TOPICS:

I. Position, Distance and Displacement

II. Time
III. Average Speed and Average Velocity
IV. Instantaneous Velocity and Instantaneous
Speed
V. Average Acceleration
VI. Instantaneous Acceleration
>>>
INTRODUCTION
How do you describe the motion of a plane during
taking off? When you throw some rocks on a mango
tree, how high does it go? When your food slips from
your hand, how much time do you have to catch it
before it hits the floor?

We will begin our study of physics with mechanics,

the study of the relationships among force, matter,
and motion.

>>>
 Objects under influence of
external quantities

Mechanics

Objects under accelerated

Body in equilibrium: at rest
motion due to the effect of
force or uniform motion

Dynamics Statics

Study of motion: position, Causes of motion: force,

velocity, acceleration torque, rotational motion

Kinematics Kinetics >>>

INTRODUCTION
The part of mechanics that deals with the description of
motion of points, particles, and system of group of
particles, without reference to the cause of motion is
called kinematics.

Kinematics is also referred as the ”geometry of motion”.

Kinematics comes from the Greek word “kinesis” which

means motion.

>>>
INTRODUCTION
Today, we will study the simplest kind of motion, that is
a single particle moving along a straight line.

The term particle is used as a model for a moving body

when effects such as rotation or change of shape are
not important.

>>>
BASIC QUANTITIES
In kinematics, there are four basic quantities.

a. Displacement
b. Time
c. Velocity
d. Acceleration

>>>
FINISH
FINISH

REPRESENTATION
>>>
>>>
POSITION
Before we determine the motion of a particle, we must
first be able to describe its position.

In able to specify the particle‘s position, we have to

provide a reference point combined with a set of
directions, that is, frame of reference.

The location of a particle in a frame of reference is

called position.

>>>
DISTANCE
The distance of a particle is defined as the actual
length travelled.

Distance is a scalar quantity wherein it should be

always positive but it can also be zero (at rest).

Distance does not need a reference point and/or

direction.

>>>
DISPLACEMENT
The displacement of a particle is defined as the change
of its position from point 1 (𝑃1 ) to point 2 (𝑃2 ).

The displacement is a vector that points from the

particle‘s initial position to its final position.

Its magnitude is equal to the shortest distance between

the two points.

>>>
DISPLACEMENT
It is usually denoted by ∆𝑥 and can be expressed as:

∆𝑥 = 𝑥𝑓 − 𝑥𝑖 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

where:
∆𝑥 - displacement
𝑥𝑓 - final position
𝑥𝑖 - initial position
>>>
𝑃1 𝑃2

𝑥𝑖 ∆𝑥 𝑥𝑓
>>>
DISTANCE VS DISPLACEMENT
It is a scalar quantity. It is a vector quantity.

The length of the entire The shortest distance

path that the particle between the initial position
travelled from initial and final position with
position to final position. direction.

It can be zero. It can be zero.

It cannot be negative. It can be negative.
>>>
EXAMPLE # 1
A STEM student walks 4 meters west, then 2
meters south, then 4 meters east and then 2
meters north.
Determine the following:
(i) distance travelled by the student
(ii) displacement of the student

Answers:
(i) d = 12 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
(ii) ∆𝑥 = 0 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
>>>
EXAMPLE # 2
Cardo had to go to school everyday from
his house to attend his physics class. He had
to walk 4 km due east and then he had to
walk another 3 km due north. What is the
total distance travelled by Cardo
everyday? What is the displacement of
Cardo from his house to his school?

Answers:
(i) d = 14 𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
(ii) ∆𝑥 = 5 𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑁𝐸
>>>
EXAMPLE # 3
A particle moves along a line from 𝑥1 =
5𝑚 𝑖Ƹ to 𝑥2 = 12𝑚 𝑖.Ƹ What is its
displacement?

