PHYSICAL

SCIENCE

Submitted by:
Criestefiel Ann S. Lolo
Grade 12 -Gates

Submitted to:
Nessel D. Auditor
Subject teacher
SUMMARY
AND

ACTIVITIES
 SUMMARY

Quarter 1- Module 3:
Polarity of Molecules
The polarity of molecules is determined by the two factors: the polarity
of bonds based on the electronegativity difference of the atoms
involved and the geometrical shape of the molecules which can be
predicted via valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory.

A. Polarity of Bonds and Electronegativity Type of bond based on

electronegativity difference (∆EN) of bonded atoms

Type of Bond Electronegativity Difference

(∆EN)
Ionic ≥1.7
Polar Covalent 0.5 to 1.6
Nonpolar Covalent ≤ 0.4

B. Polarity of Molecules and Molecular Geometry

You can predict the shape or molecular geometry of a substance using
the following steps:

Step 1: Determine the central atom of a molecule. The central atom is

the least electronegative element.

Step 2: Draw the appropriate Lewis dot structure for the molecule.

Step 3: Count the number of bonding pairs of electrons and non-

bonding (or lone pairs) around the central atom.

Step 4: Determine the electron pair orientation using the total number
of electron pairs.

Step 5: Name the shape of based on the location of the atoms

 ACTIVITIES

What’s New
Activity1: Polarity Experiment

Guide Question:

A. Water and oil

Water and oil

B. I can infer that not all of the given materials can be mixed

Molecule EN of the first EN of the ∆ EN

atom 2nd atom
1. NaCl 0.93 3.16 = 0.92 - 3.16 = /-2.2.3/
= 2.23

2. NH3 3.04 2.20 = 3.09 - 2.20 = 0.84

3. CH4 2.55 2.20 = 2.55 - 2.20 = 0.35

4. H2 2.20 2.20 = 2.20 - 2.20 = 0

5. H2O 2.20 3.44 = 2.20 - 3.44 = / - 1.24/

= 1.24
 SUMMARY
Quarter 1- Module 4:
Polarity of Molecules and Its
Properties

Solubility is defined as the ability of a solid substance to be dissolved in

a given amount of solvent while miscibility is the ability of the two
liquids to combine or mix in all proportions, creating a homogenous
mixture.
The general rule to remember about the solubility and miscibility of
molecular compounds can be summarized in a phrase, “like dissolves
like” or “like mixes with like”. This means that polar substances will only
be dissolved or mixed with polar substances while nonpolar substances
will be soluble or miscible with another nonpolar substance.

There are several types of IMFA and below they are arranged from
STRONGEST to WEAKEST. Ion-dipole → H-bonding→ dipole-
dipole→dipole induced dipole→London forces of attraction

Type of IMFA Interacting Substances Examples

Ion-dipole Ion (cation or anion) and a polar molecule NaCl dissolved in
NaCl dissolved in H2O; Ca2+ and PCl3 H2O;Ca2+ and
Hydrogen bonding PCl3
Hydrogen bonding Polar molecules Containing H chemically H2O,NH3,CH3O
bonded to a small and highly electronegative H
nonmetal atom such as N, O, and F
Dipole –dipole Polar molecules CH3F and
H2S;HCl;
Dipole-induced dipole Polar and nonpolar molecules HI and CH
London forces All substances and solely for nonpolar O2, N2, He gas,
 molecules and noble gases Br2

ACTIVITIES
What’s New
1. What is the message of the song?
The message of the song as I define it in two person they can’t be
together even how hard they want too just like oil and water they can’t
be mixed together.

2. If you add oil to the water, what will happen?

Will it create a single homogeneous phase or will it form two layers?

Why? It will form two layers phases, because oil and water cannot be
mixed it will separately the vinegar will float.

3. Why do you think water and oil cannot be mixed even when
heated? Support your answer.
Water and oil cannot be mixed even when it heated because oil will
float in the water because oil is lighter than water.
What is It
/ 1. High boiling point
2. Low boiling point
/ 3. High melting point

4. Low melting point

5. High volatility

/ 6. Low volatility
7. High vapor pressure

/ 8. Low vapor pressure

/ 9. High surface tension
10. Low surface tension
/ 11. H-bonding & dipole-dipole present

12. London dispersion is present

 SUMMARY

Quarter 1 – Module 5:
General Types of
Intermolecular Forces
There are three general types of intermolecular forces (IMF), namely, van der
Waals forces, ion dipole interaction, and H-bonding.

