Objectives: At the end of the lesson, you

should be able to perform the following tasks:

1. Discuss the language, symbols, and
conventions used in mathematics;
2. Explain the nature of mathematics as a
language;
3. Perform operations on mathematical
expression correctly;
4. Acknowledge that mathematics is a useful
language.
Mathematical Language – is the
system used to communicate
mathematical ideas.
Context - this is the context in which we
are working, or the particular topics being
studied.
Convention - where mathematicians and
scientists have decided that particular
symbols will have particular meaning.
Characteristics of Mathematical
Language

1. Precise
2. Concise
3. Powerful
1. Precision means able to make very
find distinction.
2. Concise means able to say things
briefly.
3. Powerful means able to express
complex thoughts with relative
ease.
Expression
versus
Sentences
An expression or mathematical
expression is a finite
combination of symbols that is
well-defined according to rules
that depend on the context.
An expression is a correct
arrangement of mathematical
symbols used to represent the
object of interest, it does not
contain a complete thought and
it cannot determined if it is true
or false.
The most common type
involving an expression is
SIMPLIFY.

To simplify an expression
means to get a different name
for the expression, that in some
way is simpler.
The notion of simpler can have
different meanings:
•Simpler means using fewer
symbols.
• For example, 3 + 1 + 5 and 9
are both names for the same
number, but 9 uses fewer
symbol.
The notion of simpler can have
different meanings:
•Simpler means using fewer
operations.
• For example, 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3
and 5 × 3 are both names for
the same number, but 5 × 3
uses fewer operation.
The notion of simpler can have
different meanings:
•Simpler means using better
suited for the current use.
1 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡
• For example, is a great
12 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠
name for the number “1”.
•Simpler means in a preferred
style or format.
2 1
• For example, and are both
4 2
names for the same number,
1
but people usually prefer is
2
said to be in reduced or
simplest form.
•Example: Simplify the following
expression.

−81 ÷ 3 −3
= −81 ÷ −9
=9
•Example: Simplify the following
expression.

52 ∙ 9 − 3 ÷ 7 + 8 ÷ 4
= 25 ∙ 3 − 3 ÷ 7 + 8 ÷ 4
= 75 − 3 ÷ 7 + 2
= 72 ÷ 9
=8
•Example: Simplify the following
expression.
2 2
− −4 ÷ 8 ∙ 5 − 18 ÷ −3
= − 16 ÷ 8 ∙ 5 − 18 ÷ 9
= −16 ÷ 8 ∙ 5 − 18 ÷ 9
= −2 ∙ 5 − 18 ÷ 9
•Example: Simplify the following
expression.
2 2
− −4 ÷ 8 ∙ 5 − 18 ÷ −3
= −10 − 18 ÷ 9
= −10 − 2
= −12
Mathematical sentence makes a
statement about two expressions,
either using numbers, variables, or
a combination of both. A
mathematical sentence can also
use symbols or words like equals,
greater than, or less than.
A mathematical sentence is a
correct arrangement of
mathematical symbols that states a
complete thought and can be
determined whether it’s true, false,
sometimes true/sometimes false.
• Closed sentence – a sentence
with a truth value of true (or false).
• Open sentence – a sentence
when it is not known if it is true or
false.
Examples:
Closed sentence
1. 8 is an even number
2. 9 is an even number
Open sentence
1. N is an even number
Exercise: Identify whether the
following mathematical expression
as true, false or sometimes
true/false.

1+2=4

Answer: False
Exercise: Identify whether the
following mathematical expression
as true, false or sometimes
true/false.

5−3=2

Answer: True
Exercise: Identify whether the
following mathematical expression
as true, false or sometimes
true/false.

𝑥=1

Answer: Sometimes true/false

Exercise: Identify whether the
following mathematical expression
as true, false or sometimes
true/false.

