Compound Angles

1.

 Compound Angles

Basic Identities
sin2θ + cos2θ = 1
1 + tan2θ = sec2θ
1 + cot2θ = cosec2θ

(secθ – tanθ) and (secθ + tanθ) are reciprocal of each other

Proof:
We know
1 + tan2θ = sec2θ
⇒ 1 = sec2θ – tan2θ
⇒ 1 = (secθ – tanθ) (secθ + tanθ)
1
⇒ secθ – tanθ =
secθ  +  tanθ

(cosecθ – cotθ) and (cosecθ + cotθ) are reciprocal of each other

Proof:
We know
1 + cot2θ = cosec2θ
⇒ 1 = cosec2θ – cot2θ
⇒ 1 = (cosecθ – cotθ) (cosecθ + cotθ)
1
⇒ cosecθ – cotθ = Hence Proved.
(cosecθ + cotθ)
Note: The values of following trigonometric ratios must be remembered.

0° 30° 45° 60° 90°

1 1 3
sin 0 1
2 2 2
Compound Angles

3 1 1
cos 1 0
2 2 2

2.
 0° 30° 45° 60° 90°

1 1 3
tan 0 ND
3

1
cot ND 3 1 0
3

2
sec 1 2 2 ND
3

2
cosec ND 2 2 1
3

tan2 A sin2 A
Q1 Find the value of
tan2 A –  sin2 A
if 0° < A < 90°

tan2A . sin2A = tan2A (1 – cos2A)

Sol. = tan2A – tan2A . cos2A
sin2 A
= tan2A – 2
. cos2A
cos A
= tan2A – sin2A
tan A sin2 A
2
Hence =1
tan2 A –  sin2 A

Q2 Find the value of

cot 2 A cos 2 A
if 0° < A < 90°
cot 2 A –  cos 2 A

Sol. cot2A . cos2A = cot2A (1 – sin2A)

= cot2A – cot2A . sin2A
cos2 A
= cot2A – . sin2A
Compound Angles

sin2 A
= cot2A – cos2A
cot A cos2 A
2
Hence =1
cot 2 A –  cos2 A

3.
 Q3  1 +  sin α   1 +  sec α 
Prove that     = tanα
 1 +  cos α   1 +  cos ecα 

Sol. From LHS 

1 +  sin α   1 +  1 cos α 
  
 1 +  cos α   1 +  1   
 sin α 
1 +  sin α   cos α  +  1    sin α 
⇒    
 1 +  cos α   cos α   sin α  +  1 
sin α
⇒ = tan α = RHS Hence proved.
cos α

 sinx +  cosx  
Q4 Prove that = tan3x + tan2x + tanx + 1
cos 3 x

Sol. In LHS multiply by sin2x + cos2x

( )(
  sinx + cosx   sin2 x +  cos2 x   ) ( sin x + cos x = 1)
LHS ⇒ 2 2

cos3 x
sin3 x sinx  .  cos2 x cosx  .  sin2x cos3x
⇒ + + +
cos3 x cos3 x cos3 x cos3x
⇒ tan3x + tanx + tan2x + 1 = RHS Hence proved.

Q5 Prove that
1 +  sinθ
= secθ + tanθ, 0 < θ <
π
1 –  sinθ 2

Sol.
(1 + sinθ)
2
1 +  sinθ 1 + sinθ  
LHS ⇒  ×   =
1 –  sin θ 1 + sinθ 1 – sin2θ

(1 + sinθ)
2
1 + sinθ   1    sinθ
⇒ = = cosθ +
cos θ 2 cosθ cosθ

= secθ + tanθ = RHS Hence proved.

Compound Angles

4.
Q6 If tanθ + secθ = 1.5 then find sinθ, tanθ, secθ.

Sol. secθ + tanθ =

3
 …(1)
2
1
We know that secθ − tanθ =
secθ  +  tanθ
2
Hence secθ – tanθ =  …(2)
3
13 13
(1) + (2) 2secθ = ⇒ secθ =
6 12
5 5
(1) – (2) 2tanθ = tanθ =
6 ⇒ 12
tanθ 5
sinθ = =
secθ 13

Q7 Prove that
1
−
1
=
1
−
1
secA −  tanA cosA cosA secA +  tanA

Sol. 
1
= secA + tanA
secA − tanA
∴ LHS is (secA + tanA) – (secA)
= tanA …(1)
1
Now  = secA – tanA
secA +  tanA
∴ RHS is (secA) – (secA – tanA)
= tanA = LHS Hence proved.

Q8 Prove that (secθ + cosecθ) (sinθ + cosθ) = secθ cosecθ + 2

Sol.  1
LHS =  +
1 
 (sinθ + cosθ)
 cosθ sinθ 
(sinθ + cosθ)
2
sin2θ  + cos2 θ + 2sinθcosθ  
⇒ ⇒
Compound Angles

sinθ cosθ sinθ  cosθ

1 + 2sinθ  cosθ    1
⇒ ⇒ +2
sinθ  cosθ sinθ  cosθ
⇒ secθ cosecθ + 2 = RHS Hence proved.

5.
 Q9 Prove that: (sec2θ + tan2θ) (cosec2θ + cot2θ) = 1 + 2sec2θ cosec2θ

 1 sin2 θ   1 cos2 θ 
Sol. LHS ⇒  2
 cos θ
+ 
cos2 θ 
 2 + 2
 sin θ sin θ 


 1 + sin θ   1 + cos2 θ 
2
⇒  2
  
2
 cos θ   sin θ 
 2 − cos2 θ    2 − sin θ 
2
⇒  2
  
 cos θ   2
 sin θ 

⇒
( )
4 − 2 sin2 θ + cos2 θ + sin2 θ cos2 θ

sin2 θ ⋅ cos2 θ
2 + sin θ cos2 θ
2

⇒
sin2 θ ⋅ cos2 θ
⇒  2 sec2 θ  . cosec2 θ + 1 = RHS Hence proved.

Q10 If sinθ + sin2θ = 1, then find the value of cos12θ + 3cos10θ + 3cos8θ + cos6θ – 1

Sol.  sinθ = 1 – sin2θ

sinθ = cos2θ…(i)
Now given expression can be written as
cos6θ {cos6θ +3 cos4θ + 3cos2θ + 1} – 1
⇒ sin3θ {sin3θ + 3 sin2θ + 3 sinθ + 1} – 1 [From equation (i)]
⇒ sin3θ (sinθ + 1)3 – 1
⇒ {sin3θ (sinθ + 1)}3– 1
⇒ (sinθ + sin2θ )3 – 1
⇒ 1–1=0

Q11 Show that 2 (sin6x + cos6x) – 3 (sin4x + cos4x) + 1 = 0

Sol. sin6x + cos6x = (sin2x)3 + (cos2x)3

= (sin2x + cos2x)3 – 3sin2x cos2x (sin2x + cos2x)
= 1 – 3sin2x cos2x…..(i)
Now
sin4x + cos4x = (sin2x)2 + (cos2x)2
= (sin2x + cos2x)2 – 2sin2x cos2x
Compound Angles

= 1 – 2 sin2x cos2x…..(ii)
Now LHS of given expression
2(1– 3sin2x cos2x) – 3(1 – 2sin2x cos2x) + 1
⇒ 2 – 6sin2x cos2x – 3 + 6sin2x cos2x + 1 = 0 = RHS

6.
Q12 If 3sinθ + 5cosθ = 5 then show that 5sinθ – 3cosθ = ± 3

Sol.  3sinθ + 5cosθ = 5

on squaring
⇒ 9sin2θ + 25cos2θ + 30sinθ cosθ = 25
⇒ 9(1 –cos2θ) + 25(1 – sin2θ) + 30sinθcosθ = 25
⇒ 25sin2θ + 9cos2θ – 30sinθcosθ =9
⇒ (5sinθ – 3cosθ)2 = 32
⇒ 5sinθ – 3cosθ = ± 3 Hence proved.

The circumference of a circle circumscribing an equilateral triangle is 24π

Q13 units. Find the area of the circle inscribed in the equilateral triangle.

Sol. Let ABC is an equilateral triangle and

O is center of its circumcircle,
also its radius = r
∴ 2πr = 24π ⇒ r = 12
In ∆OBM
π 3
BM = r cos = 12 = 6 3
6 2
π 1
OM = r sin = 12   = 6
6 2
Incircle will be concentric with circumcircle
and its radius will be OM = 6
Area of incircle = π(6)2 = 36π
π unit

Q14 Two circles of radii 4cm and 1cm touch each other externally and θ is angle
contained by their direct common tangents. Find sinθ

Sol. In ∆APR
θ
AP =  ARsin
2
AP 4
AR =   ⇒ AR =   …..(i)
θ θ
sin sin
2 2
in ∆BQR
Compound Angles

θ 1
BQ = BR sin   BR =   …..(ii)
2 θ
sin
2

7.
 (i) – (ii)
3 3
( AR –  BR )  =θ
⇒ AB =
θ
sin sin
2 2
θ 3 3 3
sin = = =
2 AB 4+1 5
θ 4 θ θ 3 4 24
Hence cos = ; sinθ =  2sin  cos = 2 . . =
2 5 2 2 5 5 25

c2
Q15 If in ∆ABC, ∠C = 90° then prove that tanA + tanB = (Where a, b, c are sides
ab
opposite to angles A, B, C respectively)

Sol. In ∆ABC
BC a
tanA  = = …..(i)
AC b
AC b
tanB  = = …..(ii)
BC a
(i) + (ii)
a b a2 +  b2
tanA + tanB = + ⇒
b a ab
c2
= { a2 + b2 = c2}
ab

Basics of trigonometry and Measurement of angles

Measure of Angles:
Measure of an angle means the amount of turning.
There are two types of measures to measure an
angle, which are commonly used.
(i) Sexagesimal measure
(ii) Radian measure

Sexagesimal Measurement (The British System)

In this system
Compound Angles

180 degree or 180° = 2 right angle

8.
Circular (radian) Measurement
In this system
π radian or πC = 2 right angle
2
⇒ 1 radian = right angle = constant
π
180°
1 radian =  57° (π = 3.141592)
π
π
1 degree = radian
180

Q Express 150° in terms of radian.

Sol.  1°=
  
π
r adian ∴ 150° =
π
× 150r adian =
5π
radian
180 180 6

Note:
(i) A radian is constant angle
π
(ii) 1 right angle =  radian = 90°
2
(iii) 2 right angles = π radians = 180°
π π π π 3π
(iv) = 90° , = 60° , = 30° , = 45° , = 270° , 2π = 360°
2 3 6 4 2
(v) If no unit of measurement is indicated for an angle, it will be
understood that radian measure is implied.

Note:
If θ be the angle subtended by an arc of
length ‘l’ on a circle of radius ‘r’ then
→ l = r θ
1 1
→ Area of the sector = lr = r2 θ
2 2
Compound Angles

9.
 Consider an equilateral triangle with sides 3 cm. Now if a man runs around the
Q1 triangle in such a way that he is always at a distance of 1 cm from the sides of
triangle then how much distance will he travel.

Sol. According to given figure total distance travelled by man

 
=  AB +  CD +  EF + B  + FA
C + DE 

 2π   2π   2π 
=  3 +  3 +  3 +   1 ×  + 1 ×  + 1 × 
 3   3   3 
= ( 9 + 2π ) unit

Consider a square of sides 4 cm. Now if a man runs at a distance of 1 cm from

Q2 the side of square. How much distance will he travel?

Sol. According to given figure total distance travelled by man

(  + DE
= AB + CD + EF + GH + BC )
 + FG
 + HA

( )
π 
= 4 (4) + 4  × 1 
2 
⇒ ( 16 + 2π ) unit

Q3 Consider a triangle with sides 3, 6, 8 cm respectively. Now if a man runs

around the triangle in such a way that he is always at a distance of 1 cm from
the sides of triangle then how much distance will he travel?

Sol. Total travelled distance

 + DE
= AB + CD + EF + BC (
 + FA

)
( ) ( )
= 3 + 6 + 8 + 1 × π − θ3 + 1 × π − θ2 + 1 × π − θ1 ( )
= 17 + 3π − ( θ1 + θ2 + θ3 )
= 17 + 3π − ( π )
Compound Angles

⇒ ( 17 + 2π ) unit

10.
 Q4 A pod rack has 3 straight sides of length 12 cm each, rounded of by three
circular arcs each of 3 cm radius as shown in the figure. If the area inside the
rack can be expressed as aπ + b 3 + c where a, b, c are whole numbers then
the value of (a + b + c) is

Sol. Area inside = ar(ΔPQR) + 3ar(PBAR) + 3 area of sector PBC

3 2π 1
( 12) + 3 × ( 12 × 3) + 3  32 × × 
2
=
4  3 2

 = 36 3 + 9π + 108
∴ a = 9, b = 36, c = 108
a + b + c = 153

Real definition of 2 basic functions (sine & cosine) Trigonometric ratios of

any magnitude:
A point P lies on circle such that it makes an angle θ with the x-axis. It
is at a distance of x from y=axis and at a distance of y from x-axis and
r is the radius of the circle then
Distance of point P from x − axis with direction
sin θ =
Radius of the circle
Distance of point P from y − axis with direction
cos θ =
Radius of the circle

Limiting Cases
(i) θ → 0, y → 0, x → r (ii) θ → 90°, x → 0, y → r
0 r r 0
∴ sin0 = = 0, cos0 = = 1 ∴ sin90° = = 1, cos90° = = 0
r r r r

(iii) θ = 30° (iv) θ = 45° then

1 3 1 1
sin30° = , cos30° = sin45° = , cos45° =
2 2 2 2

(v) θ = 60° then

Compound Angles

3 1
sin60° = , cos60° =
2 2

11.
 Reduction Formulae
(I) “90° – θ”

sin(90°–θ) = cosθ cos(90° –θ) = sinθ

tan(90°–θ) = cotθ cot(90° –θ) = tanθ
sec(90°–θ) = cosecθ cosec(90°–θ) = secθ

Show that:
Q1 sin25° + sin210° + sin215° + …… + sin290° = 9
1
2

Sol. LHS
( ) ( ) ( )
sin2 5° + sin2 85° + sin2 10° + sin2 80° +  + sin2 40° + sin2 50° + sin2 45° + sin2 90°

(
⇒ sin2 5° + cos 5 ) + ( sin 10
2 ° 2 °
) ( )
+ cos2 10° +  + sin2 40° + cos2 40° + sin2 45° + sin2 90°
2
 1 
(
1 + 1 + 1 + … 9 times +  ) 
 2
1
⇒ 9 = RHS Hence proved.
2

Q2 Show that: tan1 °.tan2°.tan3°… .. tan89° = 1

Sol. ( ) ( ) (
LHS tan1° × tan89° × tan2° × tan88° × ..... × tan44° × tan46° × tan45° ) ( )
( ) ( ) (
⇒ tan1° × cot1° × tan2° × cot2° × ..... × tan44° × cot44° × 1 )
⇒ 1 × 1 × 1..... = 1
RHS Hence proved.

