Disaster Risk Reduction Exposure

 Refers to the degree to which the elements

Management at risk are likely to experience hazard
Why do we need to talk about disaster risk
events of different magnitudes.
reduction?
 In order to prevent or lessen the
casualty of the victims
Elements of Disaster Risk
 Hazard
 Exposure
 Vulnerable
o If combined the end result of the 3 As there is a tendency for the stone to fall
elements is disaster. down from the mountain, people on the lower
Hazard areas are exposed to the consequences.
 A dangerous phenomenon, substance,
human activity or condition that may cause
loss of life, injury or other health impacts,
property damage, loss of livelihood and
services, social and economic disruption, or
environmental damage.

If there’s a tsunami, typhoon, or storm surge

these houses will be exposed it.
Vulnerability
 Refers to the characteristics and
The image presented which is a stone on the circumstances of a community, system or
top of the mountain is an example of a hazard asset that make it susceptible to the
area as there is a tendency that the stone will fall damaging effects of a hazard.
down from the top of the mountain.

Obviously, the image portrays a well-developed

Davao city is a low-lying land, thus there is a
tendency for many floods.
city but those squatter areas beside the
riverbank emphasized “vulnerability”, with
heavy rains in the future there is tendency of a
high flood that will eventually wash out those
areas.
 If the stone falls down the mountain affecting
the community then there’s a disaster.
Since the Philippines is located at the pacific
ring of area it is expected that our country
will experienced a lot of disasters. However,
amidst hundreds of calamities other
nationalities still believe that Filipinos will
always survive.
“Even though how many disasters have
affected the Filipino people, they always
find ways to cope and recover thanks to a
culture of resiliency, camaraderie, and
faith.” - CNN
Philippines is ranked as the 3rd most
disaster prone country in the world.
 Based on the World Risk Index 2012, the
Philippines is third among 173 countries that
is most vulnerable to disaster risks and
natural hazards (official gazette www.gic.ph)
 Geographical location of our country; it is
part of the Pacific ring of Fire resulting to
almost 5-7 earthquakes every day; the
Philippines is also part of the Pacific Typhoon
Belt where we can expect an average of 20
tropical cyclones in a year.
 Our exposure to different types of natural
hazards like flooding, landslides, and severe
weather disturbances like El Nino and La
Nina phenomena.
 Poverty also increases the disaster risk when
people expose themselves to disaster prone
areas and other human –induced disasters
like fire and conflagrations.
Republic Act 10121
The Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction
and Management Act of 2010
 an act strengthening the Philippine Disaster
Risk Reduction and Management System,
Providing for the National Disaster Risk
Reduction and Management Framework and
Institutionalizing the National Disaster Risk
Reduction and Management Plan,
Appropriating Funds and therefore for other
purposes.
 It replaces the Presidential Decree 1566
which is more focused on a REACTIVE
approach to Disaster Management.
 The new law RA 10121, which was signed by
Pres. Macapagal- Arroyo on May 27, 2010,
now focuses on a PROACTIVE approach to
Disaster Risk Reduction and Management.
Disaster Risk
 Refers to the potential disaster losses in
lives, health status, livelihood, assets and
services, which could occur to a particular
community or a society over some specified
future time period.
Disaster
 Refers to a serious disruption of the normal
functioning of a community or a society
involving widespread human, material,
environmental or economic loss or impact,
which exceeds the ability of the affected
community or society to cope using its own
resources.
Disaster Risk Reduction o Ex. Flood, earthquake, volcanic
 Refers to the concept and practice of eruption, strong winds, typhoon,
reducing disaster risks through systematic drought, tsunami
efforts to analyze and manage the causal
factors of disasters, including through FIRE SAFETY
reduced exposures to hazards, lessened At work and home
vulnerability of people and property, wise Fire fact: a fire department responds to a fire
management of land and the environment, in the United States every 17.3 seconds.
and improved preparedness for adverse
events. National Fire Statistics
 “PROACTIVE APPROACH”  About 70% of all structure fires occur in the
home.
 About 80% of all fire deaths occur in the
home.
 One fourth of home flies occur between
10:00 p.m. and 6:00 a.m. yet account for
one half of all home fire deaths.
Most Fire Deaths are NOT burn Victims!
Types of Disaster  Causes of death in fires – SMOKE
Natural Man-made o Hydrogen cyanide, hydrocyanic acid
 Typhoons  Fire o Carbon monoxide
 Earthquakes  Accidents o Other toxic vapors
 Floods  Terroristic acts o Burns
 Landslides  Armed conflicts
o Trauma (non-burn)
 Thunderstorms  Nuclear
FIRE
 Drought accidents
 Severe weather  Social  The active principle of burning
disturbances disorganization characterized by the heat and light of
 Garbage/trash combustion.
slide  Reference: Republic Act 9514

