Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

The liquor ban has been reimposed in two Pangasinan towns amid the rising number of

coronavirus patients in these areas. Mangaldan Mayor Marilyn Lambino issued Executive Order

No. 4 which restores the ban on the sale and distribution of liquor and alcoholic beverages

beginning on Saturday (January 9). This is the third ban, after the prohibitions imposed from

March to May in 2020 and again from September to May last year.In Dagupan City, the ban was

announced on January 5 and would last throughout the whole month. Executive Order 2-2021,

signed by Mayor Marilyn Lambino, stops everyone from serving and publicly consuming liquor

and other alcoholic beverages. Mangaldan and Mapandan are neighbors of Dagupan City, which

earlier enforced its liquor ban for the third time.( Liwayway Yparraguirre June 10, 2021)

The Mangaldan government has lifted the ban on the selling and consumption of

alcoholic beverages in commercial establishments such as restaurants and bars. Business

establishments and offices allowed to operate under modified general community quarantine as

provided for by Inter-Agency Task Force for the Management of Emerging Infectious Diseases

protocols shall strictly observe a limit of 50-percent seating or venue capacity, wearing of face

masks and physical distancing, a curfew from 8 p.m. to 4 a.m., liquor ban, and ventilation

standards as provided for under relevant issuances of the Department of Labor and Employment,

as stated in the EO. “Persons below 15 years old, those who are over 65 years of age, those with

immunodeficiency, comorbidity, or other health risks, and pregnant women shall be required to
remain in their residences at all times, except for obtaining essential goods and services, or for

work in industries and offices, and engagement in outdoor non-contact sports and other forms of

exercise,” mayor said. Community assemblies, non-essential work gatherings, barangay and

town fiestas, festivities, and assemblies, reunions, trade fairs, carnivals, balikbayan affairs,

fundraising events, and other public events are prohibited. (Hilda Austria August 26, 2021)

Executive Order No. 0024-2020-A IMPLEMENTING GUIDELINES ON GENERAL

COMMUNITY QUARANTINE IN THE PROVINCE OF PANGASINAN WHEREAS, the

State is mandated to protect and promote the right to health of the people under Article 2, Section

15 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution, and LGUs are empowered to exercise necessary,

appropriate and incidental powers for its efficient governance in promotion of general welfare, as

provided by Section 16 of Republic Act No. 7160, otherwise known as Local Government Code

of 1991; WHEREAS, due to the nationwide spread of the 2019 Corona Virus Disease (Covid-

19), the island of Luzon was placed in an Enhanced Community Quarantine (ECQ) on March 16,

2020 pursuant to Proclamation No. 929, s. 2020; WHEREAS, Republic Act No. 11469 or the

Bayanihan to Heal as One Act was enacted empowering the President, among others, to ensure

that LGUs act within the letter and spirit of all rules, regulations, and directives issued by the

National Government; WHEREAS, the IATF Resolution No. 30 dated April 29, 2020, approved

and recommended the adoption of the Omnibus Guidelines for the Implementation of

Community Quarantine, which shall apply to all regions, provinces, cities, or areas placed under

ECQ or GCQ; WHEREAS, by virtue of Executive Order No. 112, s. 2020, President Rodrigo

Roa Duterte ordered the extension of the ECQ up to May 15, 2020 in selected places in the

Philippines, including the Province of Pangasinan and thereafter, pursuant to IATF-EID

Resolution No. 35-A, series of 2020, the Province of Pangasinan has been placed under General
Community Quarantine (GCQ) starting May 16, 2020; WHEREAS, there must be a continuous

effort to address and contain the spread of Covid-19 for the welfare of the residents of

Pangasinan so that responses and measures done will not be put to naught; NOW,

THEREFORE, I, AMADO I. ESPINO, III, Governor of the Province of Pangasinan, Philippines,

do hereby implement the following measures:

SECTION 8. LIQUOR BAN; A. Drinking of liquor or any alcoholic beverages in public places

is strictly prohibited.;B. Drinking of liquor is allowed only inside the respective residences of the

occupants themselves. It is understood that limited imbibing of liquor must be within the

confines of their homes, and cannot be made in the lawn, terrace, veranda or any part of the

residence/compound where they can be seen by neighbors or the public. (AMADO I. ESPINO III

