DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY

FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND MATHEMATICS

UNIVERSITI PENDIDIKAN SULTAN IDRIS

LABORATORY REPORT

SKT 1013 INTRODUCTION TO INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

SEMESTER 02 SESSION 2019/2020

ID NUMBER 1. E20181019624
2. E20181019660
NAME 1. NUR AIMAN SYAZWANI BINTI ZULKEFLE
2. NUR AYUNI ADIBAH BINTI MOHD ASRI
GROUP I
LECTURER DR. NOORSHIDA BINTI MOHD ALI
EXPERIMENT NO. 6
TITLE LIGAND REPLACEMENT REACTION FOR SYNTHESIS OF
[Ni(NH3)6Cl2]
DATE 3RD DECEMBER 2019

CHECK LIST (Please tick) Marks

Spelling, punctuation and grammar 10
Format and style 10
Introduction 10
Materials 10
Methodology and jotter 10
Results 10
Discussions 10
Conclusions 10
References (minimum 2) 10
Conceptual understanding 10
TOTAL MARKS 100
 EXPERIMENT 6: LIGAND REPLACEMENT REACTION FOR
SYNTHESIS OF [Ni(NH3)6Cl2]

OBJECTIVES

Upon completion of this experiment, we are able to synthesis hexaamminenickel (II) chloride.

INTRODUCTION

This experiment involves water molecules acts as ligand forming bonds to nickel(II) ions with
octahedral molecular geometry bearing six ligands which are symmetrically arranged around the
central atom. This complex will produce the different colour from its initial state colour.

MATERIALS

Chemicals : Nickel(II) chloride hydrate, NiCl2.6H2O , concentrated aqueous ammonia, NH3 ,

ethanol (95%) , distilled water and ice.
Apparatus : Graduated cylinder, erlenmeyer flask, filter paper and buchner funner.

METHODOLOGY (refer to jotter)

RESULTS (refer to 6.5 worksheet)

 DISCUSSION

In aqueous solution nickel ion Ni2+ is surrounded by six water molecules which are actually
bonded to the central metal ion. This complex is called the hexaquonickel(II) ion. When
aqueous nickel chloride is precipitated from solution, the nickel ions carry their six water
molecules into the crystals and so solid nickel(II) chloride is hydrated, has the formula
[Ni(H2O)6]Cl2, and is more properly called hexaquonickel(II) chloride. If ammonia is added to a
solution of this salt, ammonia molecules compete with the water in bonding Ni 2+ and because the
ammonia forms a stronger bond than water, the ammonia replaces the water according to:
[Ni(H2O)6]Cl2(aq) + 6 NH3(aq) → [Ni(NH3)6]Cl2(aq) + 6 H2O (l)

or, as a net ionic equation

[Ni(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 6 NH3(aq) → [Ni(NH3)6]2+(aq) + 6 H2O (l)

In this net ionic equation, the product [Ni(NH3)6]2+ is called hexamminenickel(II) ion.
In this experiment we will synthesize the complex salt hexamminenickel(II) chloride. In the next
experiment we will analyze for the percent ammonia in this salt.
CALCULATIONS

 Calculate the actual yield, which is the mass of your crystals.

Mass of filter paper + [Ni(H2O)6]Cl2 － Mass of filter paper

= 2.2570 g － 0.3574 g
= 1.8996 g

 Calculate the theoretical yield, which is the mass of [Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 produced assuming that
all of your [Ni(H2O)6]Cl2 was converted.

Mol of NiCl2.6H2O = mass/molar mass

= 4.0129 g / 237.69 gmol-1
= 0.0169 mol

[Ni(H2O)6]Cl2 : [Ni(NH3)6]Cl2
1:1

Mass of [Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 = mol × molar mass

= 0.0169 mol × 231.804 gmol-1
= 3.9174 g

 Calculate the percent yield, which is (actual yield/theoretical yield) x 100%.

actual yield = 1.8896 g x 100% = 48.24%

theoretical yield 3.9174 g

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, we can conclude that hexaamminenickel (II) chloride achieved being synthesis by
ligand replacement reaction. The synthesis of nickel (II) - complexes passes over ligand
substitution reactions where one or several ligands are replaced by other ones. These reactions
are equilibrium reaction. The percentage yield of [Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 was reasonable but the yields
was not 100 % because ligand substitution are reversible. The minimal volume of solvent should
be used for washing as the crystals may dissolve and hence, reduce the percentage yield of
[Ni(NH3)6]Cl2. So, based on the experiment, the results for percentage yield of [Ni(NH 3)6]Cl2 is
48.24 % .

REFERENCES

1. Weller, M., Overton, T., Rourke J., Armstrong, F.A.(2014). Inorganic chemistry. Oxford:
Oxford University Press.
2. Bajia, S.C. (2013). Synthesis and characterization of some group 9 and 10 metal complexes:
with ligands containing group 16 elements. Riga Latvia: Scholar’s Press.