Lecture2 - MoM S2-20 PDF

Week 2: Axial Loads
(300040)
Dr Eileen AN
School of Engineering
300040 Mechanics of Materials (MoM)

Learning Objectives
• Correlate the behaviour of some engineering materials to the
stress-strain diagram.
• Determine the elastic deformation of axially loaded member
• Apply the principle of superposition for total effect of different
loading cases
• Solve Statically Indeterminate problems
• Calculate how Stress and Strain respond to a Temperature
change
Readings:
Textbook: Chapters 3 & 4
300040 Mechanics of Materials (MoM) 2

Contents
• Review of lecture 1
• Relating Stress and Strain (Section 3.2-3.4)
• Poisson’s Ratio (Section 3.6)
• Statically Indeterminate Problems (Sections 4.2- 4.4)
• Thermal Strain (Section 4.6)

Contents

Review Of Lecture 1
Normal Normal
Normal Stress
Loading Strain
σ = Eε
FL
δ=
EA

Review Of Lecture 1
Shear Shear Strain

Shear Stress
Loading

Stress concentration

Contents

• Stress-Strain relationship can be determined from the tension or
compression test.
• The following machine is designed to read the load required to stretch
the specimen.
A
L
Dial Gauge
F
The Stress–Strain Diagram
• Elastic Behaviour
 Stress is proportional to the strain.
 Material is said to be
linearly elastic.
• Yielding
 Increase in stress above
elastic limit will cause material
to deform permanently.
• Strain Hardening.
 After yielding a further load will
reaches a ultimate stress.
• Necking
 At ultimate stress, cross-sectional
area begins to decrease in a
localized region of the specimen.
 Specimen breaks at the

fracture stress.

The stress-strain diagram
Force Stress
F
F F σ=
A
F σ
L A
δ ε
δ δ
F δ ε=
L
Elongation
Strain

The Stress–Strain Diagram
• Nominal or engineering stress is obtained by dividing the applied load

F by the specimen’s original cross-sectional area.
F
σ=
A0
• Nominal or engineering strain is obtained by dividing the change in
the specimen’s gauge length by the specimen’s original gauge length.
δ
ε=
L0

Hooke’s Law
σ = Eε
E: is called Young’s modulus or the modulus of elasticity
Typical values of E are measured in GPa (109Pa).

For structural steel: E=200GPa, σYield=250MPa

How to find elongation δ
based on Hooke’s Law?
δ
ε= σ=
F
L A
σ = Eε
FL
δ=
EA
Relating Shear Stress and Shear Strain
Hooke’s Law:
τ xy = Gγ xy
G: is called the shear modulus of elasticity or modulus of rigidity.
Typical values of G are measured in GPa (109Pa).

For structural steel: G=75GPa

Example 1
The material for the 50-mm-long specimen (with a diameter of 20mm) has the stress-
strain diagram shown below. If P=100kN, determine the elongation of this specimen.
Stress P
(MPa)
500
450
Strain
0.00225 0.03 P
Can we use the
normal strain
equation for δ?
Why?

Factor of Safety
When designing structure, what is the maximum stress that we should allow
it to have? σ ALLOW σ FAIL
Tacoma Narrows Bridge in 1940

Factor of safety (F.S.):
σ FAIL F .S . =
τ FAIL
>1
F .S . = >1
σ ALLOW τ ALLOW
For example, with a factor of safety of 3 and a failure stress of 200MPa,
σ FAIL 200 MPa

σ ALLOW = =
F .S . 3
= 66.7 MPa
When design aircraft

or space-vehicle
component, is it better
to have a larger F.S?
How about nuclear
power plant?

Design of Simple Connection
• For normal force requirement
P
A=
σ allow
• For shear force requirement
V
A=
τ allow

Design of Simple Connection (Factor of Safety)
σ FAIL τ FAIL
F .S . = >1 F .S . = >1
σ ALLOW τ ALLOW
P V
≤ σ allow ≤ τ allow
A A
Allowable (Minimum) cross-sectional area:
P V
A≥ A≥
σ allow τ allow
Allowable (Maximum) applied force:
P ≤ Aσ allow V ≤ Aτ allow

Contents

Poisson’s Ratio (Section 3.6)
• For a circular shaft subjected to axial tension:
σx
εx = σr = 0
E
•The elongation in the axial direction is accompanied by a contraction in the radial directions.
εr ≠ 0
•Poisson’s ratio is defined as
lateral strain ε lateral v is a material property with typical
ν= =− values are 0.25 to 0.4. For structural
axial strain ε axial steel, v=0.32.

