CE402 Module 1 - DSS KTU

CE 401
DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES

CREDITS- 4
1
27-09-2021
Dr. Abey E. Thomas, Dept. of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering Aranmula
2
27-09-2021
Dr. Abey E. Thomas, Dept. of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering Aranmula
3
Dr. Abey E. Thomas, Dept. of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering Aranmula 27-09-2021
MODULE 1
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Module 1
Introduction to steel and steel structures, properties of steel, structural steel sections. Introduction to design: Design
loads and load combinations, limit state design concepts. Connections bolted and welded
INTRODUCTION TO STEEL AND STEEL STRUCTURES
• The essential elements in steel are metallic iron and the element non
metallic carbon. With small quantities of other elements such as
silicon, nickel, manganese, chromium and copper
• Steel has carbon content intermediate between cast iron and
wrought iron
• Depending on the chemical composition different types of steels are
classified as mild steel, medium carbon steel, high carbon steel, low
alloy steel and high alloy steel
• Mild steel, medium carbon steel, high carbon steel are structural steel
• IS 800 – 1984 is used for general structures in steel
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Module 1

Structural steel sections
• Rolled steel beam sections ( I sections )
• Rolled steel channel sections
• Rolled steel angle sections
• Rolled steel T-sections
• Rolled steel bars
• Rolled steel plates
• Rolled steel sheets and strips
• Mild steel flats
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Module 1

Advantages of steel design
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Module 1

Disadvantages of steel design
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Module 1

Physical properties
Mechanical properties
Unit mass : 7850 kg/ m3 • Yield stress fy
• Ultimate tensile stress fu
Young’s modulus of elasticity : 2.04 x 105 MPa
• Elongation percentage
Modulus of rigidity : 0.785 x 105 MPa
Poisson’s ratio : 0.3
Coefficient of thermal expansion : 12 x 16 -6 ˚C
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Module 1
Design philosophies
Design
methodologies
Working stress Ultimate strength

Limit state
method method
Limit state of Limit state of

strength serviceability
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Module 1
Design philosophies
Limit state of design associated with the failure of the structure under the action of worst possible combination
of loads along with proper partial safety factor that may lead to loss of life and property. As provided in IS
800:2007, Limit state of strength includes :
• Loss of equilibrium of structure as a whole or in part
• Loss of stability of structure
• Failure due to excess deformation or rupture
• Fracture due to fatigue
• Brittle fracture
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Design philosophies
Limit state of serviceability associated with the discomfort faced by the user while using the structure.
• Excess deflection or deformation of the structure
• Excess vibration of the structure causing discomfort to the commuters
• Repairable damage or crack generated due to fatigue
• Corrosion and durability
Check for serviceability limit state
• Deflection limit
• Vibration limit
• Durability consideration
• Fire resistance 13
Module 1
Loads and load combinations

The basic requirement of any structural component is that it should be strong enough to carry all possible types
of loads to which it is likely to be subjected. Loads coming on a structure may be divided into three categories ;
• Dead loads
• Live loads and forces ( super imposed loads )
• wind loads
Dead load consist of weight of all permanent construction including fixed equipment and stationary machines.
Live loads and forces are the one which are always dynamic. They includes; loads due to occupants, movable
machinery, snow load, fluid pressure, earth pressure, earthquake forces, blast forces, thermal force and wind
forces. Wind loads are quite prominent in tall structures.
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Module 1
Bolted connection
In bolted connection, bolts and nuts are used. There are several types of bolts are used for connecting structural
steel members. The three types of bolts used in structural application are ; unfinished or black bolts, turned and
fitted bolts, high strength bolts
Advantages Disadvantages
Bolting operation is silent Reduction in strength, if subjected to vibratory loads

