Nha gido wu td - Th.S LE HOANH PHO 10 trong didn BO! DUONG HOC SINH GIO MON TOGN 10 * Danh cho hoc sinh Idép 10 chuong trinh chuan va nang cao * On tap va nang cao ki nang lam bai . * Bién soan theo ndi dung va cau tric dé thi cla BO GD&DT foo) a NHA XUAT BAN DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NOIOTMNOMON IU) Nhim muc dich gitip céc ban hoc sinh Ip 10, Iép 11, lop 12 c6 te ligu doc thém dé néng cao trinh d6, cac ban hoc sinh gidi te hoc bé’sung thém kigi thite kij niing, cic ban hoc sinh chuyén Todn tw nghién citu thém cdc chuyén dé, nha sich KHANG VIET hop tac bién sogn bé sich 10 TRONG DIEM BOI DUONG HOC SINH GIOI MON TOAN gém 3 cuén: : - 10 TRONG DIEM BOI DUONG HOC SINH GIOI MON TOAN LOP 10 - 10 TRONG DIEM BOI DUONG HOC SINH GIOI MON TOAN LOP 11 - 10 TRONG DIEM BOI DUONG HOC SINH GIOI MON TOAN LOP 12 Cuéin 10 TRONG DIEM BOI DUONG HOC SINH GIOI MON TOAN LOP 10 nay cé 21 chuyén dé v6i n6i dung la Tém tit kich thite trong tam cia Totin pho thong va Todn chuyén, phn cic bai Toan chon loc cé khodng 900 bai véi nhiéu dang loai vt mite d6 tie co ban dén phiic tap, bai tap tr luyén khodng 250 bai, c6 huéng dan hay dap s6. Cudi sch cé 3 chuyén dé ning cao: DA THUC, PHUONG TRINH NGHIEM NGUYEN va TOAN SUY LUAN. Dit da c@’géing kiéin tra trong qué trinh bién tap song cing khong trinh khoi nhitng khiéini khuyét sai s6t, mong dén nhan cac gop ¥ ctia quyj ban doc dé lan in sau hoan thién hon Tic gid LE HOANH PHO Nha sich Khang Viét xin trén trong gidi thigu t6i Guy déc gid va xin ling nghe moi ¥ kich dong gop, dé cudn sich ngay cing hay hon, bé ich hon. Thit xin giti vé: Cty TNHH M6t Thanh Vién - Dich Va Van Hoa Khang Viét 71, Dinh Tién Hoang, P. Dakao, Quan 1, TP. HCM Tel: (08) 39115694 — 39111969 — 39111968 - 39105797 — Fax: (08) 39110880 ac Email: khangvietbookstore@yahoo.com.vnCty TNHH MTV DWH Khang Vigt Chuyén dé rz PHAN UNG VA QUY NAP . KIEN THUC TRONG TAM Phuong phap phan chteng Dang vx € X, P(x) => Q(x). . — Gia st tén tai x. ¢ X sao cho P(x,) dting va Q(x.) sai, tlre la gid sir diéu kién chteng minh la mét ménh dé sai. Diing suy luan va kién thtrc toan hoc dé di dén mau thuan. Hay dé ching minh A = B, ta gid st B sai, tir do suy dan dén A sai: trai gid thiét. Nhu vay ta dling ménh dé phan déo: B > A. Ciing nhu vay, dé ching minh mét khang dinh P, ta c6 thé gid st? P sai rdi suy ra diéu v6 ly hoac mau thuan. Chu y: Dang sé nguyén m va k: 1) m ch&n (chia hét cho 2) : m= 2k m Ié (khéng chia hét cho 2) : m= 2k +1 2) m chia hét cho 3 m= 3k mkh6ng chia hét cho 3: m= 3k hod m = 3k + 2, gop lai thanh m = 3k +1. 3) Téng quat: m chia hét cho n la m = kn cén m khéng chia hét cho n lam = kn +r voisé dur=0,1,2,....9—-1 Phuong phap quy nap é ching minh ménh é chia bién A(n) la mot ménh dé dung v6i moi gid tri nguyén duong ctia n, ta thye hién hai buoc sau Bue 1: Ching minh A(n) la mét ménh dé ding khin = 1 Bue 2: Voi k la mot s6 nguyén duong tuy y, tt gid thiét A(n) la mot ménh 8 dung khi n = k, chtrng minh A(n) cling la mét ménh dé ding khin =k + 1. Chi y: Néu A(n) dung voi moi s6 nguyén duong n > no thi ta kiém ching A(n) ding khi n = no, con & phan sau, voi gia thiét quy nap la A(n) dung khin = k > no. 2. CAC BAI TOAN Bai ton 1. 4: Chlng minh: Néu x #-1 va y #-1 thix + y + xy #-1 Huong dan giai GidsUx+y+xy=-1=> xtytxy+1=0. = (K+ (y+ 1)=0>x+1=O0hoacy+1=0 = X=-1 hodc y =-1 (trai gia thiét). Vay néu x #-1 vay #—1 thix+y +xy 2-1. Bai toan 1. 2: Cho sé tu nhién n. Cheng minh a) Néu n? chin thin chan b) Néu n? chia hét cho 5 thi n chia hét cho 5. we10 trong diém b6i dudng:hoc sinh gibi mén Todn 10 - lé Hodnh Pho Huong dan giai a) Voi sé tur nhién n. Gid sit nIé. = n=2k+1,keZ—>n?= (2k +1) => n? = 2(2k + 2k) + 1 => 7 Ie: trai Vay néu n? ch&n thin chan. b) Cho n? chia hét cho 5. Gid stn kh6ng chia hét cho 5. Néun=5k+1,k eN thi n? = 25k + 10k + 1 = 5(5k? + 2k) + 1 khOng chia hét cho 5: mau thuain Néun=5k+2,keNthi ni? = 25k" + 20k + 4 = 5(5k" + 4k) + 4 khong chia hét cho 5.: mau thudn Vay néu n? chia hét cho 5 thi n chia hét cho 5. Bai toan 4. 3: Cho hai phuong trinh: x° + ax +b = 0 vax? + ex +d =0, c6.ac > 2(b+d). Chieng minh rang it nhAt mét trong hai phuong trinh trén c6 nghiém. Hwéng dan giai Phuong trinh x? + ax + b=0c0 A, =a?— 4b. Phuong trinh x? + cx + d = 0.6 Ap =c?— 4d. Gia st? cd hai Seu trinh déu v6 nghiém => A; <0 va Ap <0 Taco: Art dae a? +07—4(b + d) >a? +c — 2ac = (a—c)* > 0: mau thuan Vay cd it nhat mét trong hai phuong trinh da cho co nghiém Bai toan 1. 4: Chteng minh co it nhat mét trong ba phuong trinh bx? +2cx+a=0; ox? +2ax+b=0 co nghiém. Huéng dan giai Xét abe = 0, chang hana = 0 thi Phuong trinh bx? + 2cx+a=0 <> bx? +2cx=0 cé nghiém x =0. Xét abe + 0, thi ba phuong trinh ééu fa bac hai. Gia sir c& 3 phurong trinh du v6 nghiém nén: kK? + 4k +1 a thiét ax? +2bx +c = A,'=b? —ac <0;A,'=c? -ba<0,Ay'=a*—cb <0 nén A,'+A,'+A,'<0 => a? +b? +0? -ab-be-ca<0 Hay 3[e- b)? +(b-c)? +(¢-a)"] <0: vo ly. Vay cé it nhat mét trong ba phurong trinh cé nghiém. Bai toan 1. Ching minh: V6i 3 sé x, y, z bat ky thi.cé it nhat mét bat dang thc sai: bls yz], Il < l2-x), lel <1 yl Huong dan giai Gia st déng thoi cé 3 bat dang thire: |x| < ly zl, ly| < [z- xl, Izl <1 xlty TNHH MTV DWH Hhang Viét Suy ra x’ < (y-z)? > (y-z)?