalists
of bourgeois capitalism.
They refuse dig their own graves? And
to let the bourgeois capitalists while the bourgeois
dig their own graves. capitalists
Fascists refuse dig their own graves,
to let the Bolshevist Socialists why not create a new
dig the graves society
of bourgeois capitalism. within the shell of the old,
Fascists maintain with the philosophy of the
that bourgeois capitalism new,
is not dead yet which is not a new
and they will try philosophy but a very old
to keep it alive. philosophy, a philosophy
By trying to be so old that it looks like
the grave-diggers new.
of bourgeois capitalism,
171
of Roman Law. in the 13th century
"Divide to rule" is brought about the disputes
the motto between Kings and Popes.
The Kings
of the Roman Law-minded are on the go.
Lawyers. The Pope
Arthur Penty is still on the job.
He writes encyclicals,
In a book entitled: but business men
"A Guildsman's and politicians
Interpretation of History" pay little attention
Arthur Penty has a to what he has to say.
chapter on the revival of In the meantime,
Roman Law. The revival we are worrying
of Roman Law about what Stalin,
Hitler and Mussolini
will do to us.
HE LEFT SO MUCH
When a man dies Well, he did not know
and leaves a lot of money enough
the papers say: to carry it with him
"He left so much." when he died by
But they say: giving it to the poor
"He left so much." for Christ's sake
Why did he during his lifetime.
leave so much?
173
TRUE STORIES
Only a Frenchman of this town?" "Nine
When I was in Spokane Englishmen," answered
a Catholic Sister the Englishman.
told me: Germans and English
"I have a little story
to tell you A German
and I think owned a fruit farm
you will like it. in British Columbia.
I met an Indian woman He and his wife
who was carrying were considered
what looked like as second-class citizens
a white boy. by the British element.
I said to her: His wife succeeded
'You don't mean to tell me in inducing him
that you married to sell the fruit farm
a white man.' and go back to Germany.
'Oh no,' she said, She could not stand
'Just a Frenchman'." to be considered inferior
by the British element.
Nine Englishmen The English think
An Englishman that they are superior
and an American to the Germans
were flying over and the Germans think
the Egyptian Soudan. they are superior
Under them to the English.
was a stretch of houses They cannot stand
four miles long. to be considered
The American inferiors.
asked the Englishman: They can give it
"What is the population but cannot take it.
174
LET'S BE FAIR TO THE NEGROES
FOR CHRIST'S SAKE
Anthropologists Say receive the same Christ
The anthropologists say that at the altar rail
the western world is as the Negroes.
anthropologically divided The redeemed Nordics
into four kinds of people1. belong to the same
They are: Mystical Body
a) the Nordics, as the Negroes.
b) the Alpines, Nordic and Negro Bishops
c) the Mediterraneans, The Holy Father has
d) the Negroes. recently selected African
Anthropologists add Negro priests and made
that there is nothing them Bishops. The Negro
in science Bishops of Africa
to prove have the same powers as
that one race the Nordic Bishops of
is superior Germany. Nordic Bishops
to another race. are all right for Nordic
Science cannot prove people and Negro Bishops
that the Nordics are all right for Negro
are superior people. The Catholic
to another race. Church wants Nordic
Theologians Say Bishops to lead Nordic
Theologians say people and Negro Bishops
that Christ died to lead Negro people. The
for the redemption Catholic Church does not
of the Negroes differentiate between
as well as Nordic Bishops and Negro
the Nordics. Bishops.
The Nordics American Negroes
were created American Negroes think
by the same Creator they must keep up with
and redeemed white people. American
by the same Redeemer Negroes don't need to keep
as the Negroes. up with white people.
The redeemed Nordics American Negroes
will enjoy
the beatific vision
in the same Heaven
as the Negroes.
The redeemed Nordics
175
can keep up made up their minds
with St. Augustine. to keep up with St.
St. Augustine, Augustine they would
who lived be able to make white
in North Africa, Nordics look up to
is one of the Fathers them instead of
of the Catholic Church. looking up to white
If American Negroes Nordics.
THE MONEY SYSTEM
Humiliation and Doubt to legalize
"I believe money-lending at interest.
there must be persons John Knox,
who, like myself, a Scotchman,
were deeply shaken brought the idea
by the events to Scotland.
of September, 1938. From Scotland,
It was a feeling of humilia- it went to England,
tion where they legalized it
which seemed to demand around 1575.
an act of personal contrition, Thomas Wilson
repentance, wrote a discourse on usury
and amendment, in 1572
as well as a doubt where he quotes
in the validity the Prophets of Israel
of a civilization. and the Fathers of the
Was our society, Church.
which had always been so When Thomas Wilson
assured was a student Thomas
of its superiority More
and rectitude, was Chancellor of England
so confident and the Catholic doctrine
of its unexamined promises, on usury was still taught
assembled around anything in the schools of England.
more permanent Maynard Keynes
than a congeries of banks, Maynard Keynes was the
insurance companies financial representative
and industries?" of the English government
—T. S. Eliot. at Versailles. After
** 32 ** Versailles Maynard Keynes
wrote a book entitled
Thomas Wilson
John Calvin was the
first man
176
"The Economic Consequences paid little attention to
of the Peace." what he had to say.
In this book Later on,
Maynard Keynes pointed out Maynard Keynes declared
the bad economic conse- that "modern economists
quences ought to ask themselves if
that would result medieval economists were
from the Treaty of not sound when they
Versailles. condemned money-lending
France and England at interest."
IF
What a fine place wants them to be.
this world would be What a fine place
if Dualist Humanists this world would be
tried to be human if Fundamentalist Protestants
to men. tried to exemplify
What a fine place the Sermon on the Mount.
this world would be What a fine place
if Personalist Theists this world would be
tried to be if Roman Catholics
their brother's keeper tried to keep up
as God with St. Francis of Assisi.
178
THE POPE AND THE WORLD
That Grey Eminence and the French Empire.
In his book entitled The aim
"Grey Eminence" of the British Empire,
Aldous Huxley says of the French Empire,
that the business of the German Empire
of theocentrists is to exchange food
is to help the people and raw materials
to see the world for gadgets.
the way God The French Empire
sees the world. has gone to pieces
Father Joseph said and the British Empire
he made the big mistake is fighting
of helping Richelieu the German Empire.
side with Protestant Germany A Theocentric Pope
and Sweden
against Catholic Germany The German Empire
and Austria controls much of the land
during the Thirty Years' but the British Empire
War. controls the sea.
While France was united The French Government
under one King the Treaty of wants to buy food
Westphalia of 1648 in America
kept Germany divided in 300 to feed the people
principalities. but the British Empire,
which controls the sea,
Worldly Empires refuses to let the food
Under the leadership pass the British blockade.
of the Hohenzollerns A theocentric Pope
the 300 German principalities tells the world
became united that God wants
and formed that the poor be fed
the German Empire. but people in control
The German Empire of the British Empire
was first tell the theocentric Pope
a Continental Empire to mind his own business.
but later on But the business
it decided to become of a theocentric Pope
a Colonial Empire is to tell the world
like the British Empire what God wants him
to tell the world.
