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PR2 Module1 Nature
PR2 Module1 Nature
PR2 Module1 Nature
PRE ASSESSMENT 9. One characteristics of quantitative research is that its method can be repeated
to verify findings in another setting, thus, reinforcing validity findings.
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Differentiating Quantitative and Qualitative Research Perspectives
INTRODUCTION TO QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
WHATI WANT TO KNOW Based from image1, the boy represents qualitative perspective while the girl shows
quantitative perspective. From it, what do you think is the difference between qualitative
and quantitative research? Write your answers below.
Humans are naturally sceptical; we tend to question the existence of everything
_____________________________________________________________________
which arouses our curiosity. We always ask question and test theories about ourselves, _____________________________________________________________________
others, phenomenon, and the world around us. The questions like, “Bakit ganon?”, _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
“Paano kaya nangyari yun?” and “Ano kaya mangyayari kapag ganito?” are proof that
_____________________________________________________________________
humans have higher intellect and we can think critically to solve and answer a problem. ____________________________________
Source:https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/89298005081195103/ 2
Quantitative Research (Nature of Inquiry) Quantitative Research (Nature of Inquiry)
CHARACTERISTIC OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH Replication- reliable studies can be repeated to verify or confirm the correctness of
Here are the characteristics of quantitative research from Faltado et.al, 2016. the results in another setting. It strengthens the validity of the findings thus
Objective- seeks accurate measurement and analysis of target concepts. It is not eliminating the possibility of hoax or false positive conclusions.
based on mere intuitions and guesses. Future Outcomes- by using complex mathematical calculations and with the aid of
computers. If –then scenarios may be formulated thus predicting future results.
-Nakabase lamang ang iyong mga impormasyon sa mga nakita at naobserbahan na
pangyayari o datos. Hindi ito pwedeng samahan ng anumang impormasyon o datos
STRENGHTS AND WEAKNESSES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
na hindi nakita at naobserbahan.
Clearly Defined Research Questions- researchers know in advance what they are COLUMN: Based on the Data: Defend or Defy?
looking for. Research questions are well-defined for which objective answers are
Kailan natin paniniwalaan at tatalikuran ang mga impormasyong nababasa sa
sought. Questions are based on the objectives of the study.
mga pagaaral? Ang pananaliksik ay isang maprosesong gawain, hangad lamang nito
- Ang bawat pagaaral o pananaliksik ay dapat mayroong malinaw na layunin upang na bigyang sagot ang bawat katanungan. Ngunit ang resulta nga ba nang mga
magkaroon ito nang direksyon at makuha ang pinakatamang impormasyon sa iyong pagaaral na ito ay laging tama?
pagaaral/pananaliksik.
Ang quantitative research ay ginagamitan nang matematika upang maiwasan
Structured Research Instrument- data are normally gathered using tools such as ang bias at makuha ang eksaktong resulta. Lahat ng impormasyon na iyong
questionnaires to collect characteristics of population. makakalap ay kinakailangang mailipat sa numerikal na bilang upang magamitan ng
angkop na statistics. Dahil dito, isinasantabi natin ang damdamin ng mga respondents
- Ang paggamit ng mga research instrument ay malaking tulong upang mas ukol sa problema at naka pokus lamang tayo sa nilalaman ng ating instrument or
mapagtibay ang validity at reliability nang iyong nakalap na impormasyon. questionnaire. Sa pagsasagawa ng quantitative research, kinakailangan natin ng
maraming respondents upang sa ganun ay mas maging kapanipaniwala ang mga
Validity- Tumutukoy ito sa kung gaano nito kayang sukatin ng tama o hanapin ng
datos na makakalap.
tama ang mga impormasyon base sa iyong research problem. Nasusukat o
nahahanap ba nito ang dapat nyang sukatin o hanapin? Ang mga nabanggit ay patunay lamang na ang quantitative research ay
objective at nakabase lamang sa kung ano ang mga nakalap na impormasyon gamit
Large Sample Size- to arrive at a more reliable result, a normal population ang iyong instrument. Ngunit, ang pagsasantabi nga ba ng damdamin, saloobin,
distribution is preferred. The use of power analysis to determine the sample size kwento at opinion nang mga respondents ay mali? Wala nga ba tayong makukuhang
based on the power of statistical test being used in highly relevant nowadays. importanteng impormasyon mula dito? Masasabi nga ba nating tama ang resulta ng
pagaaral kung isinantabi natin ang mga saloobin nila ukol sa problema? Kailan natin
- Ang paggamit nang maraming respondents o participants sa iyong pananaliksik ay
masasabi kung kalian at saan nagkulang ang quantitative research?
