“UTILIZATION OF ALOE VERA GEL AS A STARCH-BASED

BIOPLASTIC BOTTLE ADDITIVE”

Isemman Jhones B. Arrojo

Gan Von Urich O. De Luna

Isaac Jan Carlo D. Macahipay

Kezia Lean Gale A. Borrero

Ashifra D. Custodio

Tabaco National High School

 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Bioplastics are produced from 100% renewable raw material which,

when discarded in conditions favorable to its decomposition, is rapidly

integrated into nature as carbon dioxide, water, and biomass (Telles et al.

2011). The first man-made plastic, introduced in 1862, was a bioplastic. Aloe

is a genus of succulent plants, meaning that it exhibits a high rate of water

retention. Probably native to north Africa along the upper Nile in the Sudan,

and subsequently introduced and naturalized in the Mediterranean region,

most of the tropics and warmer areas of the world, including Asia, the

Bahamas, Central America, Mexico, the southern United States of America,

south-east Asia, and the West Indies (WHO, 2019). Aloe vera has been used

for medicinal and cosmetic purposes in several cultures for millennia: Greece,

Egypt, India, Mexico, Japan, and China. Egyptian queens Nefertiti and

Cleopatra used it as part of their regular beauty regimes. Alexander the Great

and Christopher Colombus used it to treat soldiers’ wounds. The first

reference to Aloe Vera in English was a translation by John Goodyew in A.D.

1655 of Dioscorides’ Medical treatise De Materia Medica. By the early 1800’s

Aloe Vera was in use as a laxative in the United States, but in the mid-1930’s,

a turning point occurred when it was successfully used to chronic and severe

Radiation Dermatitis. The bioplastic composition can include 11.0% starch,

49.4% glycerin, and 37.6% water, and 2.0% acid. It can include at least one

starch at a concentration between 5 wt. % and 20 wt. %. Aloe Vera Gel

consists of about 98.5%–99.5% water with the remaining solids containing

more than 200 different components, polysaccharides being the most

abundant compounds (Femenia et al., 1999).

This study exclusively focuses on the broad species of Aloe vera per

se, but there are reports of poisonous subspecies. The aloe vera gel market

is primarily driven by the increasing consumer health consciousness across

the world. The high prevalence of skin-related diseases, obesity,

cardiovascular disorders, diabetes, etc., is augmenting the consumption of

aloe vera gel. Its rising popularity in the healthcare sector makes this study, a

direct competitor for the aloe vera plant population—if ever to this study is

implemented.

From what was stated so far, Aloe vera has a lot of flexible capabilities;

thus, this study pursues mainly on proving and wielding the potential of the

said plant on the bioplastic industry of today through utilizing as an additive to

starch-based bioplastic bottle.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of utilizing Aloe vera gel

as a starch-based bioplastic additive. This study seeks to answer the

following questions:

1. What is the number of people that use conventional plastic drinking

bottle in Tabaco City?

2. What is the effect of the Aloe starch on the product?

3. What is the significant difference between utilizing Aloe vera gel as an

additive for starch-based bioplastic and conventional plastic bottles?

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

The study aims to produce a product that is chemically safe for a

container that is also fine as decomposed in the environment. The materials

required in this study are Aloe vera gel, kitchen utensils, Supercritical Carbon

Dioxide/ Fluid Extraction Machine — an equipment for separating the gas

from the material and Injection Blow Molding Machine — for manufacturing

bottles. The science concepts used are binding property of polysaccharides,

polymerization, and biodegradability properties. The locale for this study is

just in our respective areas. The academic term is within School Years 2019-

2021.
LIMITATIONS

The study focuses on Aloe vera gel’s potential purpose in other

aspects, lacking related published studies discussing about utilizing succulent

plants as bioplastics, so the researchers do not have enough knowledge

about its other properties. The said machines are expensive for us students

and can only be found to its respective factories, so we must locate them

which is very time consuming. The school year limited the study’s time frame

for possible changes and enhancements.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study can profit societies’ aspects such as:

• Community - a). The community will benefit from it in the way that the

interaction between the chemical components of the starch-based

bioplastic bottle and water is less decontaminated than water contained in

plastic bottles and b.) The biodegradability of the material is efficient in

making it as a fertilizer and not as a pollutant, thus making the

environment for the community refined.

