LESSON #1

Engineering Work is
All Around You
 LESSON 1

OBJECTIVES

■At the end of the chapter, the learner should be able to:
➢ Learn History of Engineering
➢ Identify the importance of Engineering
➢ Appreciate the Development of Engineering
 EE
Introduction to Electrical ENgineering
Engineering Achievements of the
Mesapotamians
 Ziggurat temple
The ziggurat was a terraced pyramid of brick with staircases,
setbacks, and a shrine or chapel at the top.
The Tower of Babel mentioned in the Old Testament is
believed to have been this type of structure.

Code of Hammurabi

This famous code provided penalties for those who

permitted poor construction practices and is
considered to be a forerunner of today’s building
codes.
At Jerwan, an elevated cut-stone aqueduct was built to carry the open
canal over a small stream. This famous structure was 863 feet long, 68
feet wide, and 28 feet at the highest point (6). It supported a channel that
was approximately 50 feet wide and about 5 feet deep (2). The channel
was underlain by a thick layer of concrete, the first known use of this
construction material.
 The Nahrawan, a 400-foot wide
canal extended generally parallel
to the Tigris River over a
distance of 200 miles, irrigating
an area averaging 18 miles in
width. Imposing masonry dams
were used by the
Mesopotamians to divert small
Nahrawan canal
tributaries into the canal.

Lesson 1: History of Engineering

Engineering Achievements of the
Egyptians
Egyptians practiced the earliest known form of surveying, developed effective irrigation systems,
and built remarkable edifices of stone.

Lesson 1: History of Engineering

Ancient Egypt sought to build the
tallest, broadest, and most durable
structures the world would ever
see. Their palaces, temples, and
tombs were designed as symbols
of triumphant and everlasting
power.

Lesson 1: History of Engineering

The great temples and monuments of ancient Egypt continue
to fascinate and amaze people in the modern day. The sheer
size and scope of structures like the
Great Pyramid at Giza or the Temple of Amun at Karnak or
the Colossi of Memnon are literally awe-inspiring and
naturally encourage questions regarding how they were built.
All across the Egyptian landscape rise immense structures,
thousands of years old, which have given rise to many
different theories as to their construction. While a number of
very significant questions remain unanswered, the simplest
explanation for many can be found in ancient Egyptian
inscriptions, texts, wall paintings, tomb inscriptions, art, and
artifacts: the ancient Egyptians had an extraordinary
command of science and technology.
Engineering Achievements of the
Greeks
The ancient Greeks are often credited with building the foundations
upon which all western cultures are built, and this impressive
accolade stems from their innovative contributions to a wide range
of human activities, from sports to medicine, architecture to
democracy. Like any other culture before or since, the Greeks
learnt from the past, adapted good ideas they came across when
they met other cultures, and developed their own brand new
ideas.

Lesson 1: History of Engineering

Aristotle introduced the idea of the earth
as a globe. He also classified animals
and is often referred to as the father of
zoology. Theophrastus was the first
botanist that we know of in written
history. The Pythagoreans not only
made the earliest advances in
philosophy and geometry, but they also
proposed the heliocentric hypothesis of
the earth revolving around the sun and
not the other way around as was
believed at that time.
Engineering Achievements of the
Romans
Roman engineers improved upon older ideas and inventions to
introduce a great number of innovations. They developed
materials and techniques that revolutionized bridge and
aqueducts’ construction, perfected ancient weapons and
developed new ones, while inventing machines that harnessed
the power of water. Roman engineering accomplishments
generated much wealth and prosperity, improving the daily lives
of Romans and helping Rome maintain its dominance
in Europe and the Mediterranean for centuries.
Engineering Achievements of the Romans

Circus Maximus Wooden bucket wheel

Appian Way
Colosseum
Engineering Achievements of the Romans

Alcantara Bridge

Aqua Appia

Pont Du Gard

Lesson 1: History of Engineering

Engineering Achievements of the
Middle Age
The turn of the century started the era of the “horseless
carriage.” Powerful for its time, lightweight, and very
advanced the first gasoline-powered Mercedes came into
existence in 1901.s
Engineering Achievements: Electrical
Engineering
Engineering Achievements: Electrical Engineering

Electricity as source of power – one of the most significant achievement

Lesson 1: History of Engineering

History of Electrical Engineering

Lesson 1: History of Engineering

History of Electrical Engineering
• William Gilbert (1540-1603), English physician, founder of
magnetic science, published De Magnete, a treatise on
magnetism, in 1600.

• Charles A. Coulomb (1736-1806), French engineer and

physicist, published the law of electrostatics in seven memoirs
to the French Academy of Science between 1785 and 1791.
His name is associated with the unit of charge.