makakatulong upang mas maging kapani-paniwala ang iyong mga nakalap na datos
o impormasyon. 3
Quantitative Research (Nature of Inquiry) Quantitative Research (Nature of Inquiry)
Experimental research is concerned primarily with cause and effect This design is utilized for the purpose of accurately portraying a
relationships in which all experimental studies involve manipulation or control of the population that has been chosen because of some specific characteristics. It is
independent variables (causes) and measurement of the dependent variables also used to determine the extent or direction of attitudes and behaviors. This
(effects). This design utilizes the principle of research known as the method of design aims to gather more information about characteristics within a peculiar field
difference. This means that the effect of a single variable applied to the situation can of study. The purpose is to provide a picture of a situation as in naturally happens.
be assessed, and the difference likewise be determined (Mill, as cited in Sevilla, It may be used to develop theories, justify current clinical practices or identify
2003).A variable is anything that may assume varied numerical or categorical values. problems with them, aid in making professional judgements, or determine what
other practitioners in similar situations are doing. No manipulation of variables is
Ang variable ay tumutukoy sa anumang bagay tulad ng edad, kasarian,
involved in descriptive design.
pangyayari, obserbasyon at ano pa mang katangian na nagbabago ang sukat,
halaga o epekto depende sa oras at sitwasyon. Layunin ng experimental research na Halimbawa ng mga karaniwang paksa sa descriptive research ay ang
sukatin ang epekto at pagkakaiba ng dalawang variables sa pamamagitan ng pagaaral kung ilang oras ang ginugugol ng mga kabataan sa paggamit ng social
pagmamanipula o pagcontrol ng mga ito. media, bilang ng mga malnourished na estudyante na bumabagsak sa mga
pagsusulit, mga suliranin ng mga medical front liners sa mga pampublikong
Experiments can be carried out in a laboratory or in a field setting. Laboratory
hospital dulot ng COVID19 pandemic.
experimentation is the most regulated method, involving the introduction of certain
conditions into a controlled environment stimulates key characteristics of a natural COMPARATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN
environment. This design is used to compare and contrast representative samples from
NON-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN two or more groups of subjects in relation to certain designated variables that
occur in normal conditions. The results obtained from these analyses are
SURVEY RESEARCH DESIGN
frequently not generalized in a population.
Survey research is used to gather information from group of people by
Halimbawa ng compative research ay ang pagaaral kung sino ang may
selecting and studying samples chosen from a population. It may be done in various
maraming isyung pangkalusugan, ang mga nakatira ba sa probinsya o ang mga
ways like face to face, phone call, mail and online. The investigations are conducted
nasa siyudad.
through self-report. Surveys generally ask respondents to report on their attitudes,
opinions, perceptions, or behavior. Thus, survey studies aims at describing CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH DESIGN
characteristics, opinions, population (Wilson 1990). The design is used to investigate the direction and magnitude of
Halimbawa ng isang survey research ay ang customer satisfaction rating, relationships among variables in a particular population. Likewise, it is designed to
ang bawat ahensya ay regular na nagpapasagot ng questionnaire upang malaman study the changer in one characteristics or phenomenon which corresponds to the
ang tugon o opinion ng kanilang mga customer sa serbisyong ipinapakita nila. changes in another or with one another
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Quantitative Research (Nature of Inquiry) Quantitative Research (Nature of Inquiry)
A wide range of variable scores is necessary to determine the existence CONTINUOUS AND DISCRETE VARIABLES
of a relationship. Thus, the sample should reflect the full range of scores, if
A variable that can take infinite number on the value that can occur within
possible, on the variables being measured.
a population is known as continuous variable. Its values can be divided into
Halimbawa nito ay ang pagaaral ukol sa relasyon ng dami ng mga tao na fractions. Examples of this type of variable include age, height, and temperature.
nagsusuot ng face mask at pagbaba ng bilang ng mga kaso ng COVID19. Discrete variable or also known as categorical or classificatory variable, on the
Pagaaral tungkol sa relasyon ng madalas na traffic at dami ng mga aksidente sa other hand, it is any variable that has a limited number of distinct values and
lansangan. which cannot be divided into fractions like sex, blood group, and number of
This design involves making judgment of worth or value. It allows the Simply, your age can be 17.5 years old so it is a continuous variable but
researcher to delineate, obtain, and provide information that is useful to judging your parents cannot have 4.5 children so it is a discrete variable. Continuous
decision alternatives when conducting a program or service. The evaluative variables can be further categorized as either interval or ratio variables:
various fields to aid in decision making or policy information. does have meaning. The difference between a temperature of 60 degrees and 50
degrees is the same difference as between 3o degrees and 20 degrees. The
Halimbawa nito ay ang paggamit ng mga test (Pilot testing) upang
interval between values makes sense and can be interpreted.
malaman kung nagiging epiktibo nga ba ang paraan ng pagtuturo o masukat kung
angkop nga ba ang curriculum na napili para sa mga magaaral.