-x? > 0 => (y-z+x)(y-z-x) >0 Twong ty co (z—x +y)(z—x-y) > Ova (x-y + 2)(x-y-z) >0 Nén tich sé (y-Z +x) y -Z— x)(Z— x Fy) Z =X -y)(K— y + Z)(X— y-Z) >0 Hay — (y—z +x)*(z—x +y)*( x-y +2? > 0: v6 ly: dpem Bai toan 4. 6: Cé tdn tai khéng 3 sé a, b, ¢ dong thod man déng thoi 3 bat dang thire: 4a(1—b) > 1; 4b(1-c) >} 4e(1-a) > 1. Hwéng dan giai Gia str ca 3 bat dang thtrc déu dung voi a, b, c duong: 4a(1—b) > 4 4b(1-c) > 4c(1-a) > 1 Suy ra 0 < a,b,c < 1 va 64a(1—a).b(1-b).c(1-c) > 1 Ap dung bat dang thttc AM-GM: atta) < L:b(1~b) a(t apo(1=byet1=0) = 2 Hay 64a(1—a)b(1~b)e(1—c) <1: v6 ly: dpem Bai toan 1.7: Cho f(x) = ax’ + bx + c la tam thtrc bac hai voi hé sé nguyén. Ching minh rang: néu f(x) co nghiém hiru ti thi mét trong ba hé sé a, b, c la chan. Huong dan giai Gia si a, b, c déu [é thia = 2k + 1,b=2m+1,c=2n+1. Theo gia thiét phyong trinh c6 nghiém hitu ti nén A= b*—4ac la sé chinh phuong Ié => A = (2t + 1)? = b? - 4ac Do do: (2k + 1)° = (2t + 1)? = 4(2m + 1)(2n + 1) => 4k(k + 1) — 4t(t + 1) = 4(2m + 1)(2n + 1): v6 Ii vi vé trai la sé chia hét cho 8 con vé phai lai khéng chia hét cho 8 (apem). Bai ton 1. 8: Ching minh: Néu hai s6 nguyén duong a, b c6 téng binh phuong chia hét cho 3, thi cd hai sé do déu chia hét cho 3. Hwéng dan g Gia str a hoac b khéng chia hét cho 3. — Xéta va b khéng chia hét cho 3:a = 3k+1,b=3mi1 =a? +b? = (3k +1) + (8m +1) = 9k? + 6k + 9m? + 6m +2 = 3k' +2. — Xét mét sé chia hét cho 3 con mét sé khong chia hét cho 3, chang han a = 3k, b=3m+1 => a? +b? = Ok? + (3m + 1)? = 9k? + 9m? 4 6m + 1=3m'+1 Cac trong hop déu suy ra a® + b® khong chia hét cho 3: trai gid thiét.10 trong diém béi dung hgc sinh gibi mén Todn 10 é Hodnh Pho Bai toan 1. 9: Chung minh: Néu tich 2 s6 nguyén chia hét cho 11 thi 6 it nhat 186 chia hét cho 11. Hwéng dan giai Cho 2 sé nguyén m va n cé tich mn chia hét cho 11. Gia siy m va n khong chia hét cho 11 thi: m= 11k +rvdi k nguyén va r= 1,2,..., 10 van=11t+s voitnguyén va s= malt Do 6 mn = (11k #1)(11t +8) = 11( 11kt + ks + tr) +15. Virs = 1,2,....10 nén rs khéng chia hét cho 11 Suy ramn = 11( 14kt + ks + tr) +rs khéng chia hét cho 11: v6 ly. Bai toan 1. 10: Chteng minh: a) V7 la s6 vo ti b) V2 +V3lasé vo ti. c) ¥5lasé vo ti. Hwéng dan giai a) Trwéc hét ta chteng minh ménh dé: vn € N, n? chia hét cho 7 thin chia hét cho 7. Gia str n khéng chia hét cho 7 > n= 7k +r, k EN, r= 1,2,..,6. => n? = (7k +1)? = 49k? + 14rk + 2 = 7k'+ 7 => n? khéng chia hét cho 7: trai gid thiét Ap dung: Gia str V7 Ia sé hivu ti. avis a vain, mnguyén durong, phan sé 7 t6i gian => n= 7m? (A) Do dé n? chia hét cho 7. Theo két qua trén thi n chia hét cho 7 => n= 7k, nguyén duong. Thé vao (1): 49k? = 7m? => m? = 7k’, Do d6 m? chia hét cho 7 suy ram chia hét cho 7 nén 2 khéng téi gidn: v6 ly. m Vay V7 la sé v6 ti. b) Gid s® J2 +V3 lasé hGuti=> V2 +VJ3=plasé hou ti. 2 => 243426 =p?=> 6 =P ta sé hut Tuong tu, true hét ta ching minh ménh dé: vn € N, n° chia hét cho 6 thi n chia hét cho 6. Sau do ap dung tiép nh cau a). ¢) Trvéc hét ta cheng minh ménh dé: vn € N, n° chia hét cho 5 thi n chia hét cho 5. Ap dung: Gia sir YS la sé hou ti.ty TNHH MTV DWH Khang Viét = ¥5 = © voin, mnguyén dong, phan sé = t6i gidn m => n° = 5m (1).Do dé n’ chia hét cho 5. Theo két qua trén thi n chia hét cho 5 => n= 5k, k nguyén duong Thé vao (1): 125k? = 5m* = m? = 25k?, Do dé m’ chia hét cho 5 suy ra m chia hét cho 5 nén khéng tdi gidn: v6 ly. Vay 9/5 la sé vo ti. Bai toan 1.11: a) Cho p la sé nguyén t6. Chirng minh /p Ia sé v6 ti. b) Chtrng minh: Néu sé nguyén duong n khéng phai la mét sé chinh phuong thi Vn 1a mét sé vo ti. Huong dan giai a) Gid st Jp la sé hou ti, vp== voi (a, b) = 1 Khi d6 a? = pb* nén p | a”. Do p la sé nguyén té nén suy rap] a. Dat a = pm, ta cé: ?m? = pb? > b?= pm? => p|b? => p|b Vay p la ude sé chung clia a va b. Biéu nay mau thudn voi gid thiét (a, b) = 1. b) Troe hét, chu y rang néu mét sé la sé chinh phuong thi trong dang phan tich s6 d6 thanh thiva sé nguyén t6, cdc sé ma cla méi luy thira déu la 36 ty nhién chan. Do dé néu n khéng phai la s6 chinh phurong, thi trong dang phan tich sé n thanh thiva sé nguyén t6 co it nht mot thiva s6 voi sé mo Ié. Gia si va=F EN GEN) Thé thi nq? = p? (1). Vvé phai cla (1) la mot sé chinh phuong, con vé trai cla (1) khéng thé la mot 86 chinh phurong, vi cé it nhat mét thiva sé nguyén té ctia dang phan tich voi sé ma Ié. Vay Vn eg Q Bai toan 4. 