Man-made Disasters Fire Tetrahedron/ Fire Triangle

 Is a disaster resulting from human intent,
negligence, or error. The results are usually
wide scale destruction, and high cost.
o EX. Fire – you leave the house
without unplugging your charger or
other electrical devices, there’s a
tendency for a short circuit that will
eventually lead to a fire disaster.
o REMINDER: every time you go out of
the house unplug everything.
Natural Disaster
 A triangular shape composed of Air, Heat,
 It is the effect of a natural hazard.
and Fuel. If they are combined it will create
fire.
Fire safety, at its most basic, is based upon the  APW stands for “Air Pressurized
principle of keeping fuel sources and ignition Water”
sources separate.  Filled with ordinary tap water and
 Three things must be present at the same pressurized air, they are essentially
time to produce fire: large squirt guns.
o Enough OXYGEN to sustain  APWs extinguish fire by taking away
combustion the “heat” element of the fire
o Enough HEAT to reach ignition triangle.
temperature
o Some FUEL or combustible material
 Together, they produce the chemical
reaction that is fire. But we can take away
any of these things in order to extinguish the
fire.
 Fires are classified according to the type of
fuel that is burning. If you use the wrong
type of fire extinguisher on the wrong class
 APWs are designed for Class A fires only:
of fire, you might make matters worse. Thus,
wood, paper, and cloth.
it is very important to understand the four
NOTE:
different fire (fuel) classification.
 Using water on a flammable liquid fire could
cause the fire to spread.
TYPES OF FUEL CLASSIFICATION
 Using water on an electrical fire increases
 Class A – solids that are not metals such as
the risk of electrocution. If you have no
wood, paper, cloth, trash, and plastics.
choice but to use an APW on an electrical
 Class B – flammable liquids such as
fire, make sure the electrical equipment is
gasoline, oil, grease, acetone, and
unplugged or de-energized.
inflammable gases (ex. Oxygen, nitrogen,
etc.)
2. Carbon Dioxide Fire Extinguishers
 Class C – electrical or energized electrical
equipment. (anything as long as it is
“plugged in”)
 Class D – metals such as potassium,
sodium, aluminum, and magnesium. They
require special extinguishing agents.

