PreCal Malapit Sa Bato Ating Iwasan

WEEK 1
Lesson 1: Angle Measurement

Why is it important to study Trigonometry?
What is the importance of angles in navigation and
surveying?
Trigonometry is a branch of mathematics that focuses on relationships between the sides and
angles of triangles.
The word trigonometry comes from the Latin derivative of Greek words for triangle (trigonon)
and measure (metron). Literally, trigonometry is the study of measuring triangles.
Lesson 1: Angle Measurement
An angle is formed when two rays have their endpoint in

common. The two rays make up the “sides” of the angle,
called the initial and terminal sides.
The measure of the angle is a number associated with the angle that tells us how
“close” the rays come to each other,
another way to think of the measure of the angle is the amount of rotation.
Some letters of the Greek alphabet are used to denote angles. This is because
the Greeks were known as the first to study geometry.
The Greek alphabet is shown below (do not worry about memorizing this).
The symbols which are
usually used to denote angle
measures are alpha , beta ,
theta , and phi .
Now, we take a look at the two popular systems of angle measurement: degrees and radians.
Degrees-Minutes-Seconds (DMS)
A key geographical question throughout the human experience has been: “Where am
I?”. In classical Greece and China, attempts were made to create logical grid systems of
the world to answer this question. The ancient Greek geographer Ptolmey created a
grid system and listed the coordinates for places throughout the known world in his
book Geography. But it was not until the Middle Ages that the latitude and longitude
system was developed and implemented. This system is written in degrees (°).
When looking at a map, latitude lines run horizontally. They are also known as parallels
since they are parallel and are at equal distance from each other. Each degree of
latitude is approximately 111 km apart. Degree latitude is numbered from 0° to 90°.
Latitude 0° corresponds to the Equator, the imaginary line which divides our planet into
the Northern and Southern hemispheres. Latitudes 90° and -90° refer to the North Pole
and the South Pole respectively.
It took mathematics a long time to adopt our current decimal system. For thousands of
years, the best way to represent a fraction of a number was with fractions. But they
needed to be able to measure just a fraction of an angle. To accommodate this, they
adopted the system of minutes and seconds.
One degree (denoted by (°) corresponds to 60 minutes.
One minute (denoted by ‘ ) corresponds to 1/60 of a degree or 60 seconds.
One second (denoted by ‘’ ) corresponds to 1/60 of a minute or 1/3600 of a
degree.
The system of degrees, minutes, and seconds is used today in cartography, or map-
making.
In addition, most handheld scientific calculators are also equipped to convert between
the decimal system and DMS.
It’s time for you to learn how to convert decimal degrees into DMS.
Angle measures can be combined. For example, we know that the sum of the measures
of the interior angles of a triangle is 180°.
So, when one angle is unknown, we just need to add the two given angles and subtract
the sum from 180°.
Video Lecture:
How do we illustrate an angle in the xy plane?

Consider ∠AOB with two rays R and R and a common vertex O (see Figure
1 2
below).
We often interpret an angle as a rotation of the ray R onto R . In this case, R is called
1 2 1
the initial side, and R is called the terminal side of the angle.
2
If the rotation is counterclockwise, the angle measure is considered positive; and,

if the rotation is clockwise, the angle measure is considered negative.
What is the relationship of the angle measures to the circumference of the circle?
The measure of an angle tells us intuitively how much the angle “opens.”

One unit of measurement for angles is the degree. An angle of measure 1 degree is
formed by rotating the initial side (1/360) of a complete revolution. The amount an angle
opens is measured along the arc of a circle of radius 1 with its center at the vertex of the
angle.
The circumference of the circle of radius 1 is 2π and so a complete revolution has
measure 2π rad, a straight angle has measure π rad,
and a right angle has measure π /2 rad. An angle that is subtended by an arc of length
2 along the unit circle has radian measure 2 (see figures below).
Since a
complete revolution is 360 degrees or 2π rad when measured in radians, we get the
following simple relationship between these two methods of angle measurement.
In calculus, a more natural method of measuring angles is the radian measure.
Relationship between Degrees and Radians

Remember! When no unit is given, the angle is assumed to be measured in radians.
Let us analyze the following examples.

Converting Degrees to Radians
Converting Radians to Degrees

Lesson 2: Angles in Standard Position
An angle is in standard position if it is drawn in the xy-plane with its vertex at the origin
and its initial side is on the positive x-axis.
The illustrations below are angles in the standard position.
The clockwise rotation gives a positive angle measure.

The counterclockwise rotation provides a negative angle measure.
This means that -30° is a clockwise rotation of an angle in a standard position. However,
30° is generated in a counterclockwise rotation.

Video Lecture:
Lesson 3: Coterminal Angles

Two angles in standard position are coterminal if their terminal
sides coincide. It means that two or more angles share the
same terminal side.