Answer:
∆𝑥 = (7𝑚) 𝑖Ƹ

>>>
EXAMPLE # 4
The displacement of a particle is
− (17𝑚) 𝑖Ƹ . Its first position is at 5𝑚 𝑖.Ƹ
Determine its second position.

Answer:
𝑥2 = −(12𝑚) 𝑖Ƹ

>>>
TIME
Time interval or elapsed time refers to the time taken
by the particle to travel from one position to another
position or between two points.

>>>
TIME
It is usually denoted by ∆𝑡 and can be expressed as:

∆𝑡 = 𝑡𝑓 − 𝑡𝑖 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡

where:
∆𝑡 - time interval
𝑡𝑓 - final time
𝑡𝑖 - initial time
>>>
𝑃1 𝑃2

𝑥𝑖 ∆𝑥 𝑥𝑓
𝑡𝑖 ∆𝑡 𝑡𝑓 >>>
EXAMPLE # 1
Nezuko joined the lomi eating
competition. She arrived 10 seconds late
after ringing the signal. Her official
record time is 30 seconds. How long did
it take for her to eat and finish the lomi?

Answer:
∆𝑡 = 20 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠

>>>
VELOCITY
The velocity of a particle is the rate of change of its
position.

Velocity is a vector quantity where speed is its

magnitude and with direction or directed speed.

Symbol for dimensions used for velocity is:

𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝐿 −1
𝑣= = = 𝐿𝑇
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑇

>>>
SPEED
The speed of a particle is defined as the distance over
time.

Speed is a scalar quantity wherein it should be always

positive but it can also be zero (at rest).

Symbol for dimensions used for speed is:

𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝐿 −1
𝑠= = = 𝐿𝑇
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑇

>>>
AVERAGE SPEED
The average speed of a particle is defined as the ratio
of distance to time interval.

It is usually denoted by 𝑠𝑎𝑣𝑒 and can be expressed as:

𝑑
𝑠𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
∆𝑡

𝑑 - distance
∆𝑡 - time interval
>>>
AVERAGE SPEED
𝑑
𝑠𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
𝑡𝑓 − 𝑡𝑖

where:
𝑠𝑎𝑣𝑒 - average speed
𝑑 - distance
𝑡𝑓 - final time
𝑡𝑖 - initial time
>>>
AVERAGE VELOCITY
The average velocity of a particle is defined as the
ratio of displacement to time interval.

It is usually denoted by 𝑣Ԧ𝑎𝑣𝑒 and can be expressed as:

∆𝑥
𝑣Ԧ𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
∆𝑡

∆𝑥 - displacement
∆𝑡 - time interval
>>>
AVERAGE VELOCITY
𝑥𝑓 − 𝑥𝑖
𝑣Ԧ𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑡𝑓 − 𝑡𝑖

where:
𝑣Ԧ𝑎𝑣𝑒 - average velocity
𝑥𝑓 - final displacement
𝑥𝑖 - initial displacement
𝑡𝑓 - final time
𝑡𝑖 - initial time >>>
𝑃1 𝑃2

𝑣Ԧ𝑎𝑣𝑒

𝑥𝑖 ∆𝑥 𝑥𝑓
𝑡𝑖 ∆𝑡 𝑡𝑓 >>>
SPEED VS VELOCITY
It is a scalar quantity. It is a vector quantity.

The speed of a particle is Velocity is the displacement

the distance travelled by it of the particle per unit time
per unit time. with direction.

It can be zero. It can be zero.

It cannot be negative. It can be negative.

>>>
EXAMPLE # 1
Peter Griffin had to walk 8 kilometers due east from his
house to Starbucks to buy a White Mocha Americano
drink. It took him 5 hours to reach the coffee shop.

>>>
EXAMPLE # 1
Determine the following:
(i) What is the distance travelled by Peter
to reach the coffee shop?
(ii) What is the displacement of Peter from
his house to the coffee shop?
(iii) What is the time interval of Peter to
reach the shop?
(iv) What is the average speed of Peter?
(v) What is the average velocity of Peter?
>>>
EXAMPLE # 2
Peter Griffin had to walk 8 kilometers due east from his
house to Starbucks to buy a White Mocha Americano
drink. It took him 5 hours to reach the coffee shop. He
also visited his friend‘s house 3 kilometers east from the
shop. It took him 2 hours to arrive on his friend‘s house.