π 3π 5π 7π
Q3 Find the value of cos 2
16
+ cos 2
16
+ cos 2
16
+ cos 2
16

7π  π 7π  π
Sol. cos
16
= sin  −  = sin
 2 16  16
5π  π 5π  3π
cos = sin  −  = sin
16  2 16  16
Hence give exp.
π 3π 3π π
cos2 + cos2 + sin2 + sin2
Compound Angles

16 16 16 16
 2 π π   2 3π 3π 
 cos + sin2  +  cos + sin2 
 16 16   16 16 
=1+1=2

12.
 π 3π 5π 7π 9π
Q4 Show that: cot
20
cot
20
cot
20
cot
20
cot
20
=1

Sol. cot
9π  π 9π 
= tan  −  = tan
π
20  2 20  20

7π  π 7π  3π
cot = tan  −  = tan
20  2 20  20
Hence LHS
π 3π π 3π π
cot ·cot ·cot ·tan ·tan
20 20 4 20 20
 π π  3π 3π  π
 cot ·tan · cot ·tan ·cot
 20 20   20 20  4
= 1 × 1 × 1 = RHS Hence proved.

(II) “90° + θ”

( )
sin 90° + θ = cos θ ( )
cos 90° + θ = − sin θ

tan ( 90° + θ ) = − cot θ cot ( 90 + θ ) = − tan θ

°

( )
sec 90° + θ = − cos ecθ cos ec ( 90 + θ ) = sec θ
°

(III) “180° – θ”

( )
sin 180° − θ = sin θ ( )
cos 180° − θ = − cos θ

tan ( 180 − θ ) = − tan θ

°
cot ( 180 − θ ) = − cot θ
°

sec ( 180 − θ ) = − sec θ

°
cos ec ( 180 − θ ) = cos ecθ
°
Compound Angles

13.
 Q1 Evaluate: (i) sin(120°) (ii) cos(150°)

Sol. (i) sin(120°)

(
= sin 1800 − 600 )
3
= sin600 =
2
(ii) cos(150°)
(
= cos 180 − 30° )
3
= −cos30° = −
2

Prove that:
Q2 cos10° + cos20° + cos30° + cos80° + cos100° + cos150°+cos160° + cos170° = 0

Sol. ( ) ( )
cos 100° = cos 180° − 80° = −cos80°

cos ( 150° ) = cos ( 180° − 30° ) = −cos30°

cos ( 160° ) = cos ( 180° − 20° ) = −cos20°

cos ( 170° ) = cos ( 180° − 10° ) = −cos10°

∴ required exp. = 0

π 2π 4π 7π 9π 10 π
Q3 Find the value of tan
11
+ tan
11
+ tan
11
+ tan
11
+ tan
11
+ tan
11
.

7π 4π  4π
Sol. tan
11

= tan  π −  = − tan
11  11

9π  2π  2π
tan = tan  π −  = − tan
11  11  11
10π  π π
tan = tan  π −  = − tan
11  11  11
∴ required exp. = 0
Compound Angles

14.
 If A, B, C, D are angles of cyclic quadrilateral then prove that
Q4 cosA + cosB + cosC + cosD = 0

Sol. Let A, B, C, D are in order then A + C =π, B + D = π

cosA = cos(π – C) = – cosC
cosB = cos(π – D) = – cosD
cosA + cosB + cosC + cosD = 0

(IV) “180° + θ”

sin(180° + θ) = – sinθ cos(180° + θ) = – cosθ

tan(180° + θ) = tanθ cot(180° + θ) = cotθ
sec(180° + θ) = – secθ cosec(180° + θ) = – cosecθ

Q Evaluate:
(i) tan(225°) (ii) sin(210°)
= tan(180° + 45°) = sin(180° + 30°)
= tan45° = – sin30°
=1 1
= −
2

(iii) cos(240°) (iv) sin(270°)

= cos(180° + 60°) = sin(180° + 90°)
= –cos60° = –sin90°
1 =–1
= −
2

(v) cos(270°) (vi) True / False sin4 is nega-

= cos(180° + 90°) tive
= –cos90° 3π
  π < 4 < ⇒ 4 ∈ III
=0 2
Quadrant
∴ sin4 < 0 ⇒ True
Compound Angles

15.
 (V) “–θ” or “360°”
sin(–θ) = – sinθ cos(–θ) = cosθ
tan(–θ) = – tanθ cot(–θ) = – cotθ
sec(–θ) = secθ cosec(–θ) = – cosecθ

Q Evaluate:
(i) tan(–30°) (ii) sec(–60°)
= –tan30° = sec(60°)
1 =2
= −
3

(iii) cos(315°) (iv) tan(330°)

= cos(360° – 45°) = tan(360° – 30°)
1 1
= cos45° = = – tan30° = −
2 3

To remember the sign rule use

90°

Sine Positive All Positive

180° 0° or 360°

Tan Positive Cos Positive

270°

Q1 Evaluate:
(i) tan(– 120°) (ii) cos(180°)
Compound Angles

= – tan(180° – 60°) = cos(90° + 90°)

= – (– tan60°) = 3 = – sin90°
=–1

16.
Q2 Prove that: sin(–420°)cos(390°) + cos(–660°) sin(330°) = –1

Sol. sin(–420°) = – sin(420°) = –sin(360° + 60°)

3
= – sin60° = −
2
cos(390°) = cos(360° + 30°)
3
= cos30° =
2
cos(–660°) = cos(660°)
= cos(720° – 60°)
= cos60°
1
=
2
sin(330°) = sin(360° – 30°)
= – sin30°
1
= −
2
 3  3   1  1 
∴ LHS =  −  + −
 2   2   2   2 
  
3 1
=− − = −1 = RHS Hence proved.
4 4

If sin2 θ1 + sin2 θ2 + sin2 θ3 = 0 then which of the following is not the possible
Q3
value of cos θ1 + cos θ2 + cos θ3
(A) 3 (B) –3 (C) –1 (D) –2

Sol. (D)
sin2 θ1 + sin2 θ2 + sin2 θ3 = 0
hence from given equation it is clear that
sin2 θ1 = sin2 θ2 = sin2 θ3 = 0

θ1 ,  θ2 ,  θ3 ∈ nπ, n ∈ I

Now cos θ1 , cos θ2 , cos θ3 ∈ {−1, 1}
Compound Angles

hence cos θ1 + cos θ2 + cos θ3 can be {–3, –1, 1, 3}

17.
 Which of the following is possible?
Q4 5
(A) sinθ = (B) tan θ = 1002
3
1 + p2 1
2 (
(C) cos θ = p ≠ ±1 ) (D) sec θ =
1−p 2

Sol. (BC)
 −1 ≤ sin θ ≤ 1 ⇒ ( A ) false

 tan θ ∈ R ⇒ (B) true

1 + p2
 −1 ≤ cos θ ≤ 1, for p = 0,
1 − p2
( )
= 1 ⇒ C  true

 sec θ ∈ ( −∞, −1] ∪ [ 1, ∞ ) ⇒ (D ) false

Q5 If x = sin1, y = sin1° then show that x > y.

Sol. 1=
180°
hence
π
1 > 1° ⇒ sin1 > sin1°
(∴ 1, 1° both lies in I quadrant and sine increase from 0 to π/2)

Which of the following is greatest?

Q6 (A) tan1 (B) tan4 (C) tan7 (D) tan10

Sol. (A)
 tan θ = tan ( θ − nπ ) ,n ∈ I
∴ tan 4 = tan ( 4 − π )

∴ tan 7 = tan ( 7 − 2π )

∴ tan 10 = tan ( 10 − 3π )

now 0 < 10 – 3π < 7 – 2π <4 –π < 1

tan0 < tan (10 – 3π) < tan(7 – 2π) < tan(4 – π) < tan1
0 < tan10 < tan7 < tan4 < tan1
Compound Angles

18.
7 Is the equation sec 2 θ =
4xy
possible for real values of x and y?
(x + y )
2

Sol. We know that sec2θ ≥ 1

4xy
∴ ≥  1
( )
2
x+y

( )
2
⇒ 4xy ≥ x + y

⇒ ( x + y ) − 4xy ≤ 0
2

⇒ (x − y) ≤ 0 ⇒ (x − y) = 0
2

⇒x=y
∴x = y ∈R − 0 {}
So, equation is possible for x = y.

Q8 Show that the equation sin θ = x +

1
is impossible if x is real.
x

Sol. From given equation x ( sin θ ) = x + 1

2

⇒ x2 − ( sin θ ) x + 1 = 0

Which is quadratic equation in x also x ∈ R

∴D ≥ 0
2
( − sin θ ) − 4 ( 1) ( 1) ≥ 0

sin2 θ − 4 ≥ 0 ⇒  sin2 θ ≥ 4

Which is not possible.

x2 − y2
Q9 If cosec θ =
x2 + y2
where x, y are two unequal non-zero real numbers then

prove that θ has no real value.

Sol. cos ecθ ≤ −1 or cos ecθ ≥ 1

Compound Angles

x2 − y 2 x2 − y 2
≤ −1 or ≥1
x2 + y 2 x2 + y 2
x2 – y2 ≤ – x2 – y2 or x2 – y2 ≥ x2 + y2

19.
 2x2 ≤ 0 or 2y2 ≤ 0
x = 0
2
y2 = 0
x = 0 y=0
(not possible) (not possible)
∴ θ has no real values.

Important table

Radian 0 π/6 /4 π/3 π/2 2π / 3 3π / 4 5π / 6 π

Degree 0° 30° 45° 60° 90° 120° 135° 150° 180°

sin 0 1/2 1/ 2 3 /2 1 3 /2 1/ 2 1/2 0

cos 1 3 /2 1/ 2 1/2 0 –1/2 −1 / 2 − 3 /2 –1

tan 0 1/ 3 1 3 N.D. − 3 –1 −1 / 3 0

cot N.D 3 1 1/ 3 0 −1 / 3 –1 − 3 N.D

7π / 6 5π / 4 4π / 3 3π / 2 5π / 3 7π / 4 11π / 6 2π
210° 225° 240° 270° 300° 315° 330° 360°
–1/2 −1 / 2 − 3 /2 –1 − 3 /2 −1 / 2 –1/2 0

− 3 /2 −1 / 2 –1/2 0 1/2 1/ 2 3 /2 1

1/ 3 1 3 N.D. − 3 –1 −1 / 3 0

3 1 1/ 3 0 −1 / 3 –1 − 3 N.D

Highlight of the table

(i) – 1 ≤ sinθ ≤ 1
(ii) – 1 ≤ cosθ ≤ 1
( )
tanθ, cotθ attain all values from −∞, ∞ i.e. any real value.
(iii) sin(nπ) = 0 where n ∈ I
∴ Sine of integral multiple of π is zero.
Compound Angles

(iv) tan(nπ) = 0 where n ∈ I

∴ tangent of integral multiple of π is zero.

20.
 π
(v) cos ( 2n – 1) = 0  where n ∈ I
2
π
∴ cosine of odd integral multiple of is zero.
2
π
(vi) cot ( 2n – 1) = 0  where n ∈ I
2
π
∴ cotangent of odd integral multiple of is zero.
2
(vii) cos 2mπ = 1; cos(2m – 1) π = – 1 where m ∈ I
cosine of odd integral multiple of π is –1.
sec 2mπ = 1 ; sec(2m–1)π = –1
π
(viii) tan ( 2n + 1) = N.D. where n ∈ I
2
π
∴ tangent of odd integral multiple of is N.D.
2
(ix) cot(nπ) = N.D. where n ∈ I
∴ cotangent of integral multiple of π is N.D.
 π  π  3π 
(x) sin  2nπ +  = 1, sin  2nπ −  = −1 = sin  2nπ + 
 2  2  2 
(xi) cos is decreasing function in 1st quadrant
 π
(xii) For θ ∈  0, 
 4
cosθ > sinθ, cotθ > tanθ, cosecθ > secθ

Q1 Which one is incorrect:

(A) 2.56 < 0.125 × 13.6
(B) 0.9 < 0.9
1 1
(C) + =1
sec 10 cosec 2 10
2

(D) (26 × 28) + 1 is perfect square of a natural number.

Sol. (B)
256 16
(A) 2.56 = = = 1.6
100 10
125 136 136 17
0.125 × 13.6 = × = = = 1.7 (A) is true
Compound Angles

1000 10 8 × 10 10
(B) for 0 < x < 1 ⇒ x > x (B) → False
(C) cos210 + sin210 = 1 (C) → True
(D) (27 – 1)(27 + 1) + 1 ⇒ 272 – 1 + 1 = 272 (D) → True

21.
 Q2 Find the distance between orthocenter and circumcenter in a triangle with
sides 17, 15, 8.

Sol. Clearly 172 = 289

152 + 82 = 255 + 64 = 289
∴ Δ is right angled orthocenter will be A
Circumcenter will be mid point of BC which is P
1 17
Now AP = BC = unit
2 2

Q3 Find the cosine of interior angle of a regular dodecagon.

(n − 2 ) π
Sol. One interior angle of n-sided regular polygon is
n
( 12 − 2) 5π
∴ for dodecagon θ = π= = 150°
12 6
3
∴ cos θ = cos 150° = −
2

Q4 How many circles of finite radius can be drawn through 3-collinear points.

Sol. If A, B, C are points which lies on any circle then AB and BC will be chord of
that circle and perpendicular bisector of AB and BC will be diameters which
will never intersect as they will be parallel.
A B C
∴ No such circle possible.

Q5 How many circles of finite radius can be drawn through 3-non collinear
points.