Observe the figure on the right.
The angle with its coterminal angle .
How do we determine coterminal angles?

How do we determine the coterminal angles if the given angle is expressed in
radian?
We don’t need to convert the radian measure into degree just to follow the rule. We can
restate the rule by expressing the given angle into radian. Note that 360° is equal to
radians, and n number of revolutions. We now have
Video Lecture:
Lesson 4: Quadrantal Angles
Quadrantal Angles are angles in a standard position whose terminal sides are on the
quadrants or on the axes (x and y).
Some examples of these angles are illustrated below.
GOODLUCK SA EXAM!Wag masyadong I-pressure ang sarili! Kaya natin to!

PADAYON FUTURE ENGINEERS AND ARCHITECTS!
WEEK 2
What is the relationship between the arc length and the area of the
sector?
How do we relate the concept of arc length and circumference to
distance?
How do speed limits save lives?
Lesson 5: Length of Intercepted Arc
How do we measure an intercepted arc?

In a circle of radius , the length of an arc that subtends a central angle in radians
is
This is also known as Arc Length.
Here are some examples.
How do we relate the concept between the arc length and circumference to distance?
In this case, you need to understand that 1 complete revolution is or
radians.
The arc length is the distance traveled along a circular path.
Video lecture:
Chuchuchuchu basta meron ung vid dito
Lesson 6: Area of a Sector
The sector of a circle is the portion of the interior of a circle bounded by the initial and
terminal sides of a central angle and its intercepted arc.
Therefore, if a central angle of a sector has measure radians, then the sector makes
up the fraction of a complete circle. Since the area of a complete circle with radius r
is , we have

What is the relationship between the arc length and the area of the sector?
When the arc length and radius are given and you are asked to get the area of the
sector when the angle is unknown, you just need to manipulate the formula.

Video Lecture
Basta meron ulit
Lesson 7: Circular Motion
Have you ever ridden in a Ferris wheel? Then, you might have wondered how fast you
are rotating as you move up and down. This event illustrates circular motion.
Imagine a point that moves along a circle. There are two ways to describe the motion of
the point: linear speed and angular speed.
Linear speed is the rate at which the distance traveled is changing, so linear speed is the
distance traveled divided by the time elapsed.
It answers the question, “How fast is an object moving?’’
How fast is an object rotating? This now talks about the angular speed.
The angular speed is the rate at which the central angle is changing. The angular
speed is the number of radians this angle changes divided by the time elapsed.
Suppose a point moves along a circle of radius r and the ray from the center of the circle to the
point traverse radians in time t.
Let be the distance the point travels in time t. Then the speed of the object is given
by

Video Lecture
Finding Linear and Angular Speed

Think of this: What is the relationship between linear and angular speed?

Video Lecture

WEEK 3
How do we understand the concept of Trigonometry in the coordinate plane?
What is the significance of reference angle in identifying the coordinates of points on the
unit circle?
Lesson 1: Unit Circle
Functions f(θ) or f(s) are called circular when the independent variable θ or s refers to an

arc length of the unit circle.
To understand circular functions, the unit circle and its properties have to be defined.
A unit circle has a radius 1 with center at the origin (0,0) and intersects the coordinate
axes at the points (1,0), (0, 1), (-1, 0) and (0, -1).
Any point on the circle will correspond to all ordered pairs (x, y) as its coordinates.
Also, on the unit circle, the length of the arc s is equal to the radian measure of the central
angle. That is, θ = s.
Lesson 2: Reference Angle

The reference angle is the smallest non-negative angle between the terminal side and
the x-axis of an angle in standard position.
It is drawn from the x-axis to the terminal side of the given angle. All angles in standard
position less than 90° are reference angles.
Here is how we find reference angles. We’ll be presenting to you the two cases.
Case 1. If the given positive angle in standard position is not more than 360°, and it
terminates on:
a. Quadrant I, then the given angle is the reference angle.
b. Quadrant II, then the reference angle is given by 180° - θ.
c. Quadrant III, then the reference angle is given by θ - 180°.
d. Quadrant IV, then the reference angle is given by 360° - θ.
Let’s see how these rules are being illustrated below.
What about if the given angle in the standard position is negative?
In this case, you’ll have two options.
1. We may choose to get the smallest/nearest positive coterminal angle and follow
the rules stated in Case 1.
2. We may redefine the rules stated on Case 1. If the given angle is negative that is
not more than 1 revolution and it terminates on:
a. Quadrant IV, then the reference angle is -θ.
b. Quadrant III, then the reference angle is given by 180° + θ.
c. Quadrant II, then the reference angle is given by -(180° + θ).
d. Quadrant I, then the reference angle is given by 360° + θ.
Here are the reference angles of θ formed when rotating clockwise.
Let me give you a clue!
I know that you find it difficult to master the formula in getting the reference angle for
negative.
To make it easier, we’ll treat the given negative angles into positive. After that, we’ll use
the rules stated for positive angle to get the reference angle.
1. θ = -340°: It will be θ = 340°. The reference angle is 360°- 340° = 20°.
2. θ = -191°: It will be θ = 191°. The reference angle is 191° - 180° = 11°.
3. θ = -140°: It will be θ = 140° . The reference angle is 180° - 140° = 40°.
4. θ = -37°: The reference angle is simply 37°.
Take note that we are just doing this for the purpose of getting the reference angle.
But, the location of the terminal sides of these angles as illustrated above will not change.