179
ON SPECIALIZATION
A College Professor about the University of
Ten years ago Pittsburgh for having
I asked a college professor failed to give him a
to give me the formulation correlated knowledge.
of those universal concepts Henry Adams
embodied
in the universal message Henry Adams
of universal universities went to four American uni-
that would enable versities
the common man without acquiring
to create a correlated knowledge.
a universal economy. He went to England
And the college professor and failed.
answered: He went to France
"That is not my subject." and failed.
College professors But in France,
are specialists looking at
who know more and more the Cathedral of Chartres
about less and less and the Mont Saint Michel,
and if they keep on specializ- he realized
ing that one could have acquired
they will end a correlated knowledge
by knowing everything in thirteenth century France.
about nothing. And he wrote a book entitled
"Mont Saint Michel
A Negro Student and Chartres,"
now published
A Negro student had by the American Society of
a father Architects.
who was a Baptist minister.
The Baptist minister gave to Dr. Herbert E. Cory
his son Baptist theology but Dr. Herbert E. Cory
no science. And the son is now Dean
wanted to know science. In of the Department
the University of Pittsburgh of Liberal Arts
the Negro student of the State University
learned several sciences of Washington.
without correlation. And The problem of specialization
the Negro student was used to worry him
complaining when he was an atheist
180 and a Marxist.
With the help of a Jesuit
he found the solution. And in his book entitled:
this led him into the Catholic "The Emancipation
Church. You can find the of a Free Thinker."
presentation of the correlated
knowledge of Dr. Herbert E. Bruce, of Milwaukee,
Cory is the publisher.
ON PERSONALISM
Individual of the existence of God.
A stone Through the use of reason
is not an individual. man becomes aware of his
You can make little ones rights as well as his
out of big ones. responsibilities. Man's
A tree rights and responsibilities
is an individual. come from God, who
It comes made him a reasoning
from a germ. animal. Man's
"Only God primary duty is to act
can make a tree," according to reason.
says the poet. Faith
A horse To guide himself
is an individual. man has
The horse is not not only reason
an individual but also faith.
the way the tree Faith
is an individual. is not opposed to reason,
It has animal life. it is above reason.
Man is an individual The use of reason
and has animal life leads to faith,
like the horse. but reason
Man has also reason, cannot understand
which the horse has not. all the faith.
A Person The truths of faith
As an animal, that reason
man is an individual. cannot understand,
As a reasoning animal, we call
man is a person. the mysteries of faith.
The difference To use reason
between an individual is to philosophize
and a person and philosophy
is the power of reasoning.
Through the use of reason
man becomes aware
181
is the handmaid of faith. politics and mysticism."
Some truths For Charles Peguy
we get through reason as well as Mounier,
politics
and some truths is the struggle for power
we get through faith. while mysticism
Emmanuel Mounier is the realism
Emmanuel Mounier wrote of the spirit.
a book entitled "A For the man-of-the-street
Personalist Manifesto." politics
Emmanuel Mounier has is just politics
and mysticism
been influenced by is the right spirit.
Charles Peguy. Charles In his "Personalist Manifesto"
Peguy once said: "There Mounier tries to explain
are two things in the what the man-of-the-street
world: calls "the right spirit."
183
FOR A NEW ORDER
The Age of Reason and consented to become
In the seventeenth century the paid propagandists
a Frenchman of nationalists
by the name of Descartes as well as capitalists.
discarded Thomistic philos- So the age of reason
ophy of the eighteenth century
and formulated was followed
a philosophy of his own. by the age of treason
St. Thomas' philosophy of the nineteenth century.
starts with Aristotle The Age of Chaos
and helps the reason And we are now
to accept revelation. in the age of chaos.
For St. Thomas Aquinas In an age of chaos
reason is the handmaid of people look
faith; for a new order.
not so for Descartes. What makes for chaos
The eighteenth century is lack of order.
became known Because people are becoming
as the age of enlightenment aware
or the age of reason. of this lack of order they
An American would like to be able to create
by the name of Thomas Paine order1 out of chaos. The time
wrote a book entitled to create order out of chaos
"The Age of Reason." is now.
The Age of Treason The germ of the present was
The use of reason was in the past and the germ of
discarded by the intellectuals the future is in the present.
of the nineteenth century. The thing to do is to give up
Romanticism, positivism, old tricks and start to play
pragmatism, one after new tricks.
another, became the fashion The Age of Order
in the nineteenth century. In If we make
a book entitled "The Treason the right decisions
of the Intellectuals" Julien in the age of chaos
Benda, a French Jew, says the effect of those decisions
the intellectuals gave up the will be a better order.
search for truth The new order
184 brought about
The thing to do right now is
by right decisions to create a new society
will be functional, within the shell of the old
not acquisitive; with the philosophy of tha
personalist, not new,
socialist; which is not a new philosophy
communitarian, but a very old philosophy, a
not collectivist; philosophy so old that it
organismic, not looks like new.
mechanistic.
ON AMERICAN TRAITS
"My Experience Teaches Me" the spirit of initiative
"I have lived in all the and the will to co-operate.
major dictatorships— Russia, The American
Italy, Germany. My does not like
experience teaches me that to be pushed about
democracy with all its faults and to be sent
is better where he does not want
than any of these. My to go.
experience teaches me that Even the business man
the maintenance of personal likes to talk about
freedom should be the spirit of initiative,
the primary consideration of which he calls
every human being. It is free enterprise.
never a choice between When in America
freedom and a full stomach. some one is busy
No dictatorship has given doing something
either." for the common good
—Louis Fisher. he finds people
willing to co-operate.
Three Characteristics
Love of Freedom
At the base
of the American spirit Freedom is a duty
is the functionalism more than a right.
of frontier life, Man has a duty
not the acquisitivism to be intelligent.
of the Chamber of Commerce Man has a duty
The American spirit to choose intelligently
is characterized between two alternatives.
by the love of freedom, Man has a duty
to act intelligently,
using pure means
to reach pure aims.
To use impure means
185
to reach pure aims social institutions
is to take the wrong road. that make for the welfare
You cannot go of the common people.
where you want to go
by taking a road Will to Co-operate
which does not lead When someone has
you there. Having pure something considered by
aims and using pure the
means is making the common man to be
right use of freedom. beneficial to the
Spirit of Initiative common good he is
The spirit of initiative is admired by the
what business men call common man. The
free enterprise. A private admiration of
enterprise must be unselfish men who
carried out for the are not afraid to take
common good. If a the initiative creates
private enterprise is not a desire among the
carried out for the admirers to climb on
common good it turns the
out to be a public bandwagon of men of
nuisance. A public initiative. They want to
nuisance produces be part of an unselfish
grievances. Personal movement. They are
grievances against public willing to make sacrifices
nuisances produce for the common cause. So
demagogues who the will to co-operate is
promise to wipe out the result of the daring of
public nuisances. The unselfish men who are
spirit of initiative of not afraid to take the
social-minded people initiative.
brings into existence
186
INDUSTRIALISM
It Started With England William Cobbett,
Lenin said: John Ruskin,
"The world cannot be William Morris,
half industrial Arthur Penty,
and half agricultural." Hilaire Belloc, G.