Ratio variable possesses the properties of interval variable and has a clear
definition of zero, indication that there is none of that variable. Examples of ratio
DIFFERENT KINDS OF VARIABLE variable include height, weight, and distance. But temperature measured in
degrees Celsius and degrees Fahrenheit is not a ratio variable because 0 under
VARIABLE
these temperature scales does not mean no temperature at all.
One of the aspects of research is to describe and explain variables. A Discrete variables can be further categorized as nominal and ordinal:
variable is a central concept in research. It is a measurable characteristic that
changes in value. It may vary from one group to another group, one person to
Nominal variable is a variable with no quantitative value. It has two or more
another or even with the same person overtime. A variable is anything that may
assume varied numerical or categorical values. For instance, sex is a variable, it categories but does not imply ordering of cases. Common examples of this variable
may be a male or female but it won‘t be applicable as a variable if the setting of include eye color, business type, and religion. A sub-type of nominal scale with only
the research is an exclusive school for girls two categories just like sex (e.g. male/female) is known as dichotomous.
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Quantitative Research (Nature of Inquiry) Quantitative Research (Nature of Inquiry)
Ordinal variable is a variable that has two or more categories which can be Upang malaman ito kumuha ka ng sample at hinati ito sa tatlong group.
ranked. If you asked people if they liked listening to music while studying and they Ang unang group ay mayroon mainit na temperatura ng tubig, ang pangalawang
could answer either ‗‘Not very much‘‘, ‗‘Much‘‘ or ‗‘Very Much‘‘ then you have an grupo ay malamig, samantala ang ikatlo ay may katamtamang temperatura na
ordinal variable. While we can rank them, we cannot place a value to them. In this nakabase sa kung ano ang kailangan ng mga tilapia. Inobserbahan mo ang
type, distances between attributes do not have ny meaning. For example, you magiging epekto nito sa pagdami ng mga tilapia. Ang una at pangalawang grupo
used educational attainment as a variable on a survey, you might code ay tinatawag na experimental group dahil binago mo ang isang katangian nito
elementary school graduate = 1, high school graduate = 2, college undergraduate (Temperatura) upang makita ang magiging epekto nito sa pagdami ng mga tilapia.
= 3, and college graduate =4. In this measure, higher number means greater Ang temperatura ay ang iyong independent variable dahil ito ang nagbibigay
education. Even though we can rank these from lowest to highest, the spacing nang dahilan sa produksyon ng mga mga isda. Ang pagdami o produksyon ng
between the values may not be the same across the levels of the variables. The mga tilapia naman ang iyong Dependent variable dahil ditto makikita ang epekto
distance between 3 and 4 is not the same with the distance between 1 and 2. ng independent variable. Samantala ang ikatlong group naman ay ang control
group dahil dito mo ibabase lahat ng resulta kung mayroon bang pagbabago o
wala.
DEPENDENT AND INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
In a typical study, the researcher starts with an effect and investigates on its
IMPORTANCE OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
possible causes. The cause variable or the one responsible for the conditions that
act on something else to bring about changes is the independent variable.
Dependent variable also called outcome variable is the result or effect of the In the field of science, research plays a vital role especially now that we
changes brought about by another variable (usually independent variable). are facing a pandemic, most of our resources for combating this virus are based
in research, even the development of vaccines are based from past
In a certain study, a group of students was subjected to aroma therapy researches/studies. What do you think will happen if we do not have this kind of
using essential oils while reading and another group read under normal information today? Do you think we will survive this crisis?
conditions, then after a month both groups took a reading comprehension test. In
In the field of ICT, the use and development of mobile application and soft
this case, the reading comprehension test score is the dependent variable and
wares are the key changer in this new normal since face to face transactions are
exposure to aroma therapy is the independent variable. This is because the test
being limited and most of our works are now going online. The example of this is
score is dependent on whether or not the student was exposed to aroma therapy.
the project of DOST wherein real time data about COVID19 are being analysed
The independent variable exposure to aroma therapy is independent because it is
for contact tracing to prevent the spread of virus.
something that brought about the change.