Case 2.
If the given positive angle θ in standard position is a multiple of 180°, then the reference
angle is solved through the remainder of the angle when it is divided by 180°.
After getting the remainder, we will now apply the rules stated in Case 1.
To understand this, let us analyze the examples below.

Find the reference angle of 371°, 460°, 603°, 924°, -1 205° and -5 767°.
Since the remainder is always less than 180°, it is very easy for us now to identify the reference angle.
Here are some of the illustrations of reference angles.
Other examples.
1. The reference angle of θ = 91° is 180° - 91° = 89°.

6. The reference angle of θ = 460° is equal to 180° - 100° = 80° since 460° and
100° are coterminal angles.
Lesson 3: Coordinates of Points on the Unit Circle

The coordinates of the point of intersection of the unit circle and the terminal side of an
angle in standard position can be obtained through the equation of the unit circle,
the Pythagorean Theorem, and the properties of special right triangles.
In like manner, the coordinates of other points on the unit circle can be found when one of its
coordinates is known.
Here are the examples in finding the coordinates of the point of intersection of the terminal side
of the given angle in standard position and the unit circle.
Lesson 4: Sine and Cosine Functions
With the point (1, 0) as the starting point, any arc length s has a corresponding terminal
point P with coordinates (x, y), on the circle.
Through this definition, we can be able to evaluate the values of sine and cosine of a given θ.
We can also identify the values of other trigonometric functions. Let us have the
following reciprocal identities
and the ratio identities
We will use these identities to solve the values of secant (sec), cosecant (csc), tangent (tan),
and cotangent (cot) functions
Here is the summary of the values of trigonometric functions with special reference
angles.
Check it out using your calculator.
By the definition of coterminal angles
We know that an angle of 30° has coterminal angles of 390° and -330°. If we plot these
points, their terminal sides lie in Quadrant 1. Therefore, they have the same coordinates
of points. Therefore,
sin 30° = sin 390° = sin -330° = 1/2
and
cos 30° = cos 390° = cos -330° =

It means that the values of the six trigonometric functions are the same when the given
angles in standard position are coterminal angles.

By the definition of reference angles
All angles with the same reference angles will have equal values but of different signs.
An angle of 150° and -210° have the same reference angle of 30°. That is, cos 150°
= , and cos -330° = .

You notice that they have equal value. Remember that all coterminal angles have the
same reference angles.
This supports the theorem that all coterminal angles have the same trigonometric
values.

WEEK 4
Basic Trigonometric Identities
ou are going to learn more about the other basic identities. Take note that identities will
simplify any trigonometric expressions.
But before we proceed to the examples, take a quick check of your scientific calculator.
If you are unsure of the mode of your calculator, you must learn how to set your
scientific calculator in degree mode.
Now, you are ready to compute. Remember that you will just input the given to your calculator
Let’s get to know the basic trigonometric identities.
Reciprocal, Product, and Quotient/Ratio Identities