12: Cheng minh: a) Cé v6 han sé hiru ti b) Trong cach viét thap phan clia sé. 11 thi cd it nhdt mét chi? sé xudt hier v6 han lan Hwéng dan gidi a) Gid str co hGu han sé hitu ti, ta o6 thé sdp xép k sé hGu ti nay thanh day tng dan x1 < x2 <... < x. Xét 56 % +1 = oat = =P voi m nguyén, n nguyén khac O thi x, +1 > % n va la sé hitu ti: v6 ly.10 trong oiém béi dudng hoc sinh gidi mén Toda 10 - lé Hodnh Phd b) Gia sir trong cach viét thap phan cia sé ¥11ma moi ch sé déu xuat hién héru han tan. Nhw vay sau d4u phdy co héru han cht sé VTA =3,a;a2...24 = 2a nén V14 la sé hivu ti: v6 ly. Bai toan 1. 13: a) Cheng minh cé v6 s6 sé nguyén té dang: 4k + 3 (k < N’) b) Chtrng minh cé v6 han sé nguyén t6 Hwéng dan giai a) Gia sir trai lai, chi cé hiru han sé nguyén t6 dang 4k + 3.18 p1, Pa. Pre Dat q = 4pipz...Pn+3. Vi q chia 4 du 3 va q khéng chia hét cho 3 nén q phai cé it nhat mat dc nguyén t6 dang p = 4k + 3. Do do tan taii dé p = p,. Vay 4p:P2...Pn chia hét'cho p. Ma q chia hét cho p néfsuy ra 3 chia hét cho p. Vay p = p= 3. Mau thuan. b) Gia stv cé hdu han sé nguyén t6, ta co thé sap xép.n sé nguyén t6 nay thanh day tang dan 1 p,,i=1, 2, ... n do dé p khong phai la nguyén té nén p la bdi 86 cla sé nguyén té p, nao dé. Ma 1 = p = pipz...px nén 1 la bOi clia px => Pe = 1: vO ly. Bai toan 1. 14: Cho 100 sé ty nhién a, a . yoo thod man diéu kién: vee Nie 1a Chteng minh rang trong 100 sé ty nhién do, tdn tai hai sé bang nhau. Huong dan giai Gia str trong 100 sé ty nhién d4 cho khéng c6 hai sé nao bang nhau. Khéng mat tinh tang quat, gia sth: ay < a2 <... < Ayo => ay 2 1, AD 2,.., An 2 100 supra GMa Ty Var Ja ao | VI V2 400 Prae2 1 Tacé * ae 2(vk -vk=1) nén: oe oD FE Ft vn < 2 (V2 Vi) +( V3 - V2)+...+ (Va-vn=1)] = 2(vn-v1)=2vn-2ty TNHH MTV DWH Khang Viet 1 a “ees Wi v2 100 < oi =1=19 trai voi gid thiét. Bai toan 1. 15: Chting minh: Néu 2 phan giéc BM = CN cila tam gidc ABC thi tam giac can. Huong dan gidi A Ta chting minh g6c B = C. Gid sivB ¥C, 7 chang han B > C nén t6n tai diém | M thudc doan ND dé géc IBM = ICM eS Tur dé tir gidc BIMC néi tiép duoc trong LaRXRY dung tron. Vi géc IBM = ICM yp = géc IBC > BCM = day Cl > BM = CN > BM: vo ly. Bai toan 1. 16: Ching minh: Néu n duéng thang déi mot cat nhau nhung khéng clng di qua mét diém thi tdn tai it nhat mot diém la giao cila hai va chi hai trong sé n dung thang do. Hwong dan giai Goi a1, a, ..., aq Ia n dung thang da cho. Ky hiéu giao ctia hai duéng A2 thang aj, a a A\, Xét cac khodng cach tu méi diém Ai, toi dung thang a, khéng di qua nd. Vi sé cdc khodng cach dé la hiu han nén phai tim duoc 3 duong thang ‘Ai; H Ai Aa3 (chang han a;, a2, a3) sao cho khodng cach tir diém A; toi duong thang a3 la ngan nhat (hoac mét trong nhirng khoang cach ngn nhat) Ta chirng minh rang khéng con mét dudng thang thir ba nao (khac ar, a2) lai di qua diém A;». Truéc hét ta nhan thay rang néu goi H la chan duong vuéng géc ha tiv A;.2 toi as thi H phai thudc doan thang néi Ais va Azs. That vay néu H nam ngoai doan thang do va Az3 gan H hon A\.3 thi r6 rang khodng cach ty Ap toi A; con nhé hon A; 2H. Bay gid’ gid sir rang qua A; con cé dong thang as. Khi do a, phai cat a3 tai mot diém Ags, diém nay phai nam trén mét trong hai tia cé géc H ctia duong thang as. Gia str no nam trén tia chira diém Ags thi r6 rang khodng cach tl Az; t6i ay nhd hon Ay 2H. Vo ly !. Bai toan 1. 17: Ching minh rang voi moi sé nguyén dung n: n(n+1) 2 a)1+2+3+..4n= .o10 trong diém b6i dung hoc sinh gibi mén Todn 10 - Lé Hodnh Phd 2. n(n+1)(2n+1) = moe Hwéng dan giai a) Ta chteng minh bang phuong phap quy nap 12 b) 17+ 27+ 374... +n Khin = 1 thi VT = 1, VP =4© = 4: aang thirc ding Gia st dang thtrc ding khin=k2>1: 142434 +k Med Ta cht’ng minh dang thie ding Khin = k + 1 1H24+94 tke (k+ t= KEM?) That vay, tlr gid thiét quy nap ta co: 142434 skeen e MODs Qe = Mr?) Vay dang thtre ding voi moi sé nguyén durong. b) Khin=1 thi VT=1, VP= 18 = 4: dung, Gia str dng thtrc dling khi n = k > 1. Ta chteng minh dng thirc khin =k + 1. That vay, tir gia thiét quy nap ta co: K(k + nek +1) 124274374 4+ (ke 1 = +(k+1)7, = (K+ (2K? +k + 6K +6) _ gence as de 6 6 = (KA D[2K(k + 2)+ 3k+2)) _ (k +k + 2k +3) , pom 6 6 Bai toan 1. 18: Chteng minh rang voi moi sé nguyén dong n, ta luén co: Zina ty? ae 2s enes COED (1) 2 b) 124+.3%+ + Qn—1ye= MAD (2) Huwéng dan giai Paty? a) Khin = 1, taco: 19 = TUE" Do a6, (1) ding Khin = 1. Gia st (1) dung khin =k, k & N’ Ta sé ching minh no cing dung khin =k + 1. That vay, tir gia thiét quy nap, ta co’ K(k +1)? 4 P+ P+ +e (kts +#(k+1)°Cty TINHH MTV DWH Khang Viét : dpem. = (k+4? (C+ 4k +4) = (k+ 1% (k +2" 4 4 =) Do dé (2) dung khin = 1 2 b) Khin=4,taco 12212 SAE=9 Gia sir (2) ding khi n= k, k e N’, ta sé ching minh (2) cling dung khin =k + 1. Thar vay, tir gid thiét quy nap ta cd: 2 124324. + (Qk-1)? + [2(k+1) — 1 = a +(2k +1)? AR 12K? 4 T+ 3 _ (K+ (4K? + 8K +3) _ (k+1[ 4k +1)? ~1] 3 3 3 Vay (2) ding voi moi ne N’. Bai toan 1. 19: Chwng minh rang voi moi sé nguyén duong n, ta cd: n(n +1)(n-+2) —ee a 3 (1) a) 124234... 