Lenin made the mistake K. Chesterton, Eric
of industrializing Russia. Gill. The best of all
Lenin industrialized Russia is Eric Gill.
because the Japanese Legalized Usury
industrialized Japan. "The sex problem, the
The Japanese industrialized marriage problem, the
Japan crime problem, the
because the Americans problem of armaments and
industrialized America. The international trade, all
Americans industrialized those problems could be
America solved if we would
because the Germans recognize the necessity of
industrialized Germany. The abolishing trade in money,
Germans industrialized and especially the
Germany international trade in
because the English money;
industrialized England. It that is to say, the usury,
started with England. the legalized usury,
practiced by the banks
A Few Englishmen under the protection of
R. H. Tawney said their charters with the
that the Englishmen wear support of the so-called
blinkers. orthodox economists. That
Because they wear blinkers is the first thing to be
the Englishmen lack vision. recognized."
Because they lack vision the —Eric Gill.
Englishmen are very strong
for supervision. And God and Mammon
supervision is not a Christ says:
substitute for vision. A few "The dollar you have
Englishmen got rid of their is the dollar you give
blinkers. Among the to the poor
Englishmen who got rid of for my sake."
their blinkers one can name: 187
The banker says: God and Mammon."
"The dollar you have "You cannot,
is the dollar you lend and all our education
me for your sake." is to try to find out
Christ says: "You how we can
cannot serve two serve two masters,
masters, God and Mammon,"
says Robert Louis Stevenson.
CATHOLIC ACTION
Our Business by fathers and mothers.
Catholic bourgeois used to Everything connected
tell the clergy "Mind your with the teaching of
own business and don't Christian Doctrine can
butt in on our business." be called Catholic
Catholic bourgeois by Action No. 1.
keeping up with non- Works of Mercy
Catholic bourgeois have But the Bishop, although
made a mess of their own he is a Bishop, cannot
business. And now the teach an empty stomach.
Holy Father tells Catholic Some people are Bishop-
bourgeois "The Bishop's shy because they are
business is your business." hungry, shivering or
The Bishop's Voice sleepy. So the Bishop
asks the faithful to feed
The Bishop's business the hungry, clothe, the
is to teach naked, shelter the
the Christian Doctrine. homeless at a sacrifice.
The Holy Father Feeding the hungry,
appoints a Bishop clothing the naked,
to a seat (a cathedral) sheltering the homeless
so people may hear the at a sacrifice was the
truth daily practice of the first
that will set them free. Christians. The daily
Clergy, teachers, journalists practice of the Works of
are the amplifiers of the Mercy is what we can
Bishop's voice. Fathers and call Catholic Action No. 2.
mothers must also be the
Bishop's voice. Bishop Social Reconstruction
O'Hara is fostering the. We are asked by the Holy
teaching of Christian Father
Doctrine
188
to reconstruct the social or the teaching
order. Reconstructing the of Christian Doctrine,
social must be carried out
order
means the creation , of a with the Bishop's supervision.
Catholic society within the Catholic Action No. 2,
shell of a non-Catholic or the daily practice
society with the philosophy of the Works of Mercy,
of a Catholic society. Catholic can be carried out
bourgeois made the mistake with or without
of trying to keep up with the Bishop's supervision.
non-Catholic bourgeois. Catholic Action No. 3,
Catholic reconstructors must or the reconstruction
create a Catholic technique of the social order.
in harmony with Catholic through the foundation
thought. Social of new Catholic institutions,
reconstruction by Catholic must be left
laymen and to the initiative
women of Catholic men and women.
is what we can call The function of the Bishops
Catholic Action No. 3. is to be
Three Kinds not directors
Catholic Action No. 1, but moderators.
Political action
is not to be considered
as Catholic Action.
189
Karl Marx wrote a volume
on "The Poverty of Philos- 1
ophy." 8
Karl Marx 9
Such a definition does not was too much of a materialist
come from Marx; it comes to understand the philo-
from Proudhon. Proudhon sophical
wrote two volumes on "The and therefore social value
of voluntary poverty.
Philosophy of
Poverty" which
Karl Marx read in
two days.
190
Placeholder for missing page.
AT I O N R E C R E ATION
P OLI T IC S
e c ONOMICS
FOUR INTERVIEWS WITH
PETER
By ARTHUR SHEEHAN
[From the CATHO LIC WO RKER ,issues of April, May, June and
July-August, 1943.]
I. On the Land
Do you believe that people must have an agricultural college
training before going on the land, Peter?
These colleges don't always educate persons to stay on the
land. I am in favor of people learning by doing.
How can this return to the land be made a dynamic move-
ment?
It takes dynamic persons.
What do you mean by dynamic persons?
Persons with convictions, who foster actions based on convic-
tions, not based on someone giving orders.
Then the driving impulse must come from within people, you
would say?
A leader must be a personalist. If he is a personalist, he will
not be a dictator. He will change the attitude of others through
the power of example. It takes an awful lot of patience.
Would you have the members of your farming commune all
eat at a common table?
No, I am against the community kitchen idea. Each family
should have their own house.
How about the single persons on a farming commune?
The ideal is to have them live in the homes of the married
couples. However, this must not be forced but must come
through the couples themselves accepting the single persons.
Why do you prefer this way?
To develop a community spirit. In my town, there were two
brothers, one married with a wife and children and the other
unmarried. The latter lived w ith his brother. One day his
brother was killed b y a tree as the y were working to gether.
193
The unmarried brother then became the guardian of the fam-
ily. That was the true Christian spirit.
How would you break down that feeling of isolation people
have in the country?
It must come from the development of a community spirit.
We wish to be halfway between the collectivist idea of every-
thing in common and the hermit way with people being rugged
individualists.
Could you mention a book where some ideas on the person-
atist and communitarian way could be found?
There is something on it in Guardini's book, "The Church
and the Catholic."
Hoio about community prayer?
There should be some prayer life in common, but it should
come from an inner desire, not be forced. There also must be
intellectual discussion as well as the work to be done in the
fields and crafts.
You speak of the "three C's" often. What are they?
They are cult, culture and cultivation.
By cult, do you mean liturgical prayer?
Yes, community prayer and the relationship of our work to
it. For this study, I recommend Guardini's book.
What do you mean by culture?
There must be intellectual discussion, but it must come spon
taneously, not be forced. It can be in the fields when you're
working. It makes the labor lighter and breaks down that
rugged individualist spirit which comes when people work
alone. '
Have you any books along this line to recommend?
Yes, there is one by a Polish priest, "Is Modern Culture
Doomed?"
And what about cultivation?
The private gardens needn't be so big. Then they will not
take too much time for isolated work. More time can be spent
in the fields together.
Have you a book that might interest along this line?
I would advise this book by Father McNabb, "Old Principles
and the New Order." (Sheed and Ward.)
On which of these three phases should the emphasis be
placed?
If too much attention is paid to one to the detriment of an-
other, things go wrong. There must be a balance. Different
persons have different inclinations. Those whose inclination is
to work with their hands more than their heads will become
disgruntled if too much time is given to discussion. If not
194
enough time is given to discussion and there is too much physi-
cal work, the intellectually minded will fall away. People
must sense when there is a lack of proportion.