𝑥−1=0

Answer: Sometimes true/false

Exercise: Identify whether the
following mathematical expression
as true, false or sometimes
true/false.

𝑡+3=3+𝑡

Answer: True
Exercise: Identify whether the
following mathematical expression
as true, false or sometimes
true/false.

1∙𝑥 =𝑥

Answer: True
 Verbal Phrase Variable
Expression
The sum of a number and 19 n + 19
The difference of a number n – 11
and 11
The product of 5 and a 5n
number
The quotient of 49 and a 49
number 𝑛
1
One third of a number n
3
 Verbal Sentence Mathematical
Sentence
The sum of a number and 19 is n + 19 = 25
25
The difference of a number and n – 11 = 5
11 is 5
The product of 5 and a number 5n = 35
equals 35
The quotient of 49 and a number 49
=7
𝑛
is equal to 7.
One third of a number is 81 1
n = 81
3
Exercise: Identify the following
as mathematical expression or
mathematical equation.

2
Answer: Mathematical expression
Exercise: Identify the following
as mathematical expression or
mathematical equation.

1+2=4

Answer: Mathematical equation

Exercise: Identify the following
as mathematical expression or
mathematical equation.

5−3

Answer: Mathematical expression

Exercise: Identify the following as
mathematical expression or
mathematical equation.

Answer: Mathematical expression

Exercise: Identify the following as
mathematical expression or
mathematical equation.

𝑡+3=3+𝑡

Answer: Mathematical expression

 Mathematical Convention
is a fact, name, notation, or usage
which is generally agreed upon by
mathematicians.
For example,

GEMDAS
Groupings, Exponent,
Multiplication, Division, Addition,
and Subtraction
Symbol Symbol Name Meaning / definition

= equal sign equality

≠ not equal sign inequality

≈ approximately equal approximation

> strict inequality greater than

< strict inequality less than

greater than or equal to, at least,

≥ inequality
no less than
less than or equal to, at most, no
≤ inequality
more than
∞ Infinity sign/Lemniscate Goes on forever
() parentheses calculate expression inside first

[] brackets calculate expression inside first

+ Plus sign addition

− Minus sign subtraction

± plus - minus both plus and minus operations

𝜑 Phi/ golden ratio 1.618034...

* asterisk multiplication

÷ division sign/obelus division

Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the students must
be able to:
1. give some real life relationships which
describes functions;
2. illustrate/represent a relation and a function
through set of ordered pairs and mapping
diagram and determine whether a relation is
a function;
3. evaluate functions; and
4. identify different binary operators.
❖A relation is a set of ordered pairs.
❖The set whose elements are the first
coordinates in the ordered pairs is the
domain of the relation.
❖The set whose elements are the
second coordinates is the range.
1. A = { (1, 2), (2, 3), (1, 4)}
Domain : {1, 2 }
Range : {2, 3, 4}

2. B = { (5, 2), (7,6 ), (7, 4)}

Domain : {5, 7}
Range :
{2, 6, 4}
 x y
2 1
3 4
4 5

One-is-to-many correspondence
❖Money won after buying a lotto locket
❖The high temperature on July 1st in
New York City. Depends on the year.
❖How many words your spouse uses
when answering, “How are you?”
❖The number of calories in a fast food
hamburger
❖Places you can drive to with 1 gallon
left in your gas tank
❖It is a relation in which each element in the domain
is paired with exactly one element in the range.
x y

2 1
3 4
4 5
One-is-to-one correspondence
1. A = { (1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4)}
Domain : {1, 2, 3 }
Range : {2, 3, 4}