>>>
EXAMPLE # 2
Determine the following:
(i) What is the distance travelled by Peter
to reach his friend‘s house?
(ii) What is the displacement of Peter
from his house to his friend‘s house?
(iii) What is the time interval of Peter to
reach his friend‘s house?
(iv) What is the average speed of Peter?
(v) What is the average velocity of Peter?
>>>
EXAMPLE # 3
Peter Griffin had to walk 8 kilometers due east from his
house to Starbucks to buy a White Mocha Americano
drink. It took him 5 hours to reach the coffee shop. He
visited his friend‘s house 3 kilometers west from the shop.
It took him 2 hours to arrive on his friend‘s house.

>>>
EXAMPLE # 3
Determine the following:
(i) What is the distance travelled by
Peter to reach his friend‘s house?
(ii) What is the displacement of Peter
from his house to his friend‘s house?
(iii) What is the time interval of Peter to
reach his friend‘s house?
(iv) What is the average speed of Peter?
(v) What is the average velocity of Peter?
>>>
EXAMPLE # 4
Sheldon and Amy joined a 32-kilometer
competition. Sheldon ran 3 kilometers per
hour while Amy ran 5 kilometers per hour.
Both of them had started on the same
starting point and had ran on the same
path. How long will it take for Amy to
overtake Sheldon if Sheldon had a head
start of 3 hours? How far from the starting
point did Amy overtake Sheldon?

>>>
EXAMPLE # 5
A car travelling 95 kilometers per hour is
210 meters behind a truck which is
travelling 75 kilometers per hour. How
long will it take the car to reach the
truck?

>>>
PRACTICE PROBLEM
Anna sells “pinindot” in her subdivision on foot. After walking
1 kilometer due north for 40 minutes, she runs out of
“pinindot” and has to walk back to her house for 25 minutes
to restock. After restocking, she sets out on the same path
with the same time.
Coincidentally, her “pinindot” runs out again after having
walked 1 kilometer in 30 minutes to the location where she
stopped. She decides to go back again to get her last stock
and sell down south.
After 40 minutes of walking towards back to her home, she
starts to restock and sets out due south. It takes her 1 hour to
walk 1.5 kilometers to sell it all out. Anna finally heads back
home and walks for 50 minutes to prepare for the next
day‘s set of “pinindot”.
>>>
PRACTICE PROBLEM
Determine the following:
(i) What time did Anna arrive back to her house after
selling out all of her “pinindot” if she started selling
it at 1400H?
(ii) What is the total distance travelled by Anna?
(iii) What is the displacement of Anna?
(iv) What is the average speed of Anna?
(v) What is the average velocity of Anna?

>>>
INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY
Sometimes, the average velocity is all we need to know
about a particle‘s motion.
However, the average velocity of a particle does not tell
us anything about what happens to it between starting
point and ending point.
To describe the particle‘s motion in greater detail, we
need to define the velocity at any specific instant of time
or specific point along the path.
And we can achieve it by using some fundamental
principles of calculus.
>>>
INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY
The quantity that tells us how fast a particle is moving
anywhere along its path is called instantaneous velocity.
To find instantaneous velocity, we will imagine moving
the second point (𝑃2 ) closer and closer to first point
(𝑃1 ).
We compute for the average velocity of these shorter
and shorter displacements and time intervals.
Both displacement and time interval, ∆𝑥 and ∆𝑡, become
very small.