What makes for a good morale on a farming commune?
It comes from harmony when the emphasis on prayer, dis-
cussion and work is rightly balanced.
How many families do you think there should be on a farm-
ing commune?
You must adjust yourself to your acreage. It does not make
for the ideal to have limits. It ceases to be a personal idea.
There must be crafts besides farming.
Are you in favor of small groups?
People must know each other. You must try to do away with
factionalism. Even one family could begin on a farm and build
for others. You build as you go along. It is a progressive thing.
In other words, you want to get people on the land?
First to get them thinking so that they see they should go on
the land.
Why don't you believe in a formal training previous to going
on the land?
Education is a life process. People learn by doing. Trouble
is, people want blueprints. I don't want to give blueprints. Let
them struggle with it. As they face problems, they get light. I
must be available to discuss problems with them for clarifica-
tion.
If the place is too small, there are not enough crafts, not
enough variety. One thousand families wouldn't be too many,
if they had the right idea. The craftsmen were the villagers.
St. Dunstan's College on Prince Edward Island is doing the
right thing, fostering a movement to bring craftsmen back to
the villages. Then the farmers there wouldn't have to sell their
wheat and fish and have to ship them out at a loss.
My grandfather was a craftsman and a farmer. He was a
carpenter, a quarryman, a slate worker and he made baskets to
carry dough to the bakers. Dick Aherne, of the Philadelphia
group, was a city boy but he learned so that now he can teach
others. He learned by working. The trouble with agricultural
colleges is that they prepare people for business farming. Bet-
ter go out to a farmer to learn.
My aim is to make people think. I am a personalist medieval-
ist, which makes me a medievalist communist.
But what about ownership, Peter?
Families want their own land, their own house, although St.
Gertrude said, "Property, the more common it becomes, the
more holy it becomes."
195
About ownership, the size of a piece of land depends on the size of the
family. There can be the combination of the two kinds, private ownership
and communal ownership. I always make a case for the communal
ownership, which is the ideal. Here in America people homesteaded but
they became the victims of their isolation and their children left the
farms and went to the cities. They forgot the village idea which was in
Europe but went off by themselves. It was really the spirit of
individualism which came from the Reformation, and Catholics
unfortunately followed it, forgetting the community, the liturgical idea.
202
PETER MAURIN ON THE AIR
He Answers Questions on a Radio Program
[From the November, 1937, issue of the CATHOLIC WORKER.]
Q: What would you suggest as the first step toward the solu-
tion of economic ills?
A: Feed the hungry for Christ's sake, clothe the naked for
Christ's sake, shelter the homeless for Christ's sake, instruct
the ignorant for Christ's sake, as the first Christians used to
do, which made the pagans say about the Christians: "See how
they love one another."
Q: Your first step then would be to spiritualize service to
others by expressing the spiritual in the material. How would
you do this?
A: My idea is to have people who choose to be voluntary poor
live under the same roof and sit at the same table with the in-
voluntary poor, setting an example in spiritualization of hu-
man relations, thus influencing others to follow this standard.
Q: How can we carry this influence into our everyday work
life?
A: By having the voluntary poor and their associates remind
the owners of capital of the responsibilities of ownership and
teach the wage workers that labor is a gift, not a commodity
to be sold for "what the traffic can bear."
OWNERSHIP
Q: What do you mean by the responsibility of ownership?
A: Ownership does not exist to acquire more wealth, since
all wealth belongs to God and therefore must be used for the
service of God's children. The owner is God's trustee. God
wants us to be our brother's keeper; what the rich do for the
poor for Christ's sake is what they carry with them when
they die, for Jean Jacques Rousseau says that when a man
dies, he carries in his clutched hands only that which he has
given away during his lifetime.
Q: To what extent does this apply to industrial owners?
A: Industrial owners must use the profits of industry as Leon
Harmel, an industrial owner, was using them, looking after the
needy of his community and acting as an aristocrat rather than
a plutocrat towards his workers, having a sense of "noblesse
oblige."
LABOR
Q: What are the working man's responsibilities toward the
common good?
203
A: He must see to it that the things he makes are fit to use
rather than to sell. He must take pride in work well done, and
think less about fighting the boss, and jhe must realize that
labor is related to thought and thought 'is a spiritual faculty,
not a commodity.
Q: What would be the ultimate outcome of the realization
on the part of the worker and the industrial owner of their
responsibilities?
A: Through awareness of the employer's responsibility as
well as the worker's, we will bring about a functional society
based on Christian charity which will replace our acquisitive
society. Capital as well as labor must aim to create a new
society within the shell of the old, with the philosophy of the
new, which is not a new philosophy but a very old one, so
old that it looks like new.
Q: Will you tell us what you mean by a functional society?
A: A functional society is a society in which each member
strives to foster the common good, a society of go-givers
instead of go-getters, a society of idealists instead of mate-
rialists.
FUNCTIONAL SOCIETY
Q: Could you suggest some practical way of developing this
functional society?
A: The practical ways of getting it are left to the initiative
of individuals who have learned what to do with liberty, and
who keep always in mind the importance of pure means; means
that harmonize with the ultimate aims to be pursued.
Q: Where will we find the guiding principles of social recon-
struction which will bring about this order based on justice
and love?
A: We will find them in the social teachings of the Catholic
Church through the centuries. In recent years these teachings
have been reiterated in the encyclicals, especially in those of
Pius XI and Leo XIII, and in the writings of churchmen, soci-
ologists and economists such as Cardinal Manning, Bishop
Von Ketteler, Prof. Toniolo and the Marquis de La Tour du Pin.
THE MEANS
Q: Your ideas for the common good have struck a responsive
chord in my mind, and this leads me to believe that many of
our listeners are wondering, at this point, how they could help
to bring about this social order.
A: First, by the daily practice of the Works of Mercy at a
personal sacrifice. Second, by round-table discussion and study
204
groups, to clarify thought; to learn to teach and to carry into
action. Third, the working man should belong to working-
men's associations, the employer should belong to employers'
associations, and through joint collective action these associa-
tions are morally obligated to foster collective bargaining.
Fourth, the Catholic working man and the Catholic employer
should impregnate the working men's associations and the em-
ployers' associations with Christian principles.
Fifth, foster farming communes for the employment of the
unemployed.
And finally, each individual should assume the responsibility
of understanding and participating in this program wherever
and however he finds the opportunity. Just one word of
warning: this participation should always be that of a thinking,
reasoning person.
PRACTICAL CHRISTIANITY
Q: Some people say that Christianity has failed in allowing
our present conditions to exist. What do you think about this?
A: "The Christian ideal has not failed," said Chesterton, "it
has been found difficult and left untried." It has not been tried
because people thought that it was not practical and men have
tried everything except Christianity. Everything that men have
tried has failed, and to fail in everything that man tries is not
considered practical by the so-called practical people. So, the
so-called practical people will begin to be practical when they
start to practice the Christianity they profess to believe in.