Sol. If a circle passes through points A, B, C then it will circumcircle of ΔABC which
can be only one.
∴ One such circle is possible.
Compound Angles

22.
Trigonometric ratios of compound angles
Note:
Trigonometric ratios i.e., sine, cosine, tan, cot, sec and cosec are not distributed over
addition and subtraction of 2-angles
i.e., sin(A+B) ≠ sinA + sinB
(I) sin(A + B) = sinA cosB + cosA sinB
This equation is gold of trigonometry.
Proof:
PM PT + TM PT RQ
(
sin A + B =) OP
=
OP
= +
OP OP
PT PR RQ OR
= · + ·
PR OP OR OP
= cosA sinB + sinA cosB
Hence proved.
Ex.: sin99° cos21° + cos99° sin21°
= sin (99° + 21°)
{∵ cos(–B) = cosB,
3
= sin (120°) = sin(–B) = –sinB}
2
(II) sin(A–B) = sinA cosB – cosA sinB
Proof:
In in formula of sin (A+B) replace B by –B
sin(A+(–B)) = sinA cos(–B) + cos A sin(–B)
sin(A–B) = sinA cosB – cosA sinB Hence proved.
(III) cos(A + B) = cosA cosB – sinA sinB
Proof:
In formula of sin(A + B) = sinA cosB + cosA sinB
π π  π  π 
substitute A by + A sin  + A + B  = sin  + A  cosB + cos  + A  sinB
2 2  2  2 
cos(A + B) = cosA cosB – sinA sinB Hence proved.
(IV) cos(A–B) = cosA cosB + sinA sinB
Proof:
In formula of cos(A + B)
substitute B by – B
cos(A–B) = cosA cos(–B) – sinA sin(–B)
Compound Angles

cos(A–B) = cosA cosB + sinA sinB Hence proved.

23.
 Note:
By geometrical interpretation we can prove that:
(i) sin ( α + β ) = sin α  cos β + cos α  sin β

(ii) cos ( α + β ) = cos α  cos β − sin α  sin β

∵ AB = CD
AB = CP + PD
cos α  cos β = sin α  sin β + cos ( α + β )
⇒ cos ( α + β ) = cos α  cos β − sin α  sin β

AD = BC
AD = BQ + QC
sin ( α + β ) = sin α  cos β + cos α  sin β

To deduce the value of trigonometric ratios of 75° and 15°

sin(15°) = sin(45° – 30°) sin(75°) = sin(45° + 30°)

= sin45° cos30° – cos45° sin30° = sin45° cos30° + cos45° sin30°
1 3 1 1 3−1 1 3 1 1 3+1
= ·− · = = ·+ · =
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Note:
π 3−1 6− 2 5π
1. sin = sin 15° = = = cos 75° = cos
12 2 2 4 12
5π 3+1 6+ 2 π
2. sin = sin 75° = = = cos 15° = cos
12 2 2 4 12
π 3−1 5π
3. tan 15° = tan = = 2 − 3 = cot 75° = cot
12 3+1 12
5π 3+1 π
4. tan 75° = tan = = 2 + 3 = cot 15° = cot
12 3−1 12
Compound Angles

24.
Q1 Find the value of sin105°

Sol. (
sin105° = sin 60° + 45° )
= sin60°cos45° + cos60°sin45°
3 1 1 1
= · + ·
2 2 2 2
3+1
=
2 2

Q2 Find the value of cos165°

Sol. ( )
cos 165° = cos 120° + 45° ( )
= cos120°cos45° − sin120°sin45°
 1 1 3 1
=  − · − ·
 2 2 2 2

=
− ( 3+1 )
2 2

Q3 Given sin α =
15
, cos β =
−5
, find sin ( α − β )
17 13

Sol. ∴ sin α =
15
17
, ⇒ cos α = ±
8
17
−5 12 17
∴ cos β = ⇒ sin β = ± 15
13 13
sin ( α − β ) = sin α cos β − cos α sin β 
8
15  −5   8   12 
= ·  − ± ± 
17  13   17   13 
−75 96 21 −171
± = or
221 221 221 221 13
Compound Angles

12


5

25.
 3
Q4 ( )
If cos α − β + cos β − γ + cos γ − α = − ( ) ( ) then prove that
2
cos α + cos β + cos γ = sin α + sin β + sin γ = 0

Sol. From given equation

( ) ( )
2 cos α − β + 2 cos β − γ + 2 cos γ − α + 1 + 1 + 1 = 0 ( )
(sin α 2
) ( ) ( )
+ cos2 α + sin2 β + cos2 β + sin2 γ + cos2 γ + ( 2 cos α cos β + 2 sin α sin β )

+ ( 2 cos β cos γ + 2 sin β sin γ ) + ( 2 cos γ cos α + 2 sin γ sin α ) = 0

2 2
⇒ ( sin α + sin β + sin γ ) + ( cos α + cos β + cos γ ) = 0
⇒  sin α + sin β + sin γ = cos α + cos β + cos γ = 0

Two very important identities

(a) sin(A + B) . sin(A – B) = sin2A – sin2B
= cos2B – cos2A
(b) cos(A + B) . cos(A – B) = cos2A – sin2B
= cos2B – sin2A

Next four identities (Converting product into sum)

(i) 2 sin A cos B = sin(A + B) + sin(A – B)
(ii) 2 cos A sin B = sin(A + B) – sin(A – B)
(iii) 2 cos A cos B = cos(A+B) + cos(A – B)
(iv) 2 sin A sin B = cos(A – B) – cos(A + B)
Note:
These four identities are useful for converting product into sum.

Q1 Find the value of expression cos 2 73° + cos 2 47 ° + cos73°cos47 °

1
Sol. cos2 73° − sin2 47° + 1 +
2
2cos73°cos47° ( )
1
( )
cos 73° + 47° cos 73° − 47° + 1 + (cos120° + cos26° ) ( )
Compound Angles

2
1 1 
( )
cos 120° cos26° + 1 +  − + cos26° 
2 2 
 −1  1 1 1 3
  cos26° + 1 − + cos26° = 1 − =  
2 4 2 4 4
26.
Identities for converting sum into product.
C +D C −D
(i) sinC + sinD = 2sin   cos  
 2   2 
C +D C −D
(ii) sinC − sinD = 2cos   sin  
 2   2 
C +D C −D
(iii) cosC + cosD = 2cos   cos  
 2   2 
C +D D − C 
(iv) cosC − cosD = 2sin   sin  
 2   2 
C +D C −D
= −2sin   sin  
 2   2 

Q1  sin75° − sin15° 
Find the value of   .
 cos75° + cos15° 

Sol.
8 8 8
 2cos45°sin30°   1/ 2   1  1 1
⇒  ⇒   =   ⇒ 4 =
 2cos45°cos30°   3 / 2  3 3 81

Q2 Prove that cos80° + cos40° – cos20° = 0

Sol. LHS
 80° + 40°   80° − 40 
2cos   cos   − cos20°
 2   2 
⇒ 2 cos60° cos20° – cos20°
 1
⇒ 2.   cos20° – cos20°
2
⇒ cos20° – cos20° = 0 = RHS Hence proved.

sin 8θ cos θ − sin 6θ cos 3θ

Q3 Find the value of expression
cos 2θ cos θ − sin 3θ sin 4 θ
given θ = 75°

sin8θ cos θ − sin6θ cos 3θ

Sol.
Compound Angles

cos 2θ cos θ − sin 3θ sin 4θ

( sin9θ + sin 7θ ) − ( sin9θ + sin 3θ )
⇒
(cos 3θ + cos θ ) − (cos θ − cos 7θ )

27.
 sin 7θ − sin 3θ 2 cos 5θ sin 2θ
⇒ ⇒ ⇒ tan 2θ = tan ( 150° )
cos 3θ + cos 7θ 2 cos 5θ cos 2θ
1
(
= tan 180° − 30° ) = −tan30° = −
3

If cos x + cos y + cosα = 0 and sin x + sin y + sinα = 0 then find the value
Q4 x +y
of   in terms of α
 2 

Sol. cos x + cos y = – cosα

x+ y x−y
⇒ 2 cos   cos   = − cos α ...(i)
 2   2 
sin x + sin y = – sin α
x+ y x−y
⇒ 2 sin   cos   = − sin α ...(ii)
 2   2 
(i) ÷ (ii)
 x + y x+y
cot   = cot α ⇒ =α
 2  2

Determine the smallest positive value of x (in degrees) for which

Q5 tan(x + 100°) = tan(x + 50°) tanx tan(x – 50°)

Sol. (
tan x + 100° ) = tan
tanx
( x + 50°) tan ( x − 50°)
( )
2sin x + 100° cosx
=
2sin ( x + 50° ) sin ( x − 50° )
2cos ( x + 100° ) sinx 2cos ( x + 50° ) cos ( x − 50° )
sin ( 2x + 100° ) + sin100° cos100° − cos2x
=
sin ( 2x + 100° ) − sin100° cos100° + cos2x
by C/D
(
sin 2x + 100° ) = − cos100°
sin100° cos2x
⇒ 2sin(2x + 100°)cos2x = –2sin100°cos100°
⇒ sin(4x + 100°) + sin100° = –sin200°
Compound Angles

⇒ sin(4x + 100°) = –(sin200° + sin100°)

1
= – 2sin150° cos50° = −2. cos50°
2

28.
 ⇒ sin(4x + 100°) = – cos50° = sin (270° – 50°)
⇒ sin(4x + 100°) = sin 220°
⇒ 4x + 100° = 220°
⇒ 4x = 120°
⇒ x = 30°

Let k = 1° then prove that

Q6 88
1 cos1 °
∑ cos nkcos (n + 1 ) k = sin
n=0
2
1°

Sol. 1
=
{( )
1 sin n + 1 k − nk }
cosnk cos n + 1 k ( ( ) ) sink cosnk cos n + 1 k

1 sin (n + 1) k cos nk − cos (n + 1) k sinnk

=
sink cosnk cos (n + 1) k
1
=
sink
{ (
tan n + 1 k − tan nk ) ( )}
1  
88 88
1
∴ ∑
n= 0
=
(
cosnkcos n + 1 k sink n=0) ∑ (
 tan n + 1 k − tannk 

)
1 tan89° cot1°
=
sink
tan89k = {
sin1°
⇒ }
sin1°
cos1°
=
sin2 1°

To deduce the value of tan(A + B) and cot (A + B)

tanA + tanB tanA − tanB
1. (
tan A + B = )
1 − tanAtanB
2. (
tan A − B =) 1 + tanAtanB

1 + tan θ 1 − tan θ
3. tan ( π / 4 + θ ) = 4. tan ( π / 4 − θ ) =
1 − tan θ 1 + tan θ
cotBcotA − 1 cotBcotA + 1
5. cot A + B =( )
cotB + cotA
6. (
cot A − B =) cotB − cotA

Compound Angles

29.
 Q1 x−y =
π
and cotx + coty = 2. Find smallest positive angles x and y
4

Sol. π
cot ( x − y ) = cot  
4
cot y cot x + 1
=1
coty − cotx
⇒ coty cot x + 1 = coty − cotx
( ) ( ) (
⇒ 2 − cot x cot x + 1 = 2 − cot x − cot x )
⇒ ( cotx ) − 4 ( cotx ) + 1 = 0
2

4 ± 16 − 4
⇒ cotx = = 2± 3
2
⇒ If x, y are smallest positive angle then cotx = 2 − 3 ⇒ x = 75° and
x – y = 45° ⇒ y = 30°

Q2 Prove that: cot16° cot44° + cot76° (cot44° – cot16°) = 3

Sol. LHS cot16° cot44° + cot76° (cot44° – cot16°)

cot44°cot16° − 1
(
cot 16° + 44° = )
cot44° + cot16°
1
(
⇒ cot44° + cot16° ) + 1 = cot44°cot16° ...(i)
3
cot44°cot76° − 1
(
cot 76° + 44° = )
cot44° + cot76°
 −1 
(
⇒ cot44° + cot76°  )
 3  1 cot44 cot76
+ = ° ° ...(ii)
 
cot16°cot76° + 1
(
cot 76° − 16° = )
cot16° − cot76°
1
(
⇒ cot16° − cot76° ) − 1 = cot16°cot76° ...(iii)
3
Compound Angles

(i) + (ii) – (iii)

cot16° cot44° + cot76° (cot44° – cot16°) = 3
= RHS Hence proved.