>>>
𝑃1 𝑃2

𝑥𝑖 ∆𝑥 𝑥𝑓
𝑡𝑖 ∆𝑡 𝑡𝑓 >>>
𝑃1 𝑃2

𝑥𝑖 ∆𝑥 𝑥𝑓
𝑡𝑖 ∆𝑡 𝑡𝑓 >>>
𝑃1 𝑃2

𝑥𝑖 ∆𝑥 𝑥𝑓
𝑡𝑖 ∆𝑡 𝑡𝑓 >>>
𝑃1 𝑃2

𝑥𝑖 ∆𝑥 𝑥𝑓
𝑡𝑖 ∆𝑡 𝑡𝑓 >>>
𝑃1 𝑃2

𝑥𝑖 ∆𝑥 𝑥𝑓
𝑡𝑖 ∆𝑡 𝑡𝑓 >>>
INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY
Instantaneous velocity of a particle is the limit of the
average velocity as the time interval approaches zero
(0) or instantaneous rate of change of position with time.

It is usually denoted by 𝑣Ԧ𝑖𝑛𝑠 and can be expressed as:

∆𝑥
𝑣Ԧ𝑖𝑛𝑠 = lim 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡

>>>
INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY
We need to express the position 𝑥 as a continuous
function of time 𝑡 to be denoted by 𝑥(𝑡).
This can be expressed as:
𝑥2 𝑡2 − 𝑥1 𝑡1
𝑣Ԧ𝑖𝑛𝑠 = lim 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡

𝑑
𝑣Ԧ𝑖𝑛𝑠 = 𝑥(𝑡) 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑑𝑡

>>>
INSTANTANEOUS SPEED
Instantaneous speed is the magnitude of instantaneous
velocity.
It is usually denoted by 𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑠 and can be expressed as:

𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑠 = 𝑣Ԧ𝑖𝑛𝑠 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡

where:
𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑠 - instantaneous speed
𝑣Ԧ𝑖𝑛𝑠 - instantaneous velocity

>>>
EXAMPLE # 1
The position of a particle is given by
𝑥 𝑡 = 3.0𝑡 + 0.5𝑡 3 𝑚.
Determine the following:
(i) Find the instantaneous velocity at
𝑡 = 2.0 𝑠.
(ii) Find the average velocity between
1.0 𝑠 and 3.0 𝑠.

>>>
EXAMPLE # 2
Let the following be the equation of
motion as: 𝑥 𝑡 = 6𝑡 2 + 𝑡 + 8. Let 𝑥 be
measured in meters and 𝑡 in minutes. Let
𝑡0 as 1005H.
Determine the following:
(i) What is the instantaneous velocity
at 1005H?
(ii) What is the instantaneous velocity
at 1015H?
(iii) What is the instantaneous velocity
at 1030H?
>>>
ACCELERATION
When the velocity of a moving particle changes with
time, the particle has an acceleration.

The acceleration of a particle is defined as the rate of

change of velocity.

Acceleration is a vector quantity wherein it could be

positive or negative and it can also be zero.

>>>
ACCELERATION
Symbol for dimensions used for acceleration is:
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑎= =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 1
𝑎 = = 𝑥
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝐿
𝑎 = = = 𝐿𝑇 −2
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 2 𝑇2
>>>
AVERAGE ACCELERATION
The average acceleration of a particle is defined as the
ratio of the change of velocity to the change of time.

It is usually denoted by 𝑎Ԧ𝑎𝑣𝑒 and can be expressed as:

∆𝑣
𝑎Ԧ𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
∆𝑡
𝑎Ԧ𝑎𝑣𝑒 - average acceleration
∆𝑣 - change of velocity
∆𝑡 - change of time >>>
AVERAGE ACCELERATION
𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖
𝑎Ԧ𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑡𝑓 − 𝑡𝑖

𝑎Ԧ𝑎𝑣𝑒 - average acceleration

𝑣𝑓 - final velocity
𝑣𝑖 - initial velocity
𝑡𝑓 - final time
𝑡𝑖 - initial time
>>>
𝑃1 𝑃2

−
______
𝑎Ԧ𝑎𝑣𝑒

𝑣𝑖 𝑣𝑓

𝑥𝑖 ∆𝑥 𝑥𝑓
𝑡𝑖 ∆𝑡 𝑡𝑓 >>>
EXAMPLE # 1
A runner accelerates from rest to a
velocity of 10.0 meters per second due
east in 2.0 seconds. What is the average
acceleration of the runner?