May 18, 2020)

CONCEPTUAL/THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Pangasinan’s capital town of Lingayen imposed a liquor ban again due to the alarming

increase in the number of coronavirus disease (Covid-19) cases. The Pangasinan Police

Provincial Office (PPPO) has recorded a 43-percent decline in crime rate in the province in the

first quarter this year amid stricter weekly anti-crime police operations. The province recorded

1,542 crimes from Jan. 1 to March 28 from 2,706 cases in the same period in 2020. In an

interview on Monday, PPPO provincial director Col. Ronald Gayo said around 344 anti-drug

operations were conducted during the period, which resulted in the arrest of 362 drug

personalities. Campaigns against loose firearms and illegal gambling also yielded similar results,

he said. Gayo said since the implementation of enhanced community quarantine (ECQ) on

March 17 last year, a total of 187,177 individuals have been arrested for breaching protocols,

such as violation of liquor ban, not wearing of face masks and shields, physical distancing,
purveying of fake news, illegal gambling, and disobedience. In coordination with the Philippine

Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA), there are 1,274 drug-cleared barangays in the province. This

represents 81 percent of the total 1,364 barangays in Pangasinan. In a separate interview, PDEA

Pangasinan provincial officer Dexter Asayco said intervention centers called “Balay Silangan”

have been established to accommodate not only drug personalities willing to be rehabilitated, but

also individuals who availed of the plea bargaining agreement. (PNA). (Ahikam Pasion Aapril 6,

2021)

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

According to Rappler.com (2020) Amid coronavirus liquor ban, Binmaley town cops

intercept a funeral hearse and find liquor hidden inside a coffin. Cops in Binmaley town in

Pangasinan on Tuesday, May 5, chased a speeding funeral hearse and found liquor hidden inside

a coffin. The driver from nearby Calasiao town was arrested for violating the liquor ban imposed

to stem the spread of the novel coronavirus disease. Pangasinan in Northern Luzon is among

several provinces that remained under enhanced community quarantine (ECQ).  Binmaley police

chief Lieutenant Colonel Brendon Palisoc said the funeral hearse caught the attention of the cops

because it was running fast on the highway. He said the driver also attempted to avoid a

quarantine checkpoint at Barangay Gayaman. “We sensed that something was wrong because of

the speed of the hearse, especially when the driver maneuvered when he saw a checkpoint,” he

said. A short chase ensued. Cops intercepted the hearse at Barangay Biec in Binmaley. “Upon

inspection, we saw inside the casket 3 boxes of liquor. Each box contained 24 bottles of gin,”

Palisoc said.Cops impounded the funeral hearse while the driver faced alleged violations of the

Bayanihan to Heal as One Act.

 According to Manila Bulletin (2020) the strict implementation of extreme enhanced

community quarantine (EECQ) in Pangasinan, the Provincial Police Office (PPO)

announced the arrested of 2,092 EECQ violators from March 16 to April 17. Captain Ria

Tacderan, public information officer of Pangasinan PPO, disclosed that over 2,000 PNP

personnel have been deployed in the entire province of Pangasinan, and have remained on

full alert status since the start of the implementation of the Luzon-wide ECQ to ensure the

security and safety of the public amidst coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.

“Sa atin pong probinsya, hindi po tayo nagrerelax at nakabantay po talaga ang ating mga

kapulisan sa lahat ng quarantine control points sa bawat bayan,” said Tacderan. Aside from

Pangasinan PPO, Highway Patrol Group have also been manning dedicated control points in

different boundaries in the province. Pangasinan Police reported that with the strict

implementation of the guidelines of EECQ in the province, some 235 individuals were

arrested for violating Article 151 of the Revised Penal Code (RPC) or resistance and

disobedience to a person in authority while 1,479 were invited to different police stations

for violating the imposed curfew hours from 8pm to 5am.