205
Reference List of Omitted Paragraphs
In order to avoid unnecessary repetition certain paragraphs
have been omitted from some of the essays. Such omissions are
indicated in the text by a number and four asterisks (**!**}. The
following list shows where the omitted paragraphs may be found
elsewhere in the book.
For Reference No. Paragraph Under Heading Is on Page
1................... HOUSES OF HOSPITALITY .......................... 8
2 SELF-ORGANIZATION .1 !..............................
................................................
6
3 ................... I WAS TOLD ................... 39
LOOKING FOR LIGHT ................................. 39
SHOUTING WITH ROTARIANS..................... 39
THINGS HAVE CHANGED ........................... 40
4 ................... RECONSTRUCTION ...................................... 43
5 ...................HENRY ADAMS................................................ 180
6 ................. BETTER AND BETTER OFF ......................... 26
CAPITAL AND LABOR ................................. 27
SELLING THEIR LABOR .......................... 28
SELF-ORGANIZATION ................................. 6
7 .....................ON BEING CRAZY ........................................... 45
8 ...................CATHOLIC SOCIAL RESEARCH .................. 42
9 ..................... HOUSES OF HOSPITALITY .......................... 8
10 FARMING COMMUNES ............................... 52
11 CAPITAL AND LABOR .............................. 27
SELLING THEIR LABOR .............................. 28
WHAT MAKES MAN HUMAN ..................... 49
CHRISTIANITY, CAPITALISM,
COMMUNISM. .......................................... 26
WHAT ST. FRANCIS DESIRED .................. 26
12 .................... WHAT ST. FRANCIS DESIRED ................... 26
13 ..................... THE FALLACY OF SAVING ....................... 14
WEALTH-PRODUCING MANIACS ........... 13
BEGINNING WITH "BECAUSE THE
STATE," TO BOTTOM OF COLUMN.. 17
14 .................. I AGREE ............................................................. 152
15 .................... ETHICS AND ECONOMICS ........................... 4
15A ................. THINGS HAVE CHANGED (First 16 Lilies) 40
MAKER OF DEALS ........................................ 67
16 ....................FARMING COMMUNES ............................... 52
PROFESSORS OF A FARMING COMMUNE 52
LABORERS OF A FARMING COMMUNE.. 53
17 .................... CHRIST'S MESSAGE ...................................... 26
WHAT ST. FRANCIS DESIRED ................... 26
18..................... FIVE DEFINITIONS .................................... 81
THEY AND WE ................................................ 82
19 ................... HENRY ADAMS ............,............................... 180
20 ................... THEY AND WE . ............................. 82
21 ................. THE WISDOM OF GIVING ........................... 63
22 . ............... LET'S BE LIBERATORS ............................. 126
THE AGE OF TREASON ............................... 184
23 ................... SCHOLARS AND BOURGEOIS .................. 18
24 ................. FARMING COMMUNES 52
PROFESSORS OF A FARMING COMMUNE 52
LABORERS OF A FARMING COMMUNE . 53
25 ................. FIVE DEFINITIONS . . . ................................ 81
THEY AND WE ............................................... 82
26 .................... WHAT MAKES MAN HUMAN...................... 49
27................... LET'S BE LIBERATORS ............................... 126
THE AGE OF TREASON ............................... 184
206
28 .....................NO RECOURSE ............................................... 67
BUSINESS IS SELFISHNESS ........................ 67
2 9 .... ..............RIGHT OR WRONG ........................................ 86
30 .....................NO RECOURSE ................................................ 67
BUSINESS IS SELFISHNESS ........................ 67
31 .....................RIGHT OR WRONG ....................................... 86
BARBARIANS AND CIVILIZED ................. 119
32 ....................BECAUSE THE STATE ................................. 14
BOOKS TO READ
The following books were recommended repeatedly by Peter
Maurin In reading lists appended to his essays:
Art in a Changing Civilization, Eric Gill
Bourgeois Mind, The, Nicholas Berdyaev
Brotherhood Economics, Toyohiko Kagawa
Charles V, Wyndham Lewis
Catholicism, Protestantism and Capitalism, Amintorc Fanfani
Christianity and Class War, Nicholas Berdyaev
Church and the Land, The, Father Vincent IWcNabb, O.P.
Discourse on Usury, Thomas Wilson
Emancipation of a Free Thinker, The, Herbert E. Cory
Enquiries Into Religion and Culture, Christopher Dawson
Fields, Factories and Workshops, Peter Kropotkin
Fire on the Earth, Paul Hanly Furfey
Flight From the City, The, Ralph Borsodi
Franciscan Message to the World, The, Father Agostino Gemelli, F.M.
Freedom in the Modern World, Jacques Maritain
Future of Bolshevism, The, Waldemar Gurian
Gnildsman's Interpretation of History, A, Arthur Penty
Great Commandment of the Gospel, The, His Excellency A. G. Cicognani,
Apostolic Delegate to the U. S.
Ireland and the Foundation of Europe, Benedict Fitzpa trick
I Take My Stand, by Twelve Southern Agrarians
Land of the Free, The, Herbert Agar
Lord of the World, Robert Hugh Benson
Making of Europe, The, Christopher Dawson
Man the Unknown, Dr. Alexis Carrel
Nations Can Stay at Home, B. O. Wilcox
Nazareth or Social Chaos, Father Vincent McNabb, O.P.
Our Enemy the State, Albert Jay Nock
Outline of Sanity, G. K. Chesterton
Personalist Manifesto, Emmanuel Mounter
Philosophy of Work, A, Etienne Borne
Post-Industrialism Arthur Penty
Progress and Religion, Christopher Dawson
Religion and the Modern State, Christopher Dawson
Religion and the Rise of Capitalism, R. H. Tawney
Revolution Personnaliste et Communautaire (La), Emmanuel Mounier
Saint Francis of Assist, G. K. Chesterton
Social Principles of the Gospel, Alphonse Lugan
Soviet Man Now, Helen Iswolsky
Temporal Regime and Liberty, Jacques Maritain
Theory of the Leisure Class, The, Thorstein Veblen
Thomistic Doctrine of the Common Good, The, Seraphine Michel
Things That Are Not Caesar's, Jacques Maritain
Toward a Christian Sociology, Arthur Penty
True Humanism, Jacques Maritain
Two Nations, The, Christopher Hollis
Unfinished Universe, The, T. S. Gregory
Valerian Persecution, The, Father Patrick Healy
What Man Has Made of Man, Mortimer Adier
Work and Leisure, Eric Gill 207
INDEX
AAA, 52 Butte, 133
Adams, Henry, 19, 180 Adams, Byzantine Empire, 143
James Truslow, 6 Adler,
Mortimer, 91, 116, 126 Age of Caesar, 106
Reason, The, 184 Agrarianism, Cain, 157
155 Agrarian Movement, 101 Calais, France, 111, 116
.Agricultural Testament, An, 201 California, 135-6
Agronomic Universities, 13, 22 Calvary, 32, 149
Agronomist, The, 22 Aherne, Calvin, John 13, 14, 65, 112, 176
Dick, 195 Alpines, 175 Campion Propaganda Committees, 80
Ambassadors of God, 7, 63, 97 A. F. Canon Law, 4, 41, 50, 159, 171
of L., 110, 135, 136 American Society Cardozo, Judge, 171
of Architects, 180 Amiel, Frederic, Carlyle, 77
105 Anti-Semitism, 148 Apostolic Carrel, Dr. Alexis. 114, 127
Delegate (Amleto Giovanni Cathedral of Chartres, 19, 180
Cicognani), 43, 48 Aristotle, 85, 91, Catholic
116. 184 Action, 4, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 24-5, 3G,
38, 42, 44, 45, 188-9
Charities, National Conference of, 7
Barres, Maurice, 19 Bauer, Dr., 134 Church, 3, 32, 47, 54, 70, 86, 94, 100.
