ATOMS

Ions and Molecules

General Chemistry 1
Birth of Atomic Theory
During the 4th century
BCE, a Greek
Philosopher named
Democritus had the idea
that all matter was
consisted of minute
particles. He named
and coined these minute
particles as "atomos"
which means indivisible
Democritus’s Atomic Theory
"Matter could not be
divided into smaller and
smaller pieces forever
and eventually, the
smallest possible piece
would be obtained."
Dalton’s Atomic Theory
John Dalton, a
scientist, who provided
precise and detailed
description of the
building blocks of
matter. During the
19th century, he
formulated the atomic
theory.
 Dalton’s Atomic Theory
1. An element is made up of extremely small, indestructible
particles called the atom.
2. Atoms of the same element are identical while atoms of
different elements are non-identical.
3. Compounds are made up of atoms of more than one type of
element. The ratio of the number of atoms of any two
elements present is either an integer or a simple fraction
4. In any chemical reaction, atoms are rearranged to produce
different substances. The identity and the mass of the atoms
are unchanged.
Three Fundamental Laws of Matter
Dalton did not attempt to describe the structure of
an atom. Regardless of the nature and structure,
the overall behavior of atom explained the three
fundamental laws of matter.

1. The Law of Definite Proportions or

Constant Composition
2. The Law of Multiple Proportions
3. The Law of Conservation of Mass
The Law of Definite Proportions
This law states that different samples of the same
compound always contain its constituent element in
the same proportion by mass.
The Law of Multiple Proportions
This law states that if two elements can combine
to form more than one compound, the masses of
one element that combine with a fixed mass of the
other element are in ratios of small whole
numbers.
The Law of Conservation of Mass
This law states that matter can neither be created
nor destroyed.
Structure of an Atom
The atom, as described
by the atomic theory,
is the basic unit of an
element that can take
part in a chemical
reaction.
It is consisted of three
subatomic particles:
electrons, protons and
neutrons.
 −
Electron (𝑒 )
Discovered by:
J.J. Thomson
Year of Discovery:
1897
Discovery Method:
Cathode Ray Tube
Experiment
Mass (kg):
9.10938 × 10−31
 +
Proton (𝑝 )
Discovered by:
Ernest Rutherford
Year of Discovery:
1919
Discovery Method:
Gold Foil Experiment
Mass (kg):
1.67262 × 10−27
 0
Neutron (𝑛 )
Discovered by:
James Chadwick
Year of Discovery:
1932
Discovery Method:
Beryllium Foil
Experiment
Mass (kg):
1.67493 × 10−27
Atom
An atom contains a nucleus composed of protons
and neutrons and electrons moving around the
nucleus.
There are two ways two describe an atom
quantitatively based on the number of specific
subatomic particles: the atomic number and the
mass number.
Atomic Number
The atomic number is the number of protons in the
nucleus of each atom of an element.
In a neutral atom, the number of protons is equal
to the number of electrons, so the atomic number
also indicates the number of electrons present in
the atom.
The chemical identity of an atom can be determined
solely from its atomic number.
Mass Number
The mass number is the total number of protons
and neutrons in the nucleus of each atom of an
element.
All atomic nuclei contain both protons and
neutrons except for the most common form of
hydrogen which has one proton and no neutron.
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 = 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠 + 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑠
Standard Notation
The standard notation of an element given their
atomic number, mass number and charge is
written as:
X element symbol
𝐴 𝑒
𝑍 𝑋 A
Z
mass number
atomic number
e charge
Isotopes
Atoms of a given element do not all have the same
mass. Most elements have two or more isotopes,
meaning atoms that have the same atomic number
but different mass numbers.
Stable Isotopes – do not undergo radioactivity and
do not disintegrate. They are abundant in nature.
Unstable Isotopes – exhibit radioactivity. They can
be natural or artificial.
 Common Isotopes and Their Uses
3
Tritium 𝐻 Radio labeling of organic
compounds and in archeological
dating
11
Carbon-11 𝐶 Positron emission tomography
14
Carbon-14 𝐶 Radio labeling of organic
compounds and in archeological
dating
 Common Isotopes and Their Uses
24
Sodium-24 𝑁𝑎 Obstruction testing in
circulatory system
32
Phosphorus-32 𝑃 Blood volume determination
51
Chromium-51 𝐶𝑟 Measuring of formation and
lifetime of erythrocytes
60
Cobalt-60 𝐶𝑜 Radiotherapy for cancer
treatment
 Common Isotopes and Their Uses
226
Radium-226 𝑅𝑎 Radiotherapy for cancer
treatment
235
Uranium-235 𝑈 Production of nuclear reactors
and weaponry
238
Uranium-238 𝑈 Archaeological dating
Periodic Table of Elements
The periodic table is a chart in which elements
having similar chemical and physical properties are
grouped together by categorizing elements using
groups and periods.
Groups – or families, vertical columns, share a
common number valence electrons.
Periods – horizontal rows, share the highest
unexcited electron energy level.
 Element Groups
Group 1 1A alkali metals lithium family
Group 2 2A alkali earth metals beryllium family
Group 3 3B transition metals scandium family
Group 4 4B transition metals titanium family
Group 5 5B transition metals vanadium family
Group 6 6B transition metals chromium family
 Element Groups
Group 7 7B transition metals manganese family
Group 8 8B transition metals iron family
Group 9 8B transition metals cobalt family
Group 10 8B transition metals nickel family
Group 11 1B transition metals copper family
Group 12 2B transition metals zinc family
 Element Groups
Group 13 3A icosagens boron family
Group 14 4A crystallogens carbon family
Group 15 5A pnictogens nitrogen family
Group 16 6A chalcogens oxygen family
Group 17 7A halogens flourine family
Group 18 8A noble gases helium family
Molecules
A molecule is a formation of at least two atoms in
a definite arrangement held together by chemical
forces known as chemical bonds.
It may contain atoms of the same element or atoms
of two or more elements joined in a fixed ratio
(law of definite proportions).
Like atoms, molecules are neutral in charge.
Types of Molecules
Diatomic molecule contains only two similar or
different atoms.
Polyatomic molecule contains more than two atoms.