30.
Q3 If tanA – tanB = x and cotA – cotB = y then prove that cot (A – B) =
1 1
−
x y

Sol. 1
−
1
=x⇒
cotB − cotA
=x
cotA cotB cotAcotB
1 (
cotAcotB + 1 − 1 ) 1
x
=
cotB − cotA
= cot A − B − (
cotB − cotA
)
1 1
(
= cot A − B − )
x −y ( )
1 1
(
cot A − B = ) − Hence proved.
x y

Q4 (
If cos α + β = ) 4
, sin ( α − β ) =
5  π
and α, β ∈  0,  then find the value of tan2α
5 13  4

Sol.  π  π π
α + β ∈  0,  and α − β ∈  − , 
 2  4 4
4 5
Now cos ( α + β ) = 3
5
3 +
⇒ tan ( α + β ) =
4 4
5
also sin ( α − β ) =
13
5
⇒ tan ( α − β ) = 13
12 5
Now tan 2α = tan {( α + β ) + ( α − β )}
–
12
tan ( α + β ) + tan ( α − β )
=
1 − tan ( α + β ) tan ( α − β )
3 / 4 + 5 / 12 56
= =
3 5 33
1− ·
Compound Angles

4 12

31.
 Q5 ( ) ( )
If m tan θ − 30° = n tan θ + 120° then show that cos 2θ =
m+n
2 (m − n)

Sol. tan ( θ + 120° )

=
m
tan ( θ − 30° ) n
sin ( θ + 120° ) cos ( θ − 30° ) m
=
cos ( θ + 120° ) sin ( θ − 30° ) n
Now use C/D
sin ( θ + 120° ) cos ( θ − 30° ) + cos ( θ + 120° ) sin ( θ − 30° ) m+n
=
sin ( θ + 120° ) cos ( θ − 30° ) − cos ( θ + 120° ) sin ( θ − 30° ) m−n
sin ( θ + 120° + θ − 30° ) m+n
=
sin ( θ + 120° − θ + 30° ) m−n
sin ( 2θ + 90° ) m+n
=
sin ( 150° ) m−n
cos 2θ m + n m+n
= ⇒ cos 2θ =
1/2 m−n 2 (m − n )

T-RATIOS OF MULTIPLE AND SUBMULTIPLE ANGLES

θ θ θ
Multiple angles are 2θ, 3θ, 4θ etc. and sub-multiple angles are ,  ,  etc.
2 4 8
1. sin2A = 2sinAcosA 2tanA
2. sin2A =  
( )
2
⇒ 1 + sin2A = sinA + cosA 1 + tan2 A

⇒ 1 − sin2A = ( sinA − cosA )

2

3. cos2A = cos2 A − sin2 A 1 − tan2 A

4. cos2A =
= 1 − 2sin2 A 1 + tan2 A
= 2cos2 A − 1 1 − cos2A
⇒ tan2 A =
1 1 + cos2A
⇒
2
( )
1 + cos2A = cos2 A

1
⇒ ( )
1 − cos2A = sin2 A
Compound Angles

2tanA
5. tan2A =
1 − tan2 A

32.
Q1 Asking
(i) cosA = 1/3, find cos2A
(ii) If sinA = 2/5, find cos2A
(iii) sinA = 3/5, find sin2A
(iv) tanA = 1/3, find tan2A
(v) tanA = 1/7, find sin2A
4 A
(vi) cosA = , find tan
5 2

Sol.  1
(i) cos2A  = 2 cos2 A − 1 =  2   − 1 = −
7
 9 9
(ii) cos2A = 1 − 2sin2 A
 4  17
= 1 − 2 =
 25  25
3 4
(iii)  sinA = ∴ cosA = ±
5 5 5
3
sin2A = 2sinA cosA
3 4 24 A
= 2 ±  = ± 4
5 5 25
2tanA
(iv)  tan2A =
1 − tan2 A

=
(
2 1/ 3 ) =
2/3 3
=
1− 1/9( ) 8/9 4
2tanA
(v)  sin2A =
1 + tan2 A

=
(
2 1/ 7 ) =
2/7
=
7
1 + 1 / 49 50 / 49 25
1 − tan2 A / 2
(vi) cosA =
1 + tan2 A / 2
4 1 − tan2 A / 2
⇒ =
5 1 + tan2 A / 2
⇒ 4 + 4tan2 A / 2 = 5 − 5tan2 A / 2
1
Compound Angles

⇒ 9tan2 A / 2 = 1 ⇒ tanA / 2  = ±
3

33.
 To deduce the value of tan22.5°
Let x = 22.5°
⇒ 2x = 45°
tan2x = tan45° = 1
2tanx
2
= 1 ⇒ tan2 x + 2tanx − 1 = 0
1 − tan x
−2 ± 4 + 4
⇒ tanx = = −1 ± 2  
2
 x ∈ I quadrant
∴ tanx = −1 + 2 = tan22.5°

Note:
π 3π
(i) tan
= 2 − 1 = cot
8 8
3π π
(ii) tan = 2 + 1 = cot
8 8

Q1 Prove that
sec 8θ − 1 tan 8θ
=
sec 4 θ − 1 tan 2θ

Sol. LHS
1 / cos 8θ − 1
1 / cos 4θ − 1
1 − cos 8θ cos 4θ
⇒ ×
1 − cos 4θ cos 8θ

2 sin2 4θ cos 4θ
⇒ ×
2 sin2 2θ cos 8θ

⇒
( 2 sin 4θ cos 4θ )sin 4θ
×
cos 8θ 2 sin2 2θ
sin8θ 2 sin 2θ cos 2θ tan8θ
⇒ × = Hence proved.
cos 8θ 2 sin2 2θ tan 2θ
Compound Angles

34.
 3 − 4cos2A + cos4A
Q2 Prove the identity
3 + 4cos2A + cos4A
= tan4 A

Sol. LHS
( ) (
4 1 − cos2A − 1 − cos4A )
4 ( 1 + cos2A ) − ( 1 − cos4A )
4 × 2sin2 A − 2sin2 2A
⇒
4 × 2cos2 A − 2sin2 2A
4sin2 A − 4sin2 Acos2 A
⇒
4cos2 A − 4sin2 Acos2 A

⇒
(
sin2 A 1 − cos2 A ) = sin A = tan A = RHS
4
4
Hence proved.
cos A ( 1 − sin A ) cos A
2 2 4

Q3 Prove that cos4

π
+ cos4
3π
+ cos4
5π
+ cos4
7π 3
=
8 8 8 8 2

Sol. cos
7π  π
= cos  π −  = − cos
π
8  8 8
5π  3π  3π
cos = cos  π −  = − cos
8  8  8
∴ given expression
π 4 3π
LHS 2 cos + 2 cos4
8 8
 π  π 3π  
⇒ 2 cos4 + sin4  − 
 8 2 8  
 π π
⇒ 2 cos4 + sin4 
 8 8 
 2 
  π  π   2 π 2 π
⇒ 2  sin2  8  + cos
2
 − 2 sin cos
   8   8 8
 
 2
1 π π 
⇒ 2 1 −  2 sin cos  
 2 8 8  

 2
1 π   1 1
⇒ 2 1 −  sin   ⇒ 2 1 − × 
Compound Angles

 2 4    2 2

 3 3
⇒ 2   = Hence proved.
 4 2

35.
 Q4 Prove that tan α + 2 tan 2α + 4 tan 4 α + 8 cot 8α = cot α

Sol. LHS tan α + 2 tan 2α + 4 tan 4α +

8
tan8α

⇒ tan α + 2 tan 2α + 4 tan 4α +

(
8 1 − tan2 4α ) 
2 tan 4α
 1 
⇒ tan α + 2 tan 2α + 4 tan 4α + − tan 4α 
 tan 4α 
4
⇒ tan α + 2 tan 2α +  
tan 4α

⇒ tan α + 2 tan 2α +
(
4 1 − tan2 2α )
2 tan 2α
 1 
⇒ tan α + 2 tan 2α + − tan 2α 
 tan 2α 

⇒ tan α +
2
⇒ tan α +
(
2 1 − tan2 α )
tan 2α 2 tan α
1
⇒ = cot α Hence proved.
tan α

Q5 Let A1, A2, … An be the vertices of n-sided regular polygon such that
1 1 1
= + find value of n.
A1 A2 A1A3 A1A4

Sol. Let radius of circle = R

2π
θ=
n
In ∆OMA 1 MA 1 = R sin θ / 2
∴ A3 A2 = 2R Sin θ / 2

 2θ 
A 1A3 = 2R sin  
 2 
 3θ 
Similarly A 1A4 = 2R sin  
Compound Angles

 2 
1 1 1
 = +  
A 1A 2 A 1A 3 A 1A 4

36.
 1 1 1
∴ = +
2R sin θ / 2 2R sin ( 2θ / 2) 2R sin ( 3θ / 2 )

1 1 1
− =
sin θ / 2 sin 3θ / 2 sin θ
sin 3θ / 2 − sin θ / 2 1
=
sin θ / 2 sin 3θ / 2 sin θ
2 cos θ sin θ / 2 1
=
sin θ / 2 sin 3θ / 2 sin θ
⇒ sin 2θ = sin 3θ / 2
⇒ 2θ = π − 3θ / 2
7θ 2π 2π
⇒ =π⇒θ= = ⇒n=7
2 7 n

Q6 ∞

∑ sin ( 2 θ ) = a
k
Let θ ∈R and then find the value of
k =2

∑ {cot ( 2 θ ) − cot ( 2 θ )} sin ( 2 θ )

∞
3 k k 4 k

k =0

Sol. {cot3 α − cot α} sin4 α

 cos3 α cos α 
= 3
− 4
 sin α
 sin α sin α 
= cos3 α·sin α − cos α·sin3 α
{
= sin α cos α cos2 α − sin2 α }
1 1
= sin 2α·{cos 2α} = sin 4α
2 4
Hence
∞

∑ {cot (2 θ) − cot (2 θ)} sin ( 2 θ)

k =σ
3 k k 4 k

∞
1
= ∑ (
4 k =0
sin 2k +2 θ )
1
Compound Angles

= {sin 22 θ + sin 23 θ + sin 24 θ + )

4
1
=
4
a ( )

37.
 Sine, cosine and tangent of 3A
(i) sin3A = 3sinA – 4sin3A
Proof: sin3A = sin(A + 2A)
= sinA cos2A + cosA sin2A
= sinA (1 – 2sin2A) + cosA 2 sinA cosA
= sinA – 2sin3A + 2 sinA (1 – sin2A)
= 3sinA – 4sin3A

(ii) cos3A = 4cos3A – 3cosA

Proof: cos3A = cos (A + 2A)
= cosA cos2A – sinA sin2A
= cosA (2cos2A – 1) – sinA 2sinA cosA
= 2cos3A – cosA – 2cosA(1 – cos2A)
= 4 cos3A – 3cosA

3tanA − tan3 A
(iii) tan3A =
1 − 3tan2 A
tanA + tan2A
(
Proof: tan3A = tan A + 2A = )
1 − tanAtan2A
2tanA
tanA +
= 1 − tan2 A
2tanA
1 − tanA·
1 − tan2 A

=
(
tanA 1 − tan2 A + 2tanA ) ⇒
3tanA − tan3 A
( 1 − tan A ) − 2tan A
2 2
1 − 3tan2 A

tan(A + B + C)
Proof: tan(A + B + C)= tan{(A +B) + C}
 tanA + tanB 
 + tanC
=
(
tan A + B + tanC
=
)

 1 − tanAtanB 
 
(
1 − tan A + B tanC
1−  )
 tanA + tanB 
 tanC
 1 − tanAtanB 
On simplifying we get
tanA + tanB + tanC − tanAtanBtanC
Compound Angles

=
1 − tanAtanB − tanBtanC − tanCtanA

38.
Note: If
(i) A + B + C = π then tanA + tanB + tanC = tanA tanB tanC
(ii) A + B + C = π/2 then tanA tanB + tanB tanC + tanC tanA = 1
Important result:
1
( )
(i) sin θ sin 60° − θ sin 60° + θ =( ) 4
sin 3θ
Proof: sinθ {sin260° – sin2θ}
2
3   3 − 4 sin θ 
sin θ  − sin2 θ ⇒ sin θ  
4   4 
1 1
⇒ (3 sin θ − 4 sin3 θ} ⇒ sin 3θ
4 4
1
(ii) cos θ cos (60° − θ ) cos (60° + θ ) = cos 3θ
4
{
Proof: cos θ cos2 θ − sin2 60° }
 3  4 cos2 θ − 3 
cos θ cos2 θ −  ⇒ cos θ  
 4  4 
1 1
⇒
4
{4 cos3 θ − 3 cos θ ⇒ cos 3θ
4
}
(iii) tan θ tan (60° − θ ) tan (60° + θ ) = tan 3θ
tan60° − tan θ   tan60° + tan θ 
Proof: tan θ   
 1 + tan60° tan θ   1 − tan60° tan θ 

 3 − tan θ   3 + tan θ 
⇒ tan θ   
 1 + 3 tan θ   1 − 3 tan θ 

⇒
{
tan θ 3 − tan2 θ } = tan 3θ
2
1 − 3 tan θ

( )
(iv) tanx + tan 60° + x − tan 60° − x = 3tan3x ( )
3 + tanx 3 − tanx
Proof: tanx + −
1 − 3tanx 1 + 3tanx
⇒ Let tanx = t
3+t 3−t
then t + −  
Compound Angles

1 − 3t 1 + 3t

⇒t+
( )(
3 + t 1 + 3t − ) ( 3 − t )( 1 − 3t )  
(1 − 3t )( 1 + 3t )

39.
 ⇒t+
8t
=
(
3 3t − t 3 )
2 2
1 − 3t 1 − 3t

⇒
(
3 3 tan θ − tan3 θ ) = 3 tan 3θ 
2
1 − 3 tan θ
( )
(v) cotx + cot 60° + x − cot 60° − x = 3cot3x ( )
1 / 3cotx − 1 1 / 3cotx + 1
Proof: cotx + −
cotx + 1 / 3 cotx − 1 / 3
⇒ cot x = t
t− 3 t+ 3
then t + −
3t + 1 3t − 1

t+
( −8t ) =
3t 3 − 9t
3t 2 − 1 3t 2 − 1
 cot 3 x − 3cotx 
⇒ 3 2  = 3cot3x
 3cot x − 1 

Q1 Find the value of 8sin340° – 6sin40°

Sol. –2{3sin40° – 4sin340°}

–2{sin3(40°)}
3
–2sin120° ⇒ −2 × = − 3 
2

Q2 Prove that
sin3A cos3A
− =  2
sinA cosA

Sol. 3sinA − 4sin3 A 4cos3 A − 3cosA

−  
sinA cosA
⇒ (3 – 4sin2A) – (4cos2A – 3)
⇒ 6 – 4 (sin2A + cos2A)
⇒6–4=2
Compound Angles

40.
Q3 Prove that
cos 3 α − cos 3α sin3 α + sin 3α
+ =3
cos α sin α

Sol. cos 3α = 4 cos3 α − 3 cos α

cos 3α = cos3 α + 3 cos3 α − 3 cos α( )

cos3 α − cos 3α
cos α
(
= 3 1 − cos2 α = 3 sin2 α …..(i))
sin 3α = 3 sin α − 4 sin3 α

(
sin 3α = 3 sin α − 3 sin3 α − sin3 α )
sin3 α + sin 3α
sin α
( )
= 3 1 − sin2 α =  3 cos2 α …..(ii)

(i) + (ii)

( )
3 sin2 α + cos2 α ⇒ 3 = RHS Hence proved.

