Kami Export - Minh Le - CA Intersession Earth Science A Credit 4 SS

Rev.
5/3/2018
Earth Science A Summer Intersession

Credit 4: Earth Minerals and Systems
Course Information
Teacher Contact Information

Supervising Teacher – Science Teacher –
Phone Number – Phone Number –
E-mail – E-mail –
Hours Available – Hours Available –
Tutoring Hours – Days and Times –
Tutor Names –
Grading Scale
Mark A B C D INC Indicator Points
Value 100 – 89 – 79 – 69 – 59 –
Assessment 50
90% 80% 70% 60% 0%
Homework 50
Total 100
Student Support Icons
Title Icon Description

Lab Wherever this icon is placed students know that they need to perform a lab.
Review This provides the student with a reminder that they need to answer
questions.
Technology Guides students through the tasks and assignments that require the use of
technology and manipulatives.
Textbook This icon lets the student know they will be reading out of the text.
Reading
Summer Intersession Earth Science A Credit 4 L4L Earth Science A (2018) Page 1
Rev. 5/3/2018
CREDIT 4A: EARTH MATERIALS AND SYSTEMS

Learning Goals for this Credit
Communicate scientific information clearly, thoroughly and accurately.

Collect, analyze and evaluate the quality of evidence in relation to a question.
Lesson Title Assignments

INTRODUCTION 
4.1 Energy in the Earth System  Connect to Essential Question
 Exploration Activity
 Reading and Questions
 Videos (optional)
 Air, Water, Land, & Life: A Global Perspective
 Review Questions
4.2 The Rock Cycle and Igneous Rocks  Connect to Prior Knowledge
 When Rocks Don’t Fit the Mold
4.3 Sedimentary and Metamorphic Rocks  Connect to Prior Knowledge
 Metamorphic Rocks
ASSESSMENT  Complete Test
Credit Materials
Materials Needed Technology Needs
 Pen  Internet
 HMH Earth Science  Computer
Textbook  HMH Online Resources
 Packet
Rev. 5/3/2018
CREDIT 4: INTRODUCTION
Read the introduction below and watch the video “Big Idea 3: Earth's Systems Interact” below. Then answer
the essential question.
Earth is unique for several reasons. It is the only known planet in the solar system that has liquid water on its
surface and an atmosphere that contains a large proportion of oxygen. Earth is also the only planet—in our solar
system or in any other solar system—that is known to support life.
Life is supported due to the interaction between Earth’s four main systems: the hydrosphere, biosphere,
geosphere and atmosphere.
The hydrosphere is composed of all of Earth’s water. This can include oceans, lakes, rivers, lakes, aquifers and
even the ice caps. The biosphere is composed of all living organisms, from plants to animals to even single-
celled organisms. The geosphere is composed of all the rocks, soil and minerals found on Earth. It also includes
the mantle and crust. The atmosphere is composed of all the gases that surround our planet.
An essential question is something that allows you to explore the content of the credit. Before you answer the
question, examine the picture and watch the video. Then, answer the essential question to the best of your
ability. You will revisit it at the end of the credit to see if your answer has evolved.
Video: Big Idea 3: Earth's Systems Interact (5:49)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BnpF0ndXk-8
"Big Idea 3: Earth's Systems Interact." YouTube. AGIeducation, 30 Sept. 2011. Web. 16 October 2017.
Essential Question
How have Earth’s four systems interacted to shape
the environment where you live?
They all help one another which makes our lives
________________________________________
possible.
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Rev. 5/3/2018
LESSON 4.1: ENERGY IN THE EARTH SYSTEM

Learning Goals for this Lesson

 Describe the compositional and structural layers of Earth’s interior.
 List the characteristics of Earth’s four major systems.
 Identify the two main sources of energy in the Earth system.
 Identify four processes in which matter and energy cycle on Earth.
 Describe seven physical properties that help to distinguish one mineral from another.
Lesson Assignments
 Connect to Essential Question
 Air, Water, Land, & Life: A Global Perspective
Engage
Connect to Essential Question

