A Seminar

on

Mechanical behaviour of 3D printed Auxetic Lattice

based structures

Presented by: Supervised by :

Abhishek Shri. Jitendra Bhaskar
Roll No.- 190204001 Associate Professor
M.Tech 2nd year (CAD)

Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering

Harcourt Butler Technical University Kanpur
2020-2021
 Contents

• Introduction
• Mechanics of auxetic structure
• Applications
• Mechanical behavior of auxetic structures
• Static behavior (Compression testing)
• Dynamic behavior (Impact testing)
• Fabrication Technique
• Challenges
• References
 Introduction
 Lattice structure:
 Topologically ordered, 3D open-celled structures composed of one or more repeating unit
cells [1]. Defined by dimensions and connectivity of their constituent strut elements,
which are connected at specific nodes.
 Periodic re - entrant structures are represented by unit cells.

2D re - entrant honeycomb Unit cell 3D lattice

 Auxetic Lattice Structure :

 In 1827, Siméon Poisson firstly introduced the concept Poisson’s ratio ν, and got some
results based on molecular interaction theory.
 In 1828, Cauchy’s theory - only two independent elastic moduli are necessary for
characterizing the elastic behaviour of isotopic materials and implying -1< ν < 0.5 for
different materials [2] .
 Lattice shows lateral shrinkage upon axial compression and vice-versa.(counter Intuitive)
 Mechanics of auxetic structure
Lateral Strain Extension
Poisson ratio, ν = - Strain =
Original Length
Axial Strain
Pull Pull

θ0
θ0 H
L

Pull Pull
Non-auxetic structure with a positive Auxetic structure with negative
Poisson’s ratio under tensile stress Poisson’s ratio under tensile stress

 Change of honeycomb’s re-entrant angle (θ0 ) can affect the Poisson’s ratio of the
honeycomb. [2]
Sin2 θ0
ν = - H (For Poisson’s ratio of honeycomb auxetic structure)
( L
−cos θ0 ) cos θ0
 Cont…

Stretching Stretching

Deformation Deformation

Honeycomb Lattice Structure Honeycomb re-entrant Lattice Structure

(Auxetic)

 Mechanical behaviour of a part with lattice structure depends on the constituent

material, porosity, and its architecture.
 The mechanical properties of an isolated unit cell are therefore known to be quite
different from those of an array of unit cells. This is the so-called ‘‘edge effect’’ [4].
 Auxetic structures are capable of absorbing and dissipating mechanical, sound, and
thermal energy.
 Applications

Fig. Auxetic shoe sole Fig. Smart wound dressing

Catheters
Coronary artery
Closed Stent
Plaque

Open stent

Fig. Auxetic Coronary Stent Fig. Smart Filters

 Cont…

Fig. Auxetic Screw Fasteners Fig. Military Armour

Fig. Blast proof panels Fig. Knee cap made up of

Auxetic structures
 Classification of Auxetic Structures
2D Re-entrant
Structures

3D Re-entrant
Structures

Chiral Structures
Auxetic
Structures
Rotating rigid units

Angle ply laminates

Folding Models
 Fabrication process of auxetic structures
 3D printing Techniques are used to fabricate customized auxetic structures with
very fine finish and better properties.
 No need of post processing of the product and process is very fast to implement.

Stiffer infill

More elastic infill

Customised
Convert 3D
design Slicing of Final
in .stl Printing
(3D design product
format Process
modelling)
 Fabrication Techniques

Fig: Products fabricated from primitive methods

 Earlier, difficulty in fabrication of intricate structures (auxetic), contour shapes
and miniaturized components through primitive methods like casting etc. We
cannot get that much resolution and finish.
 To overcome these problems, Additive manufacturing (3D printing) process are
applied because it enables unprecedented geometry and material flexibilities.

Fig: Products fabricated through 3D printing.

 Mechanical behaviors of auxetic structures

Mechanical behaviour

Dynamic Vibrational
Static behaviour
behaviour behaviour

Energy absorption
Tensile Impact Indentation Resistance
& dissipation

Compressive Strength
Compressive & Shear Stiffness Fatigue Wear & tear resistant

Shear Increased shear modulus

Flexural Synclastic Curvature

Bending Behavior
 Static behavior (shape deformation)

re – entrant angle (θ)

 Compresive behaviour mainly depends on re-entrant angle (θ) and ratio H/L.
 Auxetic structures are potentially good “dampers” for better mechanical energy
dissipation due to the ability to absorb smaller amount of energy compared to non-
auxetic structures.
 In comparing with solid body, it requires 9-10 times more force than auxetic
structures to reach equal nominal strain.
 Hexagonal auxetic structure cell can withstand almost 1.75 times more fatigue
cycles than the similar non-auxetic structure.
Cont…

 (Area of hysteresis loop)non−auxetic structure > (Area of hysteresis loop )auxetic structure
Due to this, non-auxetic structure did not restore its shape after complete unloading.
 It can be assumed that auxetic structures distribute the load throughout the frame evenly.

