Intended Learning Outcomes:

After the completion of the chapter, students

should be able to:
Understand the definition of Philosophy with
ethics as its introduction;
Know the definition of Ethics;
Know the definition of Morality
Philosophy
Chapter I
 What is PHILOSOPHY?
According to Santiago, 1996, In
popular mind it is something obscure,
weird an idiosyncratic. It has a dynamic
meaning, drawing out its relevance from
its own time and event.
Etymological definition
The term
philosophy was first
coined by
Pythagoras, a Greek
Philosopher. Came
from the Greek
words;, philos (love)
and sophia (wisdom)
“Love of/for wisdom”
Concept of love
Eros
-Sexual desire
(intimate love)
Philia
- Love for family
(brotherly love)
Agape
-paternal love of God
(Christian love)
 Essential definition
“Science of all
sciences”, Mother
of all science”, or
the “Search for the
ultimate meaning of
reality”
 Philosophy and other Sciences
Philosophy and Science
- These fields study nature and life
Philosophy and History
-These fields study about the past, present and future
Philosophy and Mathematics
-These fields provide theoretical concepts
Philosophy and Religion
-These fields study various beliefs
Importance of studying
Philosophy
-developa cultured, well-defined and
well rounded individual
Major Disciplines in Philosophy
Logic as the study of right and sound
reasoning
Epistemology as the study of the validity of
knowledge
Metaphysics seeks to explain the
fundamental concept of being
Aesthetics as the philosophical study of
beauty
Cosmology deals with the study of real
things in the universe
Theodicy is the study of God and His nature
Social Philosophy as the study of human
and their relation to society
Ethics as the science of the morality of
human acts
Notion of Ethics
Ethics from its Greek word ethos
means a characteristics way of doing
things or body of customs. Ethics,
therefore, is a practical, is a science
which is meant to teach hoe human
ought to live.
Imperatives of Ethics
The practice of ethical/moral life
implies imperatives of the “sine qua non”
of ethics without which, ethics would
collapse.
 Human Freedom
Existence of God
Immorality of the Soul
 What is RULE?
Rules are
instructions that tell
what we are allowed
to do and what we
are not allowed to
do. These are stated
to help us achieve
success and meet
the common goals in
society.
 Importance of Rule
Rules organize relations between individuals;
Rules make it clear what is right to do/follow in
a society and what are wrong to refrain from;
Rules provide opportunity to achieve personal
and societal goals;
Rules regulate various social institutions to fulfil
their integral roles for the common welfare.
 It is of that people look at rules as
restrictions that curtail one of their
precious rights; freedom. But in fact life’s
freedom would unlikely to be enjoyed
without rules.
What is MORAL?
Moral refer to the social, cultural and
religious beliefs or values practiced
overtime by an individual or group which
direct people to do what is customarily
allowable as right or refrain from those
that society prohibits as “taboo” or
wrong.
Moral principles:
Do not cheat
Be loyal
Be patient
Always tell the truth
Be generous
What is ETHICS?
Ethics is branch of philosophy that
deals with the principles of conduct of an
individual or group. It works as a guiding
principle as to decide what action to
take either the good or the bad.
Ethical Principles:
Truthfulness/Honesty
Loyalty
Respect
Fairness
Integrity
Morals deal with what is “right or wrong”.
Ethics deals with what is “good or evil”

Morals are general guidelines framed by

the society e.g. we should speak truth.
Ethics is a response to a particular
situation, e.g. is it ethical to state the truth
in a particular situation?
MORAL STANDARDS
These are set of norms in society in accord
to moral principles that supposed to
determine about kind of actions people
believe are morally right and deter them from
doing what is considered as wrong. Moral
standards therefore are those laws or
commands that allow specifics actions to be
committed or those that disallow actions
contrary to these norms.
Development of Moral Standard
During childhood, moral standards are
absorbed from family, friends and various societal
institutions as a positive regulating mechanism to
ensure that appropriate code of conduct is
observed among its members. Later in life
experience learning and intellectual development
help a person in complying with these standards
and eventually, upon which the individual comes
up with personal moral guide to achieving one’s
goal in life.
 Characteristics of moral standards further
differentiate them from non-moral
standards:
Moral standards involve serious wrongs or significant
benefits.
Moral standards ought to be preferred to other values.
Moral standards are not established by authority.
Moral standards have the trait of universalizability.
Moral standards are based on impartial considerations
Moral standards are associated with special emotions
and vocabulary.