>>>
EXAMPLE # 2
Protons in a linear accelerator are
accelerated from rest to 2.0 𝑥 107 𝑚/𝑠 in
10−4 𝑠. What is the average acceleration
of the protons?

>>>
EXAMPLE # 3
What is the acceleration of a particle that
moves with uniform velocity?

>>>
EXAMPLE # 4
Leroy‘s car accelerates from the speed of
20 kilometers per hour to 40 kilometers
per hour in 20 seconds. What is the
average acceleration of Leroy‘s car in
meters per square second?

>>>
EXAMPLE # 5
Leroy‘s car slows down from a speed of
70 kilometers per hour to rest in 30
seconds. What is the acceleration of
Leroy‘s car in meters per square second?

>>>
INSTANTANEOUS ACCELERATION
The average acceleration of a particle does not tell us
anything about what happens to it between starting
point and ending point.
To describe the particle‘s motion in greater detail, we
need to define the acceleration at any specific instant of
time or specific point along the path.
And we can achieve it by using some fundamental
principles of calculus.

>>>
INSTANTANEOUS ACCELERATION
The quantity that tells us about the acceleration
(speeding up, slowing down) of a particle anywhere
along its path is called instantaneous acceleration.
To find instantaneous acceleration, we will imagine
moving the second point (𝑃2 ) closer and closer to first
point (𝑃1 ).
We compute for the average acceleration of these
shorter and shorter velocity and time intervals.
Both velocity and time interval, ∆𝑣 and ∆𝑡, become very
small.
>>>
INSTANTANEOUS ACCELERATION
Instantaneous acceleration of a particle is the limit of the
average acceleration as the time interval approaches
zero (0) or instantaneous rate of change of velocity with
time.

It is usually denoted by 𝑎Ԧ𝑖𝑛𝑠 and can be expressed as:

∆𝑣
𝑎Ԧ𝑖𝑛𝑠 = lim 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡

>>>
INSTANTANEOUS ACCELERATION
We need to express the velocity 𝑣 as a continuous
function of time 𝑡 to be denoted by 𝑣(𝑡).
This can be expressed as:
𝑣2 𝑡2 − 𝑣1 𝑡1
𝑎Ԧ𝑖𝑛𝑠 = lim 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡

𝑑
𝑎Ԧ𝑖𝑛𝑠 = 𝑣(𝑡) 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑑𝑡

>>>
EXAMPLE # 1
A particle is in motion and is accelerating. The
functional form of the velocity is 𝑣 𝑡 =
30𝑡 − 10𝑡 2 𝑚/𝑠.
(i) Find the functional form of the
acceleration?
(ii) What is the instantaneous velocity at
𝑡 = 1,2,3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 5 𝑠?
(iii) What is the instantaneous acceleration at
𝑡 = 1,2,3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 5 𝑠?
(iv) What is the average acceleration from
𝑡 = 1 to 𝑡 = 3? >>>
MOTION: GRAPHICAL
REPRESENTATION
A graph is a pictorial representation between two sets
of data in which one set is of dependent variables and
the other set is of independent variables.
The motion of a particle can be easily described using
graphs. These are:
(i) Position Time Graphs
(ii) Velocity Time Graphs

>>>
POSITION TIME GRAPHS
The change in the position of a particle with respect to
time can be represented using position time graph.
Time is taken along x-axis
Position is taken along y-axis

Position time graph is also used to calculate the average

velocity of a particle.
Uniform speed: straight line
Non-uniform speed: non straight line
At rest: parallel in x-axis >>>
POSITION TIME GRAPHS