4¢n(n+1)= 3 4 n+2 dl + +t NS _ 2 4-___ d2i2) 213i n(n +1).2" (n+1).2" Huong dan giai a) Khin = 1 thi VT = VP = 2: ding Gia si (1) dling khin =k, k N’, ta sé cheng minh (1) ding khin =k + 1. That vay, theo gid thiét quy nap ta co: 124234... +k +1) + (K+ 1)(k +2) = K+ (kK +2) K(k + 1)(k + 2)(k +3) ae ae ape. b) (2) +(k+ 1)(k +2) = b) Khin = 4 thi VT = 3=ve dung. Gia si (2) dung khi n = k, k nguyén duong Ta ching minh (2) dung khin = k + 1. That vay, theo gid thiét quy nap: 3 k+2 k+3 ee ES 1.2.2 0° kK) (K+ 1K +2)2" a k+3 __2(k +2)~(k+ 3) k412* (k+1)(k +2)2"1 (k+)(k + 2)2"7 1 = 1-——___, : dpem (key * Bai toan 1. 20: 1 Ching minh céng thre Nhi thee voi té hop n chap k: Cf ara10 trong oiém b6i duéng hoe sinh gidi mén Todn 10 ~ lé Hodnh Phd a (VEX Ch + Chx et CP IKE COX = CR (1) ms Hw6ng dan giai Khin=1thi (1+x)'= C2+Cl.x=1 +x: dung. Gia str khang dinh (1) dung véi n nguyén dong. Ta chtrng minh (1) dung. voin + 1. That vay: 0 . (14x) (14x) (149)" = YCkxE + Yok xt ca cad 0 a a B Tacd: YChxt =14 2 CRxE, Yk xtt = pk txt att i ia P=) mn Thay vao dang thtrc trén'ta duoc: n (ey 244 x(ch 408 am a fl nit ‘ = ChasX? + CR AXE CR = SCR x cdpom im @ Bai toan 4. 21: Chteng minh voi moi sé. nguyén duong n thi: a) n° + 2n chia hét cho 3. b) n(n + 1) (n + 2) (n + 3) chia hét cho 24. Hwéng dan g a) Khin = 1 thi 1°+2.1=3: 3: dung Gia str ménh dé ding khi , K nguyén durong tirc la k° + 2k : 3. Ta cheng minh ménh dé dung khin =k + 1. That vay: (k + 1)° + 2k + 1) = ko + 3k? + 3k 414 2k 42. Hk + 2k +3 (+k 41): 3 Vik® + 2k : 3 va 3(k? +k +1) ! 3nén suya ra pom. b) Khin = thi 1.2.3.4 = 24 chia hét cho 24: dung. Gia str ménh dé dung khi n = k, k nguyén dong. Ta chteng minh ménh a ding khin = k + 1. That vay: (k + 1) (k + 2) (k + 3) (k +4) = K(k +1) (k +2) (k +3) + 4(k + 1) (k +2) (k +3). Theo gid thiét quy nap thi k(k + 1) (k + 2) (k +3) 3 24vavik+1,k+2,k+31a 3 sé nguyén duong lién tiép nén cé 1 sé chia hét cho 2 va c6 1 sé chia hét cho 3 nén: (k #1) (K+ 2) (k +3) | 6 do d64(k + 1) (k + 2) (k+3) 3.24 Do dé ménh dé ding khin =k + 1 => dpcm. Bai toan 4. 22: Chtng minh tich n sé nguyén duong lién tiép chia hét cho n!. 12ty TNHH MTV DWH Khang Viét Hung dan giai Khi n = 1 thi tich mét sé la chinh né thi chia hét cho 1: dung. Gia sir ménh dé duing khi n = k, k nguyén duong. Ta chteng minh ménh dé diing khin = k + 1. That vay: + 1+ 2)... G+KG+K +1), N i+ 2) (i+ 3)... (+k +2) i+ 2)(i+ 3)... @ +k +1) [+k +2-i-4]. + 2) + 3)... G+ + 1)(K +1) Theo gia thiét quy nap voi k sé thi (i+ 20 +3)... +k +1) i kK! => Ui — Uy; | KK + 1) => Uy — Uy E (K+ 1)! Va ta 06 Up = 1.2...k(k + 1) = (k + 1)! nén Ui) = (Ui — Uns) + (Ur — Ung) +... + (Ur — Ua) + Up chia hét cho (k + 1)!: dpem Bai toan 4. 23: Ching minh rang voi moi sé nguyén dong n: a) Day un = 7.27? + 3°" chia hét cho 5. b) Day u, = 67" + 3°? + 3" chia hét cho 11. Huong dan giai a) Ta chtyng minh u, : 5 (1) bang phuong phap quy nap. Khin = 1 taco: uy = 7.27? + 37 =7 +3 = 10: dung. Gia si (1) dung khin = k, k ¢ N’, ta sé cheng minh (1) cing dung khin =k +4 That vay, Uner = 7.2202 4 g2tkend 1 247.22 4.93%) = 47.2? 4 31) 45.97"! = 4, 45,91 Vi ux } 5 (theo gid thiét quy nap) nén ux ? 5 (dpem). b) Khin = 1 thiu, = 67+ 3°+3=66 : 11 (dung). Gia sty ménh dé Ging khin = k, k nguyén dong Ta ching minh ménh dé dung khi n = k+1. That vay: Uke = 6"? + 3h + Blt = 36.6% + 3.307 + 3.3 = 36(6% + 32 + 99) — 332 4 34) = 36u, — 33(3"*? + 3°) | 14 (dung). Bai toan 1. 24: | gos 2 duong n, ta cé S, = a" + b" la mot sé nguyén khong chia hét cho 715. Hwéng dan giai 27+ 673 27-673 2 2 Sp =(a+b)*-2ab = 701 Ss = (a + b)(a? + b’) — ab(a + b) = 18549. Vay ménh dé ding khin = 1,2,3. Gid si S, dling voi moi sé nguyén n 2 3. 13 27 ~J673 2 Cho Chteng minh rang voi moi sé nguyén. Ta cé ab = =14, S;=a+b=27,10 trong diém béi duéng hoc sinh gidi mén Todn 10 - lé Hodnh Pho Ta c6: Spe: = (a + b)(a” + b") — ab(a™! + b™") 7S = 1489-4 = 715.Sq 1 — 378.Sp-2. Theo gia thiét S, _,, S, 2 1 sé nguyén khéng chia hét cho 715. Vi 378 va 715 nguyén té ciing nhau, do dé 378.S,-, cing khéng chia hét cho 715. Do d6 Sys; l& 86 nguyén khéng chia hét cho 715. Bai toan 1. 25: Chrng minh rang voi moi sé nguyén duong: a) 2°>2n+1voin>3. b) 2°2n? voi n=4. Hwéng dan giai a) Khin = 3, taco: 2"= 8 va 2n+1= 7: dung Gia sr BDT dung khin = k, k < N’ va k > 3, tire la: 2" > 2k + 1. Ta s& ching minh no cing dung khin = k + 1, ttre la: 2*** > 2(k + 1) +4 That vay, tur gid thiét quy nap, ta cd: 2122.2" >2(2k +1)=4k +2 =2k +34 (k-1) > 2k +3= 2k +1) +1: dpom. b) Khin = 4 thi BOT: 16 > 16.Do do BDT dung khin=4 Gia sw BOT dung khin = k, k < N', k > 4. Ta sé ching minh BOT dung khin =k + 1. That vay, theo gia thiét quy nap ta co: 21a 22> 2K aK + 2k +1 +k —2k—1 =(k +1)? +k(k—2)—1>(k + 1)?: dpem Bai toan 1. 