Pol

ytechni
cUni
ver
sit
yoft
hePhi
li
ppi
nes

Lopez,
Branch

BRI
ONES,
FLORI
ANEM. STAT20063

BPA-
3 Oct
ober29,
2021

LESSON1.
1TheNat
ureofSt
ati
sti
cs

Act
ivi
ty1.
1

Suggestsomeway
sst
ati
sti
cscanbeusedi
nev
ery
dayl
i
fe.

Answer
s:Weat
herFor
ecastr
epor
t,pr
edi
cti
ngdi
sease,
medi
cal
studi
es,
andconsumergoods.

Act
ivi
ty1.
2

1.Whatar
ethev
ari
abl
esi
nthest
udy
?

Ans.Thev
ari
abl
esi
nthest
udyar
ethest
udent
swhoat
tendedt
hecl
ass.

2.Whatar
ethedat
aint
hest
udy
?

Ans.Thedatainthestudyisthest udyconductedatPolytechnicUni
v ersi
tyoft
hePhi l
i
ppines
LopezBranchColl
eger ev
ealedthatstudentswhoattendedcl ass95to100%oft heti
meusually
recei
veda1.00–1.25i ntheclass.Student
swhoat tendedclass80t o90%oft hetimeusuall
y
recei
veda1.50–2.00i ntheclass.Student
swhoat tendedclasslesst han80%oft heti
me
usual
lyrecei
veda2.25–3. 00ora5. 00orev ent
ual
lywithdrewf r
om theclass.

3.Ar
edescr
ipt
ive,
inf
erent
ial
,orbot
hty
pesofst
ati
sti
csused?

Answer
:Yes

4.Whati
sthepopul
ati
onunderst
udy
?

Answer:Thepopulat
ionunderst
udyitconsi
stofal
lsubj
ect(hi
manorot her
wise)thatarebei
ng
st
udied.Mostofthetime,duetotheexpense,t
ime,si
zeorpopulat
ionmedicalconcer
netc.i
t
i
snotpossibl
etouset heenti
repopul
ati
onofastati
sti
calst
udy.

5.Wasasampl
ecol
l
ect
ed?I
fso,
from wher
e?

Answer
:Yes.f
rom popul
ati
on
6.Fr
om t
hei
nfor
mat
iongi
ven,
commentont
her
elat
ionshi
pbet
weeent
hev
ari
abl
es.

Answer :Basedont hei nfi

rmationgiven,therelati
onshipbetweenthevari
ableitthat,at
tendance
andgr adesarerelated.Themor eyouat t
endcl ass,t
hemor eli
kel
yy ouwil
lreceiv
eahi ghergrade.
I
fy ouimpr oveyourat t
endance, yourgradeswi ll
probablyi
mprove.Manyfactorsaf f
ectyour
gradei nacourse.Onef actort
haty ouhav econsider
ablecontr
oloverisat
tendance.Youcan
i
ncr easeyouropport uniti
esforlearni
ngbyat tendingclassmoreoften.

Act
ivi
ty1.
3

1.Whatar
ethev
ari
abl
esunderst
udy
?

Answer:
Thevar
iabl
esi
nthest
udyar
ethedi
ff
erentt
ypesofv
ehi
cleandt
henumberoff
atal
i
njur
iesonMetr
oManil
aon2019.

2.Cat
egor
izeeachv
ari
abl
esasqual
i
tat
iveorquant
it
ati
ve

Answer
:Eachv
ari
abl
eisquant
it
ati
ve

3.Cat
egor
izeeachquant
it
ati
vev
ari
abl
easdi
scr
eteorcont
inous

Answer
:Thev
ari
abl
ear
eal
ldi
scr
ete.

4.I
dent
if
ythel
evel
measur
ementf
oreachv
ari
abl
e

Answer
:Thel
evel
ofmeaaur
ementf
oreachv
ari
abl
eisr
ati
o

5.Tr
aini
sshownast hef
ast
estv
ehi
cle.Doest
hatmeant
rai
nhav
efeweracci
dent
sthanot
her
vehi
clet
ype?Expl
ain.

Answer :Yes.Althought rai

nisthefastestvehicl
ebuti tst
il
l doesntmeant r
ainhavef ewer
accidentsratherthanot hertypeofvehicl
ebecausewecannott el
ltheacci
dent.Inthistable
shownabov e,tr
ainhasf eweraccidents,yes,weal l
knowt hatt rai
nhasadiffi
rentpathtoi t
s
destinat
ionandwecal leditrail
waysratherthancar sorotherv ehi
chleonthehighway .Trai
nhas
onlyoner outeev eniti
saf astestvehi
cle,sothatthelessert hanaccidenti
tmayt ake.The
otherreasonwhyt rai
nhasf eweraccidentsev enitransof ast,i
tisduetohav eit
sownoper ator
andmoresecured.Al
so,bef
orethetrai
narr
ivest
heygiveasignwhi
chisit
sloudhorn,
sopeople
i
mmediatel
ystepasidebecausetheyknowthati
tisdanger
ousanditcancauseanaccident
.

6.Whatf
act
orsot
hert
hansaf
etyi
nfl
uenceaper
son'
schoi
ceoft
ranspor
tat
ion?