• James Watt (1736-1819), English inventor, developed the

steam engine. His name is used to represent the unit of power.

• Allesandro Volta (1745-1827), Italian physicist, discovered the

electric pile. The unit of electric potential and the alternate
name of this quantity (voltage) are named after him.

• Hans Christian Oersted (1777-1851), Danish physicist,

Lesson 1: History of Engineering

discovered the connection between electricity and magnetism

in 1820. The unit of magnetic field strength is named after him.
• Andre Marie Ampere (1775-1836), French mathematician, chemist, and
physicist, experimentally quantified the relationship between electric
current and the magnetic field. His works were summarized in a treatise
published in 1827. The unit of electric current is named after him.

• George Simon Ohm(1789-1854), German mathematician, investigated

the relationship between voltage and current and quantified the
phenomenon of resistance. His first results were published in 1827. His
name is used to represent the unit of resistance.

• Michael Faraday (1791-1867), English experimenter, demonstrated

electromagnetic induction in 1831. His electric transformer and
electromagnetic generator marked the beginning of the age of electric
power. His name is associated with the unit of capacitance.

• Joseph Henry (1797-1878), U.S. physicist, discovered self-induction

around 1831, and his name has been designated to represent the unit of
inductance. He had also recognized the essential structure of the
telegraph, which was later perfected by Samuel F.B. Morse.

• Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855), German mathematician, and

Wilhelm Eduard Weber (1804-1891), German physicist, published a
treatise in 1833 describing he measurement of the earth’s magnetic field.
The gauss is a unit of magnetic field strength, while the weber is a unit of
Lesson 1: History of Engineering
magnetic flux.
• James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879), Scottish physicist,
discovered the electromagnetic theory of light and the
laws of electrodynamics. The modern theory of
electromagnetics is entirely founded upon Maxwell’s
equations.

• Ernst Werner Siemens (1816-1892), and Wilhelm

Siemens (1823-1883), German inventors and engineers,
contributed to the invention and development of electric
machines, as well as to perfecting electrical science. The
modern unit of conductance is named after them.

• Heinrich Rudolph Hertz (1857-1894), German scientist

and experimenter, discovered the nature of
electromagnetic waves and published his findings in
1888. His name is associated with the unit of frequency.

• Nikola Tesla (1856-1943), Croatian inventor, emigrated

to the United States in 1884. He invented polyphase
electric power systems and the induction Lesson motor and
1: History of Engineering
pioneered modern AC electric power systems. His name
is used to represent the unit of magnetic flux density.
 PREPARATION FOR
ENGINEERING CAREER
 LESSON 2
OBJECTIVES

At the end of the chapter, the learner should be able to:

➢ Awareness in Engineering Support Personnel
➢ Identify the Functions of Engineering
➢ Differentiate EE Fields of Specialization
➢ Determine your Career Paths
Get Involved with an Engineering
Organization
What engineers factor in their work

• Knowledge of natural sciences and mathematics

• Experience and professional practice affects
professional judgement
• Finite resources
• Economics

Up until the late 1960s, economics was the

principal constraint on the planning and
building of engineering works. There was little
concern about harmful environmental effects.
A dramatic turnabout in public and official
concern about the environmental impact of
technological achievements culminated in the
passage of various environmental legislations.
All of the engineer’s work must benefit mankind.
 Board of Electrical Engineering

Pursuant to Public Act No. 2985 enacted on February 23, 1921, the first Electrical
Engineering Board of Examiners was constituted to regulate the electrical
engineering profession.

The law was later amended by Act No. 3159 approved March 8, 1924 and by Act No.
3182 enacted on November 17, 1924. Act No. 3182 mandated the Secretary of
Commerce and Communications to appoint the Boards of Examiners for the
Engineering, Accountancy and Surveying.

When Public Act No. 4007 was approved on December 5, 1932, the Board was placed
under the administrative jurisdiction of the Department of Public Works and
Communications. Lesson 3: The Engineer as a Professional
 Board of Electrical Engineering
On June 21, 1947, Republic Act No. 184 was enacted as the “Electrical Engineering
Law” entitled “An Act to Regulate the Practice of Electrical Engineering in the
Philippines, to Provide for the Licensing and Registration of Electrical Engineers and
Electricians and for other Purposes.”

On February 24, 1995, R.A. 184 was amended by R.A. 7920, the “New Electrical
Engineering Law.” Entitled “An Act Providing for a More Responsive and
Comprehensive Regulation for the Practice, Licensing and Registration of Electrical
Engineers and Electricians,” it provides for the composition, powers and functions of
the Board, examination and registration of professionals, and the prohibitions in the
practice of the electrical engineering profession.