Different types of fire extinguishers are designed to

fight different classes of fire.
 The pressure in a CO2 extinguisher is
The 3 most common types of fire so great, bits of dry ice may shoot out
extinguisher are: of the horn.
1. Water (APW)  CO2 cylinders are red. They range in
 Large silver fire extinguishers that size from 5 lbs to 100 lbs or larger. On
stand about 2 feet tall and weigh larger sizes, the horn will be at the
about 25 pounds when full. end of a long, flexible hose.
  Carbon dioxide is a non-flammable
gas that takes away the oxygen
element of the fire triangle. Without
oxygen, there is no fire.
 CO2 is very cold as it comes out of the
extinguisher, so it cools the fuel as
well.
 CO2s are designed for Class B and C
(Flammable Liquids and Electrical
Sources) fires only!
 CO2s will frequently be found in
laboratories, mechanical rooms,
kitchens, and flammable liquid
storage areas.
 In accordance with NFPA regulations
(and manufacturers’
recommendations), all CO2
extinguishers must undergo
hydrostatic testing and recharge
every 5 years.
3. Dry Chemical (ABC) Fire Extinguishers
 Most common fire extinguisher in the
Philippines.
 ABC extinguishers are red. On campus,
they range in size from 5 to 20 lbs.
 “ABC” fire extinguishers are filled with a
fine, yellow powder. The greatest
portion of this powder is composed of
monoammonium phosphate. The
extinguishers are pressurized with
nitrogen.
 When using this fire extinguisher be sure to
determine the direction of the air it should
not be against you.
 Dry chemical extinguishers put out fire by
coating the fuel with a thin layer of dust. This
separates the fuel from the oxygen in the air.
 The powder also works to interrupt the
chemical reaction of fire. These
extinguishers are very effective at putting
out fire.
 It is extremely important to identify which
types of dry chemical extinguishers are
located in your area.
 An “ABC” extinguisher will have a label like
this, indicating it may be used on Class A, B,
and C fires.
 You don’t want to mistakenly use a “BC”
extinguisher on a Class A fire thinking that it
was an “ABC” extinguisher.
 Dry chemical extinguishers with powder
designed for Class B and C fires (“BC”
extinguishers) may be located in places such
as commercial kitchens and areas with
flammable liquids.
 You will typically find ABCs in public hallways
of new buildings, in laboratories, break
rooms, offices, chemical storage areas,
mechanical rooms, vehicles, etc.
How to use a Fire Extinguisher
It is easy to remember how to use a fire extinguisher if
you remember the acronym PASS:
 Pull the pin…
o This will allow you to discharge the
extinguisher.
 Aim at the base of the fire…
 o Hit the fuel. If you aim at the flames
the extinguishing agent will fly right
through and do no good.
 Squeeze the top handle…
o This depresses a button that releases
the pressurized extinguishing agent.
 Sweep from side to side
o Sweep it from side to side until the
fire is completely out.
o Start using the extinguisher from a
safe distance away, then slowly
move forward.
o Once the fire is out, keep an eye on
the area in case it re-ignites.
Rules for fighting fires
 Fires can be very dangerous and you should
always be certain that you will not
endanger yourself or others when
attempting to put out a fire.
For this reason, when a fire is discovered…
1. Assist any person in immediate danger to
safety, if it can be accomplished without risk
to yourself.
2. Call 911 or activate the building fire alarm.
The fire alarm will notify the fire department
and other building occupants and shut off
the air handling system to prevent the
spread of smoke.
If the fire is small (and only after having these 2
things), you may attempt to use an extinguisher to
put it out. However, before deciding to fight the fire,
keep these things in mind:
1. Know what is burning. If you don’t know
what’s burning, you won’t know what kind of
extinguisher to use.
2. Even if you have an ABC fire extinguisher,
there may be something in the fire that is
going to explode or produce toxic fumes.
o Chances are you will know what’s
burning, or at least have a pretty
good idea, but if you don’t, let the
fire department handle it.
3. Is the fire spreading rapidly beyond the point
where it started?
o The time to use an extinguisher is at
the beginning stages of the fire.
4. If the fire is already spreading quickly, it is
best to simply pull the fire alarm and
evacuate the building.
o As you evacuate a building, close
doors and windows behind you as
you leave. This will help to slow the
spread of smoke and fire.
DO NOT FIGHT THE FIRE IF:
 You don’t have adequate or appropriate
equipment. If you don’t have the correct
type or large enough extinguisher, it is best
not to try fighting the fire.
 You might inhale toxic smoke. When
synthetic materials such as nylon in
carpeting or foam padding in a sofa burn,
 they can produce hydrogen cyanide, Earthquake
acrolein, and ammonia in addition to  Refers to a weak to violent shaking of the
carbon monoxide. These gases can be fatal ground produced by the sudden movement
in very small amounts. of rock materials below the earth’s surface.
 Also known as “quake” or “tremor”
 Your instincts tell you not to. If you are
uncomfortable with the situation for any
reason, just let the fire department do their
job.

