Let us now pause for some activities and exercises.

Compare your responses with the

answers given at the end of this module. Do not skip these exercise questions; they are
important.

SAQ 1-1
Define statistics. Why is it a science?
> Statistics is a process of gathering, summarizing, analysing and interpreting data to be
used for wise and unbiased decision-making. It is science because it uses logic and
computation to attain the necessary result.

SAQ 1-2

Differentiate between descriptive statistics and inferential statistics.

> Descriptive statistics is a type of analysis that gives accurate and exact information
with the use of charts and tables. Inferential statistics, on the other hand, produces
information that is based on estimations and predictions.

SAQ 1-3
What is the guideline we should have in interpreting results?
> The first thing to do is to gather data. After gathering, organize and assess whether
the data gathered is important or not. Third, is to analyze the sorted data. Now, you will
interpret it and draw conclusions from the sorted information. Finally, identify the
limitations of the results shown.

SAQ 1-4
Chemical and manufacturing plants sometimes discharge toxic-waste materials such as
Chloro-fluorocarbons (CFC) into nearby rivers and streams. These toxins can adversely
affect the plants and animals inhabiting the river and riverbank. The Philippine Army
Corps of Engineers recently conducted a study of fish in Dicayo River in Zamboanga del
Norte and its three tributary creeks: Biniray Creek, Bolarot Creek, and Matam Creek. A
total of 144 fish were captured and the following variables were measured for each:

1. River/ creek where each fish was captured - QUALITATIVE

2. Species (bangus, tulingan, mangsi and tilapia) - QUALITATIVE
3. Length (centimeters) - QUANTITATIVE
 4. Weight (garms) - QUANTITATIVE
5. Chloro-fluorocarbons(CFC) concentration (parts per million) -
QUANTITATIVE

Classify each of the variables measured as quantitative and qualitative.

SAQ 1-5

A group of students from UP Manila is concerned about the rising student fees at
Universities and colleges nationwide. So the group selected a random sample of 30
colleges and universities throughout the country to obtain information about the
irrespective student fees.
a. What is the population?
> The population interest is all of the students from different universities
and colleges nationwide.
b. What is the sample?
> The sample population is 30 random college and university students
nationwide.

ACTIVITY 1-1

Make a report on these:

1. Read a newspaper and take note of articles or displays using statistics.

> Rappler published a report about unemployment standing in the Philippines.
The news indicates that the unemployment rate went down by 10% as of July,
last year. It is provided by the PSA (Philippine Statistics Authority). Different
comparisons from previous quarters were shown on the report to back up the
said claim.
(from:https://www.rappler.com/business/unemployment-rate-philippines-july-
2020 )
2. Go to the library and browse through a journal in a field that interests you.
Note the use of statistics.
> Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) recorded fluctuated data with the
agricultural production as of the second quarter of the current year (2021)
from last 2018. The report shows that with constant 2018 prices used, they
estimated -1.5 percent decreased in the second quarter of 2021. Decreases
in the production levels were noted for livestock and fisheries. Meanwhile,
production of crops and poultry posted increases during the period (from:
https://psa.gov.ph/system/files/Full%20Report%2C%20Value%20of
%20Production%20in%20Philippine%20Agriculture%20and%20Fisheries
%2C%20Second%20Quarter%202021.pdf )
 3. Next time you watch TV, listen to the ads and see how statistics are used to
convince you to buy a product.

COMMENTS ON ACTIVITY 1-1

Report of the student should reflect the various ways of making statistics authenticate
reports – through percentage, frequency, and averages.

Statistics in Critical Thinking

SAQ 1-6
Pollsters regularly conduct opinion polls to determine the popularity rating of the current
president. Suppose a poll is to be conducted tomorrow in which 2,000 individuals (18
yrs. Old and above) will be asked whether the president is doing a good job in running
the country. The 2,000 individuals will be selected by random digit telephone dialing and
asked the question over the phone.

a) What is the relevant population?

> The relevant population would be the citizens of the Philippines ages 18
years old and above.
b) What is the sample?
> The sample population is 2,000 random individuals ages 18 and above.
c) What is the variable of interest? Is it quantitative or qualitative?
> The variable of interest is the popularity rating of the current president of
the Philippines.
d) How likely is the sample to be representative?
> The sample will represent the answer of the totality of the people in the
Philippines.