Mount Kilauea is an active volcano found
on one of the Hawaiian Islands. Looking at
the image to the right, how do you think the
four systems are interacting with one
another?
___________________________________
Water and the volcano collide making land which
releases gasses that shape the air which then
___________________________________
supports life and living creatures.
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___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Rev. 5/3/2018
Explore
Exploration Activity
Scientists have made important discoveries about Earth's interior through studies of seismic waves. Seismic
waves are vibrations that travel through Earth. Earthquakes and explosions near Earth's surface produce seismic
waves. By studying these waves as they travel through Earth, scientists have determined that Earth is made up
of three major compositional zones and five major structural zones, as shown in the figure below.
The thin, solid, outermost zone of Earth is called the crust. The crust makes up only 1% of Earth's mass. The
crust beneath the oceans is called oceanic crust. Oceanic crust is only 5 to 10 km thick. The part of the crust
that makes up the continents is called continental crust. The continental crust varies in thickness and is
generally between 15 and 80 km thick. Continental crust is thickest beneath high mountain ranges. The lower
boundary of the crust, which was named for its discoverer, is called the Mohorovici´c (moh hoh ROH vuh
chich) discontinuity, or Moho. The mantle, the layer that underlies the crust, is denser than the crust. The
mantle is nearly 2,900 km thick and makes up almost two-thirds of Earth's mass. The center of Earth is a sphere
whose radius is about 3,500 km. Scientists think that this center sphere, called the core, is composed mainly of
iron and nickel.
Allison, DeGaetano, Pasachoff. “Earth: A Unique Planet.” Hold McDougal Earth Science. Austin, TX: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company, 2010. 30.
Print.
1. What are the three compositional zones?

There are three compositional layers in the Earth which are the core, the mantle, and the crust.
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2. Which structural zones exist within the core compositional zones?
The Earth's structural zones (S-Zones) are the lithosphere, asthenosphere, mesosphere, inner core, and outer core.
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3. What are differences between the crust, mantle and core?
The crust is a silicate solid, the mantle is a viscous molten rock, the outer core is a viscous liquid, and the inner core is a
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dense solid.
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Rev. 5/3/2018
Explain
Reading
Read the following section. Once you have completed the reading answer the questions below.
Holt McDougal Earth Science Chapter 2 Section 1 pages 29-32
1. Explain why scientists have to rely on indirect observations to study Earth’s interior.
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Geologists cannot look or physically go inside Earth so instead they must rely on indirect methods of observation.
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2. Compare Earth’s compositional layers with its structural layers.
Compositional layers are determined by their components, while structural layers are determined by their physical
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properties.
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3. Identify the possible source of Earth’s magnetic field.
The magnetic field is generated by electric currents due to the motion of convection currents of a mixture of molten iron
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and nickel in the Earth's outer core
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4. What is the relationship between matter and energy within a system?

In_______________________________________________________________________________________
natural systems, both energy and matter are conserved within a system. This means that energy and matter can change forms but
cannot be created or destroyed. Energy and matter are often cycled within a system, and different forms of matter and energy are able
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to interact.
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5. Compare an open system with a closed system.
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An open system can exchange both energy and matter with its surroundings. The stovetop example would be an open
system, because heat and water vapor can be lost to the air. A closed system, on the other hand, can exchange only energy
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with its surroundings, not matter.
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6. What are two characteristics of each of Earth’s four major systems?
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The geosphere and the biosphere.
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Rev. 5/3/2018
7. How does Earth’s energy budget effect Earths systems?
Earth's energy budget describes the balance between the radiant energy that reaches Earth from the sun and the energy that
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flows from Earth back out to space.
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8. What are the four processes in which matter cycles on Earth?
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The 4 cycles of matter are water, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles.
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9. Explain how carbon cycles in Earth’s systems.
The carbon cycle is nature's way of reusing carbon atoms, which travel from the atmosphere into organisms in the Earth and
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then back into the atmosphere over and over again.
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10. Explain how nitrogen cycles in Earth’s systems.
The nitrogen cycle is the set of biogeochemical processes by which nitrogen undergoes chemical reactions, changes form,
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and moves through difference reservoirs on Earth, including living organisms.
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11. What are the four criteria for minerals?

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Natural, solid, inorganic, and crystalline.
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12. Identify two elements that are in all silicate minerals.
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Silicon and oxygen.
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13. What compounds are not found in a nonsilicate mineral?
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One abundant non-silicate mineral is pyrite, or "fool's gold," a compound of iron and sulfur well known for its deceptive
metallic luster. Others include calcite, from which limestone and marble are formed, hematite, corundum, gypsum and
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magnetite, an iron oxide famed for its magnetic properties.
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14. List the six main crystalline structures of silicate minerals.
Ortho silicates, Pyro silicate, Cyclic silicates, Chain silicates, Double chain silicate, Sheets, and Three dimensional
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silicates.
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Rev. 5/3/2018
15. Explain why nonsilicate minerals have a wider variety of crystalline structures than silicate minerals do.
Nonsilicate minerals have diverse chemical compositions, so they display a vast variety of crystalline structures
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16. List the seven physical properties that help distinguish one mineral from another.
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Physical properties include: appearance, texture, color, odor, melting point, boiling point, density,
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17. Summarize how you would determine the hardness of an unidentified mineral sample.
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To determine the hardness of an unknown mineral, you test whether it scratches or is scratched by the minerals in the scale.
For example, if you can scratch an unknown mineral with apatite but not with fluorite, the mineral's hardness is between 4
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and 5 in the Mohs scale.
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18. Explain why color is an unreliable clue to the identity of a mineral.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Color is an unreliable identification clue because weathered surfaces may hide the color of minerals.
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Rev. 5/3/2018
Videos
If you would like to learn more about this topic, watch the videos below for more information. (Optional)
Formation of Earth’s Crust, Mantle, and Core (HMH)