• Government - The government specifically policymakers will have an

advantage by being able to expand their action agenda in a way not

previously realized, since one of the government’s priorities is public

health, and climate change researchers emphasize relevant impacts such

as pollution-related deaths and disease pathways.

 • Manufacturers - The manufacturers will benefit from it by the demand and

feedback of consumers using the product. With high demand and positive

feedback, the more profit they will get.

• Future Researchers - This study will help future researchers to be more

aware about the changing climate and solve them involving the

manufacturing of starch-based bioplastic bottle.

References:

Aloe Vera Gel Market: Global Industry Trends, Share, Size, Growth,

Opportunity and Forecast 2021-2026 (2021). Retrieved from

https://www.reportlinker.com/p04715180/Aloe-Vera-Gel-Market-

Global-Industry-Trends-Share-Size-Growth-Opportunity-and-

Forecast.html last April 2021.

Anderson, Kat, et al. (2004, November 8). Plants Profile for Aloe vera

(Barbados aloe). Retrieved from

https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=ALVE2 last October

2019.

Beach, Darrel H., et al. (1993, January 1). HEATH CHEMISTRY.

Lexington, Massachusetts/Toronto, Ontario: D.C. Heath and

Company last January 2020.

BIODEGRADABLE BIOPLASTIC COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS OF

MAKING AND USING THE SAME (2020). Retrieved from

 http://www.freepatentsonline.com/y2016/0369085.html. Last

January 2020.

Doherty, Glenn. (2008). Aloe vera: Structures and Applications. Retrieved

From

http://www.microscopyuk.org.uk/mag/artnov08macro/GDoherty/i

ndex.html last October 2019.

Emsley, John. (2019). Magnesium – Element information properties and

uses | Periodic Table. Retrieved from

https://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/12/magnesium last

October 2019.

Hoyt, Richard. (2017, September 21). The Structure of an Aloe Vera Plant.

Retrieved from https://www.gardenguides.com/126237structure-

aloe-vera-plant.html last October 2019.

Hu, Quihui, et al. (2005). Free radical-scavenging activity of Aloe vera

(Aloe barbadensis Miller) extracts by supercritical carbon

dioxide extraction. Retrieved from

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223066547_Free_radi

calscavenging_activity_of_Aloe_vera_Aloe_barbadensis_Miller_

extrac ts_by_supercritical_carbon_dioxide_extraction last

January 2020.

Methane Capture and Use | A Students Guide to Global Climate Change.

(2017, May 9). Retrieved from

 https://archive.epa.gov/climatechange/kids/solutions/technologie

s/m ethane.html. Last January 2020.

Organic Waste (2016). Retrieved from

https://environmentvictoria.org.au/resource/organic-waste/. Last

March 2019.

Saple, D. G., Amar Surjushe, and Resham Vasani (2008). ALOE VERA: A

SHORT REVIEW. Retrieved from

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2763764/. Last

October 2019.

Sharmay, Vinay. (2012). What is the difference between Aloe Vera And

Aloe Barbadensis? Retrieved from

https://www.researchgate.net/post/What_is_the_difference_bet

we en_Aloe_vera_And_Aloe_barbadensis. Last October 2019.

What Happens to Carbon Dioxide During Photosynthesis? (2019).

Retrieved from https://sciencing.com/happens-carbon-

dioxideduring-photosynthesis-8527975.html. Last October 2019.

What Are Bioplastics, and Why Are They Important? Retrieved from

https://www.thisisplastics.com/what-are-bioplastics-and-why-

arethey-important/ last March 2020.

Bonomo, R. C. F., et al. (2018). Characterization of starch-based

bioplastics from jackfruit seed plasticized with glycerol.

Retrieved from
 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5756213/#CR23

last April 2021.

Bajer, Dagmara, et al. (2020). Novel Starch/Chitosan/Aloe Vera

Composites as Promising Biopackaging Materials. Retrieved

from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10924-020-

01661-7 last April 2021.

CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter provides perceptions both from other published and

unpublished materials that have some similarities to our present study after

the thorough and in-depth search done by the researchers.

RELATED LITERATURE

Local Literature

Plastic is the key player of global warming. The Philippines generates

2.7 million tons of plastic waste annually and 20 per cent – or half a million

tons – of that leaks into the oceans. The country is ranked third in the world

for failing to deal with its plastics, which said 81 per cent of plastics waste in

the country was mismanaged (University of Georgia, 2015).

Foreign Literature

Bioplastic is one of the centerpieces of plastic in the 21st century.

Bioplastic is a plastic that is made partly or wholly from polymers derived from

renewable sources (Elsevier, 2018). The global bioplastic market is projected

to grow from $17 billion this year to almost $44 billion in 2020. There are two

main types of bioplastics — PLA (polyactic acid) and PHA

(polyhydroxyalkanoate) (Cho, 2017).

Polymerization is the fundamental integration of plastics and other

polymers. Polymerization is a reaction process in which two or more

monomers are bonded chemically to form large polymer chains or three-

dimensional networks (Pandikumar and Rameshkumar, 2019). Two types of

polymer are addition and condensation polymer (Herron, 2006).

Starch is a carbohydrate extracted from agricultural raw materials

which is widely present in literally thousands of everyday food and non-food

applications. It is renewable and biodegradable, a perfect raw material as a

substitute for fossilfuel components in numerous chemical applications such

 as plastics, detergents, glues etc. The starch molecule consists of a large

number of glucose units joined by glycosidic bonds (Adwell, 2019).

Starch gelatinization is an endothermic process that corresponds to the

loss of starch crystallinity in the starch granules under particular heat and

moisture conditions (Modifying Food Texture, 2015). When heated in water,

starch undergoes a transition process, during which the granules break down

into a mixture of polymers‐in‐solution (Jackson and Ratnayake, 2008).

RELATED STUDIES

In an effort to educate the researchers in this study, similar studies

were considered and accredited. Bioplastic plays a vital role in both industries

and economies that is necessary for a sustainable environment. There are

various inquiries that weigh the effects of renewable resources utilized as an

alternative/additive packaging material.

So as to achieve an understanding on the chemical composition of

Aloe vera, the researchers review a related study about Aloe vera by

Adrisyanti Baruah et. al. last December 2016. This review article describes

about the various factors affecting the chemical composition of A. vera such

as different existing varieties of A. vera. Findings revealed that most of the

biological activities are contributed by the wide varieties of compounds

present in the sap and gel of A. vera. Hence, in view of high interest shown by

the people of different countries for its medicinal value and commercial uses,
it was recommended to review the active constituents and clinical

effectiveness of A. vera.

With the same goal as the present study, M.K. Marichelvam,

Mohammad Jawaid and Mohammad Asim (2019) investigated the corn and

rice starch-based bioplastics for packaging applications with the end view of

developing biodegradable plastics for both industrial and commercial

applications. Findings revealed that the product can be used as an alternative

polyethylene plastic film, such as low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and high-

density polyethylene (HDPE). The results showed that the samples prepared

from the corn and rice starches have better biodegradability than the existing

plastic materials. Findings also revealed that the citric acid addition improves

the shelf-life of the material and improves the mechanical properties. The

study also proves that the investigation of the hybridization of proposed starch

materials with other biomaterials, and with different plasticizers, would be an

interesting scope for this research. Hence, due to the obtained properties of

bioplastic, it was recommended to prepare polybags using this bioplastic with

assumed lower cost.

A matching study with the same materials used entitled, “Plant-crafted

starches for bioplastics production” by Agnes, Dominic, Eric, and Kim (2016)

utilized Transgenically-produced amylose-only (AO) starch which is a type of

polysaccharides used in the present study. Findings revealed that dynamic

mechanical analysis showed a significant increase in the storage modulus (E′)

for AO samples compared to the control. The findings of the author support

the use of pure starch-based bioplastics devoid of non-polysaccharide fillers.

 A similar method was conducted by Amal Kabbash, K.A. El Se’oud, E.

