STATISTICAL ANALYSIS WITH SOFTWARE APPLICATION

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DEFINITION OF TERMS

1. Descriptive Statistics – are brief descriptive coefficients that summarize a given

data set, which can be either a representation of the entire or a sample of a
population. It’s simply describing what is or what the data shows.

2. Inferential Statistics – allows you to make predictions from that data. With
inferential statistics, you take data from samples and make generalizations about
a population. It is trying to reach conclusions that extend beyond the immediate
data alone

3. Mean – also known as the average, is the sum of a collection of numbers divided
by the count of numbers in the collection.

4. Median – is the middle value of a set of data containing an odd number of values,
or the average of the two middle values of a set of data with an even number of
values. The median is especially helpful when separating data into two equal
sized bins.

5. Mode – is the value that occurs most often. If no number in the list is repeated,
then there is no mode for the list.

6. Standard Deviation – A standard deviation is a statistic that measures the

dispersion of a dataset relative to its mean. The standard deviation is calculated
as the square root of variance by determining each data point's deviation relative
to the mean. If the data points are further from the mean, there is a higher
deviation within the data set; thus, the more spread out the data, the higher the
standard deviation.

7. Nominal Data – is a type of data that is used to label variables without providing
any quantitative value. It is the simplest form of a scale of measure. It cannot be
ordered and cannot be measured.

8. Ordinal Data – are the type of data in which the values follow a natural order.
One of the most notable features of ordinal data is that the differences between
the data values cannot be determined or are meaningless.
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9. Interval Data – is defined as a data type which is measured along a scale, in

which each point is placed at equal distance from one another. Interval data
measured numerical data that has equal distances between adjacent values, but
no meaningful zero.

10. Ratio Data – is defined as quantitative data, having the same properties as
interval data, with an equal and definitive ratio between each data and absolute
“zero” being treated as a point of origin.

11. Sample –  is a set of individuals or objects collected or selected from a statistical
population by a defined procedure.

12. Population – is the pool of individuals from which a statistical sample is drawn for
a study. Thus, any selection of individuals grouped together by a common feature
can be said to be a population.

13. Simple Random Sampling – is a randomly selected subset of a population. In this

sampling method, each member of the population has an exactly equal chance of
being selected. This method is the most straightforward of all the probability
sampling methods, since it only involves a single random selection and requires
little advance knowledge about the population.

14. Systematic Random Sampling – is defined as a probability sampling method

where the researcher chooses elements from a target population by selecting a
random starting point and selects sample members after a fixed ‘sampling
interval.

15. Cluster Sampling/Clustering – involves dividing the population into subgroups,

but each subgroup should have similar characteristics to the whole sample.
Instead of sampling individuals from each subgroup, you randomly select entire
subgroups.

16. Stratified Random Sampling – involves dividing the population into

subpopulations that may differ in important ways. It allows you draw more
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precise conclusions by ensuring that every subgroup is properly represented in

the sample.

17. Null Hypothesis –  is a type of hypothesis used in statistics that proposes that
there is no difference between certain characteristics of a population (or data-
generating process).

18. Alternative Hypothesis –  alternative hypothesis is one in which a difference (or

an effect) between two or more variables is anticipated by the researchers; that
is, the observed pattern of the data is not due to a chance occurrence.
Alternative hypotheses can be nondirectional or directional.

19. Constant –  A quantity which can assume only one value is called a constant. A
constant does not change its value and it remains the same forever. Constants
are usually represented by numbers.

20. Variable – A variable is any characteristics, number, or quantity that can be

measured or counted. A variable may also be called a data item. A variable, on
the other hand, changes its value from time to time depending on the equation.