Bolting is cold process, and hence there is no risk of fire Lesser strength in axial tension
Bolting operation is far more quicker Unfinished bolts have lesser strength
No risk involved in bolting The extra clearance does not get filled up
Less manpower is required
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Module 1
Bolted connection
The design of bolt connection is generally done followed by IS 800-2007, where different types of failure of bolt
connections is consider and design accordingly. Different members are connected at a particular point using bolt
connection. Bolt has different parts like head, nut, shank, thread, thread length, grip length and
nominal length which will be required for our design.
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Module 1
Bolted connection
• The overlapping portion of the two plates is called lap
distance.
• Pitch is the center to center distance of adjacent bolt
measure in the direction of stress means the force direction.
• The perpendicular to the direction of stress, the center to
center distance of adjacent bolt is called gauge distance.
• Parallel to the direction of stress, the distance from the center of outermost bolt to the edge of the
plate is called end distance
• Perpendicular to the stress, the distance if we consider is called edge distance.
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Bolted connection
• Minimum pitch distance is 2.5d or 2.5 times nominal diameter of the bolt
• Maximum pitch is defined in code which is written that the pitch should be 16t or 200 mm in tension and it
should be less than 12t or 200 mm in compression.
• Maximum edge distance, but it should be less than 12tε, where ε = (250/f y)1/2 and t is thickness of the
thinner part and maximum edge distance should not exceed this 12tε and ε can be calculated from the steel
property.
• The distance between the centres of any two consecutive fasteners in a line adjacent and parallel to an edge
of an outside plate shall not exceed 100 mm plus 4t or 200 mm, whichever is less, in compression and tension
members; where t is the thickness of the thinner outside plate.
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Module 1
Bolted connection
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Bolted connection
Types of joints
• Lap joint
• Butt joint
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Module 1
Bolted connection
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Bolted connection
Modes of failure of bolted connections
• If two plates are connected with bolt then due to bearing on plate it may
fail that means it may fail by crushing. So this is one type of failure which
is called bearing failure
• Shear tear-out of plane may fail by crushing due to shear tear-out of
plate. So such type of failure may occur when force P is in the direction
• Tension failure of plate because when two plates are under tension and we are going to join through bolt by insertion of
hole then along that hole line tension failure of plate may happen
• When a plate is connected with another plate say for example a gusset plate and a force P is acting and if bolts are
inserted as shown in the figure then the block shear failure may occur as a hole.
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Module 1
Bolted connection
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Bolted connection
Problem 1
Calculate the shear strength of 16 mm diameter bolt of grade 4.6. The bolt is under triple shear as shown in the
figure below.
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Module 1
Bolted connection
Solution
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Bolted connection
Solution
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Module 1
Bolted connection
Problem 2
Design the following joints using ordinary black bolts between two plates of width 200 mm and thicknesses
10mm and 18 mm respectively to transmit a factored load of 150 kN. Use plates made of Fe 410 grade steel and
16 mm diameter bolt of grade 4.6.
Solution
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Module 1
Bolted connection
Solution
In lap joint case we can assume that shear plane is including in the threads so nn is 1 and ns as 0. For 16 mm
diameter bolt, Net shear area of the bolt at threads is, Anb = 157 mm2
Design shear strength per bolt, = 29 kN
form shear point of view the number of bolts required is n = 150/29 = 5.2 ≈ 6
Design bearing strength per bolt,
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Module 1
Bolted connection
Solution
Design bearing strength per bolt, where,
So the bolt value will be minimum of two that is 29 and 74.78 kN.
Therefore, bolt value = 29 kN
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Module 1
Bolted connection
Problem 3
Design the following joints using ordinary black bolts as single and double cover butt joint with cover plate of 8 mm,
between two plates of width 200 mm and thicknesses 10 mm and 18 mm respectively to transmit a factored load of
150 kN. Use plates made of Fe 410 grade steel and 16 mm diameter bolt of grade 4.6.
Solution
design shear strength of bolt Vdsb = = 29 kN
Design bearing strength per bolt
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Module 1
Bolted connection
Solution
Provide 6 bolts and arranging it in three lines as shown in the figure.
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Bolted connection
Solution
Double cover butt joint
In this case as double cover butt joint is considered, we can assume that it is actually in a double shear. Therefore,
the bolts will be in double shear. Assuming threads in the shear planes. Therefore nn=2;ns=0
Since the two plates of thicknesses 18 mm and 10 mm are to be jointed, packing plate of thickness (18-10) = 8 mm
will be required and as the packing plate thickness is greater than 6 mm we have to provide the reduction factor
(βpkg) for the packing plate. As per clause 10.3.3.3 of IS:800 2007, design shear capacity of bolts will be decreased by
factor βpkg
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Module 1
Bolted connection
Solution
Design shear strength of bolt in double shear,