http://my.hrw.com/sh2/sh07_10/student/flash/visual_concepts/80080.htm
How did the Earth develop into the rocky planet that we know today? This video will explain how the different
layers of the Earth formed.
Formation of Earth’s Atmosphere (HMH)

http://my.hrw.com/sh2/sh07_10/student/flash/visual_concepts/80322.htm
Where did the gases of Earth’s atmosphere come from? This video will explain the process that led to the
oxygen rich atmosphere we breathe today.
Big Idea 3: Earth's Systems Interact (5:49)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BnpF0ndXk-8&t=64s
AGIeducation. “Big Idea 3: Earth's Systems Interact.” YouTube, YouTube, 30 Sept. 2011.
Do the four Earth’s Systems interact with one another? This video will observe the events that show how Earth
works as a set of interconnected systems
NASA | Earth's Water Cycle (5:52)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oaDkph9yQBs
NASAexplorer. “NASA | Earth's Water Cycle.” YouTube, YouTube, 3 Aug. 2012.
Why is water the most important cycle? This video will investigate how water is the fundamental ingredient for
life on Earth.
What is a Mineral? (2:05)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-DSzlxeNCBk
monkeyseevideos. “What Is A Mineral?” YouTube, YouTube, 27 Mar. 2013.
What is a mineral? In this video science expert, Emerald Robinson, explains what a mineral is.
Mineral Color, Luster, and Streak (HMH)

https://my.hrw.com/sh2/sh07_10/student/flash/visual_concepts/80030.htm
What are ways you can identify minerals? This video looks at color, luster and streak as ways to identify
minerals.
Mineral Cleavage and Fracture (HMH)

What are physical ways you can identify minerals? This video looks at cleavage and
Rev. 5/3/2018
Elaborate
Air, Water, Land, & Life: A Global Perspective

Much like a car or the human body, Earth is a
complex system of interacting parts. Air, water,
soil, and living things make up four overlapping,
interconnected "systems": the atmosphere,
hydrosphere, geosphere, and biosphere, shown in
the figure to the right.
Satellite technology has afforded us the ability to

view Earth from the unique perspective of space.
Satellites acquire new images of Earth all the time.
Images from Earth-observing satellites show us
enough of the Earth at once that we can see large-
scale phenomena and interactions such as the
spread of air pollution, damage from earthquakes,
volcanoes, fires, or the entire span of a hurricane.
Satellites can also track temporal changes to show
things like deforestation, sea level rise, or ozone
depletion. Observing Earth over time from space
will enable us to evaluate the progression of climate
change and the global impacts of human activity.
In this lab, you will examine a variety of images and

maps of the whole Earth in order to identify the major components of the Earth system at the global scale.
Procedure:
1. Go to the NASA Earth Observations (NEO) web site: https://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/

2. NEO organizes datasets into five categories: Ocean, Atmosphere, Energy, Land, and Life. Choose the
“Ocean” category.
3. Choose a satellite image to explore under the “Ocean” category. Do not choose Blue Marble: Next
Generation, as it has no data set. Use the figures on the following page as examples when choosing.
4. Use the map and data set to answer the questions on the following page.
5. Repeat this process for the other categories (Atmosphere, Energy, Land, and Life).
Rev. 5/3/2018
Analysis: Ocean
Answer the following questions using the data listed for the image you selected for the “Ocean” category.
1. What is the title of the image you selected? ________________________________________________

2. What is the date range for the image you selected? __________________________________________
3. Explain what data your chosen map shows.
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4. Where in the world do you find the highest and lowest values (the extremes) of the data in your map?
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5. Why do these locations experience the extremes and not other locations?
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6. Are there any noticeable patterns in the data (On different continents, over water, over land)? Use
evidence from the map to explain your answer.
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Analysis: Atmosphere
Answer the following questions using the data listed for the image you selected for the “Atmosphere” category.

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Analysis: Energy
Answer the following questions using the data listed for the image you selected for the “Energy” category.

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Rev. 5/3/2018
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Analysis: Land
Answer the following questions using the data listed for the image you selected for the “Land” category.

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Analysis: Life
Answer the following questions using the data listed for the image you selected for the “Life” category.