Q4 ( )(
Prove that 4cos 2 9° − 3 4cos 2 27 ° − 3 = tan9° )
Sol. LHS
 {4cos3 9° − 3cos9°)   4cos3 27° − 3cos27° 
  
 cos9°   cos27° 
cos27° cos81° cos81° sin9°
⇒ ×  ⇒ = = tan9°
cos9° cos27° cos9° cos9°

Q5 To express cos5θ in terms of cosθ

Sol. cos ( 5θ ) = cos ( 3θ + 2θ )

= cos 3θ cos 2θ − sin 3θ sin 2θ
( )( ) (
= 4 cos3 θ − 3 cos θ 2 cos2 θ − 1 − 3 sin θ − 4 sin3 θ ( 2 sin θ cos θ ) )
= ( 8 cos 5
θ − 10 cos3 θ + 3 cos θ ) − ( 3 − 4 sin θ ) x ( 2 sin
2 2
θ·cos θ )
let cos θ = t
( ) { ( )} {2 ( 1 − t ) t}
= 8t5 − 10t 3 + 3t − 3 − 4 1 − t 2 2
Compound Angles

= ( 8t 5
− 10t 3 + 3t ) − ( 4t − 1)( 2t − 2t )
2 3

= 16t5 − 20t 3 + 5t
∴ cos 5θ = 16 cos5 θ − 20 cos3 θ + 5 cos θ

41.
 Q6 To express sin5θ in terms of sinθ

Sol. In formula of cos5θ replace θ by

π
–θ
2
  π   π  π  π 
cos 5  – θ  =  16 cos5  – θ − 20 cos3  – θ +  5 cos  – θ
  2   2  2  2 
sin5θ = 16 sin5θ – 20 sin3θ + 5sinθ

Q7 Find the value of sin25° sin35° sin85°

Sol. sin25° sin(60°–25°)  sin(60°+25°)

1
{ ( )}
=    sin  3 25°  
4
1 1  3 + 1  3+1
= sin75 =  =
4 4  2 2  8 2

Q8 Prove that cos6A = 32cos6 A − 48cos4 A + 18cos 2 A − 1

Sol. cos (6A) = cos 2 3A{ ( )}

= 2 cos2(3A) – 1
= 2 (4cos3A – 3cosA)2 –1
let cosA = t
= 2 (4t3–3t)2 – 1
= 2 (16t6 – 24t4 + 9t2) – 1
= 32t6 – 48t4 + 18t2 – 1
= 32 cos6A – 48 cos4A + 18 cos2A – 1

To Play with cos 2θ

θ, sin 2θ
θ, 1 ± cos 2θ
θ, 1 ± sin 2θ
θ

1 + cos 2θ 2 cos2 θ 1 − cos 2θ 2 sin2 θ

1. = = cot θ 2. = = tan θ
sin 2θ 2 sin θ cos θ sin 2θ 2 sin θ cos θ
2
3. 1 − cos 2θ = 2 sin θ = tan2 θ
Compound Angles

1 + cos 2θ 2 cos2 θ

42.
 1 + sin2A
4. To prove that = tan(45° + A)
cos2A

( sinA + cosA )
2

Proof: LHS
(cos A – sin A )
2 2

( sinA + cosA )
2
cosA + sinA
⇒
(cosA + sinA )(cosA – sinA ) cosA – sinA
cosA ( 1 + tanA )
⇒ = tan (45° + A )
cosA (1 – tanA )

Q1 (
Prove that tan 7 .5° =  cot 82.5° =   3  – 2   2 – 1 )( )

Sol. Let x = 7.5°

2x = 15° ⇒ tan2x = tan15°
2tanx
⇒     =  2 – 3
1 – tan2 x

(2 – 3 ) tan x +  2tanx –  (2 – √ 3)  =  0

2

−2 ± 4 + 4 (2 – 3 )
2

⇒ tanx  =  
2 (2 – 3 )

−1 ± 1 + (7 – 4 3 )
⇒ tanx  =  
(2 – 3 )
–1 + 8 – 4 3
⇒ tanx  =   ( tanx >  0)
( )
2– 3

2 ( 3 − 1) − 1
2

2+ 3
⇒ tanx  =  ×
(2 – 3 ) 2 + 3
Compound Angles

⇒ tanx  = { 2 ( 3 – 1) – 1} {2 + 3}

43.
 ⇒ tanx  = 2 2 3 + 3 2  – 2 2  – 2 3 – 2 – 3
= 2 3 +   2 – 2 – 3

= 2 ( 3− 2 − ) ( 3 – 2)
(
tan7.5°  =   3 – 2 )  ( 2 – 1) Hence proved.

Note:

cot7.5°   =
1
= ( 3+ 2 )( 2+1)
( 3– 2 )( )
2–1

Π Notation: Π is used to denote continued product.

n

∏sin (2r – 1) θ = sinθ.  sin3θ .  sin5θ … sin (2n – 1) θ

r=1

Continued product of cosine series:

Continued product of cosine series in which each angle is double of the
previous angle
Note: If continued product of

cosA ⋅ cos2A ⋅ cos22 A … cos2n− 1 A = n

sin 2n A ( )
cosine series is given such that
2 sinA each angle is double of previous
Proof: LHS angle, not necessarily the last one
then multiply and divide the series
2sinA
·cosA .cos2A . cos22 A ... cos2n− 1 A by 2 sine of smallest angle.
2sinA

⇒ 2
1
2 sinA
{2sin2A . cos2A .cos2 A … cos2 A }
2 n–1

⇒
1
23 sinA
{
   2sin22 A . cos22 A … cos2n–1 A }
and so on ... ⇒
( )
sin 2n A
n
2 sinA
Compound Angles

44.
Q1 Prove that cos36° cos72° =  
1
4

Sol. LHS
{2sin36° cos36°} cos72° 
2sin36°

⇒ {2sin72° cos72°} ⇒ sin (144°)

4sin36° 4sin36°

⇒
(
sin 180° – 36° )= sin36° 1
=   Hence proved.
4sin36° 4sin36° 4

Q2 Prove that cos20° cos40° cos60° cos80° =  

1
16

Sol. LHS let A = 20°

{
cos60°  cosA cos2A cos22 A   }
1  sin23 A  1  sin160° 
⇒  =  
2  23 sinA  2  8sin20° 

⇒  
(
1 sin 180° – 20° ) ⇒
1
Hence proved.
16 sin20° 16

Q3 Find value of cos

π
 cos
2π
cos
3π
7 7 7

Sol. π
LHS cos
2π 
cos  cos  π –
4π 

7 7  7 
π 2π 2 π
⇒ – cos   . cos   . cos 2  
7 7 7

⇒ – 
(
sin 23 π / 7 ) = – sin ( π + π / 7 )
23 sin π / 7 8 sin ( π / 7 )
Compound Angles

1
⇒ sin ( π / 7 ) =
8 sin ( π / 7 ) 8

45.
 Q4 π
Find the value of cos   cos
2π
  cos
4π
cos
8π
cos
16 π
10 10 10 10 10

Sol.  32π 
sin  
 10    sin ( 3π + 2π / 10 )
32 sin ( π / 10 ) 32 sin ( π / 10 )
– sin ( 2π / 10 ) –2 sin π / 10 cos π / 10
⇒   ⇒
32 sin ( π / 10 ) 32 sin π / 10
–1 π
⇒ cos  
16 10

Q5 Find value of sin6° sin42° sin66° sin78° or cos12° cos24° cos48° cos84°

Sol. cos84° = cos(180°–96°) = – cos96°

∴ – cos12° cos24° cos48° cos96°
– cosA cos2A cos22A cos23A (A = 12°)

⇒
( )
–sin 24 A
⇒
(
sin 192° )
24 sinA 16sin12°

⇒
(
–sin 180° + 12°
=
1 )
16sin12° 16

7
π
Q6 Find value of ∏ sin ( 2r – 1 ) 14
r =1

Sol. Given expression is

π 3π 5π 7π 9π 11π 13π
sin  sin  sin  sin  sin  sin  sin
14  14 14 14 14 14 14
13π  π π
 sin = sin  π –  = sin
14  14  14
Compound Angles

11π  3π  3π
sin = sin  π –  = sin
14  14  14

46.
 9π  5π  5π
sin = sin  π –  = sin
14  14  14
∴ given expression
2
 π 3π 5π  7π
sin  sin  sin  . sin
 14 14 14  14
2
 π π   π 3π   π 5π  
⇒ cos  −   cos  −   cos  −  × 1
  2 14   2 14   2 14  
2
 3π 2π π
⇒ cos . cos . cos 
 7 7 7 
2
 π 2π 4π 
⇒ – cos  cos  cos 
 7 7 7 
2 2
 8π    π 
 – sin   – sin  π + 7  
⇒ 7  
π  ⇒ π 
 8 sin   8 sin 
 7   7 

1 1
⇒  2 =
8 64

Q7 Find the value of sin

π
.  sin
2π
. sin
3π
7 7 7

Sol. π
Let x = sin  sin
2π
. sin
3π
7 7 7
π 2 π 3π
x2 = sin 2  .  sin2  .  sin2
7 7 7
1 2π   4π   6π 
x2 =    1 – cos   1 – cos   1 – cos 
8 7  7  7 
1 2π   4π   π
x2 =  1 – cos   1 – cos   1 + cos  ...(i)
8 7  7  7
 6π  π π 
 cos = cos  π –  = – cos 
 7  7 7 
π 2π 4π 3π
Compound Angles

let cos = a, cos = b, cos = c = – cos

7 7 7 7

47.
 from (i)
1
x2 =
8
( )( )(
1 + a   1–b   1–c )
1

8
= { ( ) ( ) }
1 + a – b – c + –ab – ac + bc + abc ...(ii)

1
{
– ab –  ac +  bc  =   –2ab – 2ac + 2bc  
2
}
1 π 2π π 4π 2π 4π 
= –2 cos  cos – 2 cos  cos + 2 cos  cos 
2 7 7 7 7 7 7 
1 3π π 5π 3π 6π 2π 
= – cos  – cos – cos  – cos  + cos  +  cos 
2 7 7 7 7 7 7 
 π 2π 3π 
= – cos + cos – cos 
 7 7 7 
(
∴  – ab – ac + bc = –a + b + c )
∴  ( a – b – c ) + (–ab – ac + bc ) = 0 ...(iii)
π 2π 4π
Now abc = cos  . cos  . cos
7 7 7
 8π   π
sin   sin  π +  –1
7  7
=   =  =
π π 8
8 sin 8 sin
7 7
–1
∴  abc = ...(iv)
8
Now put values from (iii) and (iv) into (ii)
1 1
x2 = 1 + 0 – 
8 8
1 7
⇒ x2 =  .    
8 8
7
⇒x=
8

π 2π 3π 7
∴ sin  .  sin  . sin =
7 7 7 8
Compound Angles

48.
 To find the value of sin18°, cos36°
Value of sin18°
Let x = 18°
5x = 90° ⇒ 3x = 90° – 2x
( ) (
sin 3x = sin 90° – 2x = cos2x )
⇒ 3sinx – 4sin3 x = 1 – 2sin2 x
⇒ 4sin3 x – 2sin2 x – 3sinx + 1 = 0
Now let sinx = t
⇒ 4t 3 – 2t 2 – 3t + 1 = 0
( )(
⇒ t – 1 4t 2 + 2t – 1 = 0 )
4t 2 + 2t – 1 = 0 ( t  ≠ 1)  
–2 ± 4 + 4 4 ( )
–1 ± 5
t=  ⇒t=
2 4 ( ) 4

∵ x ∈ I quadrant ⇒ t > 0
–1 + 5
Hence sin18° =
4

Value of cos18°
cos18° = 1 – sin2 18°
2
 –1 + 5 
= 1–  
 4 
 

6–2 5 1
= 1– = 10 – 2 5
16 4
1
Hence cos18° = 10 – 2 5
4

Value of cos36°
cos36°= 1–2 sin218°
2
 –1 + 5 
= 1– 2 
 4 
 
6–2 5  2+2 5
= 1–  ⇒
Compound Angles

 8  8
 
1+ 5
Hence cos36° =
4

49.
 Value of sin36°
sin36° = 1 – cos2 36°
2
1+ 5 
= 1− 
 4 
 

6 + 2 5  1
= 1−  ⇒ 10 − 2 5
 16  4
 
1
Hence sin36° = 10 − 2 5
4

Note:
5+1
(i) sin54° = cos36° =  
4
1
(ii) cos54° = sin36° = 10 − 2 5
4

Q1 Find the value of sin 132° sin 12°

Sol. 1
{
2sin132° sin12° }
2
1
⇒
2
{
cos120° − cos144° }
1  −1 
(
⇒  − cos 180° − 36° 
22
)

1  −1 
 1  −1 5 + 1 
⇒  + cos36° =  +  
22  2  2 4 

5−1
⇒
8

Q2 Find the value of cos248° – sin212°

Sol. cos(48° + 12°) cos(48° – 12°)

⇒ cos60° cos36°
Compound Angles

1  5 + 1  5+1
⇒  =
2  4  8

50.
Q3 Prove that sin
π
. sin
2π 3π
.  sin  .  sin
4π 5
=
5 5 5 5 16

Sol. LHS
π 2π 
sin   sin   sin  π −
2π   π
 sin  π − 
5 5  5   5
π 2π  π 2π 
⇒ sin2  sin2 ⇒  1 − cos2   1 − cos2 
5 5  5 5 

( )(
⇒ 1 − cos2 36° 1 − cos2 72° )
  2 2
 5 + 1    5 − 1 
⇒ 1 −    1 −   
  4     4  
  


⇒ 1 −
( )
3 + 5   (3 − 5) 
 1 −


 8   8 
 
5 − 5 5 + 5  20 5
⇒  ⇒ ⇒ Hence proved.
 8  8  64 16
  

Q4 Find the value of 4 cos

π
− 3 sec
π
− 2 tan
π
.
10 10 10

Sol. 4 cos
π
−
3
−2
sin π / 10
10 cos π / 10 cos π / 10
2
4 cos π / 10 − 3 − 2 sin π / 10
⇒
cos π / 10
π
Multiply and divide by cos
10
4 cos3 π / 10 −3 cos π / 10 −2 sin π / 10 cos π / 10
⇒
cos2 π / 10
cos 3π / 10 − sin 2π / 10
⇒
cos2 π / 10
 π 3π 
Compound Angles

sin  −  − sin 2π / 10
 2 10 
⇒ =0
cos2 π / 10

51.
 Conditional Trigonometric Identities:

Q1 If A + B + C = π then prove that sin2A + sin2B + sin2C = 4sinA sinB sinC or

Σsin2A = 4ΠsinA

Sol. LHS sin2A + sin2B + sin2C

⇒ 2sin(A + B) cos(A – B) + 2 sinC cosC
⇒ 2sin(π – C) cos(A – B) + 2 sinC cos(π – (A + B))
⇒ 2sinC cos(A – B) – 2 sinC cos(A + B)
⇒ 2sinC {cos(A – B) – cos(A + B)}
⇒ 2sinC(2sinA sinB)
⇒ 4 sinA sinB sinC = RHS Hence proved.