2. B = { (5, 2), (7,6 ), (9, 6)}

Domain :
{5, 7, 9 }
Range :
{2, 6}
 x y
2 1
3 4
4 5
-1
Many-is-to-one correspondence
❖The amount of sodas that come out of
a vending machine depending how
much money you insert.
❖The amount of carbon left in a fossil
after so many years.
❖The velocity of an object in freefall after
being dropped so many seconds,
excluding air resistance
❖The height of a person at a given time
in their life
❖The intensity of a light as you slide its
dimmer switch
 y = f(x)
Examples:
1. Evaluate f(x) = x + 5 when x = 4
f(4) = 4 + 5 f(4) = 9
2. Evaluate f(x) = x3 – 4x2 + 3x + 10 for x = -2.
f(-2) = (-2)3 – 4(-2)2 + 3(-2) + 10
f(-2) = - 8 - 4 (4) – 6 + 10
f(-2) = - 8 – 16 – 6 + 10
f(-2) = - 30 + 10 = f (-2) = - 20
❖It involves only one value or accepts
one value or operand.
❖For examples,
-5
𝜋
cos 450
tan
❖It can act on two operands “+” and “ – ”
❖It takes two values and include the operations of
addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and
exponentiation.
A. Closure of Binary Operations
The product and the sum of any two real numbers
is also a real number.

Example: x + y = R and x ● y = R
5+3=8 5 ● 3 = 15
B. Commutativity of Binary Operations
Addition and multiplication of any two real
numbers is commutative as seen in their
mathematical symbols:

Example: x + y = y + x and x ● y = y ● x

4+5=5+4 4●5=5●4
C. Associativity of Binary Operations
Given any three real numbers you may take any
two and perform addition or multiplication as the
case maybe and you will end with the same
answer.
Example: (x + y) + z = x + (y + z)
(x ● y) ●z = x ● (y ● z)

(4 + 5) + 7 = 4 + (5 + 7)

(4 ● 5) ● 7 = 4 ● (5 ● 7)
D. Distributivity of Binary Operations
Distributivity applies when multiplication is
performed on a group of two numbers added or
subtracted together.
Example: z(x ± y) = zx ± zy

2( 3x ± 5y) = 6x ± 10y or
= 6x + 10y or
= 6x – 10y
E. Identity Elements of Binary Operations
An element of the set of real numbers is an
identity element for addition/multiplication if,
x + e = e + x = x and x ● e = e ● x = x
This means that the identity is the number that
you add to any real number and the result will be
the same real number.
Example: 5 + 0 = 0 + 5 = 5 50 ● 1 = 1 ● 50 = 50
Therefore the identity element e in the above
definition is zero for addition and
one for multiplication.
F. Inverses of Binary Operations
Example: Addition
x + (-x) = -x + x = 0
Additive inverse
4 + (-4) = -4 + 4 = 0

Multiplication

Reciprocal
 By:
Arlene M. Leron
Objectives:

At the end of the lesson, the students must be

able to:

1. perform operations on functions; and

2. solve composite functions
 ❖ (f + g) (x) = f(x) + g (x)

f(x) = 3x + 5 and g (x) = 5x + 11

(f + g) (x) = 3x + 5 + 5x + 11 = 8x + 16

f(x) = 3x + 5
+
g(x) = 5x + 11
(f+ g)(x) = 8x + 16
 ❖ (f + g) (x) = f(x) + g (x)

f(x) = -5x - 3 and g (x) = -11x - 5

(f + g) (x) = -5x - 3 + -11x - 5 = -16x - 8

f(x) = -5x - 3
+
g(x) = -11x - 5
(f+ g)(x) = -16x - 8
 ❖ (f + g) (x) = f(x) + g (x)

f(x) = -5x + 3 and g (x) = 11x - 5

(f + g) (x) = -5x + 3 + 11x - 5 = 6x - 2

f(x) = -5x + 3
+
g(x) = 11x - 5
(f+ g)(x) = 6x - 2
Given: f(x) = x – 2 and
g(x) = 2x2 + 5x – 3
(f + g) (x) = x – 2 + 2x2 + 5x – 3
x-2
2x2 + 5x – 3
 ❖ (f - g) (x) = f(x) - g (x)