Rev. 5/3/2018
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Why do these locations experience the extremes and not other locations?
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Evaluate
Review Questions
Answer the following questions.
1. Use evidence from your chosen maps to explain how the hydrosphere and atmosphere are related.
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2. Were there any extremes of the data in the region where you live?
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3. Using evidence from your chosen maps, explain how water is cycled through Earth’s systems.
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4. Turn back to the image of Mount Kilauea on page 4 and review your answer to the question “How do
you think the four systems are interacting with one another?” Revise your answer using evidence from
the lesson.
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_______________________________________________________________________________________
Adapted from “Lab 6: Air, Water, Land, & Life: A Global Perspective.” Earth System Science, Carleton College, 30 Jan. 2018,
serc.carleton.edu/earthlabs/climate/6.html.
Jennifer Loomis, TERC/Biosphere image provided by ORBIMAGE © Orbital Imaging Corporation. Processing by NASA Goddard Space Flight Center.
Rev. 5/3/2018
LESSON 4.2: THE ROCK CYCLE AND IGNEOUS ROCKS


 Identify the three major types of rock and explain how each type forms.
 Summarize the steps in the rock cycle.
 Summarize the factors that affect the stability of rocks.
 Summarize three factors that affect whether rock melts.
 Classify igneous rocks according to their composition and texture.
 Describe intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks.
Lesson Assignments
 Connect to Prior Knowledge
 When Rocks Don’t Fit the Mold
Engage
Connect to Prior Knowledge

Rocks can be a collection of one or more minerals, or rocks can
be made of solid organic matter. The picture to the right shows
the various types of igneous rocks. Based on what you know and
by looking at the picture, what could be possible physical and
chemical properties that determine the formation of rocks?
The physical things and the chemical things both relate to rock formation.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
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Rev. 5/3/2018
Explore
The hundreds of different types of rocks on
Earth can be classified into three main types:
igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic.
Volcanic activity produces igneous rock. The
word igneous is derived from a Latin term that
means "from fire." Igneous rock forms when
magma, or molten rock, cools and hardens.
Magma is called lava when it is exposed at
Earth's surface.
Over time, natural processes break down all

types of rock into smaller fragments. Rocks,
mineral crystals, and organic matter that have
been broken into fragments are known as
sediment. Sediment is carried away and
deposited by water, ice, and wind. When these
sediment deposits are compressed, cemented
together, and harden, sedimentary rock forms.
Certain forces and processes, including tremendous pressure, extreme heat, and chemical processes, also can
change the form of existing rock. The rock that forms when existing rock is altered is metamorphic rock. Any
of the three major types of rock can be changed into another of the three types. Geologic forces and processes
cause rock to change from one type to another. This series of changes is called the rock cycle, which is shown
in the figure above. This figure can also be found on page 136 of your textbook.
Answer the questions below.
1. How does sedimentary rock become igneous rock?

When Sedimentary rocks are heated with tremendous heat and pressure, it will melt and become magma again. After some
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time, it will cool and harden and will become Igneous rocks.
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2. Erosion, deposition, and cementation can lead to the formation of which type of rock?
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Sedimentary rocks.
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3. What did a metamorphic rock undergo to transform into an igneous rock, and then a sedimentary rock?
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If the newly formed metamorphic rock continues to heat, it can eventually melt and become molten (magma). When the
molten rock cools, it forms an igneous rock.
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Allison, DeGaetano, Pasachoff. “Rocks and the Rock Cycle.” Hold McDougal Earth Science. Austin, TX: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company, 2010. 135.
Print.
Rev. 5/3/2018
Explain
Reading
1. Explain how each major type of rock forms.

_______________________________________________________________________________________
There are three kinds of rock: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous rocks form when molten rock (magma or
lava) cools and solidifies. Sedimentary rocks originate when particles settle out of water or air, or by precipitation of
_______________________________________________________________________________________
minerals from water. They accumulate in layers. Metamorphic rocks result when existing rocks are changed by heat,
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pressure, or reactive fluids, such as hot, mineral-laden water
2. Explain how the chemical stability of a mineral is related to the temperature at which the mineral forms.
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The stronger the bond between the atoms, the harder it is to break that bond, resulting in a more stable state. In a weaker
bond, the bonds between atoms are more easily broken. These would be considered unstable. The way that this is related to
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the temperature of mineral formation is the more unstable the bond, the hotter the formation would be and vise versa.
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3. Describe how the conditions under which rocks form affect the physical stability of rocks.
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The conditions that affect physical stability are heat, temperature, compression, pressure, and the molecular structure. The
base of the intrusion is parallel to the rock layer beneath it. Depending how much each of the conditions are applied it may
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affect how the rock is shaped/formed.
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4. Summarize the three factors that affect the melting of rock.