According to Philippinesnews (2020) The liquor ban was imposed in early April under

Executive Order (EO) Numbers 48 and 48-A issued by Governor Rhodora J. Cadiao as a

measure to address the surge of coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) cases in the province. EO

58 that was issued April 30 and took effect May 1-31, 2021 already allowed people to consume

alcoholic drinks within the confines of their homes but not in public places. Mena said of the 225

violators apprehended last month, cases were filed against 13 individuals from the municipality

of Culasi while the rest were warned or ordered to do community services. They are charged

with violation of the Executive Orders and Article 151 of the Revised Penal Code, which is
resistance and disobedience to a person in authority. Although the violation of Executive Orders

has no penalty, yet those guilty for violating Article 151 of the Revised Penal Code could be

meted with one month and one day to six months imprisonment or a fine not exceeding

PHP100,000. In her virtual press conference on Monday, Cadiao said that EO 58 allows the

buying and selling of liquor in retail establishments from 4 p.m. until 7 p.m. only. The transport

of liquor from wholesalers to the distributor is allowed from 4 a.m. until 9:59 p.m. Cadiao added

that the move was in response to the appeal of establishments selling liquor to allow them to do

their trade. “We need to loosen up a little bit with our policies to keep our economy going,” she

said. (PNA)

According to interaksyon (2020) Concerns on the liquor ban surfaced anew when

alcoholic beverage makers appealed to the government to lift the prohibition amid the enhanced

community quarantine as they noted the setbacks in the industry. In a letter addressed to Trade

and Industry Secretary Ramon Lopez, the Center for Alcohol Research and Development

(CARD) Foundation Inc. said it wanted the government to lift the ban or ease its restrictions

wherein Filipinos can only buy liquor during certain hours. It added that the foundation

understands the purpose of the directive. It said that prolonging the ban would already be

detrimental to its workers and companies dependent on the liquor industry.

According to BusinessMirror (2020) One of the highly contentious issues since the

Enhanced Community Quarantine (ECQ) throughout Luzon took effect is the ban on the sale and

consumption of liquor, which is being enforced by several LGUs in Metro Manila as well as by

other cities and provinces outside of Luzon. To be clear, President Duterte did not order a

nationwide liquor ban. The President’s Proclamation No. 929, which ordered the ECQ and
declared the whole Philippines under a State of Calamity for a period of six months, enforces

strict home quarantine in all households, suspends transportation, regulates food and essential

health services, and heightens the presence of uniformed personnel to enforce quarantine

procedures. Several LGUs perhaps thought it best to ban liquor altogether, since it is not

considered an essential good or item anyway, and they probably thought that drinking would be a

hindrance to the enforcement of ECQ. However, the Department of Interior and Local

Government in its memorandum to LGUs “strictly enjoined” them not to overextend the

implementation of the ECQ, beyond what the President ordered. Manila, for instance, was one of

the first cities to enforce a liquor ban amid the ECQ. Mayor Isko Moreno said he decided to

enforce the liquor ban because some Manila residents were not following the government’s rules

banning mass gatherings. He said some people were still drinking together in the streets, having

parties and doing karaoke. Well, the police should have apprehended these violators, for sure.

But we doubt if a few naughty and disobedient residents failing to comply with the ECQ, is

sufficiently serious enough to justify a total ban on the sale and consumption of liquor in the

entire city.

RELATED STUDIES

Vincent, Brinton B, in this research On average, there are 1 ,825 deaths related to alcohol

consumption among college students each year in the United States (National Institute on

Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism [NIAAA], 20 14). Alcohol is a common substance that is used

among college students to relieve stress, create platonic and non-platonic relationships, celebrate

events, and suppress grief. In the United States, the legal age to consume alcohol is 21 years old,

which is different from many other countries. Some opinions related to the matter of underage
drinking use this data as support and for the statement that lowering the drinking age will cause

minors to break the law (NIAAA, 20 1 4). According to the NIAAA (20 1 5), heavy alcohol

consumption is the third most preventable cause of death, killing nearly 26,000 women and

62,000 men in 20 12 (NIAAA, 20 1 5). In research conducted within the past few years, almost

17 million adults, 65% men and 35% women, had an Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) (NIAAA, 20

1 5). However, only 8% of those adults sought and received treatment for their AUD.

