1- Local increases in hydrostatic pressure may result from impaired venous outflow?

A) True
B) False

The correct answer was "True" — For example, deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in the lower
extremities leads to edema, which is restricted to the affected leg.

2- Which of the following proteins is most responsible for maintaining colloid osmotic pressure?
A) Renin
B) Albumin
C) Angiotensin

Albumin is the serum protein most responsible for maintaining colloid osmotic pressure.

3- Increased salt, with the obligate accompanying water, causes both increased hydrostatic
pressure and diminished vascular colloid osmotic pressure?

A) True

B) False

4- Hyperemia is a passive process whereas congestion is an active process?

A) True

B) False

The correct answer was "False" — Hyperemia is an active process resulting from augmented tissue
inflow because of arteriolar dilation, and the affected tissue becomes redder. Congestion is a passive
process resulting from an isolated venous obstruction. The affected tissue has a blue-red color
(cyanosis).

5- Which of the following processes describes extravasation of blood due to vessel rupture?
A) Congestion
B) Hyperemia
C) Hemorrhage

6- Which of the following describes a minute 1 to 2mm hemorrhage?

A) Petechiae
B) Purpura
C) Ecchymoses
7- Which of the following components regulate hemostasis and thrombosis?
A) Vascular wall
B) Platelets
C) Coagulation cascade
D) All of the above

8- Which of the following hemostasis events describes platelet adherence and activation, and the
formation of a hemostatic plug?
A) Vasoconstriction
B) Primary hemostasis
C) Secondary hemostasis

The process of primary hemostasis occurs when endothelial injury exposes highly thrombogenic
ECM, which allows platelet adherence and activation. Secreted products recruit additional platelets
and form a hemostatic plug.

9- Which of the following hemostasis events describes activation of thrombin and fibrin
deposition?
A) Vasoconstriction
B) Primary hemostasis
D) Secondary hemostasis

10- Which of the following hemostasis events describes the initial reaction after injury?

A) Vasoconstriction
B) Primary hemostasis
C) Secondary hemostasis

11- Which of the following mediates the interaction between platelets and extracellular matrix?

A) Von Willebrand Factor

B) Tissue plasminogen activator
C) Thrombin

Von Willebrand Factor acts as a bridge between platelet surface receptors and exposed collagen in
the ECM.
12- Which of the following factors initiates the intrinsic pathway of the coagulation cascade?

A) VII
B) Fibrinogen
C) XII (Hageman Factor)

13- Which of the following factors initiates the extrinsic pathway of the coagulation cascade?

A) Tissue factor (VII)

B) Fibrinogen
C) V

14- The intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of the coagulation cascade converge at which factor?

A) Fibrinogen
B) V
C) X

The correct answer was "X" — The intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of the coagulation cascade
converge where factor X is activated.

15- Which of the following can cause thrombosis?

A) Endothelial injury
B) Abnormal blood flow
10- Hypercoagulability
11- All of the above

16- Thrombi are significant because they can cause obstruction of arteries and veins, and they are
possible sources of emboli?

A) True
B) False

17- An infarct is an area of ischemic necrosis caused by occlusion of either the arterial supply or the
venous drainage in a particular tissue?

A) True
B) False
Nearly 99% of all infarcts result from thrombotic or embolic events, and almost all result from
arterial occlusion.

18- Which of the following is the major cause of septic shock?

A) Infarction
B) Gram-positive bacteria
C) Endotoxin producing gram-negative bacteria

The correct answer was "Endotoxin producing gram-negative bacteria" — Endotoxin producing
gram-negative bacteria account for approximately 70% of septic shock cases. LPS
(lipopolysaccharide) is one of the common gram-negative endotoxins.

19- Which of the following stages of shock is when reflex compensatory mechanisms are activated
and perfusion of vital organs is maintained?

A) Nonprogressive phase
B) Progressive phase
C) Irreversible stage

20- Which of the following stages of shock is when tissue hypoperfusion and onset of worsening
circulatory and metabolic imbalances occurs?

A) Nonprogressive phase
B) Progressive phase
C) irreversible stage

21- Which of the following stages of shock is when the body has incurred cellular and tissue injury so
severe that survival is not possible?

A) Nonprogressive phase
B) Progressive phase
C) Irreversible stage