SAQ 1-7
What is statistical thinking?
> Statistical thinking is the analysis of a wide range of data; wherein you want to
process, understand and give solutions to various control factors may be interacting at
once to produce an outcome.
 Module 2
ACTIVITY 2-1
Below are scores of 60 students in Mathematics.
19 31 36 26 34 32
44 33 37 39 45 21
24 38 40 42 39 32
43 18 24 32 49 33
33 33 40 24 46 22
29 33 37 30 43 43
26 39 57 30 40 33
25 33 48 39 34 29
29 37 39 35 41 29
23 32 48 28 45 19

a. What is the highest score?

> The highest score is 57.
b. What is the lowest score?
> The lowest score is 18
c. Construct an ungrouped frequency distribution table with the following elements:
X, f, %, c f, c%.

x f % cf c%

57 1 1.67 60 100.04

56 0 0 59 98.37

55 0 0 59 98.37

54 0 0 59 98.37

53 0 0 59 98.37

52 0 0 59 98.37

51 0 0 59 98.37

50 0 0 59 98.37

49 1 1.67 59 98.37

48 2 3.33 58 96.7

47 0 0 56 93.37

46 1 1.67 56 93.37

45 2 3.33 55 91.7
44 1 1.67 53 88.37

43 3 5 52 86.7

42 1 1.67 49 81.7

41 1 1.67 48 80.03

40 3 5 47 78.36

39 5 8.33 44 73.36

38 1 1.67 39 65.03

37 3 5 38 63.36

36 1 1.67 35 58.36

35 1 1.67 34 56.69

34 2 3.33 33 55.02

33 7 11.67 31 51.69

32 4 6.67 24 40.02

31 1 1.67 20 33.35

30 2 3.33 19 31.68

29 4 6.67 17 28.35

28 1 1.67 13 21.68

27 0 0 12 20.01

26 2 3.33 12 20.01

25 1 1.67 10 16.68

24 3 5 9 15.01

23 1 1.67 6 10.01

22 1 1.67 5 8.34

21 1 1.67 4 6.67

20 0 0 3 5

19 2 3.33 3 5
 18 1 1.67 1 1.67

60 100.04

ACTIVITY 2-2

Construct a grouped frequency distribution table for the data set in Activity 1. Include
columns for f, %, c f, c%, exact limits, and midpoints.

SAQ 2-1

Why is it important to have frequency distributions? In how many ways can we present
a data set?
> It is important because it helps you arrange the data you gathered. It is a chart that
summarizes values and their frequency. There are two ways to present a data set -
ungrouped and grouped frequency distribution. Ungrouped frequency distribution often
organized the data from highest to lowest of each data sample. Grouped frequency
distribution, on the other hand, from the word itself “group” consists of a set of data
based on the interval calculated.

ACTIVITY 2-3

At the World Citi Colleges, College of Nursing, 25 faculty members gave the following
information about the total number of hours they spent on various committee meetings.
The summary hours are computed within a month’s time.

20 22 18 16 25 15 23
21 22 22 20 23 25 22
20 18 18 22 24 25
25 24 16 25 10

1. Find the longest hours and the shortest hours.

> The Longest hour is 25 hours and the shortest hour is 10 hours.
2. Find the range.
> R = 25 – 10 + 1
= 16
3. Construct an ungrouped and grouped frequency distribution tables.

Ungrouped Frequency Distribution of Hours Nursing Students Spent on Various

Committee Meetings
 X f % cf c%

25 5 20 25 100

24 2 8 20 80

23 2 8 18 72

22 5 20 16 64

21 1 4 11 44

20 3 12 10 40

19 0 0 7 28

18 3 0 7 28

17 0 0 4 28

16 2 20 4 28

15 1 4 2 8

14 0 0 1 4

13 0 0 1 4

12 0 0 1 4

11 0 0 1 4

10 1 4 1 4

25 100

Grouped Frequency Distribution of Hours Nursing Students Spent on Various

Committee Meetings

Class Interval f % cf c%

22-25 14 56 25 100

18-21 7 28 11 44

14-17 3 12 4 16

10-13 1 4 1 4

25 100
 SAQ 2-2
What’s the advantage of creating a grouped frequency distribution table over
an ungrouped one?
> It is easier to see the result specially when you are dealing with a large scale of
number or sample and it saves space for the paper/research.