Q2 If α, β and γ are the angles of a triangle then show that

cos α cos β cos γ
+ + =2
sin β sin γ sin α sin γ sin α  sin β

Sol. LHS
sin α cos α + sin β cos β + sin γ cos γ
sin α sin β sin γ
1
⇒ ( sin 2α + sin 2β + sin 2γ )
2 sin α  sin β sin γ
1
⇒ ( 4 sin α  sin β sin γ ) = 2
2 sin α  sin β sin γ

Q3 Find the value of

sin50° + sin100° + sin210°
 
sin25° sin50° sin105°

Sol. Let A = 25°, B = 50°, C = 105°

∴ A + B + C = 180°
∴ sin2A + sin2B + sin2C = 4 sinA sinB sinC
sin2A +  sin2B +  sin2C
= 4 
sinA sinB sinC
Compound Angles

sin50° + sin100° + sin210°

⇒ = 4 
sin25° sin50° sin105°

52.
Q4 If A + B + C = π then prove that
cos2A + cos2B + cos2C = –1 – 4 cosA cosB cosC

Sol. 2cos(A + B) cos(A –B) + cos2C

⇒ 2cos(π - C) cos(A – B) + 2cos2C – 1
⇒ 2(–cosC) cos(A – B) + 2cos2C – 1
⇒ –2cosC{cos(A – B) – cosC} – 1
⇒ –2cosC{cos(A – B) + cos(A + B)} – 1
∵ cosC = cos{π – (A + B)} = – cos(A + B)
⇒ –2cosC(2cosA cosB) – 1 = RHS Hence proved.

Q5 If A + B + C = π then prove that sinA + sinB + sinC = 4cos

A B
cos cos
C
2 2 2

Sol.  A +B
LHS 2sin 
 A −B
 cos 
C
 + 2sin cos
C
 2   2  2 2
π −C  A −B C C
⇒ 2 sin   cos   + 2 sin cos
 2   2  2 2
C   A −B C 
⇒ 2cos cos   + sin 
2   2  2 
C   A B  A B  
⇒ 2cos cos  −  + Cos  +  
2   2 2  2 2  
C
 sin = sin 
(
π − A +B  )  A + B
 = cos 
2  2   2 

C A B
⇒ 2cos 2cos cos 
2 2 2
A B C
⇒ 4cos cos cos  = RHS Hence proved.
2 2 2
Compound Angles

53.
 Q6 If A + B + C = π then prove that cosA + cosB + cosC = 1 + 4sin
A B
sin sin
C
2 2 2

Sol. LHS 2cos 

 A +B
 cos 
 A −B
 + cosC
 2   2 
π −C  A −B 2 C
⇒ 2 cos   cos   + 1 − 2 sin
 2   2  2

c   A −B C 
⇒ 2sin cos   − sin  + 1
2   2  2 

C   A −B  A + B  
⇒ 2sin cos   − cos   + 1
2   2   2  
C A B
⇒ 2sin 2sin sin  + 1
2 2 2

A B C
⇒ 1 + 4sin sin sin  = RHS Hence proved.
2 2 2

Q7 If A + B + C = π then prove that cos2A + cos2B + cos2C = 1 – 2 cosA cosB cosC

Sol. LHS cos2A + (cos2B + 1 – sin2C)

⇒ cos2A + (cos2B – sin2C) + 1
⇒ cos2A + cos(B + C) cos(B – C) + 1
⇒ cos2A + cos(π – A) cos(B – C) + 1
⇒ cos2A – cosA cos(B – C) + 1
⇒ cosA {cosA – cos(B – C)} + 1
⇒ cosA {cos{π – (B + C)} – cos(B – C)} + 1
⇒ cosA {–cos(B + C) – cos(B – C)} + 1
⇒ cosA (–2cosB cosC) + 1
⇒ 1 – 2cosA cosB cosC = RHS Hence proved.
Compound Angles

54.
Q8 If A + B + C = π then prove that
A B C A B C
sin2 + sin2 − sin2 = 1 − 2cos cos sin
2 2 2 2 2 2

Sol. LHS sin2

A B C  B C 
+ sin  +  sin  − 
2 2 2 2 2
A π A B C 
⇒ sin2 + sin  −  sin  − 
2 2 2 2 2
A A B C 
⇒ 1 − cos2 + cos sin  − 
2 2 2 2
A  A  B C  
⇒ 1 − cos cos − sin  −  
2  2  2 2  
A   π  B + C   B C  
⇒ 1 − cos cos  −    − sin  −  
2   2  2   2 2  

A B C   B C  
⇒ 1 − cos sin  +  − sin  −  
2
 2 2  2 2  
A B C
⇒ 1 − cos  2cos sin 
2 2 2
A B C
⇒ 1 − 2cos cos sin = RHS Hence proved.
2 2 2

Q9 If A + B + C = π then prove that ΣtanA = ΠtanA i.e., tanA + tanB + tanC =

tanA·tanB·tanC

Sol. A+B+C=π
A+B=π–C
tan(A + B) = tan(π – C)
tanA + tanB
= −tanC
1 − tanAtanB
⇒ tanA + tanB = – tanC + tanA tanB tanC
⇒ tanA + tanB + tanC = tanA tanB tanC
Compound Angles

Hence proved.

55.
 Q10 If A + B + C = π then prove that cotA cotB + cotB cotC + cotC cotA = 1 or
ΣcotA cotB = 1

Sol. ∵ ΣtanA = ΠtanA

1 1 1 1 1 1
∴ + + = · ·
cotA cotB cotc cotA cotB cotC
⇒ cotA cotB + cotB cotC + cotC cotA = 1 Hence proved.

Q11 If A + B + C = π then prove that

A B B C C A
tan tan + tan tan + tan tan = 1
2 2 2 2 2 2

Sol. ∵A+B+C=π
∴A+B=π–C
A B π C
+ = −
2 2 2 2
 A B π C
⇒ tan  +  = tan  − 
 2 2  2 2
tanA / 2 + tanB / 2 c 1
⇒ = cot =
1 − tanA / 2tanB / 2 2 tanC / 2
A C B C A B
⇒ tan tan + tan tan = 1 − tan tan
2 2 2 2 2 2
A B B C C A
⇒ tan tan + tan tan + tan tan = 1 Hence proved.
2 2 2 2 2 2

Q12 A
In ∆ ABC, prove that ∑ cot
A
= Π cot .
2 2
A B C A B C
i.e., cot + cot + cot = cot cot cot
2 2 2 2 2 2

Sol. ∴  ∑ tan
A B
tan = 1
2 2
1 1 1
∴    =1
Compound Angles

+ +
A B B C C A
cot cot cot cot   cot cot
2 2 2 2 2 2
A B C A B C
⇒ cot + cot + cot = cot ·cot ·cot Hence proved.
2 2 2 2 2 2

56.
 If A + B + C + D = 360° then prove that
Q13
 A +B  A +D A +C
sinA − sinB + sinC − sinD = −4cos   cos   sin  
 2   2   2 

Sol. sinA – sinB + sinC – sinD

 A +B  A −B C +D C −D
⇒ 2cos   sin   + 2cos   sin  
 2   2   2   2 
C +D   A + B    A +B
 cos   = cos 180° −    = −cos  
 2    2    2 
 A + B    A −B  C − D  
⇒ 2cos   sin   − sin  
 2    2   2  
 A + B   A + C −B −D  A + D − B − C  
⇒ 2cos   2cos   sin  
 2    4   4  
 A + B  
⇒ 2cos  2cos 
( )
 2 A + C − 360° 
 sin 
( )
 2 A + D − 360°  


 2   

4 



4 
 
 A + B    A + C  A + D   
⇒ 2cos   2sin    −cos    
 2    2   2   
 A +B A +D A +C
⇒ −4cos   cos   sin   Hence proved.
 2   2   2 

Q14 If x + y + z = xyz then prove that

2x
+
2y
+
2z
=
2x
·
2y
·
2z
 
1−x 2
1−y 2
1−z 2
1 − x 1 − y 1 − z2
2 2

Sol. Let x = tanA, y = tanB, z = tanC

(where A + B + C = π) because it satisfies the given relation x + y + z = xyz
now ∵ A + B + C = π
2A + 2B + 2C = 2π
⇒ 2A + 2B = 2π – 2C
⇒ tan(2A + 2B) = tan(2π – 2C)
tan2A + tan2B
⇒ = −tan2C
1 − tan2Atan2B
⇒ tan2A + tan2B + tan2C = tan2A tan2B tan2C
Compound Angles

2tanA 2x
where tan2A = =
1 − tan A 1 − x2
2

2y 2z
tan2B = 2
, tan2C =   Hence proved.
1− y 1 − 22

57.
 Q15 Number of triangles, tangents of whose angle are 1, 2, 3
(A) 0 (B)  1 (C)  ∞ (D)  Nothing can be said

Sol. (B)
Let tanA = 1, tanB = 2, tanC= 3
∵ tanA + tanB + tanC = tanA tanB tanC
⇒ Triangle is possible with these values but exactly one values of A, B, C is
possible hence only one triangle is possible.

Q16 If A + B + C = π then prove that

A B C π−A  π −B  π−c
sin + sin + sin − 1 = 4 sin   sin   sin  
2 2 2  4   4   4 

Sol.  A +B
LHS 2sin 
 A −B
 cos 
C
 + sin − 1
 4   4  2

2
π −C  A −B  C C
⇒ 2 sin   cos   −  cos − sin 
 4   4   4 4
2
π −C  A −B   π C 
⇒ 2 sin   cos   − 2 sin  −  
 4   4    4 4 

π −C  A −B  π − C 
⇒ 2 sin   cos   − sin  
 4   4   4 
π −C  A −B  A + B 
⇒ 2 sin   cos   − sin  
 4   4   4 

 π − C    A −B  π ( A + B)  
⇒ 2 sin   cos   − cos  − 
 4    4  2 4  

π −C  π −B  π − A 
⇒ 2 sin   2 sin   sin  
 4   4   4 

π−A  π −B π −C

⇒ 2 sin   sin   sin   = RHS Hence proved.
 4   4   4 

Q17 If A + B + C = 2S then prove that 4sinS sin(S – A) sin(S – B) sin(S – C) =

1 – cos2A – cos2B – cos2C + 2 cosA cosB cosC
Compound Angles

Sol. LHS {2sinS. sin(S –A)} {2 sin(S – B) sin(S – C)}

⇒ {cosA – cos(2S – A)} {cos(C – B) – cos(2S – B – C)}
⇒ {cosA – cos(B + C)} {cos(C – B) – cosA}
⇒ cosA {cos(C – B) + cos(B + C)} – cos(B + C) cos(B – C) – cos2A
⇒ cosA (2cosB cosC) – (cos2B – sin2C) – cos2A
⇒ 2cosA cosB cosC – cos2B + 1 – cos2C – cos2A = RHS Hence proved. 58.
General formula

s1 − s3 + s5 − s7 + 
tan ( θ1 + θ2 + θ3 + … + θn ) =
1 − s2 + s4 − s6 + 
where S1 = sum of tangents of angles taken one at a time.
i.e., tan θ1 + tan θ2 + … + tan θn
S2 = sum of the product of 2 tangents.
i.e., tan θ1 tan θ2 + tan θ2 tan θ3 + tan θ3 tan θ4 + … etc.

GRAPHS OF 6 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

1. y = sin x, where y ∈  −1, 1 , x ∈ R

2. y = cos x, where y ∈  −1, 1 , x ∈ R

π
3. y = tan x, where y ∈ (−∞, ∞ ) , x ∈ R − (2n − 1) for n ∈ I
2
Compound Angles

59.
 4. y = cot x, where y ∈ (−∞, ∞ ) , x ∈ R − nπ for n ∈ I

( )
5. y = cosec x, where y ∈ −∞, −1 ∪  1, ∞ , x ∈ R − nπ for n ∈ I

π
6. y = sec x, where y ∈ (−∞, −1 ∪  1, ∞ ) , x ∈ R − (2n − 1) for n ∈ I
2
Compound Angles

60.
Application of trigonometry in maximising and minimising i.e. (optimisation)
We know that maximising and minimizing by calculus but in certain cases trigonometry
proves to be more powerful.
Type-1:
Maximising and minimising by using the property of boundness of trigonometric functions.
(a) Sine and cosine have bounded values between –1 and 1.
(b) Tangent and cotangent are unbounded functions.
(c) Cosec and sec have values greater than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to –1.