Becker, Raymond de, 82, 89 126, 129, 140, 147, 149, 151, 160,
Bellingham, Wash., 20, 23 Belloc, 175-6, 181, 204
Hilaire, 115, 187 Benda, Julien, 126, Communes, 50
184 Benedict XV, 27, 123, 142, 144 Communionism, 169
Benedictines, 20, 178, 199 Beranger, Communism, SO, 70
Jtiles, 165 Berdyaev, Nicholas, "* Encyclopedia, 8
Better and Better Off, 26 Bible, 112, Labor College. 42
160 Bill of Rights, 159 Birth control, Labor Guilds, 20, 23-4
149,151-2 Bishops' Message, 29 political party, 38
Bishops' Program of Social Recon- University, 48, 102
struction, 12 Bismarck, 122, 146, 156 Worker, 7, 9, 10, 16, 17, 38, 40, 49,
Blessed Mother, 148 Bolshevist 50, 59, 61, 64, 66, 69, 70, 80, 81-2,
Socialism, 95 Bonaparte, Napoleon, 94, 102, 104-5, 126, 133-4, 147, 155,
158, 160 Boniface VIII, 159 Bossuet, 193, 200, 203
9 Worker Movement, 38
Bourgeois Mind, The, 114 Bourne, Workers' School, 25, 38
Cardinal, 42 Brain Trust, 16 CCC, 52
Branham, Grace, 113 Briand, Chambers of Commerce, 162, 185
Aristide, 88, 123 Briffault, Robert, 61 Chanson, Paul, 110, 111, 116
Brooklyn, 23 Brooks, Van Wyck, 68 Chardonnel, Abbe, 10 Chartres,
Brothers of St. John Baptist, 114 Cathedral of, 19, 180 Chesterton,
Broun, Heywood, 151 Bruce 68, 95-6, 187, 205 Chicago, 200
(publisher), 181 Bruehl, fRev.) Chicago, University of, 101, 148
Charles P., 113 Burns, Robert, 96, Christ, 4, 32, 47, 71, 100, 106, 111, 140,
100 Busch, Bishop, 85 149, 155, 160, 166, 175, 187-8
Christian
208 Capitalism, 26
Communism, 26, 50, 127, 154
Doctrine, 188-9
Front, 83,113
Mobilizers, 162
Church
and the Catholic, The, 194
and the Land, The, 103
Fathers of, 5, 13, 17, 56, 65, 176
CIO, 110, 136 Cite Chretienne, La, 164
City of God, 92
Civil War, American, 183 Dennis, Lawrence, 58 Denver,
Cletnenceau, 123, 146 133 Deodad, 163 Descartes, 184
Cobbett, William, 187 De Valera, 143 Devas, Charles, 78
Colum, Padraic, 144 Dewey, Prof. John, 85
Columbia, 69 Common Distributists, 98 Diutitrnum 7llud
Good (Encyc.), 164 Domin-'can, 127,
Doctrine, 12, 25, 40, 41, 50, 64, 108, 139, 152, 177 Dualist Humanists,
116, 150 155, 178 Dublin, 199
Movement, 41 Common Law,
171 Communes, Catholic, 50, 70
Communism, Christian, 26, 127 Easy Essays, 17, 96
Communist Eau Claire, 134
Manifesto, 11, 60, 64, 103 Economic Consequences of the Peace,
Movement, 11 The, 177
Party, 43, 58, 61, 64, 69, 70, 89, 90, Economic Determinism, 103 Eliot, T.
95, 107, 114, 126, 135, 152 S., 176 Emancipation of a
Communitarian, 81-2, 98, 116, 194, Freethinker, The,
Movement, 89, 90, 96, 101 181
Personalism, 95-6 Emerson, 80, 93. 102 Empire State
Revolution, 61, 82 Building, 97 Employers' associations,
Tradition, French, 62; German, 62; 111, 116, 205 Engels, Friedrich, 64
Russian, 61 Enquiries Into Religion and Culture.
Communitarianism, 61, 82, 89, 94 115
Communities, Christian, 62 Esprit, 61-2, 82, 89 Eve of the
Condition of Labor, The (Encyc.), Reformation, The, 178
51
Congress, American, 80
Considerant, Victor, 12, 64 Fallacy of Saving, The, 51 Farming
Constantine, 8 Communes, 24-5, 43, 50, 52, 53, 59,
Constantinople, 43, 114, 156, 163 62, 64, 73-4. 80, 193, 195, 200, 205
Constitution, American, 80, 81, 122, Fascist Corporatism, 95 Federal
159 Government, 6, 14, 44 Fire 'on
Coolidge, 12, 51 Co-operative the Earth, 96 Fisher. Louis, 185
Movement, 101 Co-operativism, 155 folk
Co-operators, 98 Corbett, Father, 9 cultures, 198, 200
Corporatism, Fascist, 95 Cory. Dr. dances, 198
Herbert E, 180-81 Coughlin, Father, schools, 198, 200, 201
83-84, 134 Council of Carthage, 8 songs, 198
Counsels of the Gospel, 94 Covington, proverbs, 199
Ky., 177 Cram, Ralph Adams, 79 Ford, 109
Crimean War, 156 Cross, 32, 140 Forgotten Man, 37, 96
Crowd, The, 95 Cult, Culture, Franciscans, 85, 94, 135-6
Cultivation, 114, 124. Franco, 134
163, 194 Frank, Glenn, 36, 39, 99. 121 Frank.