f(x) = 3x + 5 and g (x) = 5x + 11

(f - g) (x) = 3x + 5 - (5x + 11) = -2x - 6

f(x) = 3x + 5
g(x) = -5x - 11
(f - g)(x) = -2x - 6
 ❖ (f - g) (x) = f(x) - g (x)

f(x) = -5x - 3 and g (x) = -11x - 5

(f + g) (x) = -5x - 3 - (-11x – 5) = 6x + 2

f(x) = -5x - 3
g(x) = 11x + 5
(f - g)(x) = 6x + 2
Given: f(x) = x – 2 and
g(x) = 2x2 + 5x – 3
(f - g) (x) = (x – 2) - (2x2 + 5x – 3)

x-2
-2x2 - 5x + 3
 ❖ (f ● g) (x) = f(x) ● g (x)

f(x) = 3x + 5 and g (x) = 5x + 11

(f ● g) (x) = (3x + 5) ● (5x + 11) = 15𝑥 2 +58x +55

f(x) = 3x + 5
●
g(x) = 5x + 11
33x + 55
15𝑥 2 + 25x
(f ● g)(x) = 15𝑥 2 +58x + 55
f(x) = 3x + 5 and g (x) = 5x + 11

f(x) = 3x + 5
●
g(x) = 5x + 11
33x + 55
15𝑥 2 + 25x
(f ● g)(x) = 15𝑥 2 +58x + 55
Given: f(x) = x – 2 and
g(x) = 2x2 + 5x – 3
(f ●g) (x) = (x – 2) ● (2x2 + 5x – 3)

2x2 + 5x - 3
x–2
-4x2 - 10x + 6
2x3 +5x2 - 3x
 ❖ (f ÷ g) (x) = f(x) ÷ g (x)

2
f(x) = 𝑥 + 5x + 6 and g (x) = x + 3

(f ÷ g) (x) = 𝑥 2 + 5x + 6 ÷ x+3 = x+2

𝑥 2 + 5x + 6 (x + 3)(x + 2)
f(x) ÷ g(x) = =
x+3 x+3
(f ÷ g)(x) = x+2
 ❖ (g ÷ f) (x) = g(x) ÷ f (x)
2
f(x) = 𝑥 + 5x + 6 and g (x) = x + 3
2 1
(g ÷ f) (x) = x + 3 ÷ 𝑥 + 5x + 6 =
𝑥+2

x+3 (x + 3)
g(x) ÷ f(x) = =
𝑥 2 + 5x + 6 (x + 3) (x + 2)
1
(f ÷ g)(x) = 𝑥+2 x ≠ -2
Given: f(x) = x – 2 and
g(x) = 2x2 + 5x – 3
(f ÷g) (x) = (x – 2) ÷ (2x2 + 5x – 3)
(f ÷g) (x) = x–2
2x2 + 5x – 3
(f ÷g) (x) = x–2
(2x – 1)(x + 3)

where x ≠ -3 and x ≠ 1/2.

❖ Composite Function
 If f(x) = 5𝑥 2 + 5 and g (x) = x + 1,
then what is f(g (2))?
Solution: Let’s evaluate g(2) first:

g(x) = x + 1 g(2) = 2 + 1 = 3

Since g (2) = 3, then f(g(2)) = f (3)

f(3) = 5𝑥 2 + 5 f(3) = 5(3)2 + 5 f(3) = 50

∴ f(g(2)) = 50
 If f(x) = 5𝑥 2 + 5 and g (x) = x + 1,
then what is g(f (2))?
Solution: Let’s evaluate f(2) first:

f(x) = 5𝑥 2 + 5 f(2) = 5(2)2 + 5 = 25

Since f (2) = 25, then g(f(2)) = g (25)

g(25) = x + 1 g(25) = 25 + 1 g(25) = 26

∴ g(f(2)) = 26
 “Spend more time with
people who bring out the
best in you, not the stress
in you”