• For a slender bar under axial loading:
σx
εx = σy =σz = 0
E
•The elongation in the X-direction is accompanied
by a contraction in the other directions:
εy = εz ≠ 0
• With Poisson's ratio:
εyεz
ν =− =−
εx εx

Negative Poisson’s ratio
Special Poisson’s ratio
Cork ν ≈ 0.0 Rubber ν ≈ 0.5

A slender bar has a stress in the X-direction only, and the strain in the X direction will be:
σx
σx
z εx =
y
E
σx
x
The resultant strains in the Y and Z directions are:
Any strain occur

in the other two
σx
directions?
ε y = ε z = −νε x = −ν
E

σy σz
εy = εz =
E E
σy
σz
z
z
y
σy y
x σz
x
σy σz
ε x = ε z = −νε y = −ν ε x = ε y = −νε z = −ν
E E

Multi-axial loading
Hooke’s Law in 3D:
σy
σz
σx σx σy σz
z
εx = −ν −ν
x y E E E
σx σy σz
σx ε y = −ν + −ν
E E E
σy
σz σx σy σz
ε z = −ν −ν +
E E E

Relationships between Young’s Modulus (E), Shear Modulus (G) and Poisson’s
Ratio (v)
E
G=
2(1 +ν )

Example 2:
A bar made of A-36 steel has the dimension shown in the figure. If an axial force of P=80 kN is
applied to the bar, determine the change in the length and the change in the dimensions of its
cross section after applying the load. The material behaves elastically.
Est = 200GPa
ν st = 0.32

Example 2:
A bar made of A-36 steel has the dimension shown in the figure. If an axial force of P=80 kN is
applied to the bar, determine the change in the length and the change in the dimensions of its
cross section after applying the load. The material behaves elastically.
Est = 200GPa
ν st = 0.32

Contents
• Statically Indeterminate Problems (Sections 4.2-
4.4)
• Thermal Stress and Strain (Section 4.6)

Statically Indeterminate Problems
Is it possible to find
the support
reactions by using
Equilibrium
Equations?
B F=10 kN

Example 3: Determine the reactions at the floor and ceiling
A
A=100mm2
Aluminium
B Eal = 70GPa
2
A=200mm
20kN Est = 200GPa
C Steel
Solution: Lengths: AB=BC=100mm

R1
A
Equilibrium condition:
B
∑F V =0 ↑
+ ve
R1 + R2 − 20 = 0 Eq. (1)
20
What is the
C additional
equation?
R2
Compatibility condition:
δ AB + δ BC = 0 A
FAB ⋅ LAB FBC ⋅ LBC

+ =0 Eq. (2) 20kN
E AB ⋅ AAB EBC ⋅ ABC C
Can you solve the

support reaction
using Eqs (1) and
(2) now?

Find the internal force in each section: R1
R1 A
For section AB: A

FAB = R1
B
FAB
R1 20
A C
For section BC: FBC = R1 − 20
R2
B
20kN
FBC
Substituting the internal forces into Eq.(2)
R1 ⋅ LAB ( R − 20) ⋅ LBC

+ 1 =0 Eq. (3)
E AB ⋅ AAB E BC ⋅ ABC
R1 ⋅ LAB ( R1 − 20) ⋅ LBC
+ =0 Eq. (3)
E AB ⋅ AAB EBC ⋅ ABC
R1 × (100 E − 3) ( R − (20 E 3)) × (100 E − 3)

+ 1 =0
(70 E 9) × (100 E − 6) (200 E 9) × (200 E − 6)
R1 = 2978 N = 2.978kN
Substituting R1 = 2.978kN
into Eq. (1), we have
2.978 + R2 − 20 = 0 R2 = 17.022kN
Average Normal stress in Section AB and BC:
σ AB = FAB / AAB = 29.78MPa σ BC = FBC / ABC = −85.11MPa