Cummings, John J., 38 Waldo, 48, 92, 134 Freedom in the
CWA, 52 Modern World, 95
103, 108, 115
French and Indian War. 130
Daily Worker, The, 40 Davidson, Frey (John Philip), 135
Prof. Donald, 199, 200 Dawson, Fundamentalists, 155
Christopher, 25, 115, 120 Day, Fundamentalist Protestants, 178
Dorothy, 113 De Bethune, Ade, 197 Furfey, Rev. Paul Hanly, 96
Decentralism, 155 Declaration of Futilitarian
Independence, 159 Denifle, Father, Economists, 99, 100, 112
177 State, 99, 100
209
Gage, Marguerite, 113 Hutchins, President, 101
Gandhi, 77, 108, 143 Huxley, Aldous, 179
Gasquet, Cardinal, 178
Gaul, 119 I Confess, 153
German Catholic Party, 38 Ibsen, Henrik, 102
Germantown, 111., 22 Irish Communism, 62
Gibraltar, 129, 156 Giesen, Irish Scholars, 43, 49, 50, 62, 114, 124,
Dr. John, 134 Gill, Eric, 78, 144, 163
92, 150, 187 Gillis, Father, Is Modern Culture Doomed? 194
10 Gitlow, Benjamin, 153 Israel, Prophets of, 5, 13, 17, 56, 65,
Gonzaga College, 133 Gorki, 176
Maxim, 92 Grail, Ladies of
the, 200 Graz, 177 Jarrett, Father Bede, 102
Great Commandment, The, 48 Jefferson, Thomas, 6,107, 122
Great War, 130 Greenwich Jesuit
Village, 145 Gregorian Chant, House of Studies, 133
199 Grey Eminence, 179 Order, 98
Guardini, 194 Reductions, 200 Jesuits, 94,
Gueranger, Dom Abbe, 199 Guild 180, 189, 200 Jesus, 32, 100,
System, 64 GuUdists, 98, 116 Guildist 142 Jewish
Movement, 101 Guildsman, The, 22 Jubilee, 16
Guildsman's Interpretation "of His- Prophets, 149
tory, A, 114, 154, 172 Gunn, Michael, Temple, 139
23 Johnson, General, 68-9, 81, 85, 97
Jorgenson, Johannes, 26 Joseph,
Hall, Bolton, 84-5 Father, 179 Journal Intime, 105
Hanna, Mark, 105 Judaism and Capitalism, 146 Judas,
Harding (Warren G.)f 12 32 Jusserand, Jules, 165
Harlem, 40, 54
Harmel, Leon, 109, 203
Hayes, Father Cornelius, 9 Kagawa, Dr, 89
Hayes, Prot Carlton, 98 Kaiser William, 146
Healy, Father Patrick, 48 Kapital, Das, 11
Henry VIII, 171 Keating, Archbishop, 42
Henry, Patrick, 95, 107, 127, 145 Ketteler, Bishop von, 97, 204
Hergenhan, H., 40, 41 Keynes, John Maynard, 17, 176-7
High, Stanley, 58 King of Peace, 142
Kinsley, Cardinal, 126 Kenkel (F. P.), 199
Hitler, 91, 95, 123-4, 146-7, 158, 161, Klyber, Father, Arthur, 148-9
171-2 Kirchwey, Freda, 164
Hobbes, 99, 112 Hohenzollerns, 179 Kiwanis, 89, 94
Holmes, John. Haynes, 154 Holy Knights of Columbus, 85
Father, 12, 23, 29, 38, 42-3, 47, Knox, John, 176
94, 111, 125-6, 144, 175, 188 Holy Koch, Edward, 22
Roman Empire, 143 Hook, Sidney, Kropotkin (Peter), 4, 50
153 Hoover (Herbert), 68 Houses of
Hospitality, 8, 9, 13, 20, 25, 43, 50, La Crosse, Wis., 134
58-9, 62, 73, 74, 80, 98, 114 Howard, La Tour du Pin, Marquis de, 204
Lord, 201 Humanism Labor Day, 52, 66
Integral, 92 Labor Guilds, Catholic, 20, 23-4
Socialist, 92 Laboratory for Leadership in Public
Humanisme Integral (I/), 92 Affairs, 44 Lady Poverty, 97
Humanists, 62, 100, 116 Laski, Harold, 108, 112, 126, 132 Le
Hume, 99, 112 Beau, Father, 134 Le Bon, Gustave,
95 Leadership or Domination, 96
210 League of Nations, 87, 130, 141-2-3
Leclercq, Abbe, 164
Lenin, 11, 31, 37, 64, 77, 103-4, 120, Missionaries of the Holy Trinity, 102
158, 187 Mohammedanism, 120
Leo XIII, 4, 24, 27, 41, 51, 164, 204 Moley, Prof., 16
Liberty League, 95 Lienard, Cardinal, Mont Saint Michel, 180
125-6 Lille, Bishop of, 125 Liverpool, Mont Saint Michel and Chartres, 180
42 More, Thomas (see St. Thomas)
Liverpool,'Cathedral of, 9 Lloyd, Morris, William, 187
George, 123, 146 Locke, 99, 112 Moscow, 19, 37
Lombroso, Gina, 151 London School Mounier, Emmanuel, 61, 82, 89, 182
of Economics, 112 Loosen, Father, "Muni," 7
134 Lord, Father, S. J., 9, 15, 44, 98 Municipal Lodgings, 7
Long, Huey, 135 Los Angeles, 133, Mussolini, 91, 95, 120, 123, 126, 142,
148 Louisiana, 134-5 Lugan, 171-2 Mystical Body,
Alphonse, 25 Luther, 112, 116, 160 58, 175
Lyons, Eugene, 120 Lytle, Andrew
Nelson, 79 Nation, The, 164 Negro
Spirituals, 198 New Deal, 42,
MacDonald, Ramsay, 61 46, 49, 66 New England, 134
McCall, H., 44 Newfoundland, 198 Newman,
McGowan, Father, 85 Cardinal, 101 New Masses, 73
McNabb, Father Vincent, O. P., 103, New Mexico, 136 New
127, 152, 194 Testament, 26, 111, 147 New
McNicholas, Archbishop, 4, 123 York, 7, 84 New York Times,
McSorley, Father, 9, 147 Machiavelli, 84 New York Tribune, 153
159 Machiavellian, 146 Nock, Albert, Jay, 70, 95
Machiavellism, 154 Magic Mountain, Nordics, 147, 161, 175-6
The, 189 Mahometans, 7, 143 Man the Normalcy, 12, 45
Unknown, 114, 127 Manchester NRA, 45, 52, 66, 68, 71, 80, 81, 84-5,
School, 99, 100, 134,199 Manhattan 110
Lyceum, 7 Mann, Thomas, 189
Manning, Cardinal, 204 Maritain, O'Hara, Bishop, 57, 188
Jacques, 83, 91-2, 95, 103, Old Principles and the New Order,
108, 115, 148, 154 Maritain, Mrs., 194
148 Marshall, D., 78 Marshall, Vice Old Testament, 147
President, 48 Marx, Karl, 11, 12, 21, Omaha, 133
27, 37, 64, 70, Our Enemy the State, 95
103-4, 127, 190
Marxian, 11 Oxford, 41-2
Maryknoll, 147
Masons, 23 Mass Pacelli, Cardinal, 144 Paine,
Book, 32 Thomas, 116, 184 Papal
Holy Sacrifice of, 32 States, 139, 157 Papal
Spirit of the, 32 Maternity Guilds, Supremacy, 155 Paraguay
80 Maurin, Peter, 7, 9, 20, 29, 58, 85, Reductions, 189 Paris,
96 Mediterraneans, 175 Melklejohn, Archbishop of, 125 Parish
Prof., 39 Messiah, 149 Michel, Houses, 8, 9
Seraphine, 25 Milwaukee, 181 Subsistence Camps, 20, 22 Parsons,
Minneapolis, 51, 115, 134 Mirabeau, Father, 91, 110 Peguy, Charles, 19,
27 49, 182 Penty, Arthur, 103, 114, 154,
172, 187 Personalism, 155
Communitarian, 95-6
Personalist, 93, 193-94
Democracy, 134
Manifesto, A, 182
Theists, 178
Philadelphia, 195
Philip the Fair, 159
211
Philosophy of Poverty, The 190 Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 63, 69, 80,
Piggors, Paul, 96 128, 203
Pittsburgh, University of, 180 Ruskin, John, 187 Ryan, Father
Pius X, 27, 164 Arthur, 127, 154
Pius XI, 4, 15, 27, 36, 99, 204
Pius XII, 144 Sacred Heart, 142
plague, modern, 36 St. Augustine, 10, 116, 124-5, 176, 178
Pluralist State, 100, 101 St. Benedict, 19
Pope, 50, 51, 139, 141, 144, 154-5, 172, St. Cloud, Minn., 85
178, 179 Saint-Die, 163
Portland, Ore., 133 Positivism, St. Dunstan's College, 195
184 Port Arthur, 156 Post- St. Francis of Assisi, 26-7, 37, 62, 97,
Industrialism, 102 Poverty of 178
Philosophy, The, 190 St. Francis of Sales, 111
Pragmatism, 68, 184 Prayer for St. Gertrude, 195 St.