Zalat and Nagwa Shoeib last January 2008. This study sought to investigate

the extraction of Aloe emodin and barbaloin and its in-vitro cytotoxic activity.

The Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE), a method intended to separate Aloe

emodin and barbaloin from Aloe vera leaves quantitatively, was operated

within 20 minutes at a flow rate of 0.3 ml/min, temperature, and pressure at

40°C and 3200 Psi respectively with the addition of 1 ml of methanol as a

modifier and used a semipreparative column to achieve its pure form. It was

later analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The

results of the study revealed that Aloe emodin showed a cytotoxic activity on

two human colon cancer cells lines (DLD-1 and HT-29) with IC50 8.94 and

10.78 μM respectively. On the other hand, the cytotoxic activity of barbaloin

was evaluated using the in vitro MTT colorimetric assay and barbaloin had

shown no effect.

Jayachandra Yaradoddi’s, Dr. Sharanabasava Vishwanath

Ganachari’s, Vinay Patil’s and Nagaraj Banapurmath’s research last

November 2016 also used the science concepts used in the present study

particularly biodegradability properties and polymerization. The study work

with emphasis on synthesis of bioplastic material by using fruit waste mainly

banana peel. FTIR and XRD analysis was used as a method to confirm that

the polymer which is the banana peel blended with the glycerol—is bioplastic.

One of most significant result obtained during the research is degradation

tractability of the developed product. There were plenty of reports on

bioplastic synthesis using banana peel, however, there are less reports on

tractability biodegradation, thus produced biodegradation tractable plastic

 could play vital role in the market for the sustainable use and commercial

value-added product development. Hence, it was recommended that the

bioplastics prepared using the fruit waste be considered as alternatives to the

conventional plastic materials.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

The researchers adapted the general system’s theory by Edward

Deming (J. Horine,1993) to support this study. The theory generally states

that the success in any system requires more than best efforts and hard work

from the administrators. That is why the researchers did their best to

accomplish this study and so that it would satisfy the main goal of research

which is to preserve and improve the quality of human life.

Starch is a polymer made by plants to store energy. It is a

polysaccharide comprising glucose monomers. Polymerization is a reaction

process in which two or more monomers are bonded chemically to form large

polymer chains or three-dimensional networks (Graphene-Based

Electrochemical Sensors for Biomolecules, 2019). Starch itself is a product of

polymerization. With polymerization, starch-based bioplastic will happen.

Since the main purpose of bioplastic is to reduce the problem of plastic

waste that is suffocating the planet and polluting the environment, its

biodegradability property will meet the purpose in the way that the material

will decay without affecting the environment with the help of other elements.

Because of this, it will also help attain the main goal of the study itself which is

to make a product that will serve as an alternative for conventional plastics—

that are causes of global warming.

 The binding property of polysaccharides in the aloe vera gel help the

study achieve the goal by binding together the sugar molecules forming the

bioplastic.

CONCEPTUAL PARADIGM

Researchers
Research Instructor
Production Area
Aloe vera Gel Bioplastic product
Manufacturing of that is cost-efficient,
Supercritical CO2 /
Fluid Extraction Bioplastics eco-friendly, and an
Machine
alternative for
Injection Blow Molding Analysis of conventional plastic.
Machine
*Lab Tools &
Equipment
*Practical Materials

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Based on the figures in Conceptual Paradigm, these researchers

directed by the research instructor, production area, Aloe vera gel,

supercritical carbon dioxide extraction machine and injection blow molding

machine are the ones involved for the starting point of our study. As a means

to achieve the goal using this input, the following processes are to be done.

First, the researchers will separate the carbon dioxide from the Aloe

vera gel by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction utilizing the appropriate

machine with the advice of the research instructor. Then, more laboratory or

practical apparatus will be used for techniques such as distillation, heating,

boiling. By stretch blow molding of the finished aloe vera gel and other
 components needed for manufacturing bioplastic, with the guide of the

research protocol—the desired product will be attained.

Because of this, the goal of the study is satisfied which is to make a

plant-based bottle that is cost-efficient, eco-friendly and an alternative for

conventional plastic bottle.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Aloe vera gel

The clear, jelly-like substance found in the inner part of the aloe plant

leaf. The most important material in this research; extracted from an aloe vera

leaf that is possibly a good additive for bioplastic production.