In the field of Humanities, the improvement of social work and media
Halimbawa. Layunin mong malaman kung ano ang epekto ng pabago-
information is very significant since accurate and real information is our protection
bagong temperatura ng tubig sa pagdami o produksyon ng mga tilapia. 7
against this virus. With proper coordination with media this will be a life saver.
Quantitative Research (Nature of Inquiry) Quantitative Research (Nature of Inquiry)
ASSESSMENT (WHAT I LEARN) B. Classify the given variables according to its general
type. (Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, or Ratio)
A. Direction: Write your concise learning about the following questions. 1. Brand of Printers -
________________________________
Question: Based from the column, based on the data: Defend or Defy. What 2. External Memory Capacity -
could be the weakness and strengths of quantitative research? ________________________________
3. Typing Skill level -
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________________________________
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4. Volume capacity -
_________________________________________________________________
________________________________
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5. Phases of matter -
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________________________________
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6. Amount of leaves extract -
_______________________________________________________________
________________________________
Question: If you want to conduct a research study about the experiences of ―NO 7. Satisfaction Rating of the Senators -
Work, NO PAY‖ workers because of COVID19 and decided to use quantitative ________________________________
research, what could be the pros and cons of your study? 8. Number of family members -
________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ 9. Dialects -
_________________________________________________________________ ________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ 10. Net Income -
_________________________________________________________________ ________________________________
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_________________________________________________________________ C. Figure out the independent and dependent variables in the
_________________________________________________________________ following situation
_________________________________________________________________ Situation 1: You are interested in how stress affects heart rate in humans.
_________________________________________________________________ 1. Stress level
_________________________________________________________________ 2. Increase or decrease of heart rate
Question: If you want to conduct a research about COVID19 vaccine Situation 2: An experiment investigating the effectiveness of a new
development. What key or important characteristic of quantitative do you training program on youth leadership
think applies in conducting this experimental research? 3. Performance of the participants
4. Gender
_________________________________________________________________
Situation 3: A computer engineer wants to develop a new design for
_________________________________________________________________
laptops
_________________________________________________________________
5. Features of the design
_________________________________________________________________
6. Number of consumer orders
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
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Quantitative Research (Nature of Inquiry) Quantitative Research (Nature of Inquiry)
D. Multiple Choice. Choose the correct letter that best describe the 6. The researchers know in advance what they are looking for. The research
question or complete the statement. Write your answer before the number. questions are welldefined for which objective answers are sought. All aspects of
the study are carefully designed before data are gathered.
1. Which of the following BEST defines quantitative research?
A. Future Outcomes C. Clearly defined Research Questions
A. It is an exploration associated with libraries, books and journals.
B. It is an activity concerned with finding new truth in education. B. Structured Research Instruments D. Numerical Data
C. It is a systematic process obtaining numerical information about the world. 7. Which research design seeks to describe ―what is‖?
D. It is an activity of producing or proving a theorem.
A. Correlational C. Experimental
2. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of quantitative research? B. Descriptive D. Evaluation
A. Data are gathered before proposing a conclusion or solution to a problem. 8. In this type of research, the investigator tries to probe the significance of
relationship between two or more factors or characteristics
B. Quantitative methods can be repeated to verify findings in another setting,
thus strengthen and reinforcing validity of findings eliminating the possibility of A. Correlational C. Ex-post facto
spurious conclusions.
C. Figures, tables or graphs showcase summarized data collection in order to B. Experimental D. Survey
show trends, relationships or differences among variables. In sum, the charts
and tables allow you to see the evidence collected. 9. Which of the item below does NOT hold true for descriptive research?
D. It seeks to gather a more comprehensive understanding of activities related to A. describes the nature of a situation or an event
human behavior and the attributes that rule such behavior.
B. presents the profile of persons, events, and things
3. Which of the following describes the characteristics of research where data C. describes past situations
are in form of statistics? D. there is no manipulation of variables or search for cause and effect related to
the performance
A. Objective B. Numerical Data
C. Replication D. Large Sample Size 10. Which of the following illustrates a quantitative study?
4. This characteristic of quantitative research which refers to its necessity to A. attributes to malnutrition in children
arrive at a more reliable data analysis.
B. public opinion to the sex scandal of the Pres. in our country
A. Large Sample Sizes B. Numerical Data C. academic performance of high school students
5. It is done to check the correctness and verify the findings of the study.
B. Replication D. Objective
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Quantitative Research (Nature of Inquiry) Quantitative Research (Nature of Inquiry)
D. Direction: Complete the task by doing the assigned work. Write your answer 3. Draw/Photograph a scenario that shows the importance of research in
on the blank spaces below. combating this pandemic.
REFERRENCES
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