Basic Trigonometric Identities
So far, we know a few relations between the trigonometric functions. For example, we know
the Reciprocal Identities:
Notice that each of these equations is true for all angles θ for which both sides of the equation
are defined. Such equations are called identities.
The above relations can easily be determined if you visualize the tan - sin - cos hexagon, as
illustrated below.
1. Any function is equal to 1 divided by the function opposite it, or the product of two opposite
functions is 1. (Reciproca
l Identity)
2.Any function is equal to the product of two functions between which it lies. (Product Identity)
3. Any function is equal to the quotient of one adjacent function divided by the one next to it.
(Quotient/Ratio Identity)
Always remember that the denominator should be defined and not equal to zero.
How do we apply these identities? It is simple. You just need to identify the
expressions that are have identities, and substitute them to their equivalent so that the
entire trigonometric expression is simplified. The examples are shown below.
There are many other examples. Just always remember to go back to these identities
and check whether it is possible to simplify.
Now, let’s get to know the other identities by studying the rotations and reflections of
angles.
Even, Odd, and Cofunction Identities
Rotations and Reflections of Angles
To be able to understand the rotations and reflections of angles, we need to recall the
definition of supplementary and complementary angles.
To rotate an angle means to rotate its terminal side around the origin when the angle is
in standard position. For example, suppose we rotate an angle θ around the origin by
90° in the counterclockwise direction.
In the figure below, we see an angle θ in QI which is rotated by 90° resulting in the
angle θ+90° in QII. Notice that the complement of θ in the right triangle in QI is the
same as the supplement of the angle θ+90° in QII since the sum of θ, its complement,
90°and equals 180°. This forces the other angle of the right triangle in QII to be θ.
Thus, the right triangle in QI is similar to the right triangle in QII since they have the
same angles. The rotation of θ by 90° does not change the length r of its terminal side,
so the hypotenuses of the similar right triangles are equal, and hence by similarity, the
remaining corresponding sides are also equal.
Using this figure, match up those corresponding sides shows that the point (−y, x) is on
the terminal side of θ + when (x, y) is on the terminal side of θ.
Hence, by definition,
Using similar arguments for other quadrants, we have the following relations for all angles θ.
Check these examples. You may use your calculator for fast computation. Let’s try to prove the
following identities (formula).
Let us consider rotating an angle θ by 180°. Notice the figure below that the angles
θ±180° have the same terminal side, and are in the quadrant opposite θ.
Since (−x,−y) is on the terminal side of θ±180° when (x, y) is on the terminal side of θ, we get
the following relations, which hold for all θ:
The identities are all valid.
By replacing θ by from sin(θ + 90°) = cos θ, cos(θ + 90°) = -sin θ, tan (θ + 90°) = -cot
θ, we have the cofunction identities. The cofunction identities show the relationship
between sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, secant, and cosecant. The value of a
trigonometric function of an angle equals the value of the cofunction of the complement .
Recall from Geometry that a complement is defined as two angles whose sum is 90°.
What about the identities from by a reflection of an angle?

A reflection is simply the mirror image of an object.
Notice that if we first reflect the object in QI around the y-axis and then follow that with a
reflection around the x-axis, we get an image in QIII. That image is the reflection around
the origin of the original object, and it is equivalent to a rotation of 180 ° around the
origin.
Notice also that the reflection around the y-axis is equivalent to a reflection around the
x-axis followed by a rotation of 180° around the origin.
So, we see that reflecting a point (x, y) around the x-axis just replaces y by −y. Hence:
From these identities, we can observe that there is no change in the sign of the x coordinate,
making it possible that cos (-θ) = cos θ. However, the sign of the y coordinate changes from
quadrant I and IV, and II and III. Extending the definition of these properties will yield three more
functions.
Check these examples. You may use your calculator for fast computation.
Pythagorean Identities
To derive the Pythagorean Identities, we need to recall that the equation of a unit circle is x +
2
y = r where r is the radius and hypotenuse of the right triangle, and x and y are the lengths of
2 2
each side.
Let’s practice using the identities.
Sum and Difference Formulas
How do we use these formulas?

Double-Angle Formulas
Let’s apply the formulas.

Triple-Angle Formula
Half-Angle Formulas
The following formulas allow us to write any trigonometric expression involving even powers of
sine and cosine in terms of the first power of cosine only.
This technique is important in calculus. The Half-Angle Formulas are immediate consequences
of these formulas.
Let’s apply these formulas.

WEEK 5
Graphing Trigonometric Functions
A. Sine Function
Recall the geometric representation of the unit circle.
Any point on the unit circle has coordinates (x,

y) = (cosθ, sinθ), where θ is the angle that the
line segment from the origin to (x, y) makes
with the positive x-axis (by definition of sine
and cosine). So as the point (x, y) goes around
the circle, its y-coordinate is sinθ.
We get correspondence between the y-coordinates of points on the unit circle and the
values ,
as shown by the horizontal lines from the unit circle to the graph of
Here is the graph of sine function based on the y-coordinate of points on the unit circle.

Now, we can extend the above picture to include the angles from radians. This
illustrates what is sometimes called the unit circle definition of the sine function.
Remember that since the trigonometric functions repeat every radians ( ), we
get the graph of the function for x in the interval [ , ]:

Here are the properties of the graph of .
1. The domain is the set of all real numbers or , and the range is [-1, 1].
2. The x-intercepts are always in the form where n is any integer.
3. This is an odd function because it is symmetric with respect to the origin.
4. The period is because the sine curve repeats every units.

B. Cosine Function
To graph the cosine function , we could again use the unit circle idea
(using the x-coordinate of a point that moves around the circle), but there is an
easier way.
The graph of the cosine function is just the graph of the sine function shifted to the
left by .

3. This is an even function because it is symmetric with respect to the y-axis. This
means that .
4. The period is because the sine curve repeats every units.