Lesson 3: The Engineer as a Professional

 Republic Act 7920
An Act Providing for a More Responsive and
Comprehensive Regulation for the
Practice, Licensing, and Registration
of Electrical Engineers and
Electricians.
1. He is a citizen of the Philippines;

2. He is at least twenty-one (21) years of age;

3. He is of good reputation with high moral values;

4. He has not been finally convicted by the court of an offense involving moral
turpitude; and

5. He is a holder of the degree of Bachelor of Science in Electrical

Engineering (BSEE) from a university, school, college, academy or
institute duly constituted, recognized and accredited by the Philippine
government.
1. He is a citizen of the Philippines;

2. He is of good reputation with high moral values;

3. He has not been finally convicted by the court of an offense involving moral turpitude;

4. He is a holder of the degree of Bachelor of Science in Electric Engineering (BSEE)

from a university, school, college, academy or institute duly constituted, recognized and
accredited by the Philippine government; and

5. He is a registered electrical engineer with valid certificate of registration and

professional license and with four (4) years or more of active practice reckoned
from the date of his registration as a registered electrical engineer.
 IIEE www.iiee.org

The Institute of Integrated Electrical Engineers of the Philippines,

Inc. (IIEE) is the organization of electrical practitioners and the
only accredited professional organization (APO) of electrical
practitioners by the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC).
Founded in 1975, the organization, which started with 500
members, has now 23,000 members and more are joining.

The new EE Law (RA 7920) requires Electrical Practitioners (Professional Electrical
Engineers, Registered Electrical Engineers and Registered Master Electricians) to
be a member of IIEE or other PRC accredited organization of electrical practitioners.
IIEE being the only APO of electrical practitioners expects to more than double its
membership by year 2008.
Engineering Support Personnel
 • Conceptual design
• Research
• Project planning
Engineer • Product innovation
• System development
• Supervision of technologists, technicians, and craftsmen

• Routine product development

• Construction supervision
• Technical sales
Technologist • Hardware design and development
• Coordination of work force, materials, and equipment
• Supervision of technicians and craftsmen

• Drafting
• Estimating
• Field inspections
Technician • Data collection
• Surveying
• Technical writing

• Uses hand and power tools to service, maintain, andoperate

Craftsman machines or products useful to the engineering team
Managing Study Habits
• Time management is nothing but
common sense. I do well in school, so I
must be managing my time effectively.
• It takes all the fun out of life!!!
• Time management? I work better
under pressure.
• No matter what I do, I won’t have
enough time!
• Increases productivity.
• Reduces stress.
• Improves self-esteem.
• Helps achieve balance in life.
• Increases self-confidence
• Helps you reach your goals!
 Urgent Not Urgent

Important Do Now Plan to Do

Not Important Reject Resist

• Trivial requests from others •
• Apparent emergencies
• Interruptions and
distractions
Scrutinize and probe demands.
Help originators to re-
assess. Wherever
possible reject and avoid
these tasks.
‘Comfort’ activities, computer
games, net surfing
• Chat, gossip, text,
social
communications
• Daydreaming, doodling over
long breaks
• Unnecessary
adjusting
equipment
Habitual ‘comforters’ not true
tasks. Non-productive, de-
motivational.
Minimize or cease altogether.
Plan to avoid them.
1. Set goals
2. Set reasonable expectations (and
remember that no one’s perfect)

3. Make a schedule

4. Revisit and revise your plan

Set Up Your Semester Calendar
▪ Block all important set time obligations.

▪ Block all class and lab times.

▪ Look at the syllabus for the class schedule.

• Note the weight of the activities.
• Highlight all exams and project due dates.

▪ Work backwards from exams and papers (PERT).

▪ Study time.

▪ Time for your sanity.

• Set realistic goals, there are only
24 hours in a day.

• Use spare time to review.

• Study at the same time each day:

make it a habit

• Divide study time into

manageable chunks

• Leave extra time at the end!

Knowing what is most valuable to you gives direction to your
life.
Your energy should be oriented first toward things that reflect
the values that are most important.
Examine your values to help you make time management
decisions.
Time and energy management can make you more productive and reduce
your stress level.
The Three Steps
• Set goals
• Make a schedule
• Revisit and revise your plan
Be tough with your time. Actively avoid procrastination and time wasters.
Learn to say “no” to distractions.
Employ a variety of time management strategies to maximize your time.
Relax and enjoy the extra time that you’ve discovered!
Electrical Engineering as a Profession
Electrical Engineering as Major Branch of Engineering

The largest of all engineering branches, electrical engineering

is concerned with electrical devices, currents, and systems.
Specialty Areas of Electrical Engineering
Functions of Engineering