H2 N2 F2 O2 I2 Cl2 Br2

HCl CO CO2 H2 O NH3 O3

Ions
An ion is an atom or a group of atoms that has a
net charge: positive or negative.
The number of positively charged protons in the
nucleus of an atom remains the same during
ordinary chemical reactions but negatively charged
electrons may be lost or gain.
Ions
cation – an ion with a positive charge: if a
neutral atom loses one or more electrons

anion – an ion with a negative charge: if a neutral

atom gains one or more electrons
Ions

11 protons + 11 protons
Na Na
11 electrons 10 electrons

17 protons − 17 protons
Cl Cl
17 electrons 18 electrons
Ions
monoatomic ion – an ion that contains only one
atom
polyatomic ion – an ion that contains more than
one atom

Na+ Cl− Mg 2+ S 2− Fe3+ N 3−

− − + + 2− 3−
CN OH NH4 H3 O CO3 PO4
Chemical Formulas
Chemical formulas are used to express the
composition of molecules and compounds in terms
of chemical symbols.
molecular formula – shows the exact number of
atoms of each element in the smallest unit of a
substance
empirical formulas – shows which elements are
present and the simplest whole number ratio of
their atoms
Formula of Ionic Compounds
The formula of ionic compounds are usually the
same as their empirical formulas because ionic
compounds do not consist of discrete molecular
units.
The sum of charges on the cation and anion in each
formula unit must be zero.
The subscript of the cation is equal to the charge
on the anion and the subscript of the anion is
equal to the charge on the cation.
Naming Compounds
Compounds can be classified into two based on their
element compositions:
Organic compounds – essentially having carbon
atoms in the structure together with other atoms
and shows covalent bonding.
Inorganic compounds – essentially not having
carbon atoms, shows ionic bonding, and can be
categorized into four: ionic compounds, molecular
compounds, acids and bases, and hydrates.
Ionic Compounds
Ionic compounds are made of ions:
cations (+ ions) and anions (– ions)

All cations are derived from the metal ions and

metal cations take their names from the element
name.

Na+ K+ Mg 2+ Ca2+ Zn2+ Al3+

Binary Compounds
Many ionic compounds are binary compounds,
compounds formed from just two elements.

For the binary compounds, the first element named

is the metal cation and followed by nonmetallic
anion with added “-ide”.
Ternary Compounds
Some ionic compounds are ternary compounds,
compounds consisting of three elements.

The “-ide” ending is also used for certain anion

group containing different elements.

CN − OH−
Transition Metals Ions
Certain metals, especially transition metals, can
form more than one type of cation.

Cr 2+ Fe2+ Cu+ Sn2+ Pb2+ Mn2+

Cr 3+ Fe3+ Cu2+ Sn4+ Pb4+ Mn3+

Mn4+
Transition Metals Ions
Older nomenclature is used to name cations with
same atom but differ in amount of (+) charges.

ending with “-ous” for fewer (+) charges

ending with “-ic” for greater (+) charge
Stock System
Using stock system, roman numerals are being
used to indicate the number of (+) charges.

I has one (+) charge

II has two (+) charges
III has three (+) charges
. ..
. ..
THANK YOU!
END