26: Ching minh rang voi moi sé oe duong n, ta cé: 1 1 <2vh O ata aT? Huong dan giai a) Khin = 1, tacd BBT 1 <2 V1-dung. Gia st’ BBT dung khin =k, k < N’, ta sé cheng minh BDT cling ding khi n=k+1. That vay, i gid thiét quy i taco a) 1+ teen ee os vk + v2 vk Vk +1 res Ta chung minh: 2k +———= < Vk +4 @ 2k +1—vk)> vk+t ket 2 < vk+1> Vk: ding. eS Oo eS vk +14 Vk a b) Khin = 1 thi BDT: — So dung dee 1 tt ket k+2 3k+1 Ta ching minh BBT dung khin=k + 1 Ud 1 1 1 1 toe ttt +—— 1 k+2 k+3 3K+1 3K42° 3k4+3 3k 44 Gia str BET dung khin =k, k eN >1__@ty TNHH MTV DWH Khang Viét That vay, ti gid thiét quy nap ta cé: 1 dae 1 il 1 VT =| ttt | —— + - tex 2 3k) 3k ka" 3k mm) i 2 1 2 i eos tas * te ee?! 3k+2 3k+3° 3k44 (3k + 2)(3k + 3)(3k + 4) Bai toan 1. 27: Chtrng minh rang voi moi sé nguyén duong n: a) (1+x)"> 1+ nx voi sé thu x >-1 b) (1 +x)" + (1 x)" < 2" voi sé thye |x] <1 Huong dan giai a) Khin = 1: BBT: (1+x)' = 14x: dung. Gia sty BOT dung khin =k, k < N’, ta sé chtrng minh BDT cing ding khi n=k +1. That vay, tt gid thiét x > —1 va gid thiét quy nap, ta cé: (ex = (1 x(t + x) 2 (1 + x)(1 + kx), = 1+ (k + 1)x + kx? > 1+ (kK + 1)x: dpem. b) Khin = 1: BBT 22: Dung Gia str BT dung khin = k, k nguyén duong. (1+ xt + (1—x)h = 2k (1) Ta ching minh BOT dung khin =k + 1. That vay: (A) (1 +x) + (1 - x1 + x) + (1 - x) 2 2.2" (1+ xh + (1x) + (1x1 x + (1 x(t xs 27 Vilx! $1nén1+x20,1-x 0, dodo (1+ xy! + (1 -x)) = 2" dpom. Bai toan 1. 28: Cho a + b > 0. Chung minh voi moi s6é nguyén duong n: (a+b) a®sb (1) Hwéng dan giai a+b arb Khin = 1: (1) > mod in = 1: (Noe <= dung a+ Gia str (1) dung khin = k, k nguyén duong Ta ching minh (1) ding khin =k + 1. That vay, via +b>010 trong diém béi dudng hoc sinh gidi mén Todn 10- (6 Hodnh Pho Ta ching minh; BB+ abt + ab | at sb 4 2 abs +atb< al! +b" (3) Khéng mat tinh téng quat, gid str a > b. Via+b>Onéna>-b, dodo a2 |b| = a™> |b|™> b™ voi moi m nguyén duong. Ta 06 (3) a*(a— b) + b'(b— a) = 0 <> (a —b)(a* — b’) > 0: dung. Bai toan 1. 29: Ching minh rang voi moi sé nguyén dong n > 3, ta cé: nh! > (n+)! Huéng dan giai Khin = 3 thi BDT: 81 > 64: dung. Gid s@ BDT dung khin=k,k ¢ Nk 23:k!>(k+4)*. Ta sé chteng minh BDT dung khi n = k + 1:(k + 1)? > (k + 2)*7 That vay, theo gia thiét quy nap ta co: KTS (kK + 1K (k + 1)? kT > (k + 1)? (ke + 1k (kaye? (eae eet = |e Do dé: (k +1)? > k Bai ton 1. 30: Chting minh véi moi s6 nguyén duong n: ceo (1) 59° 4n41 Jn+i Huong dan giai ; ket _ . ee et -(keaed) > (k +2)": apem. Khin = 1: (1) 2 <1: ding. Gia st (1) dung khi n = k, k nguyén dong: 37 ak-1 59 4k41 Jk +t Ta chtrng minh (1) duing khin =k +1 37 ak-1 ak+3 4 5°97 4k+14k+5 Jka2 37 4k-1 4k+3 1 4k 43 That vay, tte (2 ==. ¥ BN Co akat aka 8 © MR ET ako 5 Ta cdn ching minh a a. aS < (4k +3)Vk+2 <(4k + 5\Vkvd <= (4k + 3)? (k + 2) < (4k +5)? (kK + 1) = (16k? + 24k + 9) (k +2) < (16k? + 40k + 25) (k + 1). = 18 < 25: dung (2)Cty TNH MTV DWH Khang Viet Bai toan 1. 31: Chox < Z,n e Nthod manx>0,x#1,n21 sy” 1xt=4 2) 7 Hwong dan giai Chung minh ring: 2% 1+x™ y yet oa (= ee 2x (14x) (14%) 1+x' nt Taco: 1+#x>2Jx>(1+x)"12 2x st > 2x2 = (dpcem) yt nae (4s 1 xt-4 vat+x"" | Sa n(tee xy s 271 + x + #1) ) “ne x-1 Khin = 1: dung, Gid st? bat dang thre ding dén n m1 + xy" (1 # x) 2K Xt YT EX) > (n+ 1)(1 + x)= (1 + x)™1 + (1 +x)" SPT eX e+ AT EX) (1 +x)" Ta chteng minh: QP + 2 + 1) (T#X) + (14x) < 20x + XT +t 1) DPN + xT + Ox + OK HY (TE XY” <2 (xT exh + +1) ? (x+y? x44 Ta chtrng minh bang quy nap. Khang dinh nay dé suy ra dpcm. Bai toan 1. 32: Chon sé dwong 0 at Xigt ie Huong dan giai Goi P(n) la bat dang thirc can chteng minh. Véi n = 3, ta cé: SX Xie _ (Ka Xo 0% —HV(Ko X4X2Xq_ Vay P(3) dung. Gia stv P(n) dung. Xétn + 1 s6 duong 0 Smet Vay P(n + 1) ding. fa Xien TX Bai toan 1. 33: Cho n 86 durong x1, x2, X3, +, Xn 66 th: 4.%2.X3...Xn Chteng minh téng x1 + X2 + Xa.+... + Xp SN. Suy ra bat dang thirc AM-GM téng quat. Hwéng dan giai Ta cheng minh quy nap theo sé sé duong n> 1. Khin = 1 thi x, = 1 => x; 2 1: dung. Gia st khang dinh trén dung khi n = k, k nguyén dwong. Ta chtrng minh khang dinh dung khin =k + 1, That vay: X6t k + 1.86 dwong x4, Xp, ons Xv Xke1 CO tich X42. Kk aKeXker = 1 Gid str cd k + 1.86 x) > 1 = tich x4X2 ... Xet > 1: VO IY Gid sir ca k + 186 x, < 1 = tich x4Xp...Xke1 < 1: VO IY. Do dé tén tai sé x, < 1 va x, > 1. Khéng mat tinh téng quat, gid sty u, < 1 va Uker 21. Ta CO X4X2 «.. Xkt (Xk. Xke1) = 1. Ap dung gid thiét quy nap voi k sé thi tang: XH XH + Xt + XM BK. SOK Fe HF Meat HX + hot ZF Ki + Xho — XK EK +1 + (Xe — 1) + Keer — XE). =k +1 + (X= 1)(1 — Xen) 2 K + 1: dpom Ta ching minh BDT AM-GM ting quat voi n s6 a1, ap, .... an 20. ata t..+a, a+ 82 4-4? 5 Waa (2) n Néu cé sé a; = 0 thi (2) dung.Xét cd n sé aj > 0. aA 2 (3 faya,.2, ) Ap dung két qua trén thi tng: x; + x2 +... + Xn 2. eS eee En YArag Ay YAA2--Ay YA1a2.--Ay Sartagt..+an2n. Bai toan 1. 34: Cho 2n sé tuy y: a4, ao, ..., an Va D4, bo,..., Da-Chteng minh lay +a +48) #(b, +b, +...4+b,)? < fa? +b? + fad +b} +. Huéng dan giai Khin = 4 thi BBT: Ja? +b? < Ja? +b? : dung. 18 Bat xi = thi x;>Othi tich: x4X9 ... Xq = see ve(Cty TNHH MTV DWH Khang Viét Khin = 2 thi BOT: \(a,+a,)? +(b, +b,)° <:fa? +b? + Jad +b3 > (aytaa)? + (bytb2)® < a? +b? +a2 +b? + 2J(a? +b?)