MATH 1A:

Analytic Geometry

1st Semester, AY 2021-2022

GEMMA S. LEGASPI, PhD

Associate Professor V
Innovating Knowledge. Improving Lives. Globalizing Impact. RESEARCH AND EXTENSION
 MATH 1A – Analytic Geometry

I. FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS
1.1 The Cartesian Coordinate System

1.2 Distance Between Two Points

1.3 Inclination and Slope of a Line

1.4 Angle Between Two Lines

1.5 Division of a Line Segment

1.6 Analytic Proofs of Geometric Theorems

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 I. FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS
1.1 The Cartesian Coordinate System
Directed Line Segment

A line segment is a set of points consisting of two distinct

points together with all points between them.

line segment P1P2 P1 P2

If P3 is any third point of the same straight line through P 1 and P2, i.e.

P1 P2 P3 P1 P3 P2 P3 P1 P2

then for all possible positions of P1, P2 and P3, P1P3 = P1P2 + P2P3.

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 1.1 The Cartesian Coordinate System

Rectangular Coordinate Plane

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 1.1 The Cartesian Coordinate System

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 I. FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS
1.2 Distance Between Two Points

The absolute value of x, denoted by lx l, is the distance from zero

on the number line.

x, if x is positive
lx l = 0, if x = 0
-x, if x is negative

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 1.2 Distance Between Two Points

The distance between two points P1(x1, y1) and P2(x2, y2) is the
number of units measured along the line between the two points.
y
If the line is parallel to the
x-axis, then y1 = y2, and the
distance is given by
P1(x1, y1=y2) P2(x2, y2=y1)

d = /P1P2/ = /x2 – x1/ = /x1 – x2/ x

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 1.2 Distance Between Two Points

y
If the line is parallel to the
P1(x1=x2, y1)
y-axis, then x1 = x2, and the
distance is given by x

d = /P1P2/ = /y2 – y1/ = /y1 – y2/ P2(x2=x1, y2)

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 1.2 Distance Between Two Points
y
If a line is not parallel to either
axes, then the distance can be found P1(x1, y1)
by using Pythagorean Theorem.

Theorem. The distance between any two points

P1(x1, y1) and P2(x2, y2) is given by the P2(x2, y2)
formula x

d = /P1P2/ = √ (x2 – x1)2 + (y2 – y1)2

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 1.2 Distance Between Two Points

Midpoint of a Line Segment

y
In figure at the right,
P2
let P(x, y) be the midpoint of the (
P(x,
segment joining the points P1(x1, y1)
P1 ( y)
and P2(x2, y2).
1
Thus, OR = OR1 + R1 R2
2
1
x = OR1 + 2(OR2 – OR1)
1
= x1 + 2 (x2 – x1) x
O R1 ( R(
x =
1
(x1 + x2) RR22(
2
In getting for the value of y, similar procedure shall be followed.
1
Thus, y = (y1 + y2).
2

Hence, the coordinates of the point P(x, y) is midway between

points P1(x1, y1) and P2(x2, y2), that is
𝒙𝟏 +𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟏 +𝒚𝟐
P(x, y) = P ( , )
𝟐 𝟐
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 1.2 Distance Between Two Points

−3
Show that the quadrilateral with vertices P1 ( , 4),
−7
P2 ( , 3), P3 (1, 0), P4 (3, 1) is a parallelogram.

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 1.3 Inclination and Slope of a Line
Let line p intersect
y y
the x–axis at point M. p p

Consider the angle,

𝜃, which has one side
to the right of point
M along the x–axis, 𝜃 𝜃
the initial side, and M x M x
the side upward
along the line, the
terminal side.

The angle, 𝜃, measured in counterclockwise direction, from the initial

side to the terminal side is called the inclination of the line .
The slope of a line, denoted by 𝒎 is defined as the tangent of its
𝒚
inclination, thus 𝒎 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜽 = .
𝒙
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 1.3 Inclination and Slope of a Line

Example 1. Draw a line through P(1, 1) with slope ¾

𝒚 𝟑
Solution: 𝒎 = 𝒙 = 𝟒, y
thus x = 4 and y = 3. By
moving 4 units to the
right of P and then 3
units upward, the
desired point was
P
obtained which will
x
then be connected by a
line to the point P. This
line drawn through
point P1 has the
required slope.