___ uniform speed

Position ___ non uniform speed
___ at rest

Time

>>>
POSITION TIME GRAPHS
Recall that the slope of a line is obtained using the ratio
of rise to run wherein rise is referred to ∆𝑦 and run is
referred to ∆𝑥.
𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒 ∆𝑦
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = =
𝑟𝑢𝑛 ∆𝑥

𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ∆𝑥
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 ∆𝑡

>>>
AVERAGE VELOCITY

𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒
Position (x)
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 =
𝑟𝑢𝑛
𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒 ∆𝑥
(∆𝑥) 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 =
𝑟𝑢𝑛 ∆𝑡
(∆𝑡) 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = 𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑒

Time (t)

>>>
INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY

Position ∆𝑥

∆𝑦

∆𝑥
∆𝑦
Time

>>>
PARTICLE AT REST

𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 =
Position 𝑟𝑢𝑛
∆𝑥
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 =
∆𝑡
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = 0

Time

>>>
POSITION TIME GRAPHS
The average velocity is the slope of the line segment
between two end points.
The instantaneous velocity is the slope of the tangent line
at any point in time.
The particle at rest will be no slope.

>>>
VELOCITY TIME GRAPHS
The variation in velocity with respect to time for an
particle moving in a straight line can be represented
using velocity time graphs.
Time is taken along x-axis
Velocity is taken along y-axis

Velocity time graph is also used to calculate the

acceleration and displacement of a particle.

>>>
VELOCITY TIME GRAPHS

___ uniform acceleration

Velocity ___ non uniform
acceleration
___ no acceleration

Time

>>>
VELOCITY TIME GRAPHS
Recall that the slope of a line is obtained using the ratio
of rise to run wherein rise is referred to ∆𝑦 and run is
referred to ∆𝑥.
𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒 ∆𝑦
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = =
𝑟𝑢𝑛 ∆𝑥

𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 ∆𝑣
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 ∆𝑡

>>>
AVERAGE ACCELERATION

𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒
Velocity (v)
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 =
𝑟𝑢𝑛
𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒 ∆𝑣
(∆𝑣) 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 =
𝑟𝑢𝑛 ∆𝑡
(∆𝑡) 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = 𝑎𝑎𝑣𝑒

Time (t)

>>>
INSTANTANEOUS ACCELERATION

Velocity ∆𝑥

∆𝑦

∆𝑥
∆𝑦
Time

>>>
NO ACCELERATION

𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 =
Velocity 𝑟𝑢𝑛
∆𝑥
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 =
∆𝑡
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = 0

Time

>>>
EXAMPLE # 1
Find the following:
(i) Position at 𝑡 = 1𝑠
(ii) Average speed from 𝑡 = 0𝑠 to 𝑡 = 0.4𝑠
(iii) Average speed from 𝑡 = 0𝑠 to 𝑡 = 1.2𝑠
(iv) Average velocity from 𝑡 = 0𝑠 to 𝑡 = 0.4𝑠
(v) Average velocity from 𝑡 = 0𝑠 to 𝑡 = 1.2𝑠
(vi) Average speed from 𝑡 = 0𝑠 to 𝑡 = 2𝑠
(vii) Average velocity from 𝑡 = 0𝑠 to 𝑡 = 2𝑠
>>>
REMEMBER
The velocity of a particle along x-axis:
∆𝑥 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
𝑣Ԧ𝑥 = =
∆𝑡 𝑡2 − 𝑡1

The acceleration of a particle along x-axis:

∆𝑣𝑥 𝑣2𝑥 − 𝑣1𝑥
𝑎Ԧ𝑥 = =
∆𝑡 𝑡2 − 𝑡1

>>>
REMEMBER
The velocity of a particle along y-axis:
∆𝑦 𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑣Ԧ𝑦 = =
∆𝑡 𝑡2 − 𝑡1

The acceleration of a particle along y-axis:

∆𝑣𝑦 𝑣2𝑦 − 𝑣1𝑦
𝑎Ԧ𝑦 = =
∆𝑡 𝑡2 − 𝑡1

>>>