THE EPIC HERO

Anglo-Saxon and • Actions consist of responses to

Beowulf Background catastrophic situations in which
the supernatural often intervenes
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
BACKGROUND INFORMATION • Code of conduct forces him to
challenge any threat to society
• 30,000 lines of Anglo-Saxon
poetry survive today • Destiny discovered through a
series of episodes punctuated by
• 3, 182 (10%) of the lines are from
violent incidents interspersed with
Beowulf
SETTING idyllic descriptions.
SETTING
ELEMENTS
ELEMENTSOF OFANGLO-SAXON
ANGLO-SAXONPOETRY POETRY
• Denmark and Sweden
• Chant-like effect of the four-beat
AUTHOR
AUTHOR
line
• Unknown, probably a monk
• Alliteration (“Then the grim man in
• Composed in the 7th or 8th century
green gathers his strength”)
• Oldest surviving English poem
• Caesura-pause or break in a line of
ANGLO-SAXON CULTURE
poetry (“Oft to the wanderer weary
• Belief in fate (Wyrd) of exile”)
• Accumulated treasures amount to • Kenning-metaphorical phrase
success used instead of a name (“battle-
• Fame and fortune zealously sought blade” and “ring-giver”)
after • Epithet-description name to
• Loyalty to one’s leader crucial characterize something (“keen-
• Importance of pagan, Germanic, edge sword”)
and Christian ideals to people • Hyperbole-exaggeration
whose lives were often hard and TITLE
TITLEOF
OFEPIC
EPICPOEM
POEM
uncertain • Anglo-Saxon word Beo means
• Fierce, hardy life of warrior and “bright” or “noble”
seamen • Anglo-Saxon word wulf means
• Strength, courage, leadership “wolf”
abilities appreciated • Beowulf means bright or noble
• Boisterous yet elaborately wolf • Other sources say Beo
ritualized customs of the mead-hall means “bear”
• Expected the hero to boast HOW WE
HOW WEDATE
DATEBEOWULF
BEOWULF
ANGLO-SAXON
ANGLO-SAXONIDEALSIDEAL CODESCODES
OF OF • Some Important Dates:
CONDUCT CONDUCT o 521 A.D. – death of Hygelac,
• Good defeats evil who is mentioned in the
• Wergild--restitution for murder or poem
expect revenge from victim’s o 680 A.D. – appearance of
relatives alliterative verse
• Boasts must be backed with o 835 A.D. – the Danish
actions started raiding other areas;
• Fate is in control after this, few poets would
• Fair fights are the only honorable consider them heroes
fights o SO: This version was likely
EPICPOEM
EPIC POEM composed between 680
• Long narrative poem that recounts and 835, though it may be
the adventures of a hero set earlier
• Elevated language THEPOETRY
THE POETRYIN INBEOWULF
BEOWULF
• Does not sermonize • Alliterative verse
• Invokes a muse o a. Repetition of initial
• Begins in media res sounds of words (occurs in
• Mysterious origin, super powers, every line)
vulnerability, rite of passage o b. Generally, four
feet/beats per line
 o c. A caesura, or pause, Christian references to
between beats two and four God’s will.
o d. No rhyme MAIN
MAIN CHARACTERS
CHARACTERS
• Kennings • Beowulf
o a. Compound metaphor o Epic hero
(usually two words) o Geat (from southern
o b. Most were probably used Sweden)
over and over o Nephew of Higlac (King at
o For instance: hronade story’s start)
literally means “whale- o Sails to Denmark to help
road,” but can be translated Hrothgar
as “sea” • Hrothgar
o Other kennings from o Danish king
Beowulf: o Builds Herot (banquet hall)
▪ “bone-house” = for men
body o Tormented by Grendel for
▪ “gold-friend of men” 12 years
= generous prince o Loses many men to Grendel
▪ “ring-giver” = lord o Joyless before Beowulf’s
▪ “flashing light” = arrival
sword • Grendel
SETTING
SETTING: o Referred to as demon and
• Beowulf’s time and place Europe fiend
today Insert: Time of Beowulf o Haunts the moors (swampy
land)
o Descendant of Cain
o Feasts on 30 men the night
of 1st attack
• Grendel’s Mother
o Referred to as she-wolf
o Lives under a lake
o Challenges Hrothgar when
she kills one of his best men
• Fire Dragon
o Lives in Beowulf’s kingdom
o Wakes up when thief steals
SOMETERMS
SOME TERMSY cup
• scop o Guards countless treasures
o A bard or story-teller. The
scop was responsible for
praising deeds of past
heroes, for recording
history, and for providing
entertainment
• Thane
o A warrior
• mead-hall
o The large hall where the lord
and his warriors slept, ate,
held ceremonies, etc.
o Wyrd
o Fate. This idea crops up a lot
in the poem, while at the
same time there are