C. Tangent Function
Let us graph and determine its properties.
Recall that the tangent is positive for angles in QI and QIII, and is negative in QII and
QIV.
We know that tan x is not defined when cos x = 0, i.e. at odd multiples of
: ,
We can figure out what happens near those angles by looking at the sine and cosine
functions.
1. The range is the set of all real numbers or .
2. The domain is
3. The vertical asymptotes of the tangent is where n is any
integer. Some of them are

4. The x-intercepts are in the form
5. The period is .
6. It is an odd function since it is symmetric with respect to the origin.
7. It is zero when sin x = 0
8. It is undefined when cos x = 0
We can also observe that as x approaches from its left, the value of
increases without bound.. We express this by writing
However, as x approaches from its right, the value of decreases without
bound. That is,
Remember that infinity “ ” is not a number but a description of the

behavior of variable x or y.

D. Cotangent Function
The cotangent function is the reciprocal of the tangent function. That
is .

2. The domain is where n is zero or any integer.

5. The period is .
7. It is zero when cos x = 0
8. It is undefined when sin x = 0
It is observed that as x approaches from its left, the value of decreases
without bound. That is,
However, the value of increases without bound as x approaches 0 form its

right. That is,

E. Cosecant Function
The cosecant function is the reciprocal of sine function. That is .
Observe the graphs of cosecant and sine function (dashed curve).
1. The range is or

4. There are no x-intercepts and y-intercepts.
5. The period is .
It is observed that as x approaches from its left, the value of increases
However, the value of decreases without bound as x approaches from its
left. That is,

F. Secant Function
The secant function is the reciprocal of cosine function. That is .
Observe the graphs of secant and cosine function (dashed curve).
1. The range is or
2. The domain is .


4. There are no x-intercepts and y-intercept is 1.
5. The period is .
6. It is an even function since it is symmetric with respect to the y-axis.
It is observed that as x approaches from its left, the value of increases
However, the value of decreases without bound as x approaches from its
left. That is,
Have a try. Graph it using G e o G e b r

a. https://www.geogebra.org/calculator

Evaluating Trigonometric Functions
It is finding the value of y at a given value of x.
x is the set of values in the domain of the trigonometric functions.

y is the set of values in the range of the trigonometric functions.
Period, Amplitude, Horizontal Shift, and Interval One Complete Period
Period, Amplitude, and Horizontal Shift of Sine and Cosine Curves
The graphs of sine and cosine functions are called sine curves and cosine curves. They
are often referred to as sinusoidal waves.
The sine and cosine curves and
where k > 0
have amplitude , period and horizontal shift . An appropriate interval on
which to graph one complete period is .

Here is an example of a horizontally shifted sine curve.
The value of a=5 and k=3.
Observe the graph below.

Here is an example of a horizontally shifted cosine curve.
Here is an example of a horizontally shifted cosine curve. Consider the cosine
function .
From the given, we make it to get the value of the horizontal
shift b which is .
This means shifting by units to the left. One complete period occurs at
interval .

So, we have its graph and properties.

Let’s compare the graph of the two functions y = sinx and y = sin2x over the interval.
The graphs are shown below.
The function y = sin2x has a period π while y = sin2x has a period 2π.

Note that y = sin2x goes twice as fast as y = sinx .

The period of y = cos3x is and the period of is 4π. The graphs are
shown below.
Based on the period of each function shown in the graph, it is observed that y =
cos3x goes six times faster than .

Here are some other examples.

WEEK 6
Graphs of the Six Trigonometric Functions
A. Sine Function
Recall the geometric representation of the unit circle.
Any point on the unit circle has coordinates (x, y) =

(cosθ, sinθ), where θ is the angle that the line
segment from the origin to (x, y) makes with the
positive x-axis (by definition of sine and cosine).
So as the point (x, y) goes around the circle, its y-
coordinate is sinθ.
We get the correspondence between the y-coordinates of points on the unit circle and
the values f(θ) = sinθ,
as shown by the horizontal lines from the unit circle to the graph of f(θ) = sinθ.
Here is the graph of sine function based on the y-coordinate of points on the unit circle.

Now, we can extend the above picture to include the angles from 0 to 2π radians. This
illustrates what is sometimes called the unit circle definition of the sine function.

Remember that since the trigonometric functions repeat every 2π radians (360°), we get
the graph of the function for x in the interval [-2π, 2π]:

Here are the properties of the graph of y=sin x.
2. The x-intercepts are always in the form nπ where n is an integer.
3. This is an odd function because it is symmetric with respect to the origin.
4. The period is 2π because the sine curve repeats every 2π units.
B. Cosine Function
To graph the cosine function y=cos x, we could again use the unit circle idea (using
the x-coordinate of a point that moves around the circle), but there is an easier way.
The graph of the cosine function is just the graph of the sine function shifted to the
left by .