Unfortunately, it was estimated that nearly 855,000 adolescents, 48% males and 52% females,

had an AUD. Also only 8% of adolescents received treatment for their AUD in a specialized

facility (NIAAA, 20 1 5). More than 1 0% of children in the United States live with a guardian

that has alcohol problems (NIAAA, 20 1 5). This could be a potential factor as to why

adolescents drink alcohol under age. In 20 1 2, 9.3 million minors ages 12-20 (with some of

these participants attending college) reported that they had consumed alcohol during the month

before they participated in the study; 63% of the minors in this age group were classified as

binge drinkers, and 1 8% of these minors were classified as heavy drinkers (NIAAA, 20 1 5).

Reported in 20 1 2, 696,000 college students were assaulted by another student who had been

drinking, and 14% of those students experienced assault that was sexual. One in four students

reported missing class, falling behind in course work, performing poorly on exams, and receiving

failing grades overall due to drinking alcohol and post-effects of drinking alcohol (i.e.

hangovers) (NIAAA, 20 1 5). Media has portrayed negative characteristics of fraternities

including hazing and alcohol consumption. On the big screen we have seen how Hollywood

portrays fraternity and sorority life by displaying secret rituals in dark rooms lit by only candle

light, hazing "pledges" until they are broken down, and drinking amounts of alcohol that is

beyond average consumption. In all honesty when it comes to consuming alcohol within a
fraternity, research has shown that members consume more alcohol in regards to quantity and

frequency than members that do not affiliate with fraternity life (Caron, Moskey, & Hovey,

2004). A fraternity is "a social organization of male students or alumni of a college or university,

usually with a name consisting of Greek letters. This group has their own unique traditions,

rituals, values, and practices" (D 'Andrea, p. 13 ). It is widely known that once a man joins a

fraternity, he forms a special bond amongst other fraternity members. A term that provides a

personal connection between members is "brother". This does not refer to two men being related

biologically; rather it exists to help members of the fraternity feel that they have connected on a

much deeper level. Of course a strong bond is going to be created among men that spend a vast

majority of their time together, typically live together, and have the similar interests and values

in life. 2 Of those who join a fraternity, some will do so when they first arrive as freshmen.

According to Daley (20 1 1 ), joining a fraternity as a freshman is a combination of six

motivations: acceptance, resume building, leadership experience, not wanting to feel left behind,

to meet women, and to party. When these men join fraternities, they can be placed into situations

where underage drinking is present, and they may be forced to make a decision that they may not

be comfortable with. Once they move up into their upperclassman years, they may turn into men

in the fraternity that pressure younger members to make poor choices as well.( Vincent, Brinton

B 2016)

Arlene landocan, in her research Throughout the history, there have been attempts to

prohibit or limit drinking of alcohol and beverages. Prohibition is normal in Islamic state where

the religion forbids the consumption of alcohol. Use range from a legal ban against the drinking

the luxury taxation on all alcoholic beverages. Most of these measures have little or no effect. In

the United States, constitutional amendments banning alcohol beverages went into effect in
1920, but millions of Americans defied the prohibition law (Reyes, 1993 quoted by Kimbungan,

Mabini and Saltin, 2005). Further, there were many protection rackets run by the notorious

gangster during the period of prohibition. Prohibition was repealed in 1933. Some government

tried to control individual drinking through rationing.Oakley (1987) stated that prohibition was

not just a matter of “wets versus dry,” or a matter of political conviction or health concerns. In

1917, the United States Supreme Court upheld a law passedby Congress in 1913 forbidding

interstate shipment of alcoholic 2beverages into the areas where the manufacture and the sale of

liquor was illegal. On March of the same year, congress passed on anti-liquor advertising bill,

which prohibited the use of United States mail to advertise “spirituous, vinous, malted

fermented, or other intoxicating liquors of any kind” in area that locally restricted their

advertising. (Marj Necessida 2012) Richard Fabian, in his research, A ban on alcohol

advertisement has been under discussion since 2013 in South Africa. Since then there has been

bountiful debate surrounding the advantages and disadvantages of the ban in South Africa. This

paper outlines a number of arguments in favour of the ban as well as arguments against the ban.

This research study aims to understand how branding within bars influences the choice of drink.