Q1 Find range of y = 4 tanx cosx

Sol. Given function y = 4

sinx
·cosx
cosx
π
  − ( 2n − 1)
⇒ y = 4 sinx where n ∈R , n
  ∈I
2
∴ Range of y ∈ (–4, 4)

Q2 Find range of y where y = cos4

x
− sin4
x
2 2

Sol.  x x x x
y =  cos2 + sin2   cos2 − sin2 
 2 2 2 2

x
⇒ y = 1 × cos2  
2
⇒ y = cos x
Hence range of y ∈ [–1, 1]

Q3 Let y = sin x . Find the range of y x ≥ 0( )

Sol. (
∵ y x≥0 ⇒ ) x ≥0

∴ sin x ∈ –1, 1

Q4  π
y = tan2  x −  . Find range of y.
Compound Angles

 2

Sol. ∵ tanx ∈ R
 π
∴ tan  x −  ∈ R
 2
61.
  π
⇒ tan2  x −  ∈ [0, ∞ ) 
 2

Q5  15π
y = sin2 
  17 π
− 4x  − sin2 

− 4x  . Find the range of y.
 8   8 

Sol.  15π
y = sin  − 4x +
17 π   15π
− 4x  sin  − 4x −
17 π 
+ 4x 
 8 8   8 8 
 π
y = sin ( 4π − 8x ) sin  − 
 4
1
y= sin8x 
2
1  −1 1 
 sin8x ∈  −1, 1 ∴ sin8x ∈  , 
2  2 2

Special case
When expression contains terms like (asinx + bcosx) only.
i.e., when argument of sine and cosine are same.
y = a cos θ + b sin θ

Multiply and divide by a2 + b2  

 a b 
y = a2 + b2  cos θ + sin θ
 a + b2
2
a2 + b2 

a b
Now let = sin α, = cos α  
2 2
a +b a + b2
2

y = a2 + b2 ( sin α  cos θ + cos α  sin θ )

⇒ y = a2 + b2 sin ( θ + α )

 sin ( θ + α ) ∈ [ −1, 1]
Compound Angles

∴ a2 + b2 sin ( θ + α ) ∈  − a2 + b2 , a2 + b2 
 

− a2 + b2 ≤ a cos θ + b sin θ ≤ a2 + b2  

62.
Q1  3sinx − 4cosx + 15 
y = log 2   . Find minimum and maximum value of y.
 10 

Sol. ( )
− 32 + −4
2
≤ 3sinx − 4cosx ≤ 32 + −4   ( )
2

−5 ≤ 3sinx − 4cosx ≤ 5
−5 + 15 3sinx − 4cosx + 15 5 + 15
≤ ≤  
10 10 10
 3sinx − 4cosx + 15 
log 2 1 ≤ log 2   ≤ log 2 2
 10 
Minimum value of y = log 2 1 = 0
Maximum value of y = log 2 2 = 1

Q2 y=
17 + 5sinx + 12cosx
 . Find the minimum and maximum value of y.
17 − 5sinx − 12cosx

Sol. − 52 + 122 ≤ 5sinx + 12cosx ≤ 52 + 122

−13 ≤ 5sinx + 12cosx ≤ 13
17 + α  α + 17 
then y = = − 
17 − α  α − 17 
 ( α − 17 ) + 34   34 
y = −  = − 1 + 
 α − 17   α − 17 
34
y = −1 +  
17 − α
 −13 ≤ α ≤ 13
⇒ 4 ≤ 17 − α ≤ 30
34 34 34
≤ ≤  
30 17 − α 4
4 34 30
≤ −1 + ≤  
30 17 − α 4
2 15
Compound Angles

≤y≤
15 2
2 15
∴ ymin = , ymax =
15 2

63.
 Q3 Let f(x) = a cos(α+x) + b cos (β+x) Find maximum and minimum values of
f(x), x ∈ R and a, b are constant.

Sol. () { } { }
f x = a cos α  cos x − sin α  sin x + b cos β  cos x − sin β  sin x
⇒ f(x) = (acosα + b cosβ) cosx – (a sinα + b sinβ) sinx
Let a cosα + b cosβ = m
a sinα + b sinβ = n
⸫ f(x) = m cos x – n sinx

⇒ ()
f x ∈   − m2 + n2 ,    m2 + n2 
 
m2+n2=(a cosα + b cosβ)2 + (a sinα + b cosβ)2
m2 + n2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab cos (α – β)
(m2 + n2)max = a2 + b2 + 2ab = (a + b)2

∴ f x (m + n )
( )min = − 2 2
max
= − a +b

∴ f (x) = − (m + n )
2 2
= a +b
max max

Q4  π  π
y  =  sin  x +  + 3 cos  x −  . Find minimum and maximum value of y.
 3  3

Sol.  π π  π π
y = sin x cos + cos x sin  +  3 cos x cos + sin x sin 
 3 3  3 3

1 3 3  3 3
y= +  sinx +   +  cosx
2 2   2 2 
 
 1 3 3  3 3 
m =  +  ,  n =  + 
 2 2   2 2  
    
 1 27 3 3   3 9 3 3 
m2 + n2 =  + + + + + 
4 4 2   4 4 2 

= 10 + 3 3
Compound Angles

ymin = − m2 + n2 =  − 10 + 3 3

ymax = m2 + n2 = 10 + 3 3

64.
 Q5  π
y = 3 cos  x +  + 5 cos x + 3 . Find minimum and maximum value of y.
 3

Sol.  π π
y = 3 cos x. cos − sin x sin  + 5 cos x + 3
 3 3
2 2
 13   3
ymin = −   + 3   + 3 =  − 7 + 3 =  − 4
 2  2
 

( )
2
( )
2
ymax =   13 / 2 + 3 3/2 + 3 = 7 + 3 = 10

Type-2:
Argument of sine and cosine are different or a quadratic in sine / cos is
given then we make a perfect square in sine /cosine and interpret.

Q1 y = cos2x + 3sinx . Find range, minimum and maximum value of y.

Sol. y = 1 − 2sin2 x + 3sinx

 3 
= −2 sin2 x − sinx  + 1
 2 
 3 9 9
= −2 sin2 x − sinx + − +1
 2 16 16 
 3
2
9 

= −2  sinx −  −  + 1
 4 16 

2
 3 17
= −2  sinx −  +
 4 8
2
 3 17
ymin = −2  −1 −  + = −4
 4 8
Compound Angles

2
3 3 17 17
ymax = −2  −  + =
 4 4  8 8

65.
 Q2 y = cos 2 x − 4cosx + 13. Find minimum and maximum value of y.

Sol. y = cos2 x − 4cosx + 4 + 9

( ) +9
2
= cos x − 2

ymin = ( 1 − 2 ) + 9 = 10
2

ymax = ( −1 − 2 ) + 9 = 18
2

Q3 If A = cos2θ + sin4θ then find range of A.

Sol. A= 1 – sin2θ + sin4θ

( ) 1 3
2
= sin2 θ − sin2 θ + +
4 4
2
 1 3
=  sin2 θ −  +
 2 4
2
1 1 3
Amin =  −  + = 1
 2 2 4
2
 1 3
Amax =  1 −  + = 1
 2 4
3
∴   ≤ A ≤  1
4
Type-3:
Making use of reciprocal relationship between
tan/cot, sin/cosec and cos/sec.

Q1 y = a 2 tan2 x + b2 cot 2 x ( a, b ≥ 0 ) Find ymin

Sol. y = a2 tan2 x +
b2
tan2 x
2
 b 
y =  atanx −  + 2ab
 tan x 
Compound Angles

b
y will be minimum if a tan x − =0
tanx
tan x =   b / a
Hence ymin = 2ab
66.
Q2 y = a 2 sec 2 x + b2 cosec 2 x . Find ymin

Sol. ( )
y = a2 1 + tan2 x + b2 1 + cot 2 x ( )
( )
y = a2 + b2 + a2 tan2 x + b2cot 2 x

 b2 
⸫ ymin = a2 + b2 +  a2 tan2 x + 
 tan2 x min


( )
2
ymin = a2 + b2 + 2ab = a + b

Q3 y = 4sin2 x + cosec 2 x . Find ymin

Sol. y = 4sin2 x +
1
sin2 x
2
 1   1 
y =  2sinx −  + 2 2sinx 
sinx 
( )
  sinx 
2
 1 
y =  2sinx −  +4
 sinx 
1 1
y is min when 2sinx − = 0    sinx =
sinx 2
Hence ymin = 0 + 4 = 4

Q4 y = 8sec 2 x + 18cos 2 x . Find y min

Sol. y=
8
2
+ 18cos2 x
cos x
 4 
y = 2 2
+ 9cos2 x 
 cos x 
 2 
2
4 
 
y = 2  − 3cosx + 3cosx 
 cosx  cosx 
Compound Angles

2 2
y is minimum when − 3cosx = 0  cosx =
cosx 3
{
Hence ymin = 2 0 + 12 = 24 }

67.
 Q5 y = 18sec 2 x +  8cos 2 x . Find ymin

Sol.  9
y = 2 2

+ 4cos2 x 
 cos x 

 3 2 
 2
y = 2   + (
2cosx  )
 cosx  
 3 
2
3 
 
y = 2    − 2cosx  + 2.  .2cosx 
 cosx  cosx 

3 3
but in this case   − 2cosx = 0  cosx =
cosx 2
Which is not possible hence we write the expression as
 9 
y = 2 2
+ 9cos2 x − 5cos2 x 
 cos x 
 3 
2
3 
 
y = 2  − 3cosx  + 2. .3cosx − 5cos2 x 
 cosx  cosx 

3
now y is minimum if − 3cosx = 0    cosx = 1
cosx
also in this case −5cos2 x is also minimum
Hence ymin = 2 {0 + 18 – 5} (⸪ cos2x = 1)
⸫ ymin = 2(13) = 26

Type-4:
General or miscellaneous problem

Q1 x 2 + y 2 = 4 and  a 2 + b2 = 8
Find (ax + by) minimum and maximum value.

Sol. ∵
⸫
x2 + y2 = 22
let x = 2cosθ, y = 2sinθ
Compound Angles

( )
2
Also a2+b2 = 2 2

So let a = 2 2  cos α, b = 2 2 sin α

68.
 Now ax + by = 4 2 cos θ cos α + 4 2 sin θ sin α
(
= 4 2 cos θ − α )
(ax + by )min = −4 (
2, ax + by )max = 4 2

Q2 y=
sin3x
, find range of y.
sinx

Sol. y=
3sinx − 4sin3 x
= 3 − 4sin2 x
sinx
0 ≤ sin2x ≤ 1
0 ≥ –sin2x ≥ –1
3 ≥ 3 – 4sin2x ≥ –1
⸫ range ∈ [-1, 3]

Q3 y=
1 + cos2x + 8sin2 x  π
, find ymin if x ∈  0,  .
sin2x  2

Sol. y=
2cos2 x + 8sin2 x
= cotx + 4tanx 
2sinxcosx
1
y= + 4tanx 
tanx
2
 1  1
y= − 2 tanx  + 2 2 tanx
 tanx  tanx
1 1
y is minimum if − 2 tanx = 0 ⇒ tanx =  
tanx 2

then ymin = 0 + 4 = 4
Compound Angles

69.
 Q4 Given sinθ + sinφ = a and cosθ + cosφ = b. Find the value of
θ−φ
(i) tan   (ii) cos(θ + φ)
 2 

Sol. sinθ + sinφ = a ...(i)

cosθ + cosφ = b ...(ii)
(i)2 + (ii)2
(sin2θ + cos2θ) + (sin2φ + cos2φ) + 2 (cosθ cosφ + sinθ sinφ) = a2 + b2
2 + 2cos(θ – φ) = a2 + b2
 2  θ − φ  2 2
hence 2 2 cos   = a + b
  2 
2 2
θ − φ a +b
⇒ cos2  =
 2  4

θ − φ 1 4
tan2  = −1= 2 −1
 2  cos2  θ − φ  a + b2
 
 2 

θ − φ 4 − a2 − b2
tan   = ±
 2  a2 + b2

θ + φ θ − φ
from (i) ⇒ 2 sin   cos   = a ...(iii)
 2   2 

θ + φ θ − φ
from (ii) ⇒ 2 cos   cos   = b ...(iv)
 2   2 
θ + φ a
(iii) ÷ (iv) ⇒ tan  =
 2  b
θ + φ
1 − tan2   2 2
cos ( θ + φ ) =  2  = 1−a /b
 θ + φ  1 + a2 / b2
1 + tan2  
 2 

b2 − a2
cos ( θ + φ ) =
b2 + a2
Compound Angles

70.
Q5 Prove that
tan 2n θ
( )( ) (
= ( 1 + sec 2θ ) 1 + sec 2 2 θ 1 + sec 3 θ …… 1 + sec 2n θ )
tan θ

Sol. cos 2θ =
1 − tan2 θ
2
⇒ sec 2θ =
1 + tan2 θ
 
1 + tan θ 1 − tan2 θ

2 2 tan θ 1
1 + sec 2θ = 2
= 2
×  
1 − tan θ 1 − tan θ tan θ
tan 2θ
( 1 + sec 2θ ) = ...(i)
tan θ
tan 22 θ
Similarly 1 + sec 22 θ = ...(ii)
tan 2θ

tan 2n θ
1 + sec 2n θ = ...(n)
tan 2n−1 θ
Multiplying all equations we get
( 1 + sec 2θ )·( 1 + sec 22 θ ) … ( 1 + sec 2n θ )
tan 2θ tan 22 θ tan 2n θ tan 2n θ
= ·  n− 1
=   Hence proved.
tan θ tan 2θ tan 2 θ tan θ

Q6 Find the exact value of 3cosec20° − sec20°

Sol. 3
−
1
⇒
3cos20° − sin20°
sin20° cos20° sin20°cos20°
 3 1  2
⇒ 2 cos20° − sin20°  ×
 2 2  2sin20°cos20°
 
2
(
⇒ 2 sin60°cos20° − cos60°sin20° ×
sin40°
)
2
( )
Compound Angles

⇒ 2sin 60° − 20° × =4

sin40°

71.
 Q7 Find the exact value of cot70° + 4cos70°

Sol. cos70°
+ 4cos70° ⇒
sin20°
+ 4sin20° 
sin70° cos20°
sin20° + 4sin20°cos20° sin20° + 2sin40°
⇒ ⇒  
cos20° cos20°

⇒
( )
sin20° + sin40° + sin40°
 
cos20°
2sin30°cos10° + sin40° cos10° + cos50°
⇒ ⇒  
cos20° cos20°
2cos30°cos20°
⇒ = 3 
cos20°

Summation of Trigonometric Series

To find sum of sines and cosines whose angles are in arithmetic
progression.