Remember:
S – sound the alarm
A – activate the fire brigade
F – fight the fire
E – evacuate immediately
T – tell other
Y – you get clear

WHAT TO DO?
If your clothes catch fire…
STOP!
 When you are in motion, do not run or make
unnecessary movements
DROP!
 Immediately drop to the ground and cover
your face with your hands.
ROLL!
 Roll over and over from left to right to
smother the flames.
The final rule is to always position yourself with
an exit or means to escape at your back before you
attempt to use an extinguisher to put out a fire. In
case the extinguisher malfunctions, or something
unexpected happens, you need to be able to get out
quickly. You don’t want to become trapped.
Pacific Ring of Fire
 Philippines is situated at the pacific ring of
fire which is a major area of Pacific Ocean
where many earthquakes and volcanic
eruption occurs.
 It is 40,000 kilometers and associated nearly
with continuous trenches and volcanic arch,
volcanic belts, and plate movements.
 Inside the pacific ring of fire, there is an
average of around 450+ volcanoes which is
more than 75% of the world’s active and
dormant volcanoes

Always Report the Use of a Fire Extinguisher

 Report any use of a fire extinguisher to EHS
as soon as possible. The extinguisher must
be inspected and refilled to make sure it is
ready for use in an emergency.
TYPES OF EARTHQUAKE
o Natural earthquakes
o Artificial earthquakes
Types of natural earthquake
 Tectonic
o Produced by sudden movement
along faults and plate boundaries
 Volcanic
o Produced by movement of magma
beneath volcanoes
Artificial earthquakes
 Usually man –made
o Nuclear or chemical explosions
o Dynamite explosions
TRIVIA:
o We experience at least 20 earthquakes per
day and around 4-5 earthquakes are felt per
week.
An earthquake can be:
 Shallow (0-70 kilometers deep)
 Intermediate (70-300 kilometers deep)
 Deep (300-700 kilometers deep)
Measuring the strength of an
earthquake
1. Magnitude
 A measure of the total energy
released at the earthquake’s point of
origin (below earth’s surface) based
on information derived from a
seismograph.
 Seismograph – an instrument that
measures and record the details of
an earthquake such as its force and
duration.
2. Intensity
 Perceived strength of an earthquake
based on relative effect to people’s
and structures (on the earth’s
surface); generally higher near the
epicenter.
 Epicenter - point where the
earthquake started.
MAGNITUDE
o Originally developed by Charles Richter for
studying earthquakes in California (known as
the Local Magnitude and uses the Richter
Scale)
o Proportional to the energy released by an
earthquake.
o Expressed as a decimal number.
(Richter Magnitude Scale)
EARTHQUAKE INTENSITY
o Describes the strength of shaking in terms of
human perception, damage to buildings and
other structures, as well as changes in the
surrounding environment.
o Different scales used in different countries.
o Traditionally represented as Roman
numerals.
 EARTHQUAKE PREPAREDNESS
 General Guidelines
Destructive Earthquakes in the
 Explain what to expect in a big
Philippines magnitude earthquake
 M7.2 June 21, 1893 Monkayo, Comval  Acquaint everyone with safe spots
 M8.3 April 15, 1924 Gov. Generoso, DavOr  Identify danger zones
 M8.3 July 2, 1954 Bacon, Sorsogon (13/101)  Hold earthquake drills
 M7.5 April 1, 1955 Lanao (291/713)  What to Expect
 M7.3 August2, 1968 Casiguran (270/600)  Wide range and style of ground
 M7.3 April 7, 1970 Baler (15/200) motion
 M7.9 August 17, 1976 Moro Gulf  Rumbling sound
(3,739/8,000)  Time duration
 M7.8 July 16, 1990 Luzon (1,283/2,786)  Various effects to people, objects,
and structures
Hazards associated with Earthquake  Failure of utilities
o Ground rupture – movement of the ground  Safe Spots
along one side of a fault relative to the  Identify safe spots:
other side cause by an earthquake ➞under a study desk or table
➞in a strong supported doorway
➞ in an inside corner of the room
 Danger zones
➞windows and glass panels
➞book shelves, cabinets and
furniture that may topple or slide
➞spaces blocked by debris
➞power lines or utility poles
➞bridges and flyovers
o Liquefaction – a process that transforms ➞elevators
the behavior of a body of sediment from ➞narrow alleys between buildings
that of a solid to that of a liquid.
Why do we need to prepare an
Earthquake
Evacuation plan?
 FIRE EARTHQUAKE Triangle of Life
 Concentrated in  Affects the whole o The Triangle of Life is an unsubstantiated theory
one area of the building and about how to survive a major earthquake.
building nearby areas  The theory advocates methods of protection
 Immediate  Immediate very different from the mainstream advice of
response is to response is to "drop, cover, and hold.”
evacuate people Duck, Cover, and
and put out fire. Hold during an
 Immediate earthquake, and Before an Earthquake Happens
outside help will to evacuate if  Be familiar with the dangerous spots inside
arrive definitely necessary. offices/rooms.
at the soonest  Immediate  Be careful with things which may harm people
time. outside help is during earthquake. It is better to fix as early as
 Building not guarantee. possible the faulty electrical wiring, leaky gas
occupants can be  Area for connection, and fasten shelves.
evacuated in any evacuation after  Identify safe places indoors and outdoors.
place outside the the event is  Educate everyone about emergency contacts.
building away limited only to an  Prepare a stock of emergency supplies. A stock
from fire. open area which
of food, water, medicines, flashlights, and
 No aftershock to is safe from
batteries can help you to survive the tremor.
deal with. falling debris and
other earthquake  Make an evacuation and reunion plan. It is
related hazard. possible that everyone may be separated from
 Aftershocks will each other during an earthquake so it is
be another advisable to have a reuniting plan like meeting
concern. in a certain place after the disaster.