3. This is an even function because it is symmetric with respect to the y-axis. This means
that cos x = cos (-x).
4. The period is 2π because the sine curve repeats every 2πunits.
C. Tangent Function
Let us graph y = tan x and determine its properties.
Recall that the tangent is positive for angles in QI and QIII, and is negative in QII and
QIV.
We know that tan x is not defined when cos x = 0, i.e. at odd multiples of
: ,
We can figure out what happens near those angles by looking at the sine and cosine
functions.
Here are the properties of the graph of y = tan x.
2. The domain is
3. The vertical asymptote of the tangent is where n is an integer. Some of
them are
4. The x-intercepts are in the form nπ
5. The period is π.
7. It is zero when sin x = 0
We can also observe that as x approaches from its left, the value of
increases without bound.. We express this by writing
However, as x approaches from its right, the value of decreases without
bound. That is,
Remember that infinity “ ” is not a number but a description of the

behavior of variable x or y.
D. Cotangent Function
The cotangent function is the reciprocal of the tangent function. That
is .
Here are the properties of the graph of y = cot x.

them are

5. The period is π.
7. It is zero when cos x = 0
It is observed that as x approaches π from its left, the value of cot x decreases without
bound. That is,
However, the value of cot x increases without bound as x approaches 0 from its right.
That is,

E. Cosecant Function
The cosecant function is the reciprocal of the sine function. That is .
Observe the graphs of cosecant and sine function (dashed curve).
Here are the properties of the graph of y = csc x.
1. The range is or

them are
4. There are no x-intercepts and y-intercepts.
5. The period is 2π.
It is observed that as x approaches from its left, the value of csc x increases
However, the value of csc x decreases without bound as x approaches 2π from its left.
That is,

F. Secant Function
The secant function is the reciprocal of the cosine function. That is
.
Observe the graphs of the secant and cosine function (dashed curve).
1. The range is or
2. The domain is .
them are
4. There are no x-intercepts and the y-intercept is 1.
5. The period is 2π.
6. It is an even function since it is symmetric with respect to the y-axis.
It is observed that as x approaches from its left, the value of sec x increases without
bound. That is,
However, the value of sec x decreases without bound as x approaches from its
left. That is,
Below is the summary of the domain and range of these functions.
Have a try. Graph it using G e o G e b r

a. https://www.geogebra.org/calculator

Evaluating Trigonometric Functions
It is finding the value of y at a given value of x.
x is the set of values in the domain of the trigonometric functions.
y is the set of values in the range of the trigonometric functions.
Period, Amplitude, and Horizontal Shift of Sine and Cosine Curves

The graphs of sine and cosine functions are called sine curves and cosine curves. They
are often referred to as sinusoidal waves.
The sine and cosine curves and
where k > 0
have amplitude , period and horizontal shift . An appropriate interval on
which to graph one complete period is .

Here is an example of a horizontally shifted sine curve.
The value of a=5 and k=3.
Observe the graph below.

Here is an example of a horizontally shifted cosine curve.
Here is an example of a horizontally shifted cosine curve. Consider the cosine
function .
From the given, we make it to get the value of the horizontal
shift b which is .
This means shifting by units to the left. One complete period occurs at
interval .

So, we have its graph and properties.

Let’s compare the graph of the two functions y = sinx and y = sin2x over the interval.
The graphs are shown below.
The function y = sin2x has a period π while y = sin2x has a period 2π.

Note that y = sin2x goes twice as fast as y = sinx .

The period of y = cos3x is and the period of is 4π. The graphs are
shown below.
Based on the period of each function shown in the graph, it is observed that y =
cos3x goes six times faster than .

Here are some other examples.
Graphs of the Inverse Trigonometric Functions

What about if we are interested to know the angle θ given the value of the function?
We let x=θ from y=sinθ to have y = sinx. Now, we are going to find the angle x by
following the procedures below.
How do we apply y = sin x?
-1
This means that if
As you have noticed, we are solving for the angle π/6 using the inverse sine function.
Now, let us formalize our discussion about inverse trigonometric functions.
How do we define inverse functions?
What are the properties of the graphs of the six inverse trigonometric functions?
The inverse of a function f is a function f that reverses the rule of f. For a function to
-1
have an inverse, it must be one-to-one. There is a simple horizontal rule for determining
whether a function y=f(x) is one-to-one: is one-to-one if and only if every horizontal line
intersects the graph of y=f(x) in the xy-coordinate plane at most once.
If a function f is one-to-one on its domain, then f has an inverse function, denoted by f ,

-1
such that y = f(x) if and only if f (y)=x. The domain of f is the range of f.
-1 -1
The basic idea is that f “undoes” what f does, and vice versa. By the definition of
-1
composition of functions,
The trigonometric functions are not one-to-one, it is possible, however, to restrict the
domains of the trigonometric functions in such a way that the resulting functions are
one-to-one.