Answer:Theotherf
actorsrat
hert
hansaf
etyi
nfl
uenceofaper
son'
schoi
cei
sthat
,the
convi
nienceandaff
ordable.

7.Fr
om t
hei
nfor
mat
iongi
ven,
commentont
her
elat
ionshi
pbet
weent
hev
ari
abl
es.

Answer .Basedont heinf

ormationgiven,therel
ationshi
pbet weenthev ar i
ablesisthatthe
accidentorthenumberoff at
al i
njuri
esdependsont hetypeofv ehi
cle.Thehi ghestv ol
umeof
transport
ati
onv ehicl
eused,t
hehi ghestthenumberofi njur
iesoracci dentsmi ghtoccur.The
fewerthepeopl ecommut ed,
thelessertheacci dents.I
fyouchooseav ehicl
ewhohasa
desicpli
nedriversandoperat
ors,thelessertheaccidentsbutifyouchooseat ypeofv ehi
clet
hat
i
sv eryaccesibleandalsowit
hacheaperuni ts,
thereisapossibili
tyoff atali
njuri
esoraccidents.

Act
ivi
ty1.
4

I
.

N e n

1000 0.
05 285

1000 0.
01 909

2000 0.
02 1111

2000 0.
03 714

500 0.
10 83

500 250

5000 1000

5000 500
I
I.Cl
assi
fyeachsampl
easr
andom,
syst
emat
icorcl
ust
er

a.
Clust
er

b.
syst
emat
ic

c.
syst
emat
ic

d.
random

e.
random
 Act
ivi
ty1.
5

Gi
vef
ivespeci
fi
cexampl
eforeach:

A.Usesofst
ati
sti
cs

1.
Weal
ll
ookatt
hest
ati
sti
csofourf
avor
it
espor
tsst
arst
oev
aluat
eper
for
mance.

2.
Phar
maceut
ical
compani
esusest
ati
sti
cal
studi
est
odet
ermi
neef
fect
ivenessandsaf
etyof
dr
ugs.

3.Est
imat
etheval
ueofahousebasedonsquar
efootage,
proper
tysi
ze,numberofr
ooms,et
c.
anduseaprocesscal
l
edregr
essi
onbasedonavai
labl
edatatogetapredi
cti
onequat
ion

4.I
nadi scr
iminat
ionlawsui
t,wecancal
cul
atet
hepr obabi
l
ityofaper
sonbei
nghi
redov
er
anotherundertheassumpti
onofequalhi
ri
ngpract
ices.

5.Whil
emeasuringbloodpr
essur
eweof t
entake3readingstakenatr
egularint
erv
alsandthen
calcul
atei
t'
saverage,t
oeli
minat
ethepossi
bil
i
tyoferr
aticreadi
ngwhichoftenhappenswhile
measuringbyourhomeelectr
oni
cbpmachines,whenaccur at
emeasurementofbpi scr
ucial
foraperson.

B.
misusesofst
ati
sti
cs

1.Forexampl e,onepoliticalcandi
datewhoi srunningf orreelect
ionmi ghtsay ,“
Duringmy
admini
strati
on,expendituresincreasedamer e3%. ”Hisopponent ,whoi stryi
ngtounseathim,
mightsay,“Duri
ngmyopponent ’sadministrat
ion,expendi t
ureshav eincreasedawhoppi ngPhp
60,
000,000.”Herebot hfiguresarecorrect;howev er,expressinga3%i ncreaseasPhp
60,
000,000makesi tsoundl i
keav erylargeincrease.Her eagai n,
asky our sel
f,Whichmeasure
bett
errepresent
st hedat a?

2.Report
erssometi
mesleaveoutcr
iti
caldet
ail
ssuchasthesi
zeoft
hesampl
eusedorhowt
he
resear
chsubject
sweresel
ected.Wi
thoutthi
sinf
ormat
ion,y
ouca

3.Anotherexamplei
saclaimthatusesadet
achedstat
ist
icsuchas“Br
andAaspir
inwor
ksf
our
ti
mesf aster
.”Fourt
imesfast
erthanwhat
?Wheny ouseestatement
ssuchast
his,al
way
sask
yourself
,Comparedtowhat?

4.Forexampl
e,
youmayhearacl
aim suchas“
Ourbrandofcr
ackershasone-
thi
rdf
ewer
calor
ies.
”Her
e,nocompar
isoni
smade.One-t
hir
dfewercal
ori
esthanwhat?

5.Forexample,
considert
hefol
lowingstatement:“
Eatingfi
shmayhel ptoreduceyour
cholest
erol
.”Noti
cethewordsmayhel p.Therei
snoguar anteethateati
ngfi
shwilldef
ini
tel
y
helpyoureduceyourchol
ester
ol.“
Studiessuggestthatusingourexerci
semachinewil
l r
educe
yourweight.
”Herethewordsuggestisused;andagain,therei
snoguar ant
eethatyouwilll
ose
wei
ghtbyusi
ngtheexer
cisemachi
neadv
ert
ised.Anot
hercl
aim mi
ghtsay
,“Taki
ngcal
cium wi
l
l
l
owerbl
oodpressur
einsomepeople.
”