(i) sin α + sin ( α + β ) + sin ( α + 2β ) +  + sin(α + (n − 1) β}

sin (nβ / 2)  n−1 

= sin α + β
sin ( β / 2)  2 

(ii) cos α + cos ( α + β ) + cos ( α + 2β ) + … + cos(α + (n − 1) β}

sin (nβ / 2)  n−1 

= cos α + β
sin ( β / 2)  2 

Q1 Evaluate: sin1° + sin3° + sin5° + ….. + sin89°

Sol. Here α = 1°, β = 2°

89 + 1
n = number of terms = = 45
2
Now by summation formula of sine

 nβ 
sin  
Given sum =  2  sin  α + n − 1 β 
 
β 2
Compound Angles

sin    
2
 
( ) × sin 45° = 1 / 2 = 1 cosec1°
sin 45°
=
sin ( 1°)
( ) sin1° 2

72.
 2π 4π 6π
Q2 Find the value of cos + cos + cos  
7 7 7

Sol. Here α =
2π
,β =
4π 2π 2π
− =  
7 7 7 7
n = number of terms = 3

 nβ   3π 
sin   sin  
 2  cos  α + n − 1 =  7  cos  4π 
Given sum =  β   
β
sin    2  π
sin    7 
2 7

sin ( 3π / 7 ) cos ( π − 3π / 7 )
=  
sin ( π / 7 )

=
(
−2 sin 3π / 7 cos 3π / 7 ) ( ) = − sin 6π / 7
2 sin π / 7 sin π / 7
 π
sin  π − 
 7
=− = −1 
 π
sin  
 7

Q3 The average of 2sin°2, 4sin4°, 6sin6°, …, 180sin180° is

(A) tan1° (B) cot1° (C) cos1° (D) sin1°

Sol. (B)
2sin2° + 4sin4° + 6sin6° +  + 180sin180°
Average =  
90
1
=
90
( ) (
{ 2sin2° + 178sin178° + 4sin4° + 176sin176°   )
( )
+ … + 88sin88° + 92sin92° + 90sin90° + 180sin180°} 
1
=
90
{( 180sin2°) + ( 180sin4°) + … + ( 180sin88°) + 90 + 0}
(
= 2 sin2° + sin4° +  + sin88° + 1 )
Compound Angles

 n = 44, α = 2°, β = 2°
 sin 44°( ) 
= 2 sin 45°  + 1 ( )
 sin1° 

73.
  cos1° − cos89° 
= +1
 sin1° 
sin1°
= cot1° − + 1 = cot1° 
sin1°

Q4 The value of
(
cos4 1 ° + cos4 2° + cos4 3° + … + cos4 179°) − sin4 1 ° + sin4 2° + sin4 3° +  + sin4 179° )
(A) 2cos1° (B) –1 (C) 2sin1° (D) 0

Sol. (B)
( )( )
cos4 θ − sin4 θ = cos2 θ + sin2 θ cos2 θ − sin2 θ = 1 × cos 2θ
Hence given expression

(cos 1° − sin 1°) + (cos 2° − sin 2°) +  + (cos 179° − sin 179°)
4 4 4 4 4 4

⇒ cos2° + cos4° + cos6° +  + cos358°

( )
⇒ 2 cos2° + cos4° + cos6° +  + cos178° + cos180°
n = 89, α = 2°, β = 2°
sin89°
⇒2
sin1°
( )
cos90° + −1 = −1

Q5 Find n if sum sin

π
+ sin
2π
+ sin
3π
(
+ … + sin n − 1
π
)
=2+ 3
n n n n

Sol. On LHS
π 2π π π
α = , β= − =  
n n n n
Number of terms m = (n – 1)
 mβ 
sin  
∴ LHS =  2  sin  α + n − 1 β 
 
β  2 
sin  
2
 (n − 1) π 
sin    nπ 
Compound Angles

 2n   
=  sin  n 
π
sin    2 
 2n   

74.
 π π  π
sin  −  cos
 2 2n  = 2n = cot π
=
sin π / 2n π 2n
sin
2n
π π
Now cot = 2 + 3 = cot 15° = cot  
2n 12
⇒ 2n = 12 ⇒ n = 6

Q6 In a regular polygon of n-sides with A1, A2, A3 ….. An vertices prove that

(A A ) + (A A ) +  + ( A 1 A n ) = 2nR 2  
2 2 2
1 2 1 3

where R is radius of circumcircle circumscribing it.

Sol. θ=
2π
 ⇒ nθ = 2π ...(i)
n
In ∆ OMA1
θ θ
MA 1 = R sin ∴ A 1A2 = 2R sin
2 2
2  θ
( A 1A2 ) = 2R2  2 sin2 
 2
= 2R2 ( 1 − cos θ )

Similarly, ( A1A3 )2 = 2R2 ( 1 − cos 2θ )

= 2R2 ( 1 − cos (n − 1) θ )
2
( A1An )

( A 1A 2 ) + ( A 1A 3 ) ( )
2 2 2
+  + A 1An  

= 2R2 {(n − 1) − cos θ − cos 2θ −  − cos (n − 1) θ]

 θ 

2 
sin n − 1 (

 nθ   )
(
= 2R  n − 1 −
 θ
2
)
cos   
 2 
 sin  
  2 
 
  π 
 sin  π −  cos π 
 n 
= 2R2 (n − 1) − 
Compound Angles

  π  
sin  
 n 

{(
= 2R2 n − 1 − −1 ) ( )} = 2nR2 Hence proved.

75.
 Summation of Miscellaneous Series
Splitting the sum series as difference of 2 terms.

Q1 Prove that tan

x x x x x
secx + tan 2 sec + tan 3 sec + …  (upto n terms)
2 2 2 2 2
x
= tanx − tan  
2n

Sol. θ θ 1
tan ·sec θ = tan ·  
2 2 cos θ
 θ
1 + tan2
θ 2
= tan 
2  1 − tan2 θ 
 2
θ
−1 + tan2 +2
θ 2
= tan [ }
2 θ
1 − tan2
2
 
θ 2 
= tan −1 + 
2 θ
1 − tan2 
 2
θ
2 tan
θ 2  ⇒ tan θ − tan θ
= − tan +
2 1 − tan2 θ 2
2
x x
∴ tan secx = tanx − tan ...(i)
2 2
x x x x
tan 2 sec = tan − tan 2   ...(ii)
2 2 2 2
          
x x x x
tan n sec n− 1 = tan n− 1 − tan n   ...(n)
2 2 2 2
On adding all equations we get
x x x x x x x x
Compound Angles

tan secx + tan 2 sec + tan 3 sec  + … + tan n sec n− 1 = tanx − tan n
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Hence proved.

76.
Q2 Prove that sinx sec3x + sin 3x sec9x + sin9x sec27x upto n-terms
1
{
= + tan3n x − tan x
2
}
Sol. sin θ  sec 3θ  =  
sin θ  
=
2 sin θ cos θ
cos 3θ 2 cos θ. cos 3θ
sin ( 3θ − θ )
⇒ 2 cos θ cos 3θ

sin 3θ cos θ − cos 3θ sin θ

⇒
2 cos θ cos 3θ
1
⇒ {tan 3θ − tan θ}
2
1
∴ sinx sec 3x =
2
{ }
tan3x − tan x  ...(i)

sin 3x sec 32 x =
1
2
{ }
tan 32 x − tan 3x ...(ii)

          
sin 3n− 1 x sec 3n x =
1
2
{ }
tan 3n x − tan 3n− 1 x ...(n)

On adding all equation we get

sinx sec3x + sin3x sec9x +sinx sec27x + …… + sin3n–1x sec3nx

=
1
2
{ }
tan 3n x − tanx Hence proved.

Q3 Prove that:
x
cosec x + cosec 2 x + cosec 4 x + … + cosec 2n x = cot − cot 2n x
2

Sol. 1
sin
θ
cos ec θ = = 2
sin θ θ
sin sin θ
2

 θ θ θ
sin  θ − sin θ cos  − cos θ sin
 2 2 2
⇒ =
θ θ
Compound Angles

sin  . sin θ sin   sin θ  

2 2
θ
⇒ cot  −  cotθ
2

77.
 ∴ x ...(i)
cosec x = cot − cot x
2
cosec 2x = cot x − cot 2x ...(ii)
          
n n− 1
cosec 2 x = cot 2 x − cot 2n x ...(n)
On adding all equations we get
x
cosecx + cosec 2x + cosec 4x + … + cosec 2n x = cot − cot 2n x 
2
Hence proved.

Inequalities in a triangle:

Q1 In any ∆ABC show that cot 2 A + cot 2B + cot 2  C ≥ 1

Sol. (cot A − cot B)2 + (cot B − cot C )2 + (cot C − cot A )2 ≥  0

(cot A + cot B + cot C) ≥ 1
2 2  2

Hence proved.

Q2 3 3
In any ∆ABC show that Σ sin A ≤  
2

Sol. By using graph of sinx from x ∈ ( 0, π )

Centroid of the triangle ABC is
 A + B + C sinA + sinB + sinC 
G , 
 3 3 
 π sin A + sinB  + sinC 
  , 
3 3 
π π
Now value of sinx at is x = is sin
3 3
(
∴ P π / 3, 3 / 2 )
Clearly from graph
sinA + sinB + sinC 3
Compound Angles

≤
3 2

78.
 1
Q3 In Δ ABC prove that cosA cosB cosC ≤
8

Sol. Let cosA cosB cosC =

1
{ ( )
  cos A + B + cos A − B cosC ( )}
2
1
{
=    cos ( π − C ) + cos ( A − B)  cos C 
2
}
=
1
2
{ (
−cos2C + cos A − B cosC = x  ) }
( )
⇒ cos2C − cos A − B  cosC + 2x = 0

Which is quadratic in cosC

∴ D ≥ 0

{cos ( A − B)}
2
( )( )
− 4  1 2x ≥ 0

(
8x ≤ cos2 A − B ≤ 1 )
1
8x ≤ 1    x ≤ Hence proved.
8

Q4 In ∆ABC prove that 1 < cosA + cosB + cosC ≤ 3/2

Sol. Let cosA + cosB + cosC = x

 A +B  A −B 2 C
2 cos   cos   + 1 − 2sin =x
 2   2  2

C  A −B 2 C
2 sin cos   + 1 − 2 sin =x
2  2  2

C  A −B C
⇒ 2 sin2
2
− 2 cos 
2
(
 sin + x − 1 = 0
2
) ...(i)
 
C
Which is quadratic in sin hence
2
D≥O
A −B 
4 cos2    − 4  2 x − 1 ≥ 0 ( )( )
 2 
A −B 
cos2     − 2  x − 1 ≥ 0 ( )
Compound Angles

 2 
 A −B
( )
2 x − 1 ≤ cos2  ≤1
 2 

79.
 3
⇒ x≤
2
Also product of roots of equation (i) will be positive
 x − 1
∴
  > 0   x > 1
 2 
3
Hence 1 < x ≤ Hence proved.
2

Elimination
To obtain parametric representation of curves we use elimination for
e.g., to obtain trajectory of a moving object we have to eliminate the
parameter ‘t’ from both equation given in x and y to get a relation in x
and y.
This relation give us the equation of curve

Parametric co- ordinates:

(i) For x2 + y 2 = r2   x = r cos θ,  y = r sin θ (θ → parameter)

x2 y 2
(ii) For + = 1 ⇒ x = a cos θ, y = b sin θ  (θ → parameter)
a2 b2

x2 y 2
(iii) For − = 1 ⇒ x = a sec θ, y = b tan θ  (θ → parameter)
a2 b2

Q1 Suppose a particle is moving on a circle with center (0,0) and radius 2. Then
at any point it will be at a position with co-ordinate (2cosθ, 2sinθ). Find the
equation of curve which the particle travels.

Sol. According to give information

x = 2 cosθ ...(i)
y = 2 sinθ ...(ii)
Now to eliminate θ
(i)2 + (ii)2
( ) (
x2 + y 2 = 22 cos2 θ + 22 sin2 θ )
Compound Angles

x2 + y 2 = 22
Which is equation of required curve.

80.
Q2 Find the maximum and minimum value of 3x + 4y if x2 + y2 = 1

Sol. ∵ x2 + y2 = 1
Let x = cosθ, y = sinθ
Now 3x + 4y = 3cosθ + 4sinθ
− 32 + 42 ≤ 3 cos θ + 4 sin θ ≤ 32 + 42
∴ minimum of 3x + 4y = – 5
maximum of 3x + 4y = 5

Q3 Find the maximum and minimum value of 3x + 4y if

x2 y2
+ = 1.
4 9

Sol. ∵
x2
+
y2
=1
22 32
∴ Let x = 2cosθ, y = 3sinθ
Now 3x + 4y = 6cosθ + 12sinθ

− 62 + 122 ≤ 6 cos θ + 12 sin θ ≤ 62 + 122

∴ ( 3x + 4y )min = −6 5  
( 3x + 4y )max = 6 5

Q4 Find the maximum and minimum value of 3x – y if ( x − 1 ) (y − 2)

2 2

+ =4
3 4

Sol. ( x − 1)
2
( y − 2)
2
( x − 1)
2
( y − 2)
2

 + = 1⇒ + =1
12 16
( )
2
2 3 42

∴ let x − 1 = 2 3 cos θ, y − 2 = 4 sin θ

x = 1 + 2 3 cos θ, y = 2 + 4 sin θ

(
Now 3x − y = 3 1 + 2 3 cos θ − ( 2 + 4 sin θ )  )
= 1 + 6 3 cos θ − 4 sin θ 
Compound Angles

( )
2
( 3x − y )min = 1 − 6 3 + 42 = 1 − 2 31 

(6 3 )
2
( 3x − y )max = 1 + + 42 = 1 + 2 31 

81.
 Q5 Eliminate θ between the given equations
ax
−
by
= c 2  and l tanθ = m
cos θ sin θ

Sol. ax
−
by
= c2 ...(i)
cos θ sin θ

l m
− = 0 ...(ii)
cos θ sin θ
(i) × l – (ii) × ax
amx bly
− = lc2
sin θ sin θ

 amx − bly 
⇒ sin θ =   ...(iii)
 lc2 
l
Now from (ii) cos θ = sin θ  
m
 sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1
l2 2  l2 
sin2 θ + sin2
θ = 1 ⇒ sin θ·
 1 +   = 1
m2  m2 

(amx − bly )
2
 l 2 + m2 
from (iii) · =1
l 2c4  m2 
 

Q6 If cosθ > 0, tanθ + sinθ = m and tanθ – sinθ = n then show that
m2 – n2 = 4 mn

Sol. 2
m2 − n2 = ( tan θ + sin θ ) − ( tan θ − sin θ )  
2

= 4 tan θ sin θ ...(i)

mn = ( tan θ + sin θ ) ( tan θ − sin θ )
= tan2 θ − sin2 θ 

=
sin2 θ
cos2 θ
(
 − sin2 θ = sin2 θ sec2 θ − 1 )
= sin2 θ·tan2 θ 

4 mn = 4 sin θ·tan θ ( cos θ > 0) ...(ii)

Compound Angles

From (i) and (ii)

m2 − n2 = 4 mn Hence proved.

82.
Q7 If cosecθ–sinθ = m and secθ – cosθ = n, eliminate θ

Sol. 1
− sin θ = m ⇒
1 − sin2 θ
= m 
sin θ sin θ
⇒ cos2 θ = m sin θ ...(i)
1 1 − cos2 θ
− cos θ = n ⇒ = n 
cos θ cos θ
⇒ sin2 θ = ncos θ ...(ii)
4 2
cos θ sin θ
m2n = · = cos3 θ 
sin2 θ cos θ
sin4 θ cos2 θ
n2m = · = sin3 θ 
cos2 θ sin θ

(m n ) ( )
2/3 2/3
2
∴ + n2m =1

Compound Angles

83.