Heat, pressure, and the amount of time.
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5. Contrast partial melting and fractional crystallization.
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Partial melting occurs when the temperature on a rock is high enough to melt only some of the minerals in the rock. Fractional
crystallization is the opposite of partial melting. This process describes the crystallization of different minerals as magma cools.
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6. Describe five intrusive igneous rock structures.
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Dikes, Sills, Laccoliths, Volcano necks, and plutons.
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Rev. 5/3/2018
Videos
Bill Nye Rock Cycle (3:58)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BsIHV__voMk
“Bill Nye Rock Cycle.” YouTube, YouTube, 25 Aug. 2016.
How do different rocks form? This video will discuss the process of the rock cycle.
Igneous Rocks (4:15)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PrN7jygu4cQ
“Igneous Rocks - ACSSU153.” YouTube, YouTube, 22 May 2014.
How do igneous rocks form? In this video you will learn what they are, their types and formations, and the
difference between intrusive and extrusive.
Comparing Intrusive and Extrusive Igneous Rock (HMH)

What is the difference between intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks? This video looks at how each forms
depending on where it is relative to the Earth’s surface.
Igneous Rock Texture (HMH)

What is an igneous rock texture? This video looks at how magma becomes igneous rock after cooling down.
Rock Cycle (HMH)

What is the rock cycle? This video looks at the series of processes in which a rock forms, and changes from one
type to another.
Rev. 5/3/2018
Elaborate
When Rocks Don’t Fit the Mold
Geologists have long studied Earth and its
structure. The development and forms of the three
major rock groups—igneous, sedimentary, and
metamorphic—are well known. Still, there are
many examples of rock structures that do not seem
to neatly fit the mold. An example can be found in
Joshua Tree National Park in the Mojave Desert.
Here, visitors can see steep-sided rock structures
that appear to “grow” out of the flat desert floor.
Where did they come from?
About 100 million years ago, magma, super-heated

by Earth’s churning crust, oozed up from the deep
mantle and cooled near the surface. The resulting
igneous intrusions are called monzogranite. Over time, the monzogranite developed three sets of rectangular
joints: one horizontal, one vertical, and another vertical that cut through the first vertical set of joints at a steep
angle. The result was a series of rectangular rock piles called inselbergs. Gradually, groundwater seeped
through the joints, morphing hard minerals into soft clay. The rectangular stones were weathered down to hard
rock blanketed by soft clay and loose mineral grains. With the change from a wet to arid climate in recent Earth
history, the inselbergs were exposed when flash floods carried away the soft and loose materials. What was left
is what we see today: huge rectangular rocks piled one on top of another, sitting on a flat desert, looking as if
they have just sprouted from the ground.
1. What might be considered unusual about the rock structures in Joshua Tree National Park compared
with other desert formations?
It_______________________________________________________________________________________
contains several different types of rocks: quartzite, schist, granofels, and dolostone. Within the park, there are at least five different
bodies of igneous rock. These rocks originated as intrusions of magma into the metamorphic rocks mentioned above.
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2. How do inselbergs develop?
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A monadnock results when a body of rock resistant to erosion, such as Granite for instance, is formed inside a body of
softer rock that is more easily eroded, such as limestone.
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3. Might you be likely to see inselbergs in hilly or mountainous areas? Explain your answer.
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Yes as it is a isolated rock or a small mountain.
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Rev. 5/3/2018
4. How might the study of rocks help us understand Earth’s past? Why is knowledge of the past important
to us now?
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Because rocks are very old and may help with the study of Earth's formation over the billion of years that Earth has existed.
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Holt McDougal Earth Science Chapter 6: Rocks: Critical Thinking Worksheet. Austin, TX: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company, 2010. PDF.
Evaluate
Review Questions
1. Summarize Bowen’s reaction series.

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Bowen's Reaction Series describes the temperature at which minerals crystallize when cooled, or melt when heated.
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2. Changes in temperature are associated with the formation of which types of rock?
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How does metamorphic rock forms? Metamorphic rocks form when the texture and composition of solid rocks are changed
by temperature, pressure, or chemical processes.
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3. What is the difference between fine-grained and course-grained igneous rock?
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Coarse grain varieties (with mineral grains large enough to see without a magnifying glass) are called phaneritic. Granite
and gabbro are examples of phaneritic igneous rocks.
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4. How are extrusive igneous rocks different from intrusive igneous rocks?
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Extrusive rocks are formed on the surface of the Earth from lava, which is magma that has emerged from underground.
Intrusive rocks, also called plutonic rocks, cool slowly without ever reaching the surface. They have large crystals that are
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usually visible without a microscope.
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5. Turn back to the picture on page 15 and review your answer to the question “Based on what you know
and by looking at the picture, what could be possible physical and chemical properties that determine the
formation of rocks”? Revise your answer using evidence from the lesson.
I_______________________________________________________________________________________
still think it is correct.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Rev. 5/3/2018
LESSON 4.3: SEDIMENTARY AND METAMORPHIC ROCKS