Carbohydrates

Any of a large group of organic compounds occurring in foods and

living tissues and including sugars, starch, and cellulose. considered binders

of materials. The latter is part of the bioplastic composition.

Polymer

A substance that has a molecular structure consisting chiefly or

entirely of a large number of similar units bonded together. The foundation of

the starch-based bioplastic.

Polysaccharides

A carbohydrate (e.g., starch, cellulose, or glycogen) whose

molecules consist of a number of sugar molecules bonded together. Its

property is efficient for manufacturing bioplastic in the study.

References:

Aloe vera: A multipurpose industrial crop 2016). Retrieved from

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308923279_Aloe_vera

_A _multipurpose_industrial_crop last February 2020.

Aloe vera: Benefits and medical uses - Medical News Today (2020).

Retrieved from https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/?

fbclid=IwAR3A5Xbg9qjztV96L WMHf2X4jLt6Dnpi0g-

M7oKddJOVYB_omoYgIBfH7BQ last February 2020.

Bioplastics: An Eco-Friendly Alternative to Conventional Plastic? (2020).

Retrieved from https://en.reset.org/knowledge/bioplastics-eco-

friendly-alternative-conventional-plastic-01202019 last April

2021.

Cantal, K.L.I. (2019). Enhancing Student’s Science Process Skills through

Experiential Learning Activities. Bicol University Graduate

School, Legazpi, City.

Corn and Rice Starch-Based Bio-Plastics as Alternative Packaging

Materials (2019). Retrieved from

https://www.mdpi.com/20796439/7/4/32/htm last February 2020.

Decomposition - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics (2019) Retrieved

from https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-
 genetics-andmolecular-biology/decomposition last February

2020.

Gonzales, Gerardo G. (2016). Development and Characteristics of

Biodegradable Aloe. Retrieved from; www.researchgate.com @

2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016 last

February 2020.

Jackson, D. S., and Wajira S. Ratnayake (2008). Chapter 5 Starch

Gelatinization. Retrieved from

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S10434526080

04051 last April 2021.

Lucañas, Rechelle (2019). CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED

LITERATURE AND STUDIES. Retrieved from

https://www.academia.edu/4018283/CHAPTER_2_REVIEW_OF

_R ELATED_LITERATURE_AND_STUDIES last February

2020.

Oxford Learner's Dictionaries (2020). Retrieved from

https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/us/ last February

2020.

Shrivastava, Anshuman (2018). Introduction to plastic engineering.

Retrieved from

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/polymerizatio

n last February 2020.

Starch | Definition, Formula, Uses, & Facts | Britannica. Retrieved from

https://www.britannica.com/science/starch last March 2020.

Starch Gelatinization (2021). Retrieve from

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/food-science/starch-

gelatinization last April 2021.

Starch - Polymer Science Learning Center. Retrieved from

https://pslc.ws/macrog/kidsmac/starch.htm last March 2020.

Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of aloe emodin and barbaloin from

Aloe vera L. leaves and their in-vitro cytotoxic activity (2008).

Retrieved from

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286948471_Supercriti

cal_

carbon_dioxide_extraction_of_aloe_emodin_and_barbaloin_fro

m_A loe_vera_L_leaves_and_their_in-vitro_cytotoxic_activity

last February 2020.

Syakira, Kiera (2014). Bioplastic from potato starch 2014. Retrieved from

https://www.slideshare.net/sya92/bioplastic-from-potato-

starch2014 last February 2020.

What is Starch? What is it used for? Why do we need it? (2019). Retrieved

from https://starch.eu/starch/ last February 2020.

 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

This chapter discusses the type of study, materials to be used,

methods to be done and statistical treatment for data analysis and

interpretation.