Duck, Cover, and Hold

o The expected response whenever there is an
earthquake.
o This is said to be acknowledged by the Red
Cross.

TSUNAMIS
What is a tsunami?
 A tsunami is a series of enormous ocean
waves caused by:
 Large magnitude off-shore
earthquakes
 Coastal and underwater landslides
 Coastal and underwater volcanic
eruptions
 Meteor impacts
  Tsunami is also called “seismic wave” or Regional outside ⇨PHIVOLCS
“sea wave”. or trans- the ⇨NDRRMC
How are tsunamis generated? Pacific Philippine
 Tsunamis are generally generated by a large region *Pacific
scale vertical displacement of the ocean (ex. Tsunami
floor due to a high magnitude off-shore Japan, Warning
earthquake. Hawaii, Center, NW
Chile) Pacific
Natural Signs of an Approaching Tsunami
Information
Tsunami
Center

TYPHOON
o Strongest typhoon – Haiyan / Bagyong
Yolanda
Low Pressure Area
 Refers to a region where atmospheric
pressure is lower than that of surrounding
locations.

1. If you feel an earthquake near the sea. Tropical cyclone classification is based on intensity.
 Since the sea is the epicenter there is a  Tropical depression
big possibility of a tsunami. ➝Occurs around 61 kph or less
2. Unusual sea level change; sudden sea water  Tropical storm
retreat or rise. ➝Occurs around 62 – 88 kph
3. Rumbling sound of approaching waves.  Severe Tropical storm
➝Occurs around 89 – 117 kph
2 Types of Tsunami  Typhoon
➝Occurs around 118 – 220 kph
Type Source Lead time Warning  Super typhoon
earthquake mechanism in ➝Occurs around 220 – above kph
to tsunami place
Local Trench or 4-20 Being Hazards associated with typhoons
fault line minutes established Storm surge
in ⇨is a sudden rise in sea level above the
Philippine Must rely on normal level on the coast due to drop in
region, natural signs atmospheric pressure and the force of
usually such as the winds as a tropical cyclone
less than moderate to approaches the coast.
200 km intense
from shaking in WHEN TO PREPARE?
shoreline coastal area, The best time to prepare is as early as right NOW!!!
unusual
water level
rise or fall. “Failing to prepare is like preparing
Far-field Trench or 1-24 hours International to fail”
fault Centers -Benjamin Franklin
“The best time to prepare for war is
during peace times.” - Julius Caesar