 Explain the processes of compaction and cementation.
 Describe how chemical and organic sedimentary rocks form.
 Describe how clastic sedimentary rock forms.
 Identify seven sedimentary rock features.
 Describe the process of metamorphism.
 Explain the difference between regional and contact metamorphism.
 Distinguish between foliated and nonfoliated metamorphic rocks, and give an example of each.
Lesson Assignments
 Connect to Prior Knowledge
 Metamorphic Rocks
Engage
Connect to Prior
Knowledge
Halite, also known as salt rocks, are a sedimentary
rock commonly found in the Dead Sea. Using your
knowledge of the rock cycle, explain how you think
these structures formed.
__________________________________________
They form from clusters of salt and rocks merging together.
__________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Rev. 5/3/2018
Explore
Loose fragments of
rock, minerals, and
organic material that
result from natural
processes, including
the physical
breakdown of rocks,
are called sediment.
After sediments form,
they are generally
transported by wind,
water, or ice to a new
location. As the
sediment moves, its
characteristics change
as it is physically
broken down or
chemically altered.
Two main processes convert loose sediment to sedimentary rock—compaction and cementation. Compaction is
the process in which sediment is squeezed and in which the size of the pore space between sediment grains is
reduced by the weight and pressure of overlying layers. Cementation is the process in which sediments are
glued together by minerals that are deposited by water. Using the figure above, answer the following questions.
This figure can also be found on page 146 of your textbook.
1. Is the process by which the shells become limestone better described as compaction or cementation?
Defend your answer.
I think it is cementation because the shells are sticking together with everything else.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
2. Would you expect limestone to have sand-sized or gravel-sized grains? Use evidence from the diagram
to support your answer.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
I think limestone would have gravel sized grains because of how it is formed.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
3. What features do you associate with sedimentary rock compared with other kinds of rock?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Sedimentary structures are the larger, generally three-dimensional physical features of sedimentary rocks
_______________________________________________________________________________________
4. Can you hypothesize different uses for sedimentary rock in our society?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
The study of earth and geology.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Allison, DeGaetano, Pasachoff. “Sedimentary Rock.” Hold McDougal Earth Science. Austin, TX: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company, 2010. 145. Print.
Rev. 5/3/2018
Explain
Reading
1. Describe how chemical and organic sedimentary rocks form.

_______________________________________________________________________________________
Chemical sedimentary rocks form when dissolved minerals precipitate out of water because of changing concentrations of
chemicals.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
2. Describe how clastic sedimentary rock differs from chemical and organic sedimentary rock.
Clastic sedimentary rocks are made of sediments. The sediments differ in size. Chemical sedimentary rocks are made of
_______________________________________________________________________________________
minerals that precipitate from saline water. Organic sedimentary rocks are made from the bodies of organisms.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
3. Explain how the physical characteristics of sediments change during transport.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Sediments are transported by four main agents water, ice, wind, and the effects of gravity. The speed with which the agent
of erosion moves affects the size of sediment particles that can be carried and the distance that the particles will move.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
4. List seven features that you can use to identify the depositional environment in which sedimentary rocks
formed.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Bedding, Cross bedding, Ripple marks, Rill marks, Rain prints, Mud cracks, and fossils.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
5. Describe the process of metamorphism.

_______________________________________________________________________________________
Metamorphism is a process that changes preexisting rocks into new forms because of increases in temperature, pressure, and
chemically active fluids. Metamorphism may affect igneous, sedimentary, or other metamorphic rock
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
6. Explain the difference between regional and contact metamorphism.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Contact metamorphism is a type of metamorphism where rock minerals and texture are changed, mainly by heat, due to contact
with magma. Regional metamorphism is a type of metamorphism where rock minerals and texture are changed by heat and
_______________________________________________________________________________________
pressure over a wide area or region.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Rev. 5/3/2018
7. Distinguish between foliated and nonfoliated metamorphic rocks.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Foliated metamorphic rocks such as gneiss, phyllite, schist, and slate have a layered or banded appearance that is produced by
exposure to heat and directed pressure. Non-foliated metamorphic rocks such as hornfels, marble, quartzite, and novaculite do
_______________________________________________________________________________________
not have a layered or banded appearance.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
8. Identify two foliated metamorphic rocks and two nonfoliated metamorphic rocks.
Metamorphic rocks: hornfels and marble
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Nonfoliated metamorphic rocks: novaculit and quartzite,
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Videos
Sedimentary rock - formation under the sea (1:42)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=04a_32NuYqs
"LSGScience. “Sedimentary Rock - Formation under the Sea.” YouTube, YouTube, 27 Apr. 2013. Web. 6 Nov. 2017.
How do sedimentary rocks form? This video will show how sedimentary rocks form under the sea.
Physical Geology - Metamorphic Rocks (2:32)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gzOWwwjGlqk
Elmore, Doug. “Physical Geology - Metamorphic Rocks.” YouTube, Janux, 19 Oct. 2014. Web. 6 Nov. 2017.
How do metamorphic rocks form? This video will show how metamorphic rocks form due to heat, pressure and
chemical alterations.
Types of Sedimentary Rock (HMH)