Example 4
Solution:
From Equilibrium equation we have
20 × 10 3 − FA − FB = 0
Compatibility Equation is:
δ Total = δ AC + δ CB = 0.2 mm Without gap,

what is the
FA × 0.4 − FB × 0.8 compatibility
+ = 0.2 × 10 −3 m condition?
E⋅A E⋅A
⇒ FA × 0.4 − FB × 0.8 = 0.2 × 10 −3 × 200 × 10 9 π (0.005 2 )
Based on these two equations:
FA = 15.95 kN FB = 4.05 kN
Different Statically Indeterminate Problems:
Case 1:
Equilibrium condition: FAl + Fbr = 9
Compatibility condition: δ br = δ al

Case 2:
Equilibrium condition: FA + FC + FE = 15 ∑M A = 0 ⇒3 − 0.4 FC − 0.8 FE = 0
Compatibility condition: δ AB + δ EF = 2δ CD

Case 3:
Equilibrium condition: FA + FB + FC = 160 ∑ M A = 0 ⇒16 − 0.1FB − 0.2 FC = 0
Compatibility condition: δ A = δ B + gap

Contents
• Thermal Stress and Strain (Section 4.6)

Thermal Expansion and Contraction

A change in temperature can cause a body to change its dimensions. Generally, if the
temperature increases, the body will expand, whereas if the temperature decreases, it will
contract. Usually this expansion or contraction is linearly related to temperature change as:
δ T = αL∆T
Where α is the constant of proportionality, called the coefficient of thermal expansion.

It is property of the material. In the unit of ( oC ) −1
L is the original length.
ΔT is the change in temperature
Typical values of α are measured in 10-6(oC)-1.

For structural steel, α = (12 E − 6)( o C ) −1

Thermal Strain:
What is thermal
strain?
δT
εT = = α∆T
L
For a bar under axial
loading in a increasing
temperature
environment, what is its
total length change? F F
∆T ↑
δ Total = (δ )Temp + (δ ) Force

Example 5:
A brass bar and an aluminum bar are held between two rigid supports with a gap of 0.5 mm
between their ends. The temperature is raised by the 60oC. Determine the stress in each bar
and the elongation of the brass bar.
For the brass bar: For the aluminum bar: Aluminium
L=300mm L=250mm
Brass
E=105GPa E=70GPa
Diameter=50mm Diameter=75mm
α=(18E-6)(oC)-1 α=(23E-6)(oC)-1
0.5mm
Will these two
bars expand and Aluminium
touch each
other? Brass
0.5mm
δ Temp = (δ Br )T + (δ Al )T > δ Gap = 0.5mm ?

Aluminium
Brass
If they touch and
Touch!
compress each other,
what is the total length
change of the bars?
0.5mm
δ Total = (δ )Temp + (δ ) Force
δ Br = (δ Br )T + (δ Br ) F
What is the
δ Al = (δ Al )T + (δ Al ) F
compatibility
condition then?
Compatibility condition:
δ A / C = δ Br + δ Al = δ Gap = 0.5mm
Example 4 Solution:
Step 1: Determine if the bars will touch when temperature increase.
(δ Br )T = αL∆T = (18 E − 6) × 300 × 60 = 0.324mm Aluminium

(δ Al )T = αL∆T = (23E − 6) × 250 × 60 = 0.345mm Brass
(δ )T = (δ Br )T + (δ Al )T = 0.324 + 0.345
= 0.669mm > δ Gap = 0.5mm
Touch! 0.5mm
Step 2: After the bars touch, the bars are under compression. Calculate the combined elongation due
to the temperature rise and to compressive F.
The internal force in both bar =F (Compressive force), from Equilibrium condition:
Elongation due to temperature rise and internal force is: Aluminium