(a) Auxetic structure (b) Non auxetic structure

Fig: Stress-strain dependence under cyclic compression for (a) auxetic, and (b) non-auxetic structures

 Under compression loading, non-auxetic acquires “barrel-like” appearance, while the

auxetic structure eventually collapses under compressive load due to the elastic
buckling and loss of stability.
Cont…

 Amount of absorbed mechanical energy, for both auxetic and non-auxetic structures
is almost same.
 Dissipation of accumulated energy of deformation is believed to unfold by means of
heat release, damage evolution, and ultimate fatigue failure.
 Both deformation hardening and softening effects to take place at the nodes where
highest stresses are concentrated and later it rupture finally due to cyclic
compression.
 Under successive cyclic loading, deformation of auxetic structure (0.8%) decreases
in a very small percentage in comparison with non auxetic structure (14%).

Without load Load applied After load removal Without load Load applied After load removal

(a) (b)
Fig: Describing deformities of (a) auxetic and (b) non auxetic structures before, during and after removal of load .
 Dynamic behavior (Impact testing)
Indenter spot
Top face

Bottom face
Fig: Re-entrant hexagonal auxetic probe for impact test

 Impact testing is done to predict the maximum von Mises stress on the top and
bottom surfaces of the probe.
 Cell size of the structure affects the von Mises stress.
Cell size ∝ von Mises stress (At same load condition)
 Stresses systematically increases with increase of cell size for both top and bottom
faces of the structure, But magnitude of
(von Mises stress)At the top face > (von Mises stress)At the bottom face
 After releasing the impact load, the stresses on the top and bottom surfaces became
almost the same for both the honeycomb and re entrant honeycomb structures.
Cont…

(a) (b)

Fig: Von Mises stress versus time plot on honeycomb structures with various cell sizes for impact loading: (a) top
surface and (b) bottom surface.

Experiment:
 Four hexagonal re-entrant structure 3D printed with different cell size and material
used is Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). Dimension of probe is (4×4×2 inch3 ).
 Impact load of 1000N applied to circular area (radius=0.5 inch) on the top face for
0.01 s to simulate impact testing.
 Structure was then allowed to relax for another 0.4 s to investigate the impact load
transfer within the structure.
Cont…

Fig: Von Mises stress v/s time plot on auxetic structures for impact loading: (a) re-entrant hexagon, and
(b) Comparison of Von Mises stresses on the bottom surface of all three structures.

 In result, the bottom layer experiences very low load compared to the top surface of
the structure.
 Load is evenly distributed over the surface area for the auxetic structures.
 This results imply that the auxetic structures can be more useful for body protection
applications than non-auxetic ones.
 Challenges

• Fabrication with intricate shapes is also a big challenge to make a good finished
product because it contains support structures and also material quality.
• Cost of manufacturing auxetic materials is still too high.
• Crucial problem to realize mass production with a lower cost which
significantly constrains the wide application for auxetics.
• Auxetic structures have a substantial porosity in their geometrical configuration
which inevitably reduces their mechanical capability when sustaining a load or
impact.
• Due to numerous sharp corners and joints, high-stress concentration and higher
the chances of failure of the structures due to critical stresses generated at the
joints.
 References
1. Li Yang, Ola Harrysso, Harvey West & Denis Cormier, “Mechanical properties of
3D re-entrant honeycomb auxetic structures realized via additive
manufacturing” , Published in ELSEVIER, 2015.
2. Chulho Yang, Hitesh D Vora and Young Chang, “Behavior of auxetic structures
undercompression and impact forces” , Published in IOP science, 2018.
3. P. Subramani, Sohel Rana, Bahman Ghiassi & Raul Fangueiro, “ Development and
characterization of novel auxetic structures based on re-entrant hexagon design
produced from braided composites” ,Published in ELSEVIER, 2016.
4. Robert f. Almgren, “An isotropic three-dimensional structure with Poisson‘s ratio
= - 1”, Published in Journal of Elasticity, 1985.
5. V.A. Lvov, F.S. Senatov, A.M. Korsunsky & A.I. Salimom, “3Design and
mechanical properties of 3d-printed auxetic honeycomb structure”, Published in
Materials Today Communications, 2020.
6. Vivek Gupta, Sondipon Adhikari & Bishakh Bhattacharya, “Exploring the dynamics
of hourglass shaped lattice metastructures” Published in Nature scientificreports,
2020.
7. A. Srivastava and J. Bhaskar, “Development and Performance Analysis of Fused
Deposition Modeling Based 3D Printer” 7th International & 28th All India
Manufacturing Technology, Design and Research Conference (AIMTDR 2018).
Thank You…