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 1.3 Inclination and Slope of a Line

Example 2. Draw a line through P (-3, 3) with slope -½

𝒚 −𝟏
Solution: 𝒎= = , y
𝒙 𝟐
thus x = 2 and y = -1. By
moving 2 units to the right of
P and then 1 unit downward,
the desired point was
P
obtained which will then be
connected by a line to the x
point P. This line drawn
through point P has the
required slope.
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 1.3 Inclination and Slope of a Line

If the coordinates of two points of a line are known, the slope of a line
can be found.

y
Let P1(x1, y1) and
P2(x2, y2) be two points P2(x2, y2)
on a line with slope m.
y2 - y1
Then,
𝑹𝑷𝟐
𝒎 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜽 =
𝑷𝟏 𝑹
𝜃 x2 - x1
𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 P1(x1, y1) R(x2, y1)
=
𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏
𝜃 x

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 1.3 Inclination and Slope of a Line

Again let P1(x1, y1) and y

P2(x2, y2) be two points on a
line. Now, consider the line P2(x2, y2)
which leans to the left, shown
in the figure at the right. y2 - y1

Note that ∅ and 𝜃 are

supplementary angles, thus x1 - x2
tan ∅ = − tan 𝜃. R(x2, y1) P1(x1, y1)
𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏
Since, 𝒕𝒂𝒏 ∅ =
𝒙 𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐
∅ 𝜃
𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏
then 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜽 = − 𝒙𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐
=𝒙 x
𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏

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 1.3 Inclination and Slope of a Line

Theorem: The slope of a line passing through two given points

P1(x1, y1) and P2(x2, y2) is equal to the difference of the
ordinates divided by the difference of the abscissas taken in
the same order, that is
𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 𝒚𝟏 − 𝒚 𝟐
𝒎= or 𝒎=
𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 𝒙𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐

This formula yields the slope if two points lie on a slant or a

horizontal line. If the line is vertical, the denominator will become zero,
which proves the fact that the slope of a vertical line is undefined.

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 1.3 Inclination and Slope of a Line

Example 3: Find the slope of Example 4: Find the slope

a line passing through the of a line passing through
points (1, 12) and (-2, -2). the points (0, -1) and (4, 8).

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 1.3 Inclination and Slope of a Line

Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

Two non-vertical lines are parallel, if and only if, their slopes are
equal.
If 𝓂1 and 𝓂2 are the slopes of the lines 𝓁1 and 𝓁2 respectively,
and if 𝓂1 = 𝓂2, then 𝓁1‖𝓁2.

Two lines are perpendicular, if and only if, the slope of one is the
negative reciprocal of the slope of the other.

If 𝓂1 and 𝓂2 are the slopes of the lines 𝓁1 and 𝓁2 respectively,

−1
and if 𝓂1 = , then 𝓁1  𝓁2.
𝓂2

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 1.3 Inclination and Slope of a Line

Example 5: Show that the line 𝓁1 through the points

M(2, -6) and N(5, 2) is parallel to the line 𝓁2 through
the points O(-7, -3) and Q(-4, 5).

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 1.3 Inclination and Slope of a Line

Example 6: The slope of a line perpendicular to the line

−7
through (4, 2) and (-3, y) is 4 -. Find the value of y.

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 1.3 Inclination and Slope of a Line

Example 7: Prove by means of slope that quadrilateral with

vertices A(0, 7), B(3, 3), C(-4, 3) and D(-1, -1) is a parallelogram.

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 1.3 Inclination and Slope of a Line

Example 8: Verify that the points X(-1, 3), Y (0, 5) and Z(3, 1)
are vertices of a right triangle.

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 Activities
1.1 - 1.3
Due on Wednesday,
September 29

To: gemmalegaspi@cvsu.edu.ph
Subject: MATH 1A_Activity 1.1-1.3_CS2-2_[name]
GEMMA S. LEGASPI, PhD
Associate Professor V