(a2 +b2) > aay + bib: < (a? +b?)(ad +b) Néu VT <0 thi BDT dung, con néu VT = 0 thi BDT © (a1a2 + bibz)? < (a? +bF)(aj +b5) <> 2ararbibe < a? +b} +03 +b? <> (arb — agb;)* 2 0: duing i sW BET dung Khi n = k, k nguyén dong. Ta ching minh BBT ding khi n=k+1. That vay. (ay $y HFA HA)? + (D, +B, +... + Dy + Dy) = Y((a, +g +... + aj) +a, 4)? +((D, +g +... + By) + Dygy)? (a, +a +. +a) +(b, +b +. +b)? + az, + be, < fab +b? + Jab +b? +...+ fa? +b? + Jaz, + bE,, : dpom Vay BBT dung voi moi sé nguyén duong n. Bai toan 1. 35: a) Tinh téng S, = 1.2+2.3+... +n(n+1). b) Tinh tang T, = 17 + 37+... + (2n—1)". Hwong dan giai a) Ta c6: Sy = 1(1 + 1) + 2(2 +1) +... + n(n + 1) a(P 42+ + n%ye (1+ 2+.. +n) . n(n+ tan) n(n+t) _ n(n+ x2n+1+3) _ n(n+1)(n+2) 6 2 6 3 b) Taco: Th = (2.1-1)? + (2.2-1)? +... + (20-1)? = 4(17 +2? +... 4n?)-401 42+... +n) tn 2g MOM AN+1) 4 nine) 6 2 = 2n(n+1)(2n+1) 3 Bai toan 1. 36: Cho cdc sé nguyén 0 3. Huéng dan giai Ta chtrng minh bang phuong phap quy nap. Khin = 3 thi ménh dé: tong cac géc trong clia mét tam gidc bang 180°: dung. Gia st ménh dé ding dén khi n =k, ttc la tang cdc gc trong cia mét k — gidc Idi bang Act AL (k = 2)180°. Ta ching minh. meni dé x ding khin'= k #1. Xét(k+1)—gidcldi AsAg ... AvAger. Ndi AyAx. Ta duge tng Al cac géc trong clia (k + 1) — gidc Idi bang téng cdc géc trong clia AiA2...Ak AS céng voi ting cac goc trong cla tam Gide ArAgAks1 os Do dé téng cac géc Ia: (k — 2)180° + 180° = (k - 1).180° nén ménh dé cling ding khin=k +1 Vay ménh dé dting voi moi sé nguyén duong n= 3. Bai toan 1. 38: Chung minh rang moi da gidc di n + 2 canh co thé chia thanh n tam giac, n nguyén duong. Hwéng dan giai Khi n = 4. Ménh é tré thanh: Da giac 3 carih co thé chia thanh mét tam giac: dung Gia st) ménh dé dung khi n = k, k nguyén duong. Ta ching minh ménh dé duing khi n = k + 1, tire 1a c6 thé chia (k + 3) - gidc 16i thanh k + 1 tam gidc. That vay goi A la mét dinh nao dé. Néi 2 dinh ké né gid st B, C. Do dé ta da chia (k + 3) - A c giac Idi thanh mét tam gic ABC va (k #2) — giac Idi cé canh la BC. B Theo gid thiét quy nap, (k,+.2) - gidc ldi d6 co / thé chia thanh k tam gidc. Do d6 (k + 3) ~ ide 161 44 duoc chia than k + 1 tam gide: dpom: Vay ménh dé dung voi moi sé nguyén duong n. Bai toan 1. 39: : Trong mat phang cho n du@ng thang ma khéng co 2 du@ng nao song song va khéng 6 3 dueng nao déng quy. Cac duéng thang nay chia mat phang lam bao nhiéu phan?. 20Cty TNHH MTV DWH Hhang viét Hwéng dan giai 4K P& Khin = 1 thi mét dong thang chia mat phdng lam u, = 2 phan Khi n = 2 thi 2 dung thang chia mat phdng lam up = 4 phan Khi n = 3 thi 3 duéng thang chia mat phang lam ug = 7 phan Dé y quy lat ur = 1+ 2, ue = 1 + (1 +2), us= 1 + (14243) Bang quy nap ta ching minh 2 s6 phan la Une 1+ (1424. nett ae Bai toan 1. 40: Chia mot tap tai liéu thanh n phan cho n ngudi, n > 4. Chung minh chi can 2n — 4 lan goi dién thoai gitra 2 thanh vién la di dé moi thanh vién déu ndm dui toan bé néi dung tai liéu. Huong dan gi Ta ching minh quy nap voi sé nguyén duong n > 4. Khi n = 4, v6i 4 thanh vién A, B, C, D. Bén cudc goi trao déi ndi dung gitra A va B, C va D rdi sau dé A va C, B va D la 4 thanh vién ném du 4 phan tai lieu Gia st khang dinh ding khin =k, k nguyén, k > 4. Ta chteng minh khang dinh dung khin =k + 1. That vay: Voi k + 1 thanh vién, xét k thanh vién dau thi theo gia thiét quy nap, voi 2k — 4 cudc goi la biét thong tin ctia k phan tai ligu. Tuy nhién trvdc khi thu hién 2k — 4 cugc goi dé, ta cho thanh vién thir k + 1 goi dén 1 thanh vien Nhu vay k thanh vién 44 nam dui k + 1 phan tai liéu, cudi cung mét thanh vién trong sé dé goi lai cho thanh vién thie k + 1. Sé cudc. goi la: 1+ (2k-4)+1=2k~2=2(k + 1)~4: dpem 3. BAI LUYEN TAP Bai tap 4. 4: Ching minh a) V3 +V7 lasé vo ti b) 315 lasévo ti Huong dan a) Gia stv /3 + V7 1a sé hu ti p ri binh phuong, dua vé ching minh V211a 86 vo ti b) Gid sw{/15 la sé hiu ti p réi lap phyong, dua vé ching minh V5 1a 86 v6 ti. Bai tap 1. 2: Ching minh a) Néu tich 2 s6 nguyén chia hét cho 13 thi co it nhat 1 sé chia hét cho 13. b) Néu téng binh phuong 2 sé nguyén duong chia hét cho 17 thi cd 2 sé dO chia hét cho 17. 2110 trong oiém béi duéng hoc sinh gidi mén Todn 10- Lé Hodnh Pho Huong din a) Gia sir cd 2 s6 nguyén a va b khong chia hét cho 13 thi a = 13k + rva 3t +s voir, s = 1,2,3,,...,12. Suy ra tich ab khéng chia b) Gia sir 36 it nhdt mét s6 nguyén duong a hay b khong chia hét cho 17. Xét 2 trvdr g hop : a va b khéng chia hét cho 17; mét sé chia hét cho 17 va mot sé khénig chia hét cho 17. Bai tap 1. 3: Cheng minh digu kién can va dui dé sé ty nhiénn chia hét cho 5 la n® +1 va n?-1 déu khéng chia hét cho 5. Huong dan X6t 4 trong hop n = 5k #1, 5k +2 Tinh n? +1 va n? 1 dé suy ra chting déu khéng chia hét cho 5. Bai tap 1. 