As double cover butt joint has been provided that is why the cover plate thickness will become 8×2 that is 16 mm
and thickness of other plates are 10 mm and 18 mm. So thickness of the thinner plate will be 10 mm so that is why
we are providing 10
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Bolted connection
Solution
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Bolted connection
Problem 4
Two plates 10 mm thick are joined by 16mm diameter bolts in a triple staggered lap joint as shown in the figure.
Find efficiency of the joint.
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Module 1
Bolted connection
Solution The bolt lines are marked as 1-1, 2-2, 3-3.
Now the failure may occur in any direction as marked in the figure
consider section 1-1
Single shear strength of bolt = 29 kN
Bearing strength of bolt = = 60.35 kN
So the strength of joint based on bolt value will become how much strength of joint because 7 number of bolts are
there so this will be 7×29=203 kN 36
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Bolted connection
Solution Strength along 1-1
Strength along 2-2
Strength along 3-3
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Bolted connection
Solution
So the strength of the joint will be minimum of 203 kN, 277.49 kN, 282.35 kN, 422.49 kN.
Therefore, Strength of the joint = 203 KN
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Module 1
Bolted connection
Problem 4
Two plates of 10 mm thickness and width 200mm are to be joined using high strength friction bolts of 20 mm
diameter. Design the joint for maximum strength. Given that 4.6 grade bolts and Fe 410 steel plate is used
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Bolted connection
Solution
Yield strength of bolt
Design shear strength of bolt
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Bolted connection
Solution
Bearing strength of bolt
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Bolted connection
Solution
Strength of bolt = 45.27 kN
Provide 12 nos of bolts
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Bolted connection
Problem 5
Design a double cover butt joint to connect 2 plates of 16mm and 8mm thickness to take a tensile force of 500 kN
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Bolted connection
Solution
Design of breadth of plate
Assume 22 mm diameter bolt
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Bolted connection
Solution
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Bolted connection
Solution
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Bolted connection
5) Solution
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Module 1
Welded connection
Welding is the process of connecting metal pieces by the application of heat with or without pressure
Types of welding
• Forge welding
• Thermit welding
• Gas welding
• Resistance welding
• Electric arc welding
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Module 1
Welded connection
Advantages
• As no hole is required for welding, hence no reduction of area. So, structural
members are more effective in taking the load
• In welding, filler plates, gusseted plates, connecting angles are not used, which
leads to reduced overall weight of the structure
• Welded joints are more economical as less material required
• The efficiency of welded joints is more than that of the riveted/ bolted joints
• The welded joint look better than bulky riveted/ bolted joints
• The speed of fabrication is faster in comparison with the riveted joints.
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Welded connection
Advantages
• The alteration and addition to existing structure is easy as compare to
rivet joints
• No noise is produced during welding process as in the case of riveting
• The welding process enquires less work space in comparison to riveting
• Any shape of joint can be made with ease
• Complete rigid joints can be provided with welding process
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Module 1
Welded connection
Disadvantages
• Welded joints are brittle and therefore their fatigue strength is less than the members joined
• Due to uneven heating and cooling of members during the welding, the members may distort resulting in
additional stresses
• Skilled labor and electricity are required are required for welding
• No provision for expansion and contraction is kept in welded connection and therefore, there is possibility of
cracks
• The inspection of welding work is more difficult and costlier than the riveting work
• Defects like internal air pocket, slag inclusion, incomplete penetration are difficult to detect
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Module 1
Welded connection
Types of welds
• Fillet weld : Fillet weld is used when two members are lapped together. A fillet weld joins two surfaces at an
approximate right angle to each other.
• Butt weld : The two members are joined in same plane, they are just butted-up against one another before being
joined.
• Plug weld : Two members are connectedtogether having a limited length of the joint. Plug welds are circular
welds made through one member of a lap or tee joint joining that member to the other. Weld made by filling a
hole in one component of a workpiece with filler metal so as to join it to the surface of an overlapping
component exposed through the hole.
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Welded connection
Types of welds
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Welded connection
Design of fillet weld
Size of fillet weld : From root to toe the length is called leg and this will be the size of the weld
Minimum size
Maximum size
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Welded connection
Effective throat thickness : The effective throat thickness of a fillet weld is the perpendicular distance from the root
to the hypotenuse joining the two ends
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Module 1
Welded connection
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Welded connection
Strength of fillet weld :
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Module 1
Welded connection
Problem 6
A tie member of a roof truss consists of ISA 100×75×8 of Fe410 grade, is welded to a 10 mm gusset plate. Design
the welded connection to transmit a tensile load, T. Assume connection are made in the workshop.
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Module 1
Welded connection
Problem 6
Solution
Minimum weld size = 3 mm [Table 21, IS 800]
Maximum weld size =3/4 ×8 =6 mm [clause 10.5.8.2, IS 800]
Therefore, Let us adopt 5 mm thick fillet weld.
Throat thickness, te = 0.7 × 5 = 3.5 mm
For ISA 100×75×8, Gross area, Ag = 1336 mm2 , Cz = 31mm
Full strength of the angle,
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Module 1
Welded connection
Problem 6
Solution
Design strength of the fillet weld,
Strength of 5-mm weld =
Force to resist by weld at 100 mm side of angle, P = 662.810010-3 = 66.28kN