F
Brass F
− F × LBr
δ Br = (δ Br )T + (δ Br ) F = 0.324 +
E Br × ABr
− F × LAl
δ Al = (δ Al )T + (δ Al ) F = 0.345 +
E Al × AAl
Step 3:Compatibility condition
δ Br + δ Al = δ Gap = 0.5
F × 300 F × 250
0.669 − − = 0.5
(105 E 9) × (1963.49 E − 6) (70 E 9) × (4417.86 E − 6)
F = 74.66 E 3 ( N ) = 74.66 (kN )
Step 4: The average normal stress in each bar
Stress in the brass bar,
F (74.66 E 3)
σ Br = = = 38.02 MPa
ABr 1963.49
Stress in the aluminum bar,
F (74.66 E 3)
σ Al = = = 16.9 MPa
AAl 4417.86

Step 5: Elongation in each bar
Elongation in the brass bar,
(74.66 E 3) × 300
δ Br = (δ Br ) T + (δ Br ) F = 0.324 −
(105 E 9) × (1963.49 E − 6)
= 0.324 − 0.109 = 0.215mm
Elongation in the aluminum bar,
(74.66 E 3) × 250
δ Al = (δ Al ) T + (δ Al ) F = 0.345 −
(70 E 9) × (4417.86 E − 6)
= 0.345 − 0.060 = 0.285mm

Next Week
• Lecture & lecture tutorial
– Torsion
• Tutorial
– Tutorial question set 2 based on Lecture 2

Questions?
Dr. Eileen AN
E-mail: e.an@city.westernsydney.edu.au
Consultation: By appointment via email

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Week 2: Axial Loads

300040 Mechanics of Materials (MoM)

300040 Mechanics of Materials (MoM) 2

300040 Mechanics of Materials (MoM) 3

300040 Mechanics of Materials (MoM) 4

300040 Mechanics of Materials (MoM)

Shear Shear Strain

300040 Mechanics of Materials (MoM)

300040 Mechanics of Materials (MoM) 7

300040 Mechanics of Materials (MoM) 8

 Specimen breaks at the

300040 Mechanics of Materials (MoM) 11

300040 Mechanics of Materials (MoM) 12

• Nominal or engineering stress is obtained by dividing the applied load

300040 Mechanics of Materials (MoM) 13

Typical values of E are measured in GPa (109Pa).

300040 Mechanics of Materials (MoM) 14

G: is called the shear modulus of elasticity or modulus of rigidity.

Typical values of G are measured in GPa (109Pa).

300040 Mechanics of Materials (MoM) 16

300040 Mechanics of Materials (MoM) 17

Tacoma Narrows Bridge in 1940

300040 Mechanics of Materials (MoM) 18

For example, with a factor of safety of 3 and a failure stress of 200MPa,

σ FAIL 200 MPa

When design aircraft

300040 Mechanics of Materials (MoM) 19

300040 Mechanics of Materials (MoM)

300040 Mechanics of Materials (MoM)

300040 Mechanics of Materials (MoM) 22

• For a circular shaft subjected to axial tension:

300040 Mechanics of Materials (MoM) 23

• With Poisson's ratio:

300040 Mechanics of Materials (MoM)

Special Poisson’s ratio

Cork ν ≈ 0.0 Rubber ν ≈ 0.5

The resultant strains in the Y and Z directions are:

Any strain occur

300040 Mechanics of Materials (MoM) 26

300040 Mechanics of Materials (MoM) 27

300040 Mechanics of Materials (MoM) 28

300040 Mechanics of Materials (MoM) 29

300040 Mechanics of Materials (MoM)

300040 Mechanics of Materials (MoM)

300040 Mechanics of Materials (MoM) 32

300040 Mechanics of Materials (MoM) 33

Solution: Lengths: AB=BC=100mm

FAB ⋅ LAB FBC ⋅ LBC

Can you solve the

300040 Mechanics of Materials (MoM) 35

For section AB: A

Substituting the internal forces into Eq.(2)

R1 ⋅ LAB ( R − 20) ⋅ LBC

R1 × (100 E − 3) ( R − (20 E 3)) × (100 E − 3)

Average Normal stress in Section AB and BC:

σ AB = FAB / AAB = 29.78MPa σ BC = FBC / ABC = −85.11MPa

300040 Mechanics of Materials (MoM)