A. Inverse Sine Function
The sine function will become a one-to-one function if it is restricted to [-π/2,π/2].
Remember that the interval [-π/2,π/2] is represented in radians. By definition, this is also

the same as [-90°, 90°].
How do we evaluate inverse sine functions?
The calculator must be in “radian” mode if you choose to use radians as input
values. Otherwise, use degree mode.
Check these examples.
Here are the other examples using the definition of composition of functions.

B. Inverse Cosine Function
The cosine function will become a one-to-one function if it is restricted to [0, π].
How do we evaluate inverse cosine functions?
Check these examples.
C. Inverse Tangent Function
The tangent function will become a one-to-one function if it is restricted to (-π/2, π/2).
Recall also that x =-π/2 and x =π/2 are vertical asymptotes of y = tanx.
Here are the examples of evaluating arctangent.

D. Inverse Cotangent Function
The tangent function will become a one-to-one function if it is restricted to (0, π).
Recall also that x = 0 and x =π are vertical asymptotes of y = cotx.
Notice that you can’t find the notation cot on your calculation.
-1
So, how can we maximize our scientific calculator?

The common mistake is that some have thought of reciprocal identity, but this
absolutely wrong. The correct formula is
Here are the examples.
E. Inverse Secant Function

To evaluate the inverse secant function, we are going to apply

E. Inverse Cosecant Function
To evaluate the inverse secant function, we are going to apply


Here is the summary of the domain and range of the inverse trigonometric functions.
The rule of inverse function in getting the value of another angle. Check out the examples
below. Take note that all angles given here are expressed in radians.
WEEK 8
Let’s get to know right triangles.
TRIGONOMETRY OF RIGHT TRIANGLES
In this section, we study certain ratios of the sides of right triangles, called trigonometric
ratios. We will also deal with some real-life applications of the trigonometric ratios.
Trigonometric Ratios
The symbols we use for these ratios are abbreviations for their full names: sine, cosine,
tangent, cosecant, secant, cotangent. Since any two right triangles with angle θ are
similar, these ratios are the same, regardless of the size of the triangle; the
trigonometric ratios depend only on the angle θ .
Finding Trigonometric Ratios
To find the six trigonometric ratios, we need to identify the length of the adjacent side,
opposite side, and the hypotenuse. The hypotenuse is the longest side. Always
consider the angle as the reference.
1. In this figure, is our reference angle.
2. With the same figure to no. 1, we’ll identify the six trigonometric ratios when the
reference is α .
2. Determine the six trigonometric ratios when the reference is β .
2. Determine the six trigonometric ratios when the reference is Φ .
2. If , sketch a right triangle with acute angle β, and find the other five
trigonometric ratios of β.
Solution: Remember that tangent is the ratio of the opposite and adjacent sides. That
is,
To complete the three sides, we have to solve the length of the hypotenuse. We
will use the Pythagorean Theorem , where c is the hypotenuse,
and the two legs. Let , and solve for c
We then use these values to illustrate
the triangle, and to solve the 5 other trigonometric ratios.
6. Find the other five trigonometric ratios of θ if .
Solution: Note that . This means that we need to solve

the hypotenuse. Using the Pythagorean Theorem,
Substituting the values, we now have the 5 other trigonometric functions.
Solving Right Triangles
SPECIAL TRIANGLES
There are special trigonometric ratios that can be calculated from certain triangles
(which we call special triangles). We can also use a calculator to find trigonometric
ratios.
Certain right triangles have ratios that can be calculated easily from the Pythagorean
Theorem. Since they are used frequently, we mention them here.
These special ratios can be used to solve trigonometric ratios for angles with measures
30°,45° and 60° (or ).
It’s useful to remember these special trigonometric ratios because it can be recalled
easily if we remember the triangles from which they are obtained. Let’s have a try.
1. Determine the length of x.
2. Determine the length of x.
APPLICATIONS OF TRIGONOMETRY OF RIGHT TRIANGLES

To solve a triangle means to determine all of its parts from the information known about
the triangle. That is, to determine the lengths of the three sides and the measures of the
three angles. A triangle has six parts: three angles and three sides.
In this section, we will see some of the ways in which trigonometry can be applied.
Your calculator should be in degree mode for these examples.
Example
1:
Example 2:

1.
ANGLE OF ELEVATION AND DEPRESSION

To discuss the next examples, we need some terminology.
If an observer is looking at an object, then the line from the eye of the observer to the
object is called the line of sight. If the object being observed is above the horizontal,
then the angle between the line of sight and the horizontal is called the angle of
elevation.
If the object is below the horizontal, then the angle between the line of sight and the
horizontal is called the angle of depression.
Example 1:
Example 2:
Example 3:
Example 4:
Example 5