4: Cho 25 sé nguyén duong a; thoa =! =9.Chung minh cé it nhdt hai s6 bang nhau il eae var ae As Dung phan chwng. Gia str cd 25 sé nguyén duong a; déu khac nhau. Ta co thé xép ther ty tr nhé dén lon. Dung danh gia < vk -Vk=1). x EK vk Bai tap 1. 5: Cho 3 sé a, b, c dong. Cht’ng minh cé it nhat 1 bat dang thtrc sai a(2—b)>1b(2-c)>% c(2-a)>1 Hwéng dan giai Gid sit cd 3 bat dang thirc déu dung rdi dung bat dng thie AM-GM: a(2-a) <1b(2—b) 1 a1— a2— ...- a, VON SO 4,a2,...,@n thude khoding (0;1). Hwéng dan giai Dung quy nap va phan tich n+ 1séransé. Bai tap 1. 114: Ching minh voi moi sé n nguyén duong: 135 2n+1 1 a) 2 < 246° 2n+2 J3n+4 Hwéng dan giai a) Dung quy nap va bién déi twong duong b) Diing quy nap va bién ddi twong duong Bai tap 4. 12: a) Tinh tang T = 3° +5° +7? +...+(2n+3)* b) Tinh sé duong chéo 1 da giac Idi n dinh, n > 4. Hweng dan giai a) Khai trién lap phuong va dung cac ting pb) tetatane 23 2-4 142434..¢ne Wed 2 $24 o2a ge ents MaeDan+t) 7 ae Pare ene ne? 4 n(n-3) b) Két qua va chtrng minh quy nap10 trong diém béi éeng hoc sinh gibi mén Todn 10~ lé Hodnh Phd Chuyén dé 2: ANH XA VA HAM SO 1, KIEN THUC TRONG TAM Anh xa . — Mot anh xa ftir tap X dén tap Y la mét quy téc dat trong tng méi phan tir x cla X voi mét va chi mot phan ti y cia Y. Phan ti? y tong tng ctia x goi la Anh ciia x qua anh xa f, ki higu y = (x), x goi la nghich anh ctia y: £X oY: x y= fo) — Mét anh xa ftir tap X dén tap Y goi la don anh néu hai phan tl khac nhau bat ky clia X déu cho hai 4nh khac nhau ctia Y: vabe X:azb= f(a) f(b) Hay Va,be X:f(a)=f(b)=>a=b. — M6t anh xa f tiv tap X dén tap Y goi la toan anh néu mdi phan tle y bat ky cia Y déu.cé nghich anh x ctia X: wy € Y,ax eX: y = f(x) Hay Y =f(X) = {ye ¥|axe Xy=f(x)}. — Mot anh xa f tir tap X dén tap Y goi la song anh néu f viva don anh va toan nh, tire 1 néu méi phan tir y bat ky cia Y déu co nghich anh duy nhat x ctia X. Hai tap hdu han cé cung sé phan ti khi thn tai mot song anh gitra chung. Cén 2 tap v6 han ma cé song anh gira ching thi goi [a cling lye lveng hay cling ban sé. Anh xa ngugc, Anh xa tich (hop) — Néu mét anh xa f tir tap X dén tap Y la song anh thi tén tai anh xa nguoc tur tap Y dén tap X, ky higu f~* FLY OX y Bx SFY). — Cho mét anh xa f tu tap X dén tap Y va mot anh xa g tir tap Y dén tap T thi c6 Anh xa tich tir tap X dén tap T, ky hiéu g> f: ge £X > T:x z= go f(x) = gif]. Ham sé Ham sé fla mét anh xa tir tap Dc R dén tap R. £D—> R:x +> y=f(x). Tap D goi la tap xac dinh. Ham sé hop, ham sé nguoc duge xay dung tvong ty Tinh chat cua ham sé — Ham sé y = f(x) voi tap xac dinh D goi la ham sé chan néu: vx € D thi-x € D va f(-x) = f(x) va goi la ham sé Ié néu: vx € D thi -« € D va f(-x) = f(x). 6 thi cia ham sé chin nhan truc tung | am truc déi xteng, ham sé Ié nhan géc toa dé la tam déi xteng. — Cho ham sé f xc dinh trén K (khodng, niva khoang, doan). 24(HH MTV DVVH Khang Viét f ddng bién (tang) trén K néu: Vx;, x2 © K: x4 < X2 => (x1) < flx2) f nghich bién (gidm) tran K néu:x:, x2 © K: x; < X2 => f%) > f(x) Két qua: Néu f(x) tang hoac gidm trén R thi phuong trinh_ f(x) = 0 c6 téi da mét nghiém, néu co nghiém x, thi do la nghiém duy nhat. Ham sé y = f(x) voi tap xac dinh D goi la ham sé tuan hoan néu tén tai sd thc L>0: vx « Dthix + Le Dvaf(x + L) = f(x) $6 L duong bé nhat néu co trong cac sé L théa man diéu kién trén goi la chu ky cla ham sé f Phép suy dé thi Tw dé thi (C): y = f(x) suy ra dé thi cla ham sé: y =~ f(x): bang cach ldy déi xing qua truc hoanh [f(x) khi f(x) > 0 | -£(x) khi fx) <0" trén truc hoanh, cén phan phia dudi truc hoanh thi lay déi xteng qua truc hoanh. y = f(-x): bang cach lay déi xteng qua truc tung _y = f(/x|): bang cach git nguyén phan dé thi bén phai truc tung, va ly d6i xteng phan do qua truc tung (do ham sé chan). y = — f(-x) bang cach lay déi xtrng qua géc. y = f(x) + b, y = f(x + a) , y = f(x + a) + b bang cac phép tinh tién song song voi cac truc toa dé. Ham sé bac nhat y = ax + b, (a # 0) tap xc dinh D = R, hé sé géc a = tan(Ox, d). Ham sé déng bién khi a > 0 va nghich bién khi a <0. Ham sé bac hai y = ax? + bx +c (a +0) tap xc dinh D=R, 84 thi la mot dueng parabol 6 y= [f(x)| = bang cach gir nguyén phan dé thi phia dinh ice, > cé truc déi xteng d: x = ee bé lém huong lén trén néu 2a’ 4a 2a a>, hong xudng dudi néu a <0. “ c 8 sh 810 trong diém b6i duéng hoc sinh gidi mén Todn 10 - lé Hodnh Pho Biém dac biét cla cdc dé thi co tham sé — Diém M(%o; yo) gai la diém c6 dinh cia ho y = f(x, m) khi moi 6 thi du di qua : Yo = f(X., m), Vm. Ta bién déi vé dang: hen A=0 A.m+B = 0, ¥m {e: hoac A.m? +Bm+C = 0, Vm & {B=0 c=0 = Diém M(x; yo) la diém ma cac dé thi cia ho y = f(x, m) khéng ¢i qua: Yo # f(Xo, m), Vm. Ta bién déi vé dang: eee et estes Am+B20,vme/4=° hoac Am? +Bm+C 20,vm > Bz0 AzG,A<0 Quy tich cae diém: Tim toa dé x va y réi khi? tham sé, gidi han qui tich bang cach chuyén diéu kién néu co cia tham sé vé diéu kién ctia x hay y. Bai toan tuong giao va tiép