Van der Waals forces, after the Dutch chemist Johannes van der Waals (1837-
1923) consist of dipole-dipole interaction, dipole-induced dipole interaction, and
dispersion forces. Dipole-dipole attraction is present among polar molecules.
Through constant movement, the charges of the molecules align in such a way
that the positive (+) end of one molecule is attracted to the negative (-) end of the
other molecule. This happens due to the shift of electron density towards the
more electronegative element in the molecule resulting to (+) and (-) ends. The
measure of this electron hift is known as dipole moment, represented by crossed
arrow, .

Dipole-induced dipole interaction, just like the dipole-dipole forces, depends on

the presence of polar molecules. The other molecule needs not be a polar one.
The partial charges present in the dipole cause the polarization or distortion of
the electron distribution of the other molecule. This gives rise to regions of partial
(+) and (-) poles. This induced dipole will then be attracted to the original polar
molecules, resulting to dipoleinduced dipole attraction.

Polar substances exhibit dipole-dipole interaction due to the presence of (+) and
(-) ends of the molecules. In the exercise above, sulphur dioxide (SO2) has polar
ends that will participate in the dipole-dipole forces of attraction.
ACTIVITIES
What’s New
Activity 1:

1. This attraction happens between polar molecules. The charges align so that the
negative pole of one molecule is attracted to the positive end of the other
molecule. Kind of interaction: dipole-dipole.

2. The positive sodium ion is attracted to the partially negative end of water
molecules. Kind of attraction: ion - dipole .

3. A positive ion or cation approaches a neutral nonpolar substance. This results

to a distortion of the substance and leads to the development of positive and
negative poles. Kind of attraction: ion induced dipole.

4. A permanent dipole approaches a neutral nonpolar substance resulting to a

temporary dipole. Kind of attraction: dipole - induced dipole.

5. The partially- negative oxygen of one water molecule is attracted to the

partially- positive hydrogen of the other water molecule. Kind of attraction: H -
bonding .
 SUMMARY
Quarter 1 – Module 6:
Effects of Intermolecular Forces on
Properties of Substances
The properties of substances as viewed on the macroscopic level can be
explained by the types of intermolecular forces present between and
among substances.

Relative Strengths of Intermolecular Forces

Ion-dipole STRONGEST

H-Bonding

Dipole-dipole
Dipole-induced dipole
London dispersion forces WEAKEST

Properties of substances affected by intermolecular forces

 Surface Tension
(This is the amount of energy required to stretch the surface area of liquids (e.g.,
1 cm2). Liquids with high intermolecular forces tend to have high surface
tensions. When water is dropped on a waxy surface, it tends to form a round
bead to minimize the surface area that it occupies.

 Viscosity

This is a measure of a liquid’s resistance to flow. The greater the viscosity of a

liquid, the more slowly it flows. The viscosity of substances decreases with high
temperatures; thus, syrup flows faster when hot.

 Boiling Point and Melting Point

Boiling point depends on the equilibrium vapour pressure exerted by the liquid or
solid above the liquid or the solid. This means that the rate of vaporization is
equal to the rate of condensation of the substance in a closed container. Vapour
pressure also varies with temperature. The graph below shows the effect of
temperature on the vapour pressure of water.

 Solubility

Solubility is the ability of a substance (solid, liquid, or gas) to dissolve in a given

substance (solid, liquid, or gas). The amount of any substance dissolved in a
solvent (the substance that dissolves another substance) depends on the types of
interaction among molecules, pressure, and temperature. Phosphorus
pentahloride (PCL5) and phosphorus penta bromide (PBr5) have the same
molecular shape and polarity.
ACTIVITIES
What I Can Do

As a student and has I knowledge of physical science lessons I could just

use woods to burn it and use it to cook the

pork nilaga and I can save the energy. And also I could just put the
kettle above the fire wood to cook the Pork Nilaga.