Example 6:
There are times that we are solving for the angle measure given the length of sides of
the triangle. In this case, we use the rule of inverse function. Check the example below.
Solving Oblique Triangles (Law of Sine)
How do we solve oblique triangles?
A triangle is determined by three of its six parts (angles and sides) as long as at least
one of these three parts is a side. So, the possibilities are as follows.
Basically, not all triangles are right triangles. The trigonometric functions can also be
used to solve oblique triangles which are triangles with no right angles. There are two
types of oblique triangles: an acute triangle has all acute angles, and an obtuse
triangle has one obtuse angle.
To do this, we first study the Law of Sines and then the Law of Cosines in the next
section.
As we will see, Cases 1 and 2 can be solved using the law of sines, Case 3 and Case 4
can be solved using the law of cosines.
LAW OF SINES
Another way of stating the Law of Sines is: The sides of a triangle are proportional to
the sines of their opposite angles.
Derivation of the Law of Sines
Let us apply the formula in solving oblique triangles.

Example 1:
Case 1: One side and two angles (ASA or SAA)
Example 2:
Case 1: One side and two angles (ASA or SAA)
Example 3:
Case 2: Two sides and the angle opposite one of those sides (SSA)
The Two Solution Case
Example 4
Case 2: Two sides and the angle opposite one of those sides (SSA)
The Two Solution Case
Remember...
In any triangle, the largest side is opposite the largest angle, and vice versa.
Other examples.
Example 5:
Example 6.
WEEK 9
Lesson 4: Solving Oblique Triangles (Law of Cosines)
LAW OF COSINES
If a triangle has sides of lengths a, b, and c with opposite angles A, B, and C,
respectively, then
Here are some examples. Take note of the cases satisfying the conditions of Law of
Cosines.
Lesson 5: Real-life Problems Involving Oblique Triangles
Real-Life Situations Involving Oblique Triangles

Lesson 6: Area of a Triangle
AREA OF A TRIANGLE
HERON’S FORMULA
Here are the other triangles with meter as the unit of measurement of each side.

PreCal Malapit Sa Bato Ating Iwasan

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

PreCal Malapit Sa Bato Ating Iwasan

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

PreCal Malapit Sa Bato Ating Iwasan

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

WEEK 1

Lesson 1: Angle Measurement

Lesson 1: Angle Measurement

An angle is formed when two rays have their endpoint in

How do we illustrate an angle in the xy plane?

If the rotation is counterclockwise, the angle measure is considered positive; and,

The measure of an angle tells us intuitively how much the angle “opens.”

Relationship between Degrees and Radians

Let us analyze the following examples.

Converting Radians to Degrees

The clockwise rotation gives a positive angle measure.

Lesson 3: Coterminal Angles

The angle with its coterminal angle .

How do we determine coterminal angles?

GOODLUCK SA EXAM!Wag masyadong I-pressure ang sarili! Kaya natin to!

How do we measure an intercepted arc?

Here are some examples.

GOODLUCK SA EXAM!Wag masyadong I-pressure ang sarili! Kaya natin to!

Lesson 1: Unit Circle

Functions f(θ) or f(s) are called circular when the independent variable θ or s refers to an

Lesson 2: Reference Angle

In this case, you’ll have two options.

To understand this, let us analyze the examples below.

1. The reference angle of θ = 91° is 180° - 91° = 89°.

Lesson 3: Coordinates of Points on the Unit Circle

and the ratio identities

cos 30° = cos 390° = cos -330° =

= , and cos -330° = .

GOODLUCK SA EXAM!Wag masyadong I-pressure ang sarili! Kaya natin to!

Reciprocal, Product, and Quotient/Ratio Identities

What about the identities from by a reflection of an angle?

Sum and Difference Formulas

How do we use these formulas?

Let’s apply the formulas.

Let’s apply these formulas.

Any point on the unit circle has coordinates (x,

Here are the properties of the graph of .

2. The x-intercepts are always in the form where n is any integer.

Here are the properties of the graph of .

1. The range is the set of all real numbers or .

2. The domain is

3. The vertical asymptotes of the tangent is where n is any

integer. Some of them are

Remember that infinity “ ” is not a number but a description of the

Here are the properties of the graph of .

1. The range is the set of all real numbers or .

4. The x-intercepts are in the form

However, the value of increases without bound as x approaches 0 form its

Here are the properties of the graph of .

1. The range is or

Here are the properties of the graph of .

1. The range is or

2. The domain is .

integer. Some of them are

Have a try. Graph it using G e o G e b r

x is the set of values in the domain of the trigonometric functions.

have amplitude , period and horizontal shift . An appropriate interval on

which to graph one complete period is .