Also, the study serves to understand the consumer’s perception towards alcohol advertisement

and the proposed ban. Furthermore, the study attempts to understand how the choice of alcoholic

drinks in bars would be impacted if a ban on alcohol advertising would be implemented in South

Africa. The study analysed a number of literature published in South Africa which highlighted

the arguments for and against the ban on alcohol advertisement. The main argument in favour of

the ban being the social issues in South Africa that are related to alcohol consumption. These

issues include crime, underage drinking, drunken driving and alcoholism in South Africa. The

arguments brought forward against the ban focus on the economic impact that the ban will have
on South Africa as a whole. These arguments highlight the loss of jobs, the decrease of the

country’s GDP and the loss of tax revenues. This study conducted a survey based on a positivist

paradigm which is of a quantitative nature. The findings of this study have shown that the

general public has a negative perception towards the ban on alcohol advertisement in South

Africa. However, depending on the extent of the ban, alcohol consumption in bars would not be

affected in terms of a ban of on-site branding in bars around the CBD of Cape Town. Through

this study it has become evident that branding in bars, may influence the consumers’ choice of

drink but not their choice to drink. This study lends itself useful as further information in the

debate about the proposed ban on alcohol advertisement in South Africa in terms of consumption

in bars and how this may be influenced through on-site branding. The study has highlighted

some strong perspectives of the South African consumers and could therefore aid in the

discussion against the ban on alcohol advertisement in South Africa. (Richard Fabian 2018)

Eva Ladekjær Larsen, Gitte Andsager Smorawski, Katrine Lund Kragbak & Christiane

Stock in their research, Alcohol consumption is an integrated practice on campus. Most of the

participants found it unnecessary to make major restrictions. Instead, regulations were socially

controlled by students themselves and related to what was considered to be appropriate behavior.

However students were open minded towards smaller limitations of alcohol availability. These

included banning the sale of alcohol in vending machines and limiting consumption during the

introduction week primarily due to avoiding social exclusion of students who do not drink. Some

international students perceived the level of consumption as too high and distinguished between

situations where they perceived drinking as unusual. High alcohol consumption among

university students is a well-researched health concern in many countries. At universities in

Denmark, policies of alcohol consumption are a new phenomenon if existing at all. However,

little is known of how students perceive campus alcohol policies. The aim of this study is to

explore students’ perceptions of alcohol policies on campus in relation to attitudes and practices

of alcohol consumption.

Paradigm of the Study

IATF Guidelines on
Survey Questionnaire Proposed measures to
Liquor ban and on Implementing improve the Awareness
Liquor ban in Implementing Liquor
Municipal Ordinance Mangaldan Pangasinan ban in Mangaldan
Pangasinan

Figure 1. Paradigm of the Study

 The study is to improve the Awareness to the residents in Mangaldan Pangasinan by

Implementing Liquor ban and to follow the IATF during pandemic. The study is to assess and

improve awareness.

Statement of the Problem

THE IMPLEMENTATION OF LIQUOR BAN IN MANGALDAN, PANGASINAN

General Problem: This research aims to determine the implementation of liquor ban in

Mangaldan, Pangasinan.

1. What is the profile of the respondents according to:

a. Age b. Gender c. Civil Status d. Occupation

2. What is the level of implementation of the Liquor Ban as perceived by implementers and

community residents?

3. What strategies can be proposed to enhance the implementation of Liquor Ban?

Assumption
 The residents of Mangaldan Pangasinan have Awareness in Implementing Liquor ban in

Mangaldan Pangasinan.

Scope and Limitation of Study

This study will involve the residents of Mangaldan Pangasinan. It will only

limited and will not include the Municipality of Mangaldan by results.

Significance of the Study

To the residence – the residence is to know what to do when another implementing liquor ban

came again in our country.it will help the residence to follow the rules and health protocols due

the pandemic.

To the Community residence – the community It will help the community to follow the rules

and health protocols.

To the Local Government Unit of Mangaldan Pangasinan – the LGU it will help the

residence and shed owner to do other business and help them to follow the rules and health

protocols.

To the Future Researchers - This study can be their guide in creating new study.