Force to resist by weld at upper side of angle,
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Module 1
Welded connection
Problem 6
Solution
Force to resist by weld at lower side of angle, P3 = T- P1-P2 = 176.36 kN
Length required at upper side of angle
Length required at upper side of angle
Total Length (effective) of weld = 266 + 92+100 = 458 mm

Note: Add twice the weld size at the ends.
Thus total length = 458+2S = 468 mm 61
Module 1
Welded connection
Problem 7
Design a suitable fillet weld to connect web plate to flange plate and flange plate to flange cover plate of a built-up
girder as shown in the figure, for the following data. Assume shop welding.
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Welded connection
Problem 7
Solution
Web plate: 1200 mm × 12 mm
Flange plate: 450 mm × 20 mm
Flange cover plate: 350 mm × 16 mm
Maximum Factored shear force: 1600 kN
Permissible shear stress
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Module 1
Welded connection
Problem 7
Solution
Size of weld: Minimum = 5 mm [Table 21, IS 800]
Maximum = 12 – 1.5 =10.5 mm [clause 10.5.8.1, IS 800]
Let us provide 7 mm size of fillet weld.
Effective throat thickness of weld, te = K* S = 0.7* 7 = 4.9 mm
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Module 1
Welded connection
Problem 7
Solution
Shear stress =
Hence, the weld is safe.
Connection of flange plate to flange cover plate:
Adopt a 7 mm fillet weld, te = 0.77 = 4.9 mm
 te = 2 4.9 = 9.8 mm
Ay = 35016(600 + 20 + 8) = 351.68104mm3
Shear stress = Hence, the weld is safe.
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Module 1
Welded connection
Problem 8
Two plates of thickness 12 mm and 10 mm are to be jointed by a groove weld. The joint is subjected to a factored
tensile force of 250 kN. Assuming an effective length of 150 mm, check the safety of the joint for
(a) Single-V groove weld joint and,
(b) Double-V groove weld joint.
Assume Fe 410 grade steel plates and that the welds are shop welded.
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Module 1
Welded connection
Problem 8
Solution
(a) Single-V groove weld:
Throat thickness, te
Effective length of weld, Lw = 150 mm

Strength of weld =
Joint is not safe
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Module 1
Welded connection
Problem 8
Solution
(b) Double-V groove weld:
Throat thickness = thickness of thinner plate = 10 mm
Strength of weld =
Joint is safe
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Module 1
Welded connection (Butt weld)

Size of weld : a) the size of the butt weld is the thickness of thinner plate
b) The effective throat thickness in case of complete penetration is taken as the thickness of inner part. Double – V,
double –U are the examples of completely penetrated butt weld
c) Incomplete penetration the effective throat thickness is taking as 7/8 of the thickness of the inner part. But for
the purpose of stress calculation the effective throat thickness should not exceed 5/8th of the inner part
d) The difference in thickness between the two plates should not more than 25% of the thickness or 3mm
whichever is more.
e) If difference is more than 25% tapering less than 1 in 5 is to be done
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Welded connection
The effective length of the butt weld : it is the area of the butt for which the specified size of weld exists. The
effective length should not be less than four times the size of weld. Otherwise size of the weld must be taken as the
one fourth of the effective weld size
Design strength of the weld :
Design shear strength of the weld :
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Module 1
Welded connection
Problem 9
Two plates of thickness 12 mm and 10 mm are to be jointed by a groove weld. The joint is subjected to a factored
tensile force of 250 kN. Assuming an effective length of 150 mm, check the safety of the joint for
(a) Single-V groove weld joint and,
(b) Double-V groove weld joint.
Assume Fe 410 grade steel plates and that the welds are shop welded.
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Module 1
Welded connection
Solution
(a) Single-V groove weld:
Throat thickness
Effective length of weld, Lw = 150 mm

Strength of weld
Joint is not safe
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Welded connection
Solution
Strength of weld
Joint is safe
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Welded connection
Solution
Strength of weld
Joint is safe
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Welded connection
Problem 10
A joint is subjected to a factored shear force of 300 kN. Assuming single-V groove weld joint find the effective length
of the weld if the thickness of thinner plate is 8 mm. Assume Fe 410 grade steel plates and that the welds are shop
welded.
Solution
For single-V groove weld, effective throat thickness =
Length of the weld,
Thus, the effective length of the weld will be 520 mm.