What are the different types of sedimentary rock? This video discuss clastic, chemical and organic sedimentary
rock formation.
Rev. 5/3/2018
Elaborate
Metamorphic Rocks
Background:
Part of the rock cycle involves changing the physical or chemical form of solid rock. This process, called
metamorphism, typically occurs at high pressures and high temperatures. The effects of high temperature and
pressure are apparent in the features of certain metamorphic rocks: fracturing, folding, and foliation (in which
the minerals within the rock realign or form in parallel bands). In this lab, you will model metamorphism,
observe how mineral grains are rearranged in the rock, and determine the direction of the forces that cause the
metamorphism.
Materials:
 Pennies
 Play-doh
 Plastic ruler
Procedure:
1. Flatten the Play-doh into a 1 cm-thick layer. Place 5 pennies on the surface of the Play-doh, making sure
they are randomly oriented. (Place some with the long side perpendicular to the Play-doh, place others
flat on the Play-doh’s surface, and place the rest at various angles away from the clay surface.)
2. Using your hands, roll the corners of the Play-doh toward the center to form a ball. Gently seal the edges
of the Play-doh together so that the ball is tight, but do not apply so much pressure that the pennies are
reoriented by very much.
3. Use the edge of plastic ruler to carefully cut the ball in half. Observe the orientation of the pennies.
Record your observations, and draw a sketch of what you see in the boxes below.
Observations: Sketch:
Rev. 5/3/2018
4. Form the Play-doh back into a ball. Place the ball on a flat surface. Press the ball with your hand to
flatten it out so that it is 2 cm thick.
5. Use the edge of the plastic ruler to carefully cut the slab into four equal segments. Examine the cut
edges, and observe the orientation of the pennies Record your observations, and draw a sketch of what
you see in the boxes below.
6. Remove the pennies from the Play-doh. Press the pieces of Play-doh together and flatten it into a 1 cm-
thick layer. Position the pennies as in step 1. Using your hands, roll the Play-doh to form a tube. Gently
seal the edges of the Play-doh together so that the tube is tight, but do not apply so much pressure that
the pennies are reoriented by very much.
7. Use the edge of plastic ruler to carefully cut the tube in half. Observe the orientation of the pennies.
Record your observations, and draw a sketch of what you see in the boxes below.
Rev. 5/3/2018
8. Repeat procedure 6 to create a new tube of Play-doh with the pennies inside of it.
9. Place the tube of Play-doh on a flat surface and roll it out so that it begins to get longer. When you have
finished, the Play-doh should be about 20 cm long.
10. Use the edge of the ruler to carefully cut the tube into four equal segments. Observe the orientation of
the pennies. Record your observations, and draw a sketch of what you see in the boxes below.
Analysis:
1. What aspects of metamorphism does this model accurately describe? What aspects are not accounted
for? Explain your answer.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
2. Describe any changes in the position and location of the pennies that occurred as the Play-doh was
flattened into a slab. Describe any changes in the position and location of the pennies that occurred as
the Play-doh was rolled out into a 20 cm long tube. Were these results similar?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
3. How did the orientation of the pennies indicate the kind of force that you applied to the Play-doh? How
would you apply this information from your model to actual metamorphic rock?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Rev. 5/3/2018
Evaluate
Review Questions
Answer the following questions:
1. Explain how the processes of compaction and cementation form sedimentary rock.
As the layers of sediment build up, the pressure on the lower layers increases. The layers are squeezed together and any
_______________________________________________________________________________________
water mixed in with the sediments is forced out.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
2. How are minerals affected by regional metamorphism?
Regional metamorphism occurs over wide areas, affects large volumes of rocks, and is associated with tectonic processes
_______________________________________________________________________________________
such as plate collision and crustal thickening (
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
3. The Himalaya Mountains are located on a boundary between two colliding plates. Would most of the
metamorphic rock in that area occur in small patches or in a wide region? Support your answer with
evidence from the lesson.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
I think it would be wide region considering it is between 2 colliding plates.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
4. Turn back to the picture on page 21 of the halite in the Dead Sea and review your answer to the question
“Using your knowledge of the rock cycle, explain how you think these structures formed.” Revise your
answer using evidence from the lesson.
I_______________________________________________________________________________________
still think my answer is correct.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Revisit the essential question. Did your answer change? Why or why not?
Essential Question
How have Earth’s four systems interacted to shape the environment where you live?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Rev. 5/3/2018
Lesson Title Learning Goals For Each Lesson

