ANGLE MODULATION

CHAPTER 3
ANGLE MODULATION

Part 1
• Introduction
Introduction

 Angle modulation is the process by

which the angle (frequency or phase)
of the carrier signal is changed in
accordance with the instantaneous
amplitude of modulating or message
signal.
Cont’d…
 classified into two types such as
 Frequency modulation (FM)
 Phase modulation (PM)
 Used for :
 Commercial radio broadcasting
 Television sound transmission
 Two way mobile radio
 Cellular radio
 Microwave and satellite communication system
 Cont’d…
Advantages over AM:
 Freedom from interference: all natural and
external noise consist of amplitude variations,
thus receiver usually cannot distinguish
between amplitude of noise or desired signal.
AM is noisy than FM.
 Operate in very high frequency band (VHF):
88MHz-108MHz
 Can transmit musical programs with higher
degree of fidelity.
FREQUENCY MODULATION PRINCIPLES

 In FM the carrier amplitude remains

constant, the carrier frequency varies with
the amplitude of modulating signal.
 The amount of change in carrier frequency
produced by the modulating signal is known
as frequency deviation.
Carrier Modulating signal

Resting fc
FM

Increasing fc

Decreasing fc

Increasing fc

Resting fc
 PHASE MODULATION(PM)

 The process by which changing the phase of carrier

signal in accordance with the instantaneous of
message signal. The amplitude remains constant after
the modulation process.
 Mathematical analysis:
Let message signal:

 m t   V m cos m t
And carrier signal:
 c t   V c cos[ c t   ]
 PM (cont’d)

 Where  = phase angle of carrier signal. It is changed

in accordance with the amplitude of the message
signal;
 i.e.   KV m ( t )  KV m cos m t
 After phase modulation the instantaneous voltage
will be v ( t )  V cos(  t  KV cos  t ) or
pm C C m m

v pm ( t )  VC cos( C t  m p cos m t )

 Where mp = Modulation index of phase modulation

 K = a constant and deviation sensitivities of the
phase
FREQUENCY MODULATION (FM)

 A process where the frequency of the carrier

wave varies with the magnitude variations of
the modulating or audio signal.
 The amplitude of the carrier wave is kept
constant.
FM(cont’d)

 Mathematical analysis:
 Let message signal:

 m t   V m cos m t
 And carrier signal:
 c t   V c cos[ c t   ]
FM (cont’d)

 During the process of frequency modulations the

frequency of carrier signal is changed in
accordance with the instantaneous amplitude of
message signal .Therefore the frequency of
carrier after modulation is written as
i  c  K 1 v m  t   C  K 1 V m cos m t
 To find the instantaneous phase angle of modulated
signal, integrate equation above w.r.t. t

K 1V m
i   i dt   C  K 1 V m cos m t dt  C t  sin m t
m
FM(cont’d)

 Thus, we get the FM wave as:

K 1V m
v FM ( t )  Vc cos 1  V C cos( C t  sin m t )
m

v FM ( t )  VC cos( C t mf sin m t )

 Where modulation index for FM is given by
K 1V m
mf 
m
FM(cont’d)

 Frequency deviation: ∆f is the relative

placement of carrier frequency (Hz) w.r.t
its unmodulated value. Given as:
max  C  K 1 V m
min  C  K 1 V m
d  max  C  C  min  K 1 V m
d K 1V m
f  
2 2
FM(cont’d)

 Therefore:

K 1V m
f  ;
2
f
mf 
fm
Equations for Phase- and Frequency-Modulated Carriers
Example (FM)

 Determine the peak frequency deviation (∆f)

and modulation index (m) for an FM
modulator with a deviation sensitivity K1 =
10 kHz/V and a modulating signal,
v m ( t )  5 cos( 2  1000 t )
Example (PM)

 Determine the peak phase deviation (m)

for a PM modulator with a deviation
sensitivity K = 2.5 rad/V and a modulating
signal, v m ( t )  2 cos( 2 2000 t )
Angle Modulation
Part 2

• FM Bandwidth
• Power distribution of FM
• Generation & Detection of FM
• Application of FM
 Bandwidth of Angle Modulated

Narrow-Band Angle Modulation

 The angle modulation is not linear in general.
However, if |mf | << 1,

v FM ( t )  VC cos( C t mf sin m t )

This is a linear modulation. It is like an AM wave* with
bandwidth = 2fm. This is called Narrow Band FM (NBFM).
* However the waveform is entirely different from AM
 Narrow-Band Angle Modulation

 The narrow band angle modulation is similar to

AM (same bandwidth, carrier plus spectrum
centered on wc).

v PM ( t )  VC cos( C t  m p m ( t ) sin m t )
 The difference: in angle modulation the sideband
spectrum is p/2 phase shifted with respect to the
carrier. The waveform is completely different.
Wide-Band Angle Modulation

Deviation Ratio (DR)

 The worse case modulation index which produces the
widest output frequency spectrum.

f (max)
DR  f m (max)

 Where
 ∆f(max) = max. peak frequency deviation
 fm(max) = max. modulating signal frequency
Wide-Band Angle Modulation

 This is the situation where we cannot ignore the higher order

terms because (| mf | << 1) is not satisfied, can be due to high kf.
 In this case the bandwidth of the FM signal is found to be given by
the following approximation:
Comparison NBFM&WBFM
Generation of NBFM and NBPM