Peace, 142 Prince, The, 159 Joseph's Hospital, 134 St.
Prince Edward Island, 195 Louis, (Mo.), 147 St.
Progress and Religion, 25 Mary's Hospital, 134 St.
Prohibition Law, 68 prostitution, Louis University, 10 St.
149, 152 Proudhon, 11, 12, 64, 70, Paul, 29
190 Pustet, 177 PWA, 52 St. Paul (Minn.), 115,133-4 St.
Thomas Aquinas, 12, 25, 31, 37, 50,
Ratner, Dr. Herbert, 148,151 64, 116, 184
Redemptorist, 148 Rediscovery "of St. Thomas College, 134 St. Thomas
America, 48 Reductions, Jesuit, 200 More, 64, 171; (Blessed),
Reformation, 173, 178, 196 Religion 12, 37, 50; (Chancellor), 176
and the Rise of Capitalism, St. Vincent Ferrer, 139 Salonika,
17, 41, 71 139 Salons de Culture, 163 San
Renaissance, 109 Francisco, 133 Sanger, Margaret,
Revolution, 151 Sangnier, Marc, 164
American, 158-59 Savonarola, 159 Schmitt, Carl,
English, 158 48-9 School of .Social Studies, 42,
French, 158 57 Seaman, Elias, 133 Seattle,
Russian, 153, 158 Resolution 133
Personnaliste et Com- Secretary of Commerce, 44
munautaira (La), 82, 89 Ricardo, Secularism, 36, 99, 161 Self-
112, 146 Richelieu, Cardinal, 129, 160, Employing Centers, 58 Sermon on
179 Rivera, Diego, 10 Robertson, the Mount, 47, 114, 116,
John M., 51 Robinson, Father, 133 172, 178
Roman Seven Years' War, 129-30
Catholics, 178 Shakespeare, 101 Sheed and Ward,
Empire, 13, 43, 119, 124, 139, 142-3, 194 Sheely, Father Patrick, S. J.,
162-3 42 Sheen, Father Fulton, 38;
Law, 154, 159, 171-2 Romanism, 47, Monsignor,
49 Romanticism, 184 Rome, 3, 10, 37, 85
70, 125-6, 139, 164 Roosevelt Sherman (Gen.), 169 Shuster,
(Franklin D.), 12, 16, 37, George N., 50 Siegfried, Andre,
48, 135 71 Sillon, 164 Silver Springs, 102
Roosevelt, Theodore, 88 Sinclair, Upton, 83 Sister Helen
Roper, Dr. C., 44 Rotarians, Angelica, 134 sit-down strike,
39, 72, 89, 94, 146 Rotary 108, 110 Smith. Adam, 65, 112,
Clubs, 51 146, 160 Smith, Al, 48, 57 Smith,
Round-Table Discussion, 9, 13, 25, 43, Victor, 199
49, G2, 80 Social Justice and Central Blatt, 199
Social missionaries, 57 social
212 workers, 74
Social Principles of the Gospel, The, Tsar, 153
25 Twenty Years Agrowing, 199
Socialist
Labor Party, 70 Uncle Sam, 4, 5, 45 Unemployed
Party, 70 Solesmes, 199 Sombart, Councils, 90 Union Square, 16,
Werner, 146 Sommerville, Henry, 71 18, 40 Unpopular Front, 116, 134
Sorel, Georges, 116 Soul of Woman, usury, 13, 17, 187 utilitarian
The, 151 Spanish Succession, War ot, philosophy, 99, 112 Utopian, 11,
129 Specialization, 68 speed-up 37 Utopias, 26, 37
system, 109 Spencer, Herbert, 148
spirituals, Negro, 198 Spokane Valerian Persecution, The, 48
(Wash.), 133, 174 Stalin, 31, 37, 95, Van Zeeland, Premier, 82
120, 135, 158, 172 Steffens, Lincoln, 4, Vanderbilt University, 199
50 Stevenson, Robert Louis, 26, 111, Veblen, Thorstein, 4. 41, 50
188 Strachey, John, 58, 60, 127, 152 Verdier, Cardinal, 125
Study Clubs, 57 Stuff and Push, 145 Versailles, 130, 176
Sturzo, Don, 164 Supreme Court, 68, Versailles, Treaty of, 122-3, 141, 146,
80, 81 Swastika, 140 177
Vilna, 141-2 Vienna,
Tawney, R. H.,.4, 17, 41, 50, 71, 159, Treaty of, 161 Virgin
187 Birth, 155 Voltaire, 154
Technocracy, 45 Temple, 4; voluntary poverty, 190
Jewish, 139 Ten
Commandments, 116 Texas, Wall Street, 54
135-6 Theists, 100, 116 Then Washington (D.C.), 6, 44,102,121, 165
and Now, 55 Theocentrists, Washington, University of, 180
179 Waterloo, 160
Theory of the Leisure Class, The, 41 Watt (James), 158
They and We, 82 Third Order of St. •wealth-producing maniacs, 13
Francis, 27 Thirty Years' War, 129- Westminster, 126
30, 179 Thomas, Norman, 58, 61 Westphalia, Treaty of, 129, 160, 179
Thomistic Doctrine of the Common White, Bishop, 133
Good, The, 25 Thousand Wilson, President, 65, 122-3, 141-2
Years Ago, 55 Three Acres Wilson, Thomas, 176
and Liberty, 84 Tin Pan Wisconsin, University, 36, 39
Alley, 198 Tipperary, 127 Workers' Party, 70
Toniolo, Prol., 204 Workers' Rights and the Guildist
Totalitarian States, 100,122 Order, 111
Townsend, Dr., 83 Workmen's Associations, 24 working-
Treason of the Intellectuals, The, 184 men's associations, 205 Works of
Treaty of Versailles, 122-3, 141, 146, Mercy, 43, 47, 49. 57, 59, 64,
177 114, 125, 188-9, 204 World
Trotsky, 120 War, 23, 44, 65, 173, 183 WPA,
121
Yale Review, 183
YMCA, 134 Young,
Owen, 77
Zionists, 139
213