4.1 Energy in the Earth  Describe the compositional and structural layers of Earth’s interior.
System  List the characteristics of Earth’s four major systems.
 Identify the two main sources of energy in the Earth system.
 Identify four processes in which matter and energy cycle on Earth.
 Describe seven physical properties that help to distinguish one mineral from another.
4.2 The Rock Cycle and  Identify the three major types of rock and explain how each type forms.
Igneous Rocks  Summarize the steps in the rock cycle.
 Summarize the factors that affect the stability of rocks.
 Summarize three factors that affect whether rock melts.
 Classify igneous rocks according to their composition and texture.
 Describe intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks.
4.3 Sedimentary and  Explain the processes of compaction and cementation.
Metamorphic Rocks  Describe how chemical and organic sedimentary rocks form.
 Describe how clastic sedimentary rock forms.
 Identify seven sedimentary rock features.
 Describe the process of metamorphism.
 Explain the difference between regional and contact metamorphism.
 Distinguish between foliated and nonfoliated metamorphic rocks, and give an example of each.
Summer Intersession Science Rubric

Credit Grading 4 3 2 1
 My responses show  My responses show  My responses show  My answers to the
clear reasoning and basic reasoning and basic reasoning but questions are either
use of evidence. use of evidence. limited evidence to unscientific or
support it. overly simplistic,
 My responses show  My responses show and have limited
Responses to clear reasoning and basic reasoning and  My responses show evidence.
Homework Packet use evidence. use of evidence. basic reasoning but
50 pts. limited evidence to  My answers to the
support it. questions are either
 I made connections unscientific or
to other ideas overly simplistic,
within and across and have limited
science credits. evidence.
___x 12.5 = ___/50

Assessment Students receive 2 points per correct response.
50 pts. ___x2 = ___/50
Total: ___/100
LAB SUPPLY LIST

Metamorphic Rocks
 Pennies
 Play-doh
 Plastic ruler

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CREDIT 4A: EARTH MATERIALS AND SYSTEMS

Communicate scientific information clearly, thoroughly and accurately.

Lesson Title Assignments

Video: Big Idea 3: Earth's Systems Interact (5:49)

LESSON 4.1: ENERGY IN THE EARTH SYSTEM

Communicate scientific information clearly, thoroughly and accurately.

Collect, analyze and evaluate the quality of evidence in relation to a question.

Learning Goals for this Lesson

Connect to Essential Question

1. What are the three compositional zones?

Holt McDougal Earth Science Chapter 2 Section 1 pages 29-32

Holt McDougal Earth Science Chapter 2 Section 2 pages 33-40

4. What is the relationship between matter and energy within a system?

11. What are the four criteria for minerals?

Holt McDougal Earth Science Chapter 5 Section 2 pages 117-123

Formation of Earth’s Crust, Mantle, and Core (HMH)

Formation of Earth’s Atmosphere (HMH)

Big Idea 3: Earth's Systems Interact (5:49)

NASA | Earth's Water Cycle (5:52)

What is a Mineral? (2:05)

Mineral Color, Luster, and Streak (HMH)

Mineral Cleavage and Fracture (HMH)

Air, Water, Land, & Life: A Global Perspective

Satellite technology has afforded us the ability to

In this lab, you will examine a variety of images and

1. Go to the NASA Earth Observations (NEO) web site: https://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/

1. What is the title of the image you selected? ________________________________________________

1. What is the title of the image you selected? ________________________________________________

1. What is the title of the image you selected? ________________________________________________

1. What is the title of the image you selected? ________________________________________________

1. What is the title of the image you selected? ________________________________________________

LESSON 4.2: THE ROCK CYCLE AND IGNEOUS ROCKS

Communicate scientific information clearly, thoroughly and accurately.

Collect, analyze and evaluate the quality of evidence in relation to a question.

Learning Goals for this Lesson

Connect to Prior Knowledge

Over time, natural processes break down all

Answer the questions below.

1. How does sedimentary rock become igneous rock?

Holt McDougal Earth Science Chapter 6 Section 1 pages 135-138

1. Explain how each major type of rock forms.

Holt McDougal Earth Science Chapter 6 Section 2 pages 139-144

4. Summarize the three factors that affect the melting of rock.

Bill Nye Rock Cycle (3:58)

Igneous Rocks (4:15)

Comparing Intrusive and Extrusive Igneous Rock (HMH)

Igneous Rock Texture (HMH)

Rock Cycle (HMH)

About 100 million years ago, magma, super-heated

Answer the following questions.

1. Summarize Bowen’s reaction series.

LESSON 4.3: SEDIMENTARY AND METAMORPHIC ROCKS

Communicate scientific information clearly, thoroughly and accurately.

_x 12.5 = _/50