TYPE OF STUDY

The study focuses on its product effectiveness therefore suggests that

it is experimental considering that experimental research is undertaken when

a researcher wishes to trace cause-and-effect relationships between variables

(Kerry, 2018). Moreover, experimental research is a study that strictly adheres

to a scientific research design. The researcher collects data and results will

either support or reject the hypothesis. This method of research is referred to

a hypothesis testing or a deductive research method (Babbie 4) (Harland,

2011). Since it includes a hypothesis, a variable that can be manipulated by

 the researcher, and variables that can be measured, calculated, and

compared, the variables mentioned in the study are the measurements of the

common ingredients of bioplastics and the temperature for boiling and the

surrounding environment whereas the independent variables is the amount of

Aloe vera Gel. Hence, the dependent variable is the bioplastic's

biodegradability.

MATERIALS

Aloe vera Gel

It consists of about 98.5%—99.5% water with the remaining solids

containing more than 200 different components, polysaccharides being the

most abundant compounds (Femenia et al., 1999) —and are the most

important and popular biobased polymers used to make bioplastics.

Mortar & Pestle

It is used to grind chemicals to powder.

Blender

A versatile appliance that liquefies and emulsifies softer food

ingredients, such as fruit and yogurt, which results in a thick consistency and

a smooth texture.

60ml Distilled Water

It serves as a solvent. Water plays an important role in the production

of bioplastic. First, it acts as a solvent to dissolve the starch. Secondly, it

helps the starch molecules to stay disrupted after heating.

Distillation apparatus

It comprises of three major parts: firstly, distillation flask; which is used

for heating the mixture and volatizing the components, secondly, condenser;

used for cooling the vapors back to liquid state, and lastly, collection vessel.

Spatula

It is used for measuring/removing small amounts of solids or powders

(often when containing mass).

Buret

It is used to measure specific amounts of liquids (often determining

amounts of acids or bases needed), releasing small amounts of small acids or

bases into other solutions.

Graduated medicine cup with 15 g/ml calibration

It serves as a measurement for powder or liquid substances.

5g Glycerol

It serves as a plasticizer. Glycerin is a hygroscopic liquid with a high

viscosity. It has 3 hydroxyl groups which make it be soluble in water. It makes

the bioplastic more flexible.

5ml Vinegar

It serves as an acid. Vinegar, a 6% in volume solution of acetic acid

liberates acetate ions and hydrogen ions in solution. This is important,

because ions react with the starch polymers and make them be disordered

more easily in the solution. This disorder, resulting from the disruption by the

water and the ionization by the acetic acid, makes the resulting cast film more

homogenous.
Silicone spatula

It serves a mixer. A kitchen tool, made from a variety of materials such

as metal, plastic, silicone, or wood, that is constructed with a handle

attached

to a flat blade. It can withstand high temperatures, exceeding 400 degrees.

Bunsen burner

It heats (flame-safe) contents in the lab.

Ring Stand

It supports the Bunsen burner, iron ring, pipestem triangle, and other

items, often while heating a substance.

Iron ring

It is used to support a beaker over a Bunsen burner.

Pipestem triangle

It supports the crucible when being heated over an open flame.

Wire Gauze

It suspends glassware over a Bunsen burner and is placed on top of

the Iron ring.

Florence Flask

It has a round body and a flat bottom. It is used to hold and heat

liquids.

Induction cooker
 It heats a cooking vessel by electrical induction, instead of by thermal

conduction from a flame, or an electrical heating element. It also has

temperature indicator.

Saucepan

It contains the polymer and other materials and blocks direct heat.

Injection Blow Molding Machine

It creates a three-dimensional product as the final output It is especially

made for manufacturing polymers as plastics such as bioplastics.

METHODS

The researchers conducted the study in a controlled environment as

directed by research instructor and with the guide of the research protocol.

The following procedures will be needed for only one sample of starch-based

bioplastic bottle. They are divided into two cases depending on the setting:

laboratory and practical.

Aloe will first be broken down into tiny pieces using mortar and pestle

or blender for it to be fitting as a component of bioplastic. To meet the goal,

which is to reduce the carbon dioxide, the said chemical compound will first

be extracted from the Aloe vera gel using Supercritical – Model Il Phase

Monitor.