tuyén — Phuong trinh hoanh dé giao diém f(x) = g(x). Néu phuong trinh hoanh 46 giao diém la phuong trinh bac hai thi A < 0: khéng co diém chung; A = 0: tiép xuic nhau; A > 0: cat nhau tai hai diém ~ Lap phuong trinh tiép tuyén voi (C): y = f(x) tai dim A(x; ya) © (C) hoe di qua diém A(xa; ya), hé s6 goc k c6 dang: Y — Ya = k(x — Xa) => phuong trinh hoanh dé giao diém voi (C). Cho diéu kién tiép xtic: A = 0 dé tim rak Phuong trinh ham — Ding phép thé, adi bién — Tinh gia tri dc biét f(0), £(1), — Dung tinh chat don anh, toan anh, song anh, tuan hoan.... — Banh gia, dy doan ham sé, quy nap... 2. CAC BAI TOAN Bai toan 2.1: Kiém ching tinh don anh, toan anh, song anh cia céc tyong tng sau tir Z dén Z: a) f(n)=n+3 b) fin) c) f(n) = n° + 2n d) f(n) Huong dan giai Theo dinh nghia thi cac tuong wng # déu la anh xa tir Z dénZ. a) Bon anh vi voi moi m,n eZ: fm) =f(n) > m +3 =n +3 > m=n Toan anh vi voi moi meZ, tn tain=m—3 eZ {(n) = f(m -3) = m -3 +3 =m. Vay f song anhCty TINHH MTV DWH Khang Viét b) Khéng don anh vi f(-2) = f(2) = 0. Khéng toan anh vi khéng tan tai neZ dé f(n) = 1 <> n?=5. Vay f khong song anh ¢) Bon anh. Khéng toan anh vi khong t6n taineZ dé f(n) =5 <> n(n’ + 2) = 5. Vay f khong song anh. d) Khéng don anh vi f(4) = f(5) = 2. Toan anh vi voi mdi sé nguyén n, ta co f(2n) = n. Vay f khéng song anh. Bai toan 2.2: Kiém chtrng tinh don anh, toan anh, song anh ctla cdc anh xa sau: a) y= f(x) =x? + 4x-7tuRdénR b) y= f(x) = sn tty R\ (3}dén R {2} Hwéng dan giai a) fkhong don anh vi f(0) = {(-4) = -7 f khéng toan anh vi khi f(x) = -15 <> x? + 4x +8 = 0 vo nghiém Vay f khéng song anh b) Voi x € R\{3}, moiy € R\{2}: y= PEt ox +t y(x—3) eo 143y = x(y- aerxa TF duy nhat Vay f song anh Bai toan 2.3: Cho g la anh xa tlr tap A dén tap B va f la anh xa tlr tap B dén tap Cc a) Ching minh rang néu ca f va g la don anh thi anh xa hop f © g cling la don anh. b) Chung minh rang néu ca f va g Ia toan anh thi anh xa hop f »g cling la toan anh. Huong dan giai a) Gid str (Fe g)(a) = (fF g)(a’) voi aa’ « A= fig(a)] = fig(a’)) => g(a) = g(a’) vif don anh = a=a’ vig don anh. Vayf »g ladon anh. b) Voi moi c ¢ C. Do f: B > Cla toan anh nén t6n tai b < Bd f(b) = c, va vi: g: A > B la toan anh nén tan tai a e A dé g(a) = b. vay (f » g)(a) = f(g(a)) = f(b) = c. Vay f » g la toan anh, Bai toan 2.4: Cho g [a anh xa tir tap A dén tap B va fla anh xa tu tap B dén tap C a) Chung minh rang néu f » g la don anh thi g la don anh. b) Néuf - g va f déu [a toan anh thi g co toan anh khong? 2710 trong diém béi duéng hee sinh gidi mén Todn.10 =té Hodnh Pho Huong dan giai a) Gid str g(a) = g(a’) voi aa’ © A=> f(gla) = (fg(a’)) = (fe g)(a) = (f » g)(a') => a=a' vif »gladon anh. Do dé gla don 4nh b) Khong nhét thiét g phai toan anh. Chon A = {a}, B = {b; b’}, C = {c} Xét g: A > B cho béi g(a) =b va f B > C cho bdi f(b) = cva f(b’) =. Khi d6 f = g: A C cho bdi (fF » g)(a) = flg(a)]= f(b) = ¢ Ta c6f »g va fla toan anh nhung g khéng [a toan anh Bai toan 2.5: Cho g la eg anh tt tap A dén tap B va fla song anh tir tap B dén tap C. Gid sty f 7 " tuong ung la anh xa ngugc ctia f va. g. Cheng minh rangf »g la song on te A dénC va (fg) = go" o fat: Hwéng dan gi Ta cof «gla Song anh. Gid si (Fg) (a)=cvoiae Ace C Ta can cheng minh (g™' > f~')(c) = a hay g'(f“(c)) =a That vay, dat b = g(a),b «e Bos g"(b)=a Vi (f ».g)(a) = ¢ nén f(b) = = f“(c) =b Vay: g(F-\(c)) = g™"(b) = a: dpom. Bai toan 2.6: Hay lap mét song anh tiv doan [0;1] dén khong (0:1). Huéng dan giai Xét nh xa f te oan et gio khoang (0;1): f10)= Ste = 2th a gil) =x(n2 2neNxe— 4 Ta kiém chung fla sath a Se va toan anh nén ona, anh Bai toan 2.7: Cho truéc sé nguyén duong n > 3. Goi X la tap hop tat cd cdc b6 ba (a, b, c) trong dé a, b, c la céc 86 nguyén khéng am cé téng bang n. Goi Y la tap hop cac day nhi phan cé n + 2 ki ty, trong dé co n ki ty 1 va.2 ki ty 0. Hay thiét lp mot song anh tiv X dén Y, suy ra sé phan ter clia X. Hwéng dan giai Voi méi b6 ba (a, b, ¢) © X duge tong tng voi mot day nhi phan c6 n + 2 ki ty, trong d6 cé n ki ty 1 va 2 ki ty 0, do dé la mot phan ti cia Y. Goi f la phép tuong tng dé, thi f la mét anh xa tir X dén Y, hon nia f la don anh. Voi méi day n + 2 ki ty voin ki ty 1 va 2 kity 0, khi ta dém tur trai sang phai 6 as6 1, s6 0, b sé 1, 86.0 vac sé 1 thi day dé sé Ung voi bé (a, b, c) théa mana +b +c=nnén fla toan anh, do dé fla song anh Ta c6 méi day nhi phan c6.n + 2 ki ty, trong dé co n ki tr 1 va 2 ki ty 0, tong teng voi cach chon 2 vi tri ffong n+ 2 vitri dé ghi sé 0. Do dé sé phan tu |Y| = C?.,.vay |x| = ly|= Cc? n42-Cty TNHH MTV DYVH Khang Vigt Bai toan 2.8: Cho true sé nguyén dong n va sé nguyén duong r théa man r0 alxsd wl (x-2Xx-3)20 [xe2a k"* Vay: D = [1; 4] \ (2: 3} ix? 4x1 320 [xsty x23 b) Bidu kién: | of eye 4 ) j22%s0 \2exe4 Ko 4 Vay: D = (3: 4) Bai toan 2.10: Tim tap xac dinh cla cdc ham sé Hwéng dan giai a) BK: Vx? -3x+2 2 YP -7 ox 3x4+2ex°-7