Total length = Lw + 2S 75
Module 1
Welded connection (Plug weld)

Plug weld or slot weld is nothing but a type of fillet weld. If the length of the joint is limited and have higher values
of tension or compression force then it is difficult to adjust the entire length on this limited length. So, in that case
we have to cut some portion of the overlapping portion in terms of slot or plug to make adjust of that additional
length.
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Module 1

Problem 11
A plate 100mm x 10mm size has to be welded to a gusset plate using 8mm size fillet weld. The length of the
connection is limited to 100mm. The gusset plate thickness is 10mm
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Solution
Maximum force that can be resisted by plate due to yielding, Tdg
Design of weld
Consider 1mm length of the weld, size of weld, S = 8mm
Throat thickness t = 0.7 * S = 5.6 mm
Design strength pf 1mm length of weld
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Solution
227.27
Total length of weld required = = 214. 4mm
1.06
In the question, length of lap is limited as 100mm, so providing weld on both sides gives only 200mm. Remaining
14.4mm should be provided as plug weld
Force to be resisted by plug weld = 14.4 * 1.06 = 15.264 kN
Let d be the diameter of the plug weld
Provide 12mm diameter plug weld.

79
Module 1 ASSIGNMENT
1) A 100 X 10 mm plate is to be welded to another plate 150 x 10 mm by the fillet weld on three sides. The size of
weld is 6mm. Find out the necessary overlap of the plate for the full strength of the plate
2) A tie member of a roof truss consist of 2 ISA 150 X 115 X 10 mm. The angles are connected to either side of a
10mm gusset plate and a member is subjected to factored tensile force of 500kN. Design a welded connection
assuming that the connections are made in workshop
80
Module 1 ASSIGNMENT
3) ISMC 250 is used to transit a factored force of 700 kN. The channel section is connected to a gusseted plate 10mm
thick as shown. Design a fillet weld if the overlap is limited to 300mm. Use slot weld if required.
4) Find the maximum load the joint can resist provided that 4.6 grade 20 mm diameter bolt and Fe 410 steel is given.
Assume two cover plate act together.
5) Design the following joints using ordinary black bolts between two plates of width 200 mm and thicknesses 10mm
and 18 mm respectively to transmit a factored load of 150 kN. Use plates made of Fe 410 grade steel and 16 mm
diameter bolt of grade 4.6.
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Module 1 ASSIGNMENT
1)
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Module 1 ASSIGNMENT
2)
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3)
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3)
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4)
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4)
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4)
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Module 1 ASSIGNMENT
5)
In lap joint case we can assume that shear plane is including in the threads so nn is 1 and ns as 0. For 16 mm
diameter bolt, Net shear area of the bolt at threads is, Anb = 157 mm2
Design shear strength per bolt, = 29 kN
form shear point of view the number of bolts required is n = 150/29 = 5.2 ≈ 6
89
Module 1 ASSIGNMENT
5) Design bearing strength per bolt, where,
So the bolt value will be minimum of bolt value will be minimum of two that is 29 and 74.78 kN.
Therefore, bolt value = 29 kN
90

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CE 401

DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES

INTRODUCTION TO STEEL AND STEEL STRUCTURES

INTRODUCTION TO STEEL AND STEEL STRUCTURES

INTRODUCTION TO STEEL AND STEEL STRUCTURES

INTRODUCTION TO STEEL AND STEEL STRUCTURES

Poisson’s ratio : 0.3

Coefficient of thermal expansion : 12 x 16 -6 ˚C

Working stress Ultimate strength

Limit state of Limit state of

Loads and load combinations

Bolting operation is silent Reduction in strength, if subjected to vibratory loads

Design bearing strength per bolt,

Bearing strength of bolt = = 60.35 kN

Strength along 2-2

Strength along 3-3

Design shear strength of bolt

Strength of 5-mm weld =

Force to resist by weld at 100 mm side of angle, P = 662.810010-3 = 66.28kN

Length required at upper side of angle

Total Length (effective) of weld = 266 + 92+100 = 458 mm

Effective length of weld, Lw = 150 mm

Joint is not safe

Welded connection (Butt weld)

Design strength of the weld :

Design shear strength of the weld :

Effective length of weld, Lw = 150 mm

Joint is not safe

Thus, the effective length of the weld will be 520 mm.

Welded connection (Plug weld)

Welded connection (Plug weld)

Welded connection (Plug weld)

Welded connection (Plug weld)

Provide 12mm diameter plug weld.

5) Design bearing strength per bolt, where,

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