After the extraction, beaker and watch glass will be used for measuring

and keeping the volume of water—distillation technique will be done with its

corresponding equipment. The required amount of glycerol will be measured

in spatula and of vinegar, in buret. as for practicality, they will be measured in

the graduated medicine cup with 15 g/ml; either way, the refined polymer
 (CO2-free Aloe vera Gel) will be mixed with the solvent (60mL distilled water),

plasticizer (5g glycerol), acid (5ml vinegar) through using silicone spatula for

the mixing to be faster and for the bio plasticity to happen.

The solution is heated until it boils with the use of Bunsen burner, ring

stand, iron ring, pipestem triangle, wire gauze, and Florence flask or an

induction stove with a temperature of 70°C and saucepan to be clear and

thick. The substance is poured in the injection blow molding machine to form

the shape of a bioplastic bottle.

STATISTICAL TREATMENT

So as to interpret the gathered data, the researcher will use statistical

treatment concerned using the t-test to determine the significant difference

between utilizing Aloe vera gel as an additive for starch-based bioplastic

bottle and conventional plastic bottles.

References:

Bio-Based Polymer (2016). Retrieved from

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/materials-science/bio-

basedpolymer last February 2020.

Bio-based Polymers (2016). Retrieved from

http://www.bioplastics.guide/ref/bio-based-polymers/ last

February 2020.

Can You Drink Distilled Water? (2019). Retrieved from

https://www.healthline.com/health/can-you-drink-distilled-

water#_noHeaderPrefixedContent last April 2021.

Difference between Extrusion Blow Moulding and Injection Blow

Moulding Process (2018). Retrieved from

https://sadhimachinery.com/difference-between-extrusion-

blowmoulding-and-injection-blow-moulding-process/ last

February 2020.

Distillation Apparatus - Distillation Supplies | Sigma-Aldrich (2021).

Retrieved from https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/labware/labware-

products.html?TablePage=9568666 last April 2021.

Experimental Research (2018). Retrieved from

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-

sciences/experimental-research last February 2020.

Here’s When to Use a Hyphen Versus a Dash (2021). Retrieved from

https://www.rd.com/article/hyphen-versus-dash/ last April 2021.

How Blenders Work (2021). Retrieved from

https://home.howstuffworks.com/blender.htm#:~:text=Blenders

%20are%20versatile%20appliances%20that,consistency

%20and%20a%20smooth%20texture. last April 2021.

How does induction cooking work? (2021). Retrieved from

https://www.cda.eu/hobs/how-does-induction-cooking-

work/#:~:text=Induction%20cooking%20heats%20a

%20cooking,or%20an%20electrical%20heating

%20element.&text=An%20induction%20hob%20contains

%20a,current%20is%20passed%20through%20it. Last April

2021.

Pet bottle blow molding machine Philippines (2010). Retrieved from

https://ph.all.biz/pet-bottle-blow-molding-machine-bgg1091973

last February 2020.

Schwarts, M.P.S (2013) Production of Bioplastic. Retrieved from

https://www.mysciencework.com/publication/download/productio

n- bioplastic/f782131305fb90e8b9dd2d4078cd3c13 last

February 2020.
Spatula - Definition and Cooking Information - RecipeTips.com (2020).

Retrieved from https://www.recipetips.com/glossary-

term/t-34493/spatula.asp last March 2020.

Supercritical Environmental industry Equipment available in Philippines

(2020). Retrieved from https://www.environmental-

expert.com/products/availablein-philippines/brand-supercritical

last February 2020.

Supercritical - Model II - Phase Monitor (2020). Retrieved from

https://www.environmental-

expert.com/products/supercriticalmodel-ii-phase-monitor-

239559 last February 2020.

The Effect of Chitosan, Sorbitol, and Heating Temperature Bioplastic

Solution on Mechanical Properties of Bioplastic from Durian

Seed Starch (Durio zibehinus) (2016). Retrieved from

https://www.ijera.com/papers/Vol6_issue1/Part

%20%205/D61053338.pdf last March 2020.

Writing Chapter 3 (2012). Retrieved from

https://www.slideshare.net/arlene5162/writing-chapter-3 last

February 2020.

5 Different Types of Blenders and Their Uses (with Pictures) (2020).

Retrieved from https